ME 112 - ENGINEERING STATICS

CREDIT HOURS: THEORY = 3 HOURS

 COURSE OUTLINE
• Force System. Force, rectangular components, moment, couples,
resultant of forces

• Equilibrium. Mechanical systems, isolation and equilibrium

equations for two and three dimensional systems. Free body
diagram, two force and three force members.

• Structures. Plane trusses, method of joints, method of sections,

frames and machine analysis. Forces in beams and cables

• Friction. Types of friction, dry friction, application of friction.

 RECOMMENDED BOOKS
TEXTBOOK

1) J L Meriam, L G Kraig, Engineering Mechanics (Statics):John Wiley & Sons

Inc.

REFERENCES MATERIAL:

1) RC Hibbeler, Engineering Mechanics (Statics), Prentice Hall

2) Anthony M Bedford, Wallace Fowler. Engineering Mechanics (Statics),
Prentice Hall
3) E. Nelson, Engineering Mechanics: Statics, Schaum’s outline series New
York.
4) Beer &Johnston, Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics & Dynamics,
McGrawHill
 PARTICIPATION
The course consists of a three-hour lecture per week.
Any student whose performance/attendance is less than 75% may be
dropped from the course for insufficient progress or participation.
STUDENT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION / GRADING

• Class participation, Assignments, Quizzes and the Final

examination will evaluate student progress.

FINAL GRADE

The final grade will be determined by averaging each section and

assigning them the following weights:

Quizzes ............................12.5%
Assignments………………12.5%
Mid Term Examination……25%
Final Examination .............50%
---------------------------------------------------------
Total ............................. 100%
 What is Mechanics?
Mechanics is the branch of physical science which deals with the
state of rest or motion of bodies that are subjected to the action of
forces.

Mechanics is the study of forces that act on bodies and the resultant
motion that those bodies experience.

With roots in physics and mathematics, Engineering Mechanics is

the basis of all the mechanical sciences.

Physical science is the study of the physical world around you.

Any of several branches of science, such as physics, chemistry, and
astronomy, that study the nature and properties of energy and
nonliving matter.
 Mechanics
Applied Mechanics is subdivided into two parts:

1. SOLID MECHANICS
Solid mechanics is usually subdivided into further two streams i.e.
a) Mechanics of rigid bodies (i.e. objects that do not get deformed when forces are applied)
Mechanics of rigid bodies is further divided into two parts:
i) Statics
ii) Dynamics
Statics deals with bodies at rest.
Dynamics deals with objects in motion.
b) Mechanics of deformable bodies
The mechanics of deformable solids which is branch of applied mechanics is known by several names i.e. strength
of materials, mechanics of materials etc.

2. FLUID MECHANICS
 Idealizations
These are used to simplify problems. The following idealizations are used in
mechanics.

1. Particle
2. Rigid body
 Particle
• It is an object that has mass, but a size that can be neglected.
• For example, the size of earth is insignificant compared to the size of its
orbit, and therefore the earth can be modeled as a particle when studying
its orbital motion.
• When a body is idealized as a particle, the principles of mechanics reduce
to a rather simplified form since the geometry of the body will not be
involved in the analysis of the problem.
 Rigid body
• The term "rigid body" refers to a system with any number of
particles, but which are constrained not to move relative to each
other. That is, a rigid body does not deform.
• All particles in a rigid body remain at a fixed distance from one
another even after applying forces.
• A rigid body is nothing but a solid body of finite size in which
change in original shape (deformation in other words) is not
allowed.
Review of Basic Concepts for the
Course of Engineering Statics

• Circles

• Lines and Angles

• Triangles

• Polygons

• Quadrilaterals

• Coordinate Plane
The Basic Elements of a Circle
Lines and Angles
 The Basic Properties of a Triangle
Triangles show up all over the Statics.
You will often find them hiding in problems that seem to be about rectangles
or other shapes.
Let’s start with some general comments on triangles:
The length of the third side of a triangle will always be less than the sum of
any two side length.
At the same time, the third side length will always be greater than the
difference of the other two side lengths.
The pictures below illustrate these two points.
Sides correspond to their opposite angles.

This means that the longest side is opposite the largest angle, and the smallest
side is opposite the smallest angle.
Area of Triangle
Right Triangle
A right triangle is any triangle in which one of the angles is a right angle.
Right Triangle
Perpendicu lar


Base

Base
Cos 
Hypotenuse

Perpendicu lar Base
Sin 
Hypotenuse

Perpendicu lar
tan   Perpendicu lar
Base
We can classify triangles by the number of equal sides that they have.
 a b c
 
Sin  Sin Sin

a 2  b2  c 2  2bcCos
COORDINATE PLANE
CHAPTER 2 FORCE SYSTEMS

CHAPTER OUTLINE:

1) Force - Rectangular Components

2) Moment
3) Couple
4) Resultants
 Scalars
• A scalar quantity is a quantity that has
magnitude only and has no direction in space

Examples of Scalar Quantities:

 Length
 Area
 Volume
 Time
 Mass
 Vectors
• A vector quantity is a quantity that has both
magnitude and a direction in space
Examples of Vector Quantities:
 Displacement
 Velocity
 Acceleration
 Force
 Resultant of Two Vectors
 The resultant is the sum or the combined effect of
two vector quantities

Vectors in the same direction:

6N 4N = 10 N

6m
= 10 m
4m
Vectors in opposite directions:
6 m s-1 10 m s-1 = 4 m s-1

6N 10 N = 4N
The Parallelogram Law
 When two vectors are joined
tail to tail
 Complete the parallelogram
 The resultant is found by
drawing the diagonal

 When two vectors are joined

head to tail
 Draw the resultant vector by
completing the triangle
 Vector Diagrams
• Vector diagrams are
shown using an
arrow
• The length of the
arrow represents its
magnitude
• The direction of the
arrow shows its
direction
 Problem: Resultant of 2 Vectors
Two forces are applied to a body, as shown. What is the magnitude and direction of
the resultant force acting on the body?
Solution:
 Complete the parallelogram (rectangle)
 The diagonal of the parallelogram ac
represents the resultant force
 The magnitude of the resultant is found using
Pythagoras’ Theorem on the triangle abc 12 N
a d
Magnitude  ac  12  5 2 2
θ

