A Challengeable task to Civil

Engineering

PRESENTED BY
S.KALAIARASAN

A.PRABAKARAN

THIRD YEAR B.E. CIVIL,

KSR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

THIRUCHENGODE-637215

E-Mail : kalaiarasan19@gmail.com
Manoprabakar007@gmail.com

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Ph. No : 9500620799 , 8870662783

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCRURES

“Buildings are the Worst Killers than the Earthquake”. By using appropriate
Earthquake resistance design we can ultimately reach our goal. India and other
parts of the world are prone to frequent earth quakes. It makes a great attention to
the scientist & research scholars. It’s not able to control the earthquake but we can
make suitable design. Advance technology is to save the structure and reduce the
death rate. IS 1893-1984 code provision for CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANCE STRUCTURES has been revised by INDIAN STANDARDS as
IS1893-2002.In this paper we have reported some provision corresponding to
bearings, dampers, foundation isolation techniques and model technology to resist
the earthquake forces so that we, forth coming young engineers will be aware of it
and will do our best designs that resist the earthquake and will make our INDIA in a
best path of its development towards “DEVELOPED INDIA 2020”.

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 SYNOPSIS
 Introduction
 Earthquake in General & Analysis
 Energy Flow
 Earthquake Analysis
 Buildings Reaction towards Earthquake
 Structural Members and design
 Beams & Columns as a Structural Members
 Horizontal Bands
 Shear Wall
 Boundary elements
 Concealed Beams
 Reduced Beams
 General Design Consideration
 Inverse pendulum effect
 Beam column design
 Short Column Behavior
 Beam Column Joint
 Recent trends in Seismic resistive design
 Bracings
 Bearings
 Dampers
 Friction Pendulum
 Epoxy Resin Injection
 Pretension Technique
 Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION:
The worst of all natural disasters, earthquake have become more pronounced and
have claimed a large number of lives from the start of the history. This is a subject of
growing concern among civil engineers and architects. This paper involves the various
techniques that can be adapted to make the buildings more resistant to the earthquakes,
this is important because it is not the earthquake that kills the people but it is the
buildings they live in, so some kind of design specification has to be followed while
designing and constructing the buildings. In short these are a collection of structural
details that are pointed towards seismic resistant structures.

Buildings Reaction towards Earthquake:

Earthquake causes shaking of the ground and hence building resting on it will
experience motion at its base. Even though the base of the building moves with the
ground, tendency of roof is to stay in its original position due to inertia force. Due to
wall and column connection, the force will drag the roof along with them. So its tendency
is to attack from the base and at beam column joint and protrude through structure.

GENERAL DESIGN PHENOMENON:

Beam Column Effect:
Moving for higher zones strong column and weak beam design proves better.
Since damage of beam will cause localized effect but whereas when a column damages it
leads to entire structural damage named globalize damage.

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Joint displacement due to seismic waves Column Failure

Inverse Pendulum Effect:

Due to space restraints reinforced concrete frame buildings in recent times have
the ground storey left open for the purpose of parking i.e., columns in the ground storey
do not have any partition walls. These are named open ground storey buildings. It is
analysed to have more flexibility hence too weak to carry earthquake force due to its
collapse at ground storey and this effect termed as inverse pendulum effect.
Design Phenomenon:
Open ground storey buildings are inherently poor systems. In the current practice,
stiff masonry walls are avoided and bare frames are considered in design calculations. In
practical, steel sections will be raised as vertical reinforcement and hollow blocks will be
hoisted as partitions. Thus, the inverted pendulum effect is not captured in design.

Open Ground Storey Design Practice having light weight walls

Beams as a Structural Member:

Beams are the horizontal members in a structure. It is likely to have two types of
failure. One is the flexural failure which is the propagation on vertical cracks; this can
be contracted by provision of longitudinal bar along the length. If the structure is likely
to experience more thrust then we will be having longitudinal bars on both faces.
Shear Failure will result in propagation of inclined cracks. To counteract this we
hereby provide closed loops called stirrups. The ends are bent to an angle of 135’ to

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resist the thrust effectively. Loops are provided closely at ends and laps. Density can be
reduced at mid span. Its presence will carry vertical shear, protect bulging of concrete.

