Basic English

Nouns
Any member of a class of words that can
function as the main or only elements of
subjects of verbs; or as objects of verbs or
prepositions, and that in English can take plural
forms and possessive endings. Nouns often refer
to people, places, things, states, places, things,
states or qualities.
• Accuracy • Viability
• Fallacy • Credibility
• Inaccuracy • Bactericide
• Grade • Subsidy
• Cartilage • Degree
• Average • Science
• Chemical • Excellence
• Proposal • Technician
• Abnormality • Biotechnologist
• Resistance • Unit
• Acceptance • Industrialization
• Estuary • Methodology
• Nucleus • Kilometer
 Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a

noun. There are several types of pronouns.
 Subject Object Possesive Possesive Reflexive
Pronouns Pronouns Adjetives Pronouns Pronouns
1st person I me my mine myself
2nd person You you your yours yourself
3rd person
(male) he him his his himself
3rd person
(female) she her her hers herself
3rd person it it its - itself
1st person
(plural) we us our ours ourselves
2nd person
(plural) you you your yours yourselves
3rd person
(plural) they them their theirs themelves
 Adjectives
An adjective is a word that describes, identifies,
modifies, or quantifies something (a noun or a
pronoun).
Adjectives describe nouns by answering one of
these three questions: What kind is it? How
many are there? Which one is it? An adjective
can be a single word, a phrase, or a clause.
Adjetive Comparative Superlative
bad worse worst
big bigger biggest
blue bluer bluest
brief briefer briefest
bright brighter brightest
cheap cheaper cheapest
clean cleaner cleanest
cold colder coldest
easy easier easiest
far further/farther furthest/farthest
fast faster fastest
good better best
hard harder hardest
heavy heavier heaviest
high higher highest
hot hotter hottest
large larger largest
little littler littlest
mild milder mildest
moist moister moistest
narrow narrower narrowest
odd odder oddest
old older/elder oldest/eldest
pure purer purest
quiet quieter quietest
raw rawer rawest
rich richer richest
rough rougher roughest
safe safer safest
slow slower slowest
small smaller smallest
warm warmer warmest
 Appearance Adjectives Color Adjectives Condition Adjectives Feelings (Bad) Adjectives
adorable red alive angry
beautiful orange better bewildered
clean yellow careful clumsy
drab green clever defeated
elegant blue dead embarrassed
fancy purple easy fierce
glamorous gray famous grumpy
handsome black gifted helpless
long white helpful itchy
Feelings (Good) Adjectives Shape Adjectives Size Adjectives Sound Adjectives
agreeable broad big cooing
brave chubby colossal deafening
calm crooked fat faint
delightful curved gigantic hissing
eager deep great loud
faithful flat huge melodic
gentle high immense noisy
happy hollow large purring
jolly low little quiet
kind narrow mammoth raspy
Time Adjectives Taste/Touch Adjectives Touch Adjectives Quantity Adjectives
ancient bitter boiling abundant
brief delicious breeze empty
early fresh broken few
fast greasy bumpy full
late juicy chilly heavy
long hot cold light
modern icy cool many
old loose creepy numerous
quick nutritious cuddly substantial
 Verbs
A word used to describe an action, state,
or occurrence, and forming the main part of the
predicate of a sentence, such
as hear, become, happen.
Regular and irregular verbs.
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
answer answered answered
arrive arrived arrived
ask asked asked
clean cleaned cleaned
climb climbed climbed
collect collected collected
cook cooked cooked
dance danced danced
describe described described
do did done
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
look looked looked
love loved loved
open opened opened
pack packed packed
prepare prepared prepared
read read read
rent rented rented
rescue rescued rescued
return returned returned
skate skated skated
ski skied skied
stay stayed stayed
stop stopped stopped
study studied studied
touch touched touched
try tried tried
use used used
wait waited waited
walk walked walked
want wanted wanted
watch watched watched
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
arise arose arisen
awake awoke, awaked awoken, awaked
be was, were been
bear bore borne, born
beat beat beaten, beat
become became become
beget begot begotten
begin began begun
bend bent bent
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
know knew known
lay laid laid
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
Make made made
Mean meant meant
Meet met met
put put put
read read read
shoot shot shot
shut shut shut
sleep slept slept
swear swore sworn
tell told told
think thought thought
write wrote written
 Adverbs
An adverb can be added to a verb to modify its
meaning. Usually, an adverb tells you when,
where, how, in what manner, or to what extent
an action is performed.
 Adverbs of manner Adverbs of place Adverbs of purpose
carefully abroad so
correctly anywhere so that
eagerly downstairs to
easily here in order to
fast home because
loudly in since
patiently nowhere accidentally
quickly out intentionally
quietly outside purposely
Adverbs of frequency Adverbs of time Adverbs of Completeness
always after everywhere
every already here
never during there
often finally
rarely just
seldom last
sometimes later
usually next
 Preposition