5N
5
ac  13 N
Perpendicu lar 12 b c
Direction of ac : tan    12
Base 5
12
   tan 1  67  Resultant displacement is 13 N 67º
5 with the 5 N force
 Problem: Resultant of 3 Vectors
Find the magnitude (correct to two decimal places) and direction of the
resultant of the three forces shown below.
Solution:
 Find the resultant of the two 5 N forces first (do right angles first)

ac  52  52  50  7.07 N
5 d 5 c
tan    1    45
5
Now find the resultant of the 10 N and

5N
 5
7.07 N forces
 The 2 forces are in a straight line (45º + 90º
θ
45º
a
135º = 180º) and in opposite directions 135º 5N b

 So, Resultant = 10 N – 7.07 N = 2.93 N

in the direction of the 10 N force
 Resolving a Vector Into Perpendicular
Components
• When resolving a vector into
components we are doing the
opposite to finding the resultant
• We usually resolve a vector into
components that are perpendicular
to each other

 Here a vector v is resolved into

an x component and a y

y
component
x
 Practical Applications
• Here we see a table being
y=25 N
pulled by a force of 50 N at
30º
a 30º angle to the horizontal x=43.3 N
• When resolved we see that
this is the same as pulling
the table up with a force of  We can see that it
would be more
25 N and pulling it efficient to pull the
horizontally with a force of table with a
43.3 N horizontal force of
50 N
 Calculating the Magnitude of the
Perpendicular Components
• If a vector of magnitude v and makes an angle θ with the
horizontal then the magnitude of the components are:
• x = v Cos θ
• y = v Sin θ y=v Sin θ y
θ
x=vx Cos θ
 Proof:

Base x
Cos   Sin 
Perpendicu lar y

Hypotenuse v Hypotenuse v

x  vCos y  vSin
 Problem: Calculating the magnitude of
perpendicular components
A force of 15 N acts on a box as shown. What is the horizontal
component of the force?

Solution:

Horizontal Component  x  15Cos60  7.5 N

Component
12.99 N
Vertical
Vertical Component  y  15Sin60  12.99 N
60º
7.5 N
Horizontal
Component
 Summary
• If a vector of magnitude v has two
perpendicular components x and y, and v
makes and angle θ with the x component
then the magnitude of the components are:
• x= v Cos θ
• y= v Sin θ y=v Sin θ y
θ
x=v Cosθ
From the sketch, the magnitude of resultant force is found
from the Pythagorean Theorem
 Y
Y
Fx Fx

Fy F Fy F 
 Fy  Fy
Fx X Fx X


F F 
 

B P
 H 
P H B
P B
H   H
B
P
B Fy
Cos 
B Fx
 Sin 
P Fy
 Cos   Sin 
P Fx

H F H F H F H F
Fx  FCos  Fy  FSin  Fy  FCos Fx  FSin 
 Principle of Transmissibility
The principle of transmissibility states that a force may be applied at any point on
its given line of action without altering the resultant effects of the force external
to the rigid body on which it acts.

Thus, whenever we are interested in only the resultant external effects of a force,
the force may be treated as a sliding vector, and we need specify only the
magnitude, direction, and line of action of the force, and not its point of
application.

Because this course deals essentially with the mechanics of rigid bodies, we will
treat almost all forces as sliding vectors for the rigid body on which they act.
 Free-Body Diagrams
Successful application of the equations of equilibrium requires a complete
specification of all the known and unknown external forces that act on the body.

The best way to account for these forces is to draw a free-body diagram. This
diagram is a sketch of the outlined shape of the body, which represents it as being
isolated or “free” from its surroundings, i.e., a “free body.”

On this sketch it is necessary to show all the forces and couple moments that the
surroundings exert on the body so that these effects can be accounted for when the
equations of equilibrium are applied.
The scalar components of F1 , from Fig. a, are
( ) F1x  F1 cos 35  600 cos 35  491N

( ) F1 y  F1 sin 35  600 sin 35  344 N

Pythagoras’ Theorem
c2  a2  b2
( Hypotenus ) 2  ( Base) 2  ( Perpendicu lar ) 2
c 2  4 2  32
c 2  16  9
c 2  25
c5

B 4
( ) F2 x   F2 cos   500( )  500( )  400 N
H 5
P 3
( ) F2 y  F2 sin   500( )  500( )  300 N
H 5
 The scalar components of F3 can be obtained by
first computing the angle  of Fig. c.

Perpendicu lar 0.2

tan   
Base 0.4
 0.2 
  tan 1    26.6
 0.4 

( ) F3 x  F3 sin   800 sin 26.6  358N

( ) F3 y   F3 cos   800 cos 26.6  716 N

Complete the parallelogram by drawing lines parallel to the given forces.

The diagonal drawn from the common point represents their resultant
which makes angle θ with P.

From the law of Cosines

R 2  P 2  T 2  2 PTCos
R 2  800 2  600 2  2(800)(600)Cos
 ?
ABD
BD BD ?
tan   
AD 3  CD 3  ?

BCD
Base
Cos 
Hypotenuse
CD CD
Cos 60  
CB 6 B
CD  6Cos60 B

Hypotenus  6m
Perpendicular
Sin  
Hypotenus Perpendicu lar  6 sin 60 6 sin 60
BD BD 6m
Sin60  
CB 6 60
BD  6Sin60 D  60
C Base  6 cos 60 D
A C
3m 6 cos 60

BD 6 Sin 60
 tan  
AD 3  6Cos 60

6Sin 60
  tan 1 ( )
3  6Cos 60
  40.9
R 2  8002  6002  2(800)(600)Cos 40.9
R  525 N

From the law of Sines

R T

Sin  Sin 
524 600

Sin 40.9 Sin 
Sin   524  600  Sin 40.9
600  Sin 40.9
Sin   
524
Sin   0.75
  Sin 1 (0.75)
  48.6
 F1  100N
F2  80N
Resultant, R  ?
Projection Fb of the resultant R onto the b - axis = ?

Complete the parallelogram by drawing lines parallel to the given forces.

The diagonal drawn from the common point represents their resultant.