Column as a structural member:

Columns, the vertical members in RC buildings, contain two types of steel
reinforcements. Long straight bars placed vertically along the length to sustain axial
force and transverse ties placed horizontally at regular intervals along its full length.
Columns can sustain two types of Damage, namely axial-flexural (or combined
compression bending) Failure and shear failure. Shear damage is brittle and must be
avoided in columns as by providing transverse ties at close spacing which carry the
horizontal shear forces and hold concrete and vertical bars together.
Horizontal Bands and its Role:
Horizontal bands are the most important Earthquake-resistant feature in masonry
buildings, since it holds a masonry building as a Single unit by tying all the walls
together. There are four types of bands in a typical Masonry building, namely gable
band, roof band, lintel band and plinth band.
Lintel band is the most Important of all, since it ties the walls together and also
breaks the monotonous continuity of wall. The gable band is employed only in Buildings
with pitched or sloped roofs. In buildings with flat R.C or reinforced brick roofs, the Roof
band is not required. In buildings with pitched or sloped roof, the Roof band is very
important. Plinth bands are primarily used where uneven settlement of foundation in
soil undergoes bending and pulling actions. It will be better to use RC bands
Shear Wall:
Reinforced concrete buildings often have vertical plate-like RC walls called
Shear Walls. These walls generally start at foundation level and are continuous
throughout the building height. Their thickness varies from 150mm to 400mm. Shear
walls are usually provided along both length and width of buildings.

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 Shear Core Shear Wall
Shear walls are like vertically-oriented wide beams that carry earthquake loads
downwards to the foundation. Just like reinforced concrete (RC) beams and columns, RC
shear walls also perform much better if designed to be ductile.. Shear walls, if provide
around the elevator core or stair well is known as shear core.
Boundary Elements:
Under the large overturning effects caused by horizontal earthquake
forces, edges of shear walls experience high compressive and tensile stresses.
To ensure that shear walls behave in a ductile way, concrete in the wall end
regions must be reinforced in a special manner to sustain these load reversals without
loosing strength. End regions of a wall with increased confinement are called boundary
elements which have high bending strength.

Boundary Elements (Design, Location)

Short and Long Columns:
During past earthquakes, reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings that have
columns of different heights within one storey, suffered more damage in the shorter
columns as compared to taller columns in the same storey.
Short Column Behavior:
Poor behavior of short columns is due to the fact that in an earthquake, a tall
column and a short column of same cross-section move horizontally by same amount.

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However, the short column is stiffer as compared to the tall column, and it attracts
larger earthquake force. Therefore it cause X-shaped cracks.

Short Column (Failure, Location with Mezzanine floor)

Stiffness of a column means resistance to deformation – the larger is the stiffness,
larger is the force required to deform it. This behavior is called Short Column Effect.
Design Phenomenon:
If it is not possible to avoid short columns, this effect must be addressed in
structural design. As per Indian Standard the reinforcement must extend beyond the
short column into the columns vertically above. In case of stone or brick masonry the
width has to be increased accordingly for short column.
BEAM COLUMN JOINT:
The points where the beams and columns intersect is a beam column joint. Since
they too made of same material we can’t expect to have more strength. So have to take
care on these unavoidable joints. During earthquake the upper bars and lower bars act in a
different direction causing elongation or damage of joint.
Design Strategy:
In design practice large column size, having large closed loops are placed inside.
These should follow some design specification. Normally we will go for the anchoring
of the bars at the ends. Micro concreting can be gone in the congested junction.

Beam Column Joint (Location, Failure without proper anchorage)

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Hidden Beams:
These are also called as concealed beams which have their depth equal to that of
the slab. These can be provided either on longer or on the shorter span. When provided
along longer span it is found that the load carrying capacity increase to 135% with an
economical increase of just 0.4 – 0.5%. These beams are designed for negative bending
moment which is caused due to load reversal expected during earthquake.