Prepositions are the words that indicate

location. Usually, prepositions show this location
in the physical world.
 about during out of
above except outside
across for over
after from past
against in since
among in front of through
around inside to
at instead of toward
before into under
behind like underneath
below near until
beneath of up
beside off upon
between on with
by onto within
down on top of without
English tenses
 Present Simple
• Positive
– Subject + verb + (+s)
– Subject + am/is/are + verb + (+s)
• Negative
– Subject + do/does + not + verb
– Subject + am/is/are + not + verb
• Question
– Question word + do/does + subject + verb?
– Question word + am/is/are + subject + verb?
 Uses Signal word

• Something happens • every day

repeatedly. • sometimes
• How often something • always
happens . • often
• One action follows another. • usually
• Things in general. • seldom
• After the following verbs (to • never
love, to hate, to think, etc.).
• first ... then
• Future meaning: timetables,
programs.
 Present Continuous
• Positive
– Subject + am/is/are + verb + ing
• Negative
– Subject + am/is/are + not + verb + ing
• Question
– Question word + am/is/are + subject + verb+ ing?
 Uses Signal word

• Something is happening at • now

the same time of speaking • at the moment
or around it.
• Future meaning: when you
have already decided and
arranged to do it (a fixed
plan, date).
 Present Perfect Simple
• Positive
– Subject + has/have + past participle
• Negative
– Subject + has/have + not + past participle
• Question
– Question word + has/have + subject + past
participle?
 Uses Signal word

• Referring to something that • just

has happened or is finished • yet
in the past and it has a • never
connection to the present.
• ever
• Action started in the past
and continues up to the • already
present. • so far,
• up to now,
• since
• for
• recently
 Present Perfect Continuous
• Positive
– Subject + has/have + been + verb + ing
• Negative
– Subject + has/have + not + been + verb + ing
• Question
– Question word + has/have + subject + been +
verb+ ing?
 Uses Signal word

• Action began in the past • all day

and has just stopped. • the whole day
• How long the action has • how long
been happening? • since
• Emphasis: length of time of • for
an action.
 Past Simple
• Positive
– Subject + past simple
– Subject + was/were + past simple
• Negative
– Subject + did + not + verb
– Subject + was/were + not + verb
• Question
– Question word + did + subject + verb?
– Question word + was/were + subject + verb?
 Uses Signal word

• Action took place in the • last ...

past, mostly connected with • ... ago
an expression of time (no • in 1990
connection to the present).
• yesterday
 Past Continuous
• Positive
– Subject + was/were + verb + ing
• Negative
– Subject + was/were + not + verb + ing
• Question
– Question word + was/were + subject + verb+ ing?
 Uses Signal word

• An action happened in the • while

middle of another action.
• Someone was doing
something at a certain time
(in the past) - you do not
know whether it was
finished or not.
 Past Perfect Simple
• Positive
– Subject + had + past participle
• Negative
– Subject + had + not + past participle
• Question
– Question word + had + subject + past participle?
 Uses Signal word

• Mostly when two actions in • already

a story are related to each • just
other: the action which had • never
already happened is put
into Past Perfect, the other
action into Simple Past.
• The past of the Present
Perfect.
 Past Perfect Continuous
• Positive
– Subject + had + been + verb + ing
• Negative
– Subject + had + not + been + verb + ing
• Question
– Question word + had + subject + been + verb+
ing?
 Uses Signal word

• How long something had • how long

been happening before • since
something else happened. • for
 Future Simple
• Positive
– Subject + will + verb
• Negative
– Subject + will + not + verb
• Question
– Question word + will + subject + verb?
 Uses Signal word

• Predictions about the future • will

(you think that something
will happen).
• You decide to do something
spontaneously at the time
of speaking, you have not
made a decision before.
• Main clause in type I of the
if clauses.
 Future Continuous
• Positive
– Subject + will + be + verb + ing
• Negative
– Subject + will + not + be + verb + ing
• Question
– Question word + will + subject + be + verb+ ing?
 Uses Signal word

• An action will be in progress

at a certain time in the
future. This action has
begun before the certain
time.
• Something happens
because it normally
happens.
 Future Perfect Simple
• Positive
– Subject + will + have + past participle
• Negative
– Subject + will + not + have + past participle
• Question
– Question word + will + subject + have + past
participle?
 Uses Signal word

• Something will already have

happened before a certain
time in the future.
 Future Perfect Continuous
• Positive
– Subject + will + have + been + verb + ing
• Negative
– Subject + will + not + have + been + verb + ing
• Question
– Question word + will + subject + have + been +
verb+ ing?
 Uses Signal word

• Something will already have

happened before a certain
time in the future.
• Emphasis: length of time of
an action.