80N

20
30       180
30
  20  30  180
20 100N
   50  180
80N
  180 - 50
  130
From the law of Cosines
R 2  F1  F2  2 F1 F2Cos
2 2

R 2  100 2  80 2  2(100)(80)Cos130
R  163.4 N

80N

100N
The orthogonal projection Fb of R onto the b - axis
Fb  80  100Cos50 100sin50
100cos50
Fb  144.3N
 Fy

Fx

( ) Fx  800 sin 35  459 N

( ) Fy  800 cos 35  655N

F  Fxi  Fy j
F  (459i  655 j ) N
 ( ) F  600 cos 30
x

( ) Fy  600 sin 30

F  Fx i  Fy j
F  600 cos 30i  600 sin 30 j
F  (520i  300 j )lb

Scalar Components :
Fx  520 N
Fy  300 N

Fx  600 cos 30
Vector Components :

30 Fx  (520i ) N
Fy  (300 j ) N
Fy  600 sin 30 F  600 N
 Pythagorean Theorem
a2  b2  c2
32  4 2  c 2
9  16  c 2
25  c 2
c5

B 3
Cos  
H 5
P 4
Sin   
H 5

F  Fx i  Fy j
F  (4.8 cos  )i  (4.8 sin  ) j
3 4
F  4.8( )i  4.8( ) j
5 5
F  (2.88i  3.84 j )kN
 TA  TB  T  900 N

P 2
Sin    0.555
H 13
B 3
Cos    0.832
H 13

TA  TAx i  TAy j
TA  TACosi  TA Sin j
TA  900(0.832i  0.555 j )
TA  (749i  499 j ) N

Pythagorean Theorem
a2  b2  c2 TB  TA  (749i  499 j ) N
3 2 c
2 2 2

9  4  c2
13  c 2
c  13
 Pythagorean Theorem
a2  b2  c2
32  4 2  c 2
9  16  c 2
25  c 2
c5

B 3
Cos  
H 5
P 4
Sin   
H 5
3
Y ( ) Fx  1800 cos   1800( )
5
4
( ) Fy  1800 sin   1800( )
5
F  Fx i  Fy j
X F  1800 cos   1800 sin 
3 4
F  1800( )i  1800( ) j
5 5
F  (1080i  1440 j ) N
 Y

3kN
2 sin 30 2kN 3 sin 60
30 60
2 cos 30 3 cos 60 X

( )R x  Fx  2 cos 30  3 cos 60  3.23kN

( )R y  Fy  2 sin 30  3 sin 60  1.598kN

R2  Rx  Ry
2 2

R  R x  R y  3.61kN
2 2

Ry
tan 
Rx
Ry 1.598
  tan 1  tan 1
Rx 3.23
  26.3
 Y

800 425
800 sin 70 425 sin 
70 
800 cos 70 425 cos  X

F1  800N
F2  425N
  ? which makes the resultant of the two forces vertical i.e.
Rx  0
Ry  R
M agnitude of the resultant, R = ?

( )R x  Fx  800 cos 70  425 cos 

0  800 cos 70  425 cos  Rx  0
800 cos 70  425 cos 
800 cos 70
cos  
425
800 cos 70
  cos 1 ( )
425
  49.9

( )R y  Fy  800 sin 70  425 sin 49.9

R  1077 N Ry  R
R x  Fx  3 cos 30  7 cos 45  2.35kN

R y  Fy  3 sin 30  7 sin 45  3.45kN

45

R  R xi  R y j 45

R  2.35i - 3.45j

R2  Rx  Ry
2 2

R  Rx  Ry
2 2
 Y

30 X

600
400
30
120 R 90 Using the law of Cosines
R 2  400 2  600 2  2(400)(600)Cos120
400
R  872 N
600
Using the law of Sines
R 600

Sin120 Sin 
872 600

Sin120 Sin 
Sin   872  600  Sin120
600  Sin120
Sin  
872
600  Sin120
  Sin 1 ( )
872
  36.6
 P?
T ?

P
400

 4" T 
 
6"

400 P
 P?  ?
T ?  ?
 ?

4
  tan -1 ( )  26.57
8
6
  tan -1 ( )  36.87
8
      180
  180    
  180  26.57  36.87
  116.57
T 400
P 400 
 Sin  Sin 
Sin  Sin  T 400
P 400 
 Sin116.56 Sin 26.57
Sin 36.87 Sin 26.57 400  0.8944
400  0.6 T
P 0.4472
0.4472 T  800lb
P  537lb
R  2000N
 ?
Angle between R and the vertical,   ?

    180
800
   180 - 
Using the law of Cosines 
2000  1400  800  2(1400)(800)Cos
2 2 2
R
1400
2000  2(1400)(800)Cos  1400  800
2 2 2
1400
2(1400)(800)Cos  1400  800  2000
2 2 2

1400  800  2000
2 2 2 
Cos  
2(1400)(800)
1400 2  800 2  2000 2 800
  Cos (1
)
2(1400)(800)
  undefined
Using the law of Cosines
2000 2  1400 2  800 2  2(1400)(800)Cos

    180
   180 - 

20002  14002  8002  2(1400)(800)Cos(180   )

Cos(180 -  )  Cos180Cos  Sin180Sin 

Cos(180 -  )  (1)Cos  (0)Sin 
Cos(180 -  )  Cos

2000 2  1400 2  800 2  2(1400)(800)(Cos )

2000 2  1400 2  800 2  2(1400)(800)Cos
2000 2  1400 2  800 2  2(1400)(800)Cos
2000 2  1400 2  800 2
Cos 
2(1400)(800)
2000 2  1400 2  800 2
  Cos (
1
)
2(1400)(800)
  51.3
Using the law of Sines

800 2000

Sin  Sin 

800

2000   180 - 
Sin  Sin (180   )

Sin   2000  800  Sin (180   )

Sin   2000  800  Sin (180  51.3)

800 Sin128.7
Sin  
2000

  18.19
 Moment of a Force
• In addition to the tendency to move a body in the
direction of its application, a force can also tend to
rotate a body about an axis.
• This rotational tendency is known as the moment M
of the force.
• Moment is also referred to as torque.
For example, consider a wrench used to unscrew the bolt in Fig. 4–1a.

If a force is applied to the handle of the wrench it will tend to turn the bolt
about point O (or the z axis).

The magnitude of the moment is directly proportional to the magnitude of F

and the perpendicular distance or moment arm d.

The larger the force or the longer the moment arm, the greater the moment or
turning effect.
Note that if the force F is applied at an angle , ,Fig. 4–1b, then it will
be more difficult to turn the bolt since the moment arm will be
smaller than d.

If F is applied along the wrench, Fig. c, its moment arm will be zero since
the line of action of F will intersect point O (the z axis).

As a result, the moment of F about O is also zero and no turning can occur.
 Varignon’s Theorem
Varignon’s theorem states that the moment of a force about
any point is equal to the sum of the moments of the
components of the force about the same point.