Hidden Beam

Plastic Hinge:
As moment increases, the linear stress distribution form persists and the extreme
fibre stress reaches the yield stress value. Further increase in the bending moment cannot
produce any increased fibre-stress but causes yield to spread into the inner fibres. As the
bending moment increases more and more fibres reach the yield stress until the final
state, the whole of the section will yield. The complete yielding across the section of a
beam is termed as plastic hinge. The section now carries the maximum bending moment
without strain hardening taking place. The beam can carry no further load. Any further
load will only result in increased deflection. The beam will behave as if it is hinged at the
plastic section and a condition of collapse has been reached.
Reduced Beam Section:
This is a section of beam which is provided along the length of steel beams. These
will have their area of cross section lesser than the proceeding section to an extent that it
will just act as a plastic hinge. In case of steel section also a circular arc will be cut in the
required flange portion of span.

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 Reduced Beam Section

Pre tensioning Technique:

In case of domes and shell structures, the lateral thrust experienced will be more. This
fault is answered well by pre tensioned concrete. In case of huge structures like nuclear
rectors, large spanning domes we will be having a thin walled cylindrical tube of
diameter about 10 to 15 cm and steel rods will be packed tightly.

Pre tension elements (After & Before Concreting)

Then stressing will be done as per design and then the micro concrete is injected
in pressure into the tube. This setup is then done with normal concreting. It will resist the
lateral thrust in an effective manner.
Techniques to Adopt on Sky Scrappers:
While speaking about large multistoried buildings we can’t simply go in for
normal strengthening of beams, columns, and other structural elements. There we had an
alternative to speak about some elements such as Bearing, Bracing, Friction pendulum
and Dampers which are primarily meant to take Vibration produced by lateral force.
Rubber Bearings:
Rubber bearings are made from layers of rubber with thin steel plates between
them, and a thick steel plate on the top and bottom. The bearings are placed between the
bottom of a building and its foundation . The bearings are designed to be very stiff and
strong for vertical load to carry the weight of the building and designed to be much
weaker for horizontal loads, so that they can move sideways due to lateral thrust.

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 Rubber Bearing Viscous Dampers
Viscous Dampers:
Viscous fluid dampers are meant as shock absorbers. They consist of a closed
cylinder containing a viscous fluid and a piston having small holes in its head. As the
piston move in and out of the cylinder oil is forced in and out causing friction. The
damper is usually installed as part of a building's bracing system using single diagonals.
As the building sways to and fro, the piston is forced in and out of the cylinder.
Friction Dampers:
Friction dampers are designed to have moving parts that will slide over each
other. The damper is made up from a set of steel plates, with slotted holes in them, and
they are bolted together. At high enough forces, the plates can slide over each other
creating friction causing energy dissipation. The plates are specially treated to increase
the friction between them.

Friction Dampers Cross Bearings (In foundation)

Cross Bracings:
These are very common in case of vertical load distribution. But we can also
adopt this technique to foundation, in which the entire building will be laid in a cross
horizontal bracing rather than placing it directly on foundation. It will distribute the load
to joints and through foundation finally.

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 Friction bearing (Location, Appearance)

Friction Pendulum:
Considering about the large multistory buildings, we can always expect some
appreciable movement in it base due to the vibration. Instead to resist against it
completely we can allow the structure to deform at its foundation level by provision of
friction pendulum without damaging the structural integrity.

CONCLUSION:
The cities of the world are undergoing vertical development with the construction
of more and more skyscrapers which are very densely populated. Still a lot of studies
have been going in bracing and bearings. Strengthening of structural elements had taken a
different path like rebuked section and large spanning elements are also shown special
considerations. Constraint is that, human has to satisfy his unlimited wants through
limited resources. The techniques which have been detailed here are those which already
exist in the field. As a part of the civil engineering world, we all have a role to play in
developing newer and more effective techniques to increase the seismic resistance of
buildings to make them invulnerable to an appreciable intensity of earthquakes

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