Deformation of the Earth's Crust

● Stress
● Folds

● Faults

● Strains
 Deformation
● Deformation is the process of a material of
changing in shape or distorting, especially
through the application of pressure.
● An example is a wet chewing gum.
● Stress is also applied during deformation
 Stress
● Stress is the force applied on an object
● Different things can happen on rocks
depending on the amount of stress applied.
 Different Types of Stress
● Pressure/Confining- a type of stress wherein
the stress are all in the same direction
● If the stress is too much for the crust to
handle, the crust can fracture from the inside.
●
 Different Types of Stress-Shear
● Shear stress- distorts a body of rock by
pushing parts in opposite directions
● Sliding past each other may occur bending
twisting and breaking.
●
 Different Types of Stress-
Compression
● Compression- is the type of stress that
compresses and shorten the body of rock.
● Reduces the amount of space occupied, and
the rocks are pushed higher up or deeper
down.
●
 Different Types of Stress- Tension
● A stress that stretches and pulls a body of
rock apart
● Rocks tend to become thinner
● This occurs at divergent boundaries
 Folds
● A fold is bending for rocks layers due to
stress. (As scientist assumed that all of the
rock layers started as horizontal layers. )
● There are two types of folds, Anticlines and
Synclines.
 Anticlines and Synclines
● Anticlines are rock layers that slope downward
on both sides of a crest.
● Synclines are rock layers that slope upward
on both sides
Fault and its types
 Faults
● Fault is a fracture or zone of fractures
between two blocks of rock.
● They are found in the boundaries of the
tectonics plates.
● During the moving of the rocks, earthquakes
also occur.
 Types of Faults
● Normal Faults- a type of fault where two
blocks are being pulled apart.
● Form when the hanging wall drops down. The
forces that create normal faults are pulling the
sides apart, or extensional.
● Reverse faults form when the hanging wall
moves up. The forces creating reverse faults
are compressional, pushing the sides
together.
● Strikestrip faults- blocks move horizontally
against each other
 Strain
● Strain is the change of shape and volume of a
rock done by stress
● When stress is applied slowly, the rock may
regain its original shape,
● The amount of stress the rock can handle
without permanently changing shape is
limited.
 Types of Strains
● Brittle strains happens when the materials that
respond to stress are breaking and fracturing,
● Ductile strains on materials that only bend or
deform, they wont break. Ductile strain is a
change in the volume or shape of rock in
which the rock does not crack.