This theorem can be proven easily using the vector cross product since the
cross product obeys the distributive law. For example, consider the
moments of the force and two of its components about point
For two-dimensional problems, we can use the Varignon’s theorem by
resolving the force into its rectangular components and then determine
the moment using a scalar analysis. Thus,
A concept often used in mechanics is the principle of moments, which is
sometimes referred to as Varignon’s theorem since it was originally
developed by the French mathematician Varignon (1654–1722).
 2m A
40 40
50 2Sin40 

90 600N
4m
4Cos40 d
40

The moment arm to the 600 N force is

d  4cos40  2sin40  4.35m

By M  Fd the moment is clockwise and has the magnitude

M o  600(4.35)  2610 N.m
 Fx  600 cos 40

Fy  600 sin 40

Replace the force by its rectangula r components at A

Fx  600 cos 40  460 N
Fy  600 sin 40  386 N

By Varignon’ s theorem, the moment becomes

M O  Fx (4)  Fy (2)
M O  460(4)  386(2)  2610 N .m
 F  10kN

4
Fx  FCos  10( )  8kN
5
3
Fy  FSin   10( )  6kN
5

By Varignon’ s theorem, the moment becomes

M o  8(5)  6(4)  16kN  m

Base 4 x 4
 
Perpendicular 5 3
4
4  x  (5)
3
x  2.67 m

Perpendicular y 3
 
Base 2.67 4
3
y  (2.67)  2m
4
 Fx  200Sin30 

Fy  200Cos30

M O   Fx (25)  Fy (35)
M O  200 sin 30(25)  200 cos 30(35)
M O  3560lb  in (CW )

By Varignon’ s theorem, the moment becomes

M A  Fx (0)  Fy (35)
M A  0  200 cos 30(35)
M A  6060lb  in (CW )
 120Sin35

120Cos35

By Varignon’ s theorem, the moment becomes

 M O  120Cos35(0.15)  120Sin35(0)
 M O  14.74 N  m(CW )
 Fx  60Sin20 

Fy  60Cos20

By Varignon’ s theorem, the moment becomes

 M O  Fx (0)  Fy (0.1)
 M O  60Sin 20(0)  60Cos 20(0.1)
 M O  5.64 N  m
 250Cos15

250Sin15

By Varignon’ s theorem, the moment becomes

 M O  250Cos15(0.200)  250Sin15(0.030)
 M O  48.30  1.941
 M O  46.4 N  m
 120Cos30

120Sin30

By Varignon’ s theorem, the moment becomes

 M O  120Cos30(11)  120Sin30(1.5)
 M O  1233lb  inch
 M O  102.8lb  ft (CCW )
Tow: To draw or pull behind by a chain or line:
a tugboat towing a barge.
 d  450 - 62.5Cos20  391mm

 MO  Fd  200(0.391)  78.3N .m
 F  200 N

450mm
90

90

62.5Cos 20
90 62.5Sin 20
20 20
O
 62.5mm  62.5mm

d  450 - 62.5Cos20  391mm

 MO  Fd  200(0.391)  78.3N .m
 COUPLE
The moment produced by two equal, opposite, and non collinear forces is
called a couple.

Consider the action of two equal and opposite forces F and -F a distance d
apart, as shown in Fig. a.

These two forces cannot be combined into a single force because their sum
in every direction is zero.

Their only effect is to produce a tendency of rotation.

Collinear: 1. Passing through or lying on the same straight line. 2. Containing a common line; coaxial.
Con-cur-rent :Meeting or tending to meet at the same point; convergent.
The combined moment of the two forces about an axis normal to their plane and
passing through any point such as O in their plane is the couple M.

This couple has a magnitude

Its direction is counterclockwise when viewed from above for the case illustrated.

Note especially that the magnitude of the couple is independent of the distance a
which locates the forces with respect to the moment center O.

It follows that the moment of a couple has the same value for all moment centers.
We may also express the moment of a couple by using vector algebra.
The direction and sense of the couple moment are determined by the right-hand
rule, where the thumb indicates this direction when the fingers are curled with
the sense of rotation caused by the couple forces.

In all cases, M will act perpendicular to the plane containing these forces.
 Equivalent Couples

Changing the values of F and d does not change a given couple as long as the
product Fd remains the same.

Likewise, a couple is not affected if the forces act in a different but parallel plane.
Figure 2/11 shows four different configurations of the same couple M.

In each of the four cases, the couples are equivalent and are described by the same
free vector which represents the identical tendencies to rotate the bodies.
 Force–Couple Systems
Force acting on an object produces translation and rotation of the object.

The translation effects are represented by the magnitude and direction of the force whereas the rotational
effects are represented by the moment of force.

Hence a force can be replaced by a force and couple as shown in the figure.

Consider a force F acting at point A as shown in figure.

Add two forces of magnitude F and –F at point B as shown in figures which are parallel to the force F at A.

The force F at A and the force –F at B forms a couple with moment Fd about any point in the plane.

Thus a force F at A is replaced by a force F at B and a couple of moment Fd as shown in the figure.
Thus, we have replaced the original force at A by the same force acting at a different
point B and a couple, without altering the external effects of the original force on the
body.

The combination of the force and couple in the right-hand part of Fig. 2/12 is referred
to as a force–couple system.

By reversing this process, we can combine a given couple and a force which lies in the
plane of the couple (normal to the couple vector) to produce a single, equivalent
force.

Replacement of a force by an equivalent force–couple system, and the reverse

procedure, have many applications in mechanics and should be mastered.
Equivalent system

= =
 Equivalent system

= =
=
1mm  103 m
 400 N

200mm
200 sin 60

60
O
200 cos 60
M  Fd

M  400(200 sin 60)  69282.0323N .mm

M  Fd  400(0.035)  14 N  m 1mm  103 m

Caster: A small wheel on a swivel (pivot),

attached under a piece of furniture or other
heavy object to make it easier to move.
 FCos15

FSin15

FCos15 FSin15

 M o   FCos15(0.8)  FSin15(0)  FCos15(0.8)  FSin15(0)

25  2 FCos15(0.8)
F  16.18 N
 R  10kN 
M  Fd  10(0.075)  0.75kN  m
 FCos 30

FSin 30 FSin 30
FCos 30

0.375 0.375
 M 0  8 cos 30( )  8 cos 30( )  2.6 N  m(CW )
2 2
Second method

      180
60  90    180
  180  60  90
60
  30
 Example:

As shown the perpendicular distances between each pair of

couple forces are

d1  4 ft
d 2  3 ft
d 3  5 ft

 M  F1d1  F2 d 2  F3d 3
 M  (200)(4)  (450)(3)  300(5)
 M  950lb. ft
CHAPTER 3 EQUILIBRIUM

CHAPTER OUTLINE:

1) System Isolation and the Free-Body

Diagram
2) Equilibrium Conditions
 EQUILIBRIUM
When a body is in equilibrium, the resultant of all forces acting on it is zero.

