Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key

3.1 Sample Spaces and Events

Answers

1. a)

Events 1H 1T 2H 2T 3H 3T 4H 4T 5H 5T 6H 6T

Probabilit 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1
y 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

b) P (2H) = 1/12

2. a) Same as 1a

b) Same as 1b

3. a)

Events 1H 1T 2H 2T 3H 3T 4H 4T 5H 5T 6H 6T

Probabilit 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1
y 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

b) P (even #) = 6/12 or ½

4. a)

Events 1H 1T 2H 2T 3H 3T 4H 4T 5H 5T 6H 6T

Probabilit 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1
y 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

b) P(T) = 6/12 or ½

5. P (A) = 4/9

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key
6. P (B) = 3/9 or 1/3

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key
7.a)

Events B1 B2 R1 R2 R3

Probability 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5

2 1 1
b) P (2 blue) =  
5 4 10

3 2 3
8. P (1 red and 1 blue) =  
5 4 10

3 2 3
 
9. P (2 red) = 5 4 10

10. P(neither marble is blue or red) = 0

11. a) S={A, B, C, D}

b) S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}

c) S = {ABCD, ABDC,ACBD, ACDB, ADBC, ADCB, BACD, BADC, BCAD, BCDA, BDAC, BDCA,
CABD, CADB, CBAD, CBDA, CDAB, CDBA, DABC, DACB DBCA, DBAC, DCAB, DCBA}

12. a)
Coin

1 2 3 4 5 6 Die

b)
Coin B

H
CK-12 Advanced ProbabilityTandCoinStatistics
A

Concepts 3
 Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key

c) Spinner

1 2 3 4 5 6 Die

13. a)

1 H
T
H
2
T
H
3
T
H
4
T
H
5
T
H
6
T

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key

b)

H H
T
T
H
H
T
H
T
T
T
H
H
T

c)

P P
B
W
P
B B
W
P
W B
W

14. a) Yes

b) Yes

c) Yes

d) No, probability values are from 0 to 1.

e) No, probability values are from 0 to 1.

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 Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key

1
15. a) There is a probability that customers will return the appliance with two weeks of
30
purchase.

b) There is a probability that 3.33% chance that customers will return the appliance with two
weeks of purchase.

c) There is a probability of 0.033 that customers will return the appliance with two weeks of
purchase.

16. a) S={HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH, HTTH, HTHT, HTTT, HTTH, THHH,THHT, THTH,
THTT, TTHH, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}

b) S = [0,  )

c) S = (300, 800)

d) S = [0, n], where n is the number of computer components

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key

3.2 Operations with Sets

Answers

1. P(5) = 1/6
1 1 2 1
2. P(2 or 3 dots) =   or
6 6 6 3
1 1 1 3 1
3. P(all odd dots) =    or
6 6 6 6 2
4. 1/52

4 4 4 4 16 4
5. P(J, Q, K, or A) =     or
52 52 52 52 52 13

26 1
6. P(black card) = or
52 2

7. Drawing a face card and drawing a 5 or smaller are disjointed events. Drawing a face card
means drawing a Jack, Queen, or King in any suit. Draw a 5 or smaller means drawing an
Ace, 2, 3, 4, or 5 in any suit. These two choices do not overlap.

26 13 39 1
8. P(red card or a spade) =   or
52 52 52 4

1
9. P(32) =
38

19 1
10. P(even number) = or
38 2

12 6
11. P(first 12 numbers) = or
38 19

36 2 1 1 72 1
12. P(four consecutive numbers) =     or
38 37 36 35 1771560 24605

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key

3.3 Complementary Rule for Probability

Answers

1. S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}

2. S(A) = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH}

3. S(B) = {HHH, HTT, THT, TTH}

4. A  B  {HHH , HTT , THT , TTH }

A’={TTT}

A  B  {HHH , HHT , HTT , HTH , THH , THT , TTH}

7
5. P(A)=
8

4 1
P(B) = or
8 2

7
P( A  B ) 
8

1
P(A’) =
8

4 1
P( A  B )  or
8 2

4 2
or
6. P (A’) = 10 5

2 1
or
7. P (B’) = 10 5

8. P  A  B 
 3
10

5 1
9. P  A  B  10 or 2


10. P A  B

 7
10

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key

P( A  B )  9
11. 10

P( A  B ')  1
12. 10

P[( A  B)']  1
13. 10

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key

3.4 Conditional Probability

Answers

1. 3/4
2. 1/2
3. 1/2
4. 1
5. 1
6. 1/3
70
8. 1/6
9. 1/3
10. 5/6
11. same question as #10

12. P( A B)  0.214 , P( B A)  0.5

13. a) 70
b) 31
c)
Seniors Non-senior
Liberal Arts 32 98 130
Science 31 39 70
63 137 200

d) 31.5%
e) 25%
Seniors
65% Liberal Arts
75% Non-seniors
200 students
45% Non-seniors
35%
Science
55%
Non-seniors
31  32
f)  100  31.5%
200

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2
14.
5

1
15.
3

16. a) P( A  B)

b) P( A  B)

c) P( A ' B ')

d) P( A)  P( A  B)

P( A  B )
e)
P( A)

3
17. a)
10

14
b)
15

13
c)
28

18. 0.15

19. a) P(Female and Color-Blind) = 0.026

b) P(Male and Not color-blind) = 0.085

5
20. a)
72

5
b)
18

21. 0.025

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key

3.5 Additive and Multiplicative Rules for Probabilities

Answers

1
1.
12
1
2.
4
5
3.
12
1
4.
6
5. a) Yes because Event A does not depend on Event B.
b) No because both sets have 9 and 11.

6. 0.99
1
7. a)
8
1
b)
8
1
8.
16

9. a) 0.63
b) 0.03
c) 0.07
d) 0.27
14
10. a)
33
8
b)
33
8
c)
33
11. 0.193

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key
12. a) 0.25
b) 0.0625
c) 0.3125
d) 0.25
3
13.
7
14. a) S={CC, CM, MC, MM}
b) Yes
1
c)
4
15. a) No, there is nothing in common.
b) Yes, there is something in common (1)
S(red)={1, 2, 3, 4}
S(blue) = {1}
c) No, red die cannot be zero.
16. a) Yes, getting an A in statistics does not depend on getting an A in Biology.
b) 0.02275

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key

3.6 Basic Counting Rules

Answers

1. a) 4
b) 8
c) 16
d) 2n

2.
Shirts Pants Socks

Black
Black
Black
White

Brown Black

White
Black
White Black

White
Brown
Black

White
Black
Black
White

Green Black
Brown
White
1
P(Black) =
12

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key
3.

T
H
H

H T
T
H
H
H T

T
T
H

T
H
H
T H
H T
T
T
T
H H

T T
H

T
4 1
P (at most 1 H) = or
16 4

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key
4. 90

5. 6

6. 130

7. a) 144

b) 504

8. 40

9. 2.09x1013

10. a)84

b) 14

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Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Probability Answer Key

3.7 Permutations and Combinations Compared

Answers

1. 2598960

2. a) 5

b) 120

c) 84

d) 4368

3. 6

4. 20475

5. 491400

6. 3628800

7. Combination since the numbers are chosen, they are chosen without order. Notation:

49 C6

8. a) 30240

b) 720

9. a) 604800

b) 30240

10. Permutations and Combinations both make use of the factorial function. Permutations

are used when order matters. Combinations are used when order does not matter.

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