Thus, the resultant force R and the resultant couple M are both zero, and

we have the equilibrium equations

Equation 3/1, which in two dimensions may be written in scalar form as

A structure is in equilibrium when all forces or moments acting upon it
are balanced.

This means that each and every force acting upon a body, or part of the
body, is resisted by either another equal and opposite force or set of
forces whose net result is zero.
( )  Fx  0
8  T cos 40  C sin 20  16  0
0.766T  0.342C  8...........(a)

( )  Fy  0
T sin 40  C cos 20  3  0
0.643T  0.940C  3...........(b)
 0.766T  0.342C  8...........(a)

T (0.643)  0.940C  3.......(b)

In order to cancel out C, multiply equation a) by 0.940 and equation b) by 0.342,

and then add equation a) and equation b).

a)  0.940  (0.766T  0.342C  8)  0.72T  0.321C  7.52

b)  0.342  (0.643T  0.940C  3)  0.22T  0.321C  1.026

0.94T  8.546
8.546
T
0.94
T  9.09kN

(a )  0.766T  0.342C  8
0.766(9.09)  0.342C  8
6.96  0.342C  8
0.342C  8  6.96
0.342C  1.04
1.04
C
0342
C  3.04kN
The free-body diagram of each pulley is drawn in its relative
position to the others.
 Pulley A

We begin with pulley A, which includes the only known force.

With the unspecified pulley radius designated by r, the equilibrium of moments

about its center O and the equilibrium of forces in the vertical direction require

 MO  0
 T1r  T2 r  0
T1r  T2 r
T1  T2
Q

( )Fy  0
 T1  T2  w  0 w  mg
 T1  T2  500(9.81)  0 P
2T1  500(9.81) T1  T2
500(9.81)
T1 
2
T1  T2  2450 N
Pulley B

MP  0
Q
 T3 r  T4 r  0
T3 r  T4 r
T3  T4

P
( )Fy  0
 T3  T4  T2  0 T1  T2  2450 N
 T3  T4  2450  0
 T3  T4  2450
2T3  2450 T3  T4
2450
T3 
2
T3  T4  1225 N
 Recall:

Pulley C  MQ  0
 Tr  T3 r  0
 Tr  T3 r
 T  T3  1225 N

For pulley C the angle θ = 30° in no way affects the moment

of T about the center of the pulley, so that moment
equilibrium requires

Equilibrium of the pulley in the x- and y-directions requires

( )  Fx  0 ( )  Fy  0 Q
T cos 30  Fx  0 Fy  T sin 30  T3  0
Fx  1062 N Fy  613N

P
F F F
2
x
2
y
2

F  Fx2  Fy2

F  (1062) 2  (613) 2
F  1226 N
m  100kg
P?
R ?
 ?
 MA  0
R(0)  P(6 cos  )  981(4 cos  )  0
P(6 cos  )  981(4 cos  )
981(4 cos  ) Hypotenus  6m
P
6 cos  Perpendicu lar  6 sin 
P  654 N

A Base  6 cos 
( )FY  0
654  R  981  0 R P
R  327 N
Hypotenus  4m
Perpendicu lar  4 sin 
The angle depends only on the specified geometry and is
P 3
Sin    
H 8 A Base  4 cos 
3
  sin 1 ( )
8 981
  22 R
 Jib: 1. A triangular sail
kg stretching from the foretopmast
mass  95 head to the jib boom and in
meter small craft to the bowsprit or
T? the bow. 2. The arm of a
mechanical crane. The boom of
Ax  ? a derrick.
Ay  ?
 W  mg  95(5)(9.81)  4659.75N  4.66kN

MA  0
 T cos 25(0.25)  T sin 25(5  0.12)  10(5  1.5  0.12)  4.66(2.5  0.12)  0
T  19.61kN

( )Fx  0
Ax  19.61cos 25  0
Ax  17.77kN

( )Fy  0
Ay  19.61sin 25  4.66  10  0
Ay  6.37kN

Using the Pythagorean theorem

A2  AX  AY
2 2

A  AX  AY  17.77 2  6.37 2  18.88kN

2 2
Mid Term Exam - Paper Pattern

First attempt Q. # 1 (MCQ) on separate Answer Sheet which shall be taken

back after 20 minutes.

Q. 1 Multiple Choice Questions (20 MCQS)

Q. 2 + Q.3 + Q.4 Forces,

, Moments,
Couples,
Resultant
Equilibrium
Do not forget to write your
Serial number on both the
MCQS as well as on the
Answer Book.

Continuation sheet is not

allowed in the paper of
Engineering Statics
 INSTRUCTIONS:
1) Start every question from a new page.

2) Candidate must write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q.

No. in the Question Paper. Do not copy out the question.

3) Use of Scientific Calculator is allowed.

4) Mobile phones and other electronic devices are not allowed in the
examination hall.

5) You must write in only blue or black ink. Pencil may be used only for
diagrams.

6) Rough working may be done in the answer sheet. Clearly cross out rough
working before handing in your answer sheet. The use of scrap paper is
not permitted.
 RESULTANTS
The resultant of a system of forces is the simplest force combination which can
replace the original forces without altering the external effect on the rigid body
to which the forces are applied.
 60Sin45 

Resultant moment
 M O  140  50(5)  60 cos 45(4)  60 sin 45(7)  237 N .m
Tension, T  ?
Angle,   ?
The eyebolt will be under a resultant downward force of 15 kN i.e.
R X  0 kN
R Y  - 15 kN

SOLUTION :

R X  FX
0   6 – Tcos  8cos60
 6  8cos60  Tcos
Tcos  10 (1

R Y  FY
- 15  - 8sin60 – Tsin
- 15  Tsin  - 8sin60
Tsin  - 8sin60  15
Tsin  8.07 ............(2
 Tcos  10 (1
Tsin  8.07 ...(2

Dividing equation (2 by equation (1

T sin  8.07

T cos  10
8.07
tan  
10
8.07
  tan 1 ( )
10
  38.9

Substituting   38.9 in equation - 1

T cos 38.9  10
10
T
cos 38.9
T  12.85kN
Gusset: A triangular metal bracket used to strengthen a joist.
 ( ) RX  FX  60Cos 40  50Sin 20  30Cos 20
RX  34.87kN

( ) RY  FY  60Sin 40  40  50Cos 20  30Sin 20

RY  41.84kN

Using the Pythagorean theorem

R  RX  RY  34.87 2  41.84 2  54.5kN
2 2

RY 41.84
 X  tan 1  tan 1  50.2
RX 34.87
Point B is selected as a convenient reference point.
Resultant force
( ) RX  FX  650  250  300
R  100lb

Resultant moment
 M B  650(60)  300(90)  250(30)  4500lb  inch

 M B  Rh
4500  100h
h  45inch
Point A is selected as a convenient reference point.

Resultant force
 R y  Fy  680  660
R  20 N
R  20 N 

Resultant moment
 M A  680(800)  660(500)
 M A  214000 N  mm
 M A  214000 N  mm(ccw)

 M B  Rd
214000  20d
d  10.70m
O

Point O is selected as a convenient reference point.

Resultant force
R y  Fy  6  10
R  4kN
Resultant moment
 M O  6(3)  10(9)  52  20kN.m

M   Rx
M  20
x   5m
R 4
Example:
( ) RX  FX  3Cos30  5 cos 
3
RX  3Cos30  5( )
5
RX  5.598kN 

4
( ) RY  FY  3 sin 30  5( )  4
5
RY  6.5kN  6.5kN 

Using the Pythagorean theorem

R 2  RX  RY
2 2

R  RX  RY  5.5982  6.50 2  8.58kN

2 2

Its direction  is
R 6.50
  tan 1 Y  tan 1  49.3
RX 5.598
 3 4
 M O  3 sin 30(0.2)  3 cos 30(0.1)  (5)( )(0.1)  (5)( )(0.5)  4(0.2)
5 5
 M O  2.46kN.m(clockwise)
Example:
 Dry Friction
• When a solid body slides over a stationary solid body, a force is exerted at
the surface of contact by the stationary body on the moving body.
• This force is called the force of friction and is always acting in the direction
opposite to the direction of motion.
• Friction acts parallel to the surface of contact and depends upon the
nature of surface of contact.
 Mechanism of Dry Friction
• Consider a solid block of mass m resting on a horizontal surface as shown
in the figure.
• We assume that the contacting surfaces have some roughness.

• A horizontal force P is applied to the block which continuously increases

from zero to a value sufficient to move the block and give it an appreciable
velocity.
The free body diagram of the block for any value of P is shown in the figure.

The tangential friction force exerted by the plane on the block is labeled F.
This friction force acting on the body will always be in a direction to oppose
motion.
There is a normal force N which in this case equals mg, and the total force R
exerted by the supporting surface on the block is the resultant of N and F.
Resolving the forces on the body horizontally and vertically, we get
( )  Fy  0 ( )  Fx  0
N  mg  0 PF 0
N  mg FP
• If we perform an experiment and record the friction force F as a function
of P, we obtain the relation shown in the figure.

• When P is zero, equilibrium requires that there be no friction force.

• As P is increased, the friction force must be equal and opposite to P as long as
the block does not slip.
• During this period the block is in equilibrium and all force action on the block
must satisfy the equilibrium equations.
• Finally, we reach a value of P which causes the block to slip and to move in the
direction of the applied force.
• As this same time the friction force decreases slightly and abruptly.
• It then remains essentially constant for a time but then decreases still more as
the velocity increases.
 STATIC FRICTION
• The region in the figure up to the point of slippage or impending motion is called the range of
static friction, and in this range the value of the friction force is determined by the equation
of equilibrium.
• This friction force may have any value from zero up to and including the maximum value.
• As P is slowly increased, F correspondingly increases until it attains a certain maximum value
Fs called the limiting static frictional force.
• When this value is reached, the block is in unstable equilibrium since any further increase in P
will cause the block to move.
 Experimentally, it has been determined that this limiting static frictional force
is directly proportional to the resultant normal force N.
Expressed mathematically,

Fmax   s N

• For a condition of static equilibrium when motion is not impending, the static
friction force is
F  Fmax
F  s N
 KINETIC FRICTION
• After slippage occurs, a condition of kinetic friction accompanies the
ensuing motion.
• Kinetic friction is somewhat less than the maximum static friction force.
• The kinetic friction force is also proportional to the normal force. Thus,

Fk  k N
 ANGLE OF FRICTION

Fmax

The direction of the resultant (R) measured from the direction of N is specified
by tanα = F/N.
When the friction force reaches its limiting static value, then angle α reaches a
maximum value φ.
Thus angle of friction is defined as the angle made by the resultant of the
normal reaction N and the limiting force of friction F with the normal reaction
N.
It is denoted by φ.
Let R = Resultant of the normal reaction (N) and limiting force of friction (F).
Then angle of friction = φ = angle between R and N.
Fmax  s N
tan     s
N N

Thus tangent of the angle of friction is equal to the coefficient of friction.

 ANGLE OF REPOSE
The angle of repose is defined as the maximum inclination of a plan at which a body
remains in equilibrium over the inclined plane by the resistance of friction only.

Consider a body of weight W, resting on a rough inclined plane as shown in the figure.

Let N = Normal reaction acting at right angle to the inclined plane.

θ = Inclination of the plane with the horizontal.
F = frictional force acting upward along the plane.

Let the angle of inclination θ be gradually increased, till the body just starts sliding down
the plane. This angle of inclined plane at which a body just begins to slide down the
plane, is called angle of repose.
 y
Resolving the forces along the plane, we get x
 Fx  0
- W sin  F  0
W sin  F.1)

Resolving the forces normal to the plane, we get F

 Fy  0
- W cos  N  0
W cos  N  2)

Dividing equation 1) by 2)
W sin  F

W cos  N
F
tan  
N
If   Angle of repose, then F  Fmax

Fmax
 tan   .............3)
N

We know that
F
tan   max
N
Where   Angle of friction...........4)

Hence from equation 3) and 4), we have

tan  tan
 
Angle of repose  Angle of friction
 N N

FORCE OF
DIRECTION FORCE OF
 FRICTION
OF MOTION FRICTION


DIRECTION 
OF MOTION
WEIGHT WEIGHT

Angle between force of friction and ground  0

Angle between force of friction and N  90

DIRECTION FORCE OF
OF MOTION FRICTION WEIGHT


WEIGHT
  Fx  0  Fy  0
F  mg sin   0 N  mg cos   0
F  mg sin  N  mg cos 

Dividing the first equation by thesecond gives

F
tan 
N
Since the maximum angle occurs when F = Fmax   s N , for impending motion, we have
Fmax  s N
tan max    s
N N 
 max  tan  s
-1
Case -1 (Motion impending up the plane)

 Fy  0
N  W cos 20  0
N  981 cos 20  0
N  981 cos 20
N  922 N 

Fmax   s N  Fx  0
Fmax  (0.30)(922)  277 N T  Fmax  W sin 20  0
m g  277  981sin 20  0
m (9.81)  277  981sin 20  0
m  62.4kg
Case -1 (Motion impending down the plane)

 Fx  0
T  Fmax  W sin 20  0
m g  277  981sin 20  0
m (9.81)  277  981sin 20  0
m  6.01kg


 W

( )  Fy  0 ( )  Fx  0
N W  0 F P0
N  883  0 PF
N  883 N

Fmax   s N
Fmax  (0.50)(833)  441N

a) If P  300N, then F  300N()  Fmax , (OK )

b)If P  400N, then F  400N()  Fmax , (OK )
c)If P  500N, then F  500N  Fmax , ( Motion )
So
F  k N
F  (0.40)(833)  353 N ()
m  50kg
P  200N
a)If the block begins to slip when   30
s  ?
b) When   45
F ?
 m  50kg
W
P  200N
a)If the block begins to slip when   30
s  ?
b) When   45
F ?

N
a) ( )  Fx  0 ( )  Fy  0
200 cos 30  Fmax  0 N W  0
Fmax  200 cos 30 N  50(9.81)  0
Fmax  173.2 N N  50(9.81)
N  490.5 N

Fmax   s N
Fmax 173.2
s    0.35
N 490.5

b) For   45
(  )  Fx  0
200 cos 45  F  0
F  200 cos 45
F  141.42 N  Fmax
 MO  0
 100(1)  P sin  (2)  P cos  (3)  0
3 4
 100(1)  P( )(2)  P( )(3)  0
5 5
P  83.3lb

( )  Fx  0
 F  P cos   0
4
 F  83.3( )  0
5
F  66.7lb

( )  Fy  0
3
N  100  83.3( )  0
5
N  150lb

Fmax   s N
Fmax  0.6(150)  90lb  66.7(OK )
 Trusses -Definition
A truss is a structure composed of straight members joined
together at their end points.
The basic building block of a truss is a triangle.
Large truss are constructed by attaching several triangles
together.
When the members of the truss lie essentially in a single plane, the truss is called a
plane truss.

Planar Trusses - lie in a single plane and all applied loads must lie in the same plane.
The basic element of a plane truss is the triangle.

Each member of a truss is normally a straight link joining the two points of application
of force.

The two forces are applied at the ends of the member and are necessarily equal,
opposite and collinear for equilibrium.

The member may be in tension or compression as shown in Figure.

Types of Trusses
 Truss
There are four main assumptions made in the analysis of truss:

1. Truss members are connected together at their ends only.

2. Truss are connected together by frictionless pins.
3. The truss structure is loaded only at the joints.
4. The weights of the members may be neglected.
 Simple Truss
It has been observed that the analysis of truss can be done by counting the number
member and joints on the truss to determine the truss is determinate, unstable or
indeterminate.
A truss is analyzed by using m=2*j-3, where m is number of members, j represents the
number of joints and 3 represents the external support reactions.
m = Number of members
j = Number of joints
If m< 2j-3, then the truss is unstable and will collapse under load.
If m> 2j-3, then the truss has more unknowns than know equations and is an
indeterminate structure.
If m= 2j-3, ensures that a simple plane truss is rigid and solvable, it is neither sufficient nor
necessary to ensure that a non-simple plane truss is rigid and solvable.
 Method of Joints -Truss
The truss is made up of single bars, which are either in compression, tension or no-
load.
The means of solving force inside of the truss use equilibrium equations at a joint.
This method is known as the method of joints.
The method of joints uses the summation of forces at a joint to solve the force in the
members.

It does not use the moment equilibrium equation to solve the problem.

Draw free body diagram of a joint where there are at the most two unknowns.

Assume unknown forces in members to be tensile i.e. directed away from the joint.

Use ∑ FX = 0 and ∑ FY = 0 to find the two unknown forces. If the answer is positive, the
force is tensile and compressive if it is negative.

Proceed to the next joint where there are at the most two unknowns.
Using law of cosine :
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bcCos 
52  52  52  2(5)(5)Cos
 ?
25  25  25  50Cos
50Cos  25
25
Cos 
50
25 B
  Cos 1
50
  60
5m 5m

60
A 5m C
Infer : B  60
C  60
The first step will be to compute the external forces at D and
E from the free-body diagram of the truss as a whole.

The equations of equilibrium give

ME  0
T (5)  20(5)  30(10)  0
T (5)  20(5)  30(10)
20(5)  30(10)
T
5
T  80kN

( )  Fx  0 ( )  Fy  0

TCos30  E x  0 TSin30  E y  30  20  0
80Cos30  E x E y  30  20  TSin30
E x  69.3kN E y  50  80 Sin 30
E y  10kN
Next we draw free-body diagrams showing the forces acting on each of the
connecting pins.
 The unknown forces are:
1. AB=?
2. AC=?
Initially we will assume
that these two unknown
forces are tensile.

Equilibrium requires
( )  Fy  0 (  )  Fx  0
AC  ABCos 60  0
ABSin 60  30  0
AC  34.6Cos 60
ABSin 60  30
AC  17.3kN
30
AB  AC  17.3kN (C )
Sin 60
AB  34.6kN
AB  34.6kN (T )

where T stands for tension and C stands for compression.

Now the correct direction of forces on joint A is

Joint B must be analyzed next, since there are more than two
unknown forces on joint C.

Assuming the forces BD and BC to be in tension on joint B BD

( )  Fy  0 60
60
 ABSin 60  BCSin 60  0
BCSin 60   ABSin 60 AB  34.6kN
BCSin 60  34.6 Sin 60 AB  34.6kN BC
 34.6 Sin 60
BC 
Sin 60
BC  34.6kN
BC  34.6kN (C )

Now the correct direction of forces on joint B is

( )  Fx  0
 ABCos 60  BCCos 60  BD  0
BD   ABCos 60  BCCos 60
AB  34.6kN
BD  34.6Cos 60  (34.6)Cos 60
BC  34.6kN
BD  34.6Cos 60  34.6Cos 60
BD  34.6kN (T )
Joint C now contains only two unknowns, and
these are found in the same way as before: BC  34.6kN CD

Assuming the forces CD and CE to be in tension

on Joint C 60
( )  Fy  0 AC  17.32kN CE
CDSin60  BCSin 60  20  0
CDSin60  BCSin 60  20
CDSin60  34.6 Sin 60  20 20kN
34.6 Sin 60  20
CD 
Sin 60
CD  57.69kN (T )

 Fx  0
Jo int  C
CE  CDCos60  AC  BCCos 60  0
CE  CDCos60  AC  BCCos 60
CE  57.69Cos 60  17.32  34.6Cos 60
CE  63.5kN
CE  63.5kN (C )

Now the correct direction

of forces on joint C is
Finally, joint E

Assuming the force DE to be in tension on joint E  Fy  0

DESin 60  10  0
DESin 60  10
 10
DE 
Sin 60
DE  11.55kN
DE  11.55kN (C )

Now the correct direction of forces on joint E is

 B

10
8

A E
6 6

c2  a2  b2 6 3
Cos  
c  6 8
2 2 2
10 5
c 2  36  64  100 Sin  
8 4

c  10 10 5
The first step will be to compute the external forces at A and
D from the free-body diagram of the truss as a whole.

The equations of equilibrium give

 MA  0
 4000(12)  3000(8)  24 D  0
D  3000lb

( )  Fx  0
 3000 - A x  0
A x  3000lb

( )  Fy  0
 A y  4000  3000  0
A y  1000lb
 Joint A
6 3
( )  Fy  0 Cos  
10 5
4 Sin  
8 4

 AB( )  1000  0 10 5
5
AB  1250lb (Compressive)

( )  Fx  0
3
AE - 1250( )  3000  0
5
AE  3750lb (Tensile )

Joint B

( )  Fy  0
4 4
1250( )  BE ( )  0
5 5
BE  1250lb (Tensile )

( )  Fx  0
3 3
BC - 3000 - 1250( )  1250( )  0
5 5
BC  4500lb (Compressive)
 Joint C

( )  Fy  0
 CEsin   CD sin   0
CE  CD

( )  Fx  0
3
2CE( )  4500  0
5
CE  3750lb (Tensile )

CD  3750lb(Compressive)

Joint D

( )  Fx  0
3
DE - 3750( )  0
5
DE  2250lb (Tensile )
 Method of Sections -Truss
The method of joints is most effective when the forces in all the
members of a truss are to be determined.
If however, the force is only one or a few members are needed,
then the method of sections is more efficient.

For example, If we were interested in the force of member CE of

the figure shown. We can use a cutting line or section to
breakup the truss and solve by taking the moment about B.

An imaginary section, indicated by the dashed line, is passed

through the truss, cutting it into two parts.
This section has cut three members whose forces are initially
unknown.

In order for the portion of the truss on each side of the section
to remain in equilibrium, it is necessary to apply to each cut
member the force which was exerted by the member cut away.
An imaginary section, indicated by the dashed
line, is passed through the truss, cutting it into
two parts.
This section has cut three members whose forces
are initially unknown.
In order for the portion of the truss on each side
of the section to remain in equilibrium, it is
necessary to apply to each cut member the force
which was exerted by the member cut away.
The unknown forces are:
1. BC
2. BE
3. EF
It is not possible to pass a section through BE
without cutting the two members BC and EF,
whose forces are unknown.
So we may pass a section directly through
members BC, BE and EF and analyze the portion
of the truss to the right of this section.
B

 20
O E D

BDO
Perpendicu lar
tan 20 
Base
Perpendicu lar
tan 20 
d d d
 
6 6 3
Perpendicu lar
tan 20 
4
d
6
4
Perpendicu lar  d tan 20
6

BEO
Perpendicu lar
tan  
Base
4
d tan 20
tan   6
d
6
MD  0
d d d
L(0)  L( )  EF (0)  BC (0)  BE cos  (0)  BE sin  (  )  0
3 6 3
d d d
L( )  BE sin  (  )  0
3 6 3
d d d
L( )  BE sin  (  )  0
3 6 3
d d
L( )  BE sin 55.5 ( )  0
3 2
d d
BE sin 55.5 ( )  L( )
2 3
d
L( )
BE  3
d
sin 55.5 ( )
2
2L
BE 
3 sin 55.5
BE  0.809 L(Tensile )
( )  Fx  0
 400  FBC  FGE  FGC Cos  0
B
 400  800  FGE  500 0
H
4
 400  800  FGE  500  0
5
FGE  800 N
FGE  800 N (C )
Final Exam - Paper Pattern
 PART – I (MCQ)
TIME ALLOWED: 20 MINUTES MAXIMUM MARKS: 20

Encircle the one correct, best or most probable answer to each question.
Overwriting/cutting of the options/answers will not be given credit.

PART – II
TIME ALLOWED: 2 HOURS & 40 MINUTES MAXIMUM MARKS: 80

INSTRUCTIONS:

•PART-II consists of 04 Questions. Answer all the questions.

•Candidate must write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Question
Paper. Do not copy out the question.
•Use of Scientific Calculator is allowed.
•Rough working may be done in the answer book. Clearly cross out rough working before handing
in your answer book. THE USE OF SCRAP PAPER IS NOT PERMITTED.
•Mobile phones and other electronic devices are not allowed in the examination hall.
 Final Exam - Paper Pattern
First attempt Q.-I (MCQ) on separate Answer Sheet which shall be taken back after 20 minutes.

Q. 1 Multiple Choice Questions (20 MCQS)

Q. 2 Resultant

Q. 3 Method of joints

Q. 4 Method of sections

Q.5 Friction

•The final exam paper will be a test not of your memory but a test of whether or not you can apply the conceptual
knowledge you have gained in the class to new situations.

•Questions in the exam will not be tougher than those taught in the class. So if you can handle those, then you can
definitely handle the exam paper.
Do not forget to write your
serial number on both the
MCQS as well as on the
Answer Book.
 Deadline for
submission of
Assignments

28-April-2018
Allah Bless You All.