A

PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT

ON

“DESIGN OF A FAST-CHARGING STATION FOR PLUG-IN

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (PHEV)”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in

Electrical Engineering

Under the guidance of

(Mr. Ram Singh )

(SESSION 2018-2019)
Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr. Gopal Tiwari Sir Akanksha Sinha(15EJCEE001)

(Assistant Professor, EE) Anurag Sharma(15EJCEE013)

Darshika Porwal(15EJCEE029)
Mridula Soni(15EJCEE062)
Nikita Bokadia(15EJCEE068)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

SITAPURA, JAIPUR (Raj.)-302022

 ABSTRACT
With the increasing interest in green technologies in transportation, plug-in hybrid electric

vehicles (PHEV) have proven to be the best short-term solution to minimize greenhouse gas

emissions. Despite such interest, conventional vehicle drivers are still reluctant in using such
a new technology, mainly because of the long duration (4-8 hours) required to charge PHEV
batteries with the currently existing Level I and II chargers. For this reason, Level III fast-
charging stations capable of reducing the charging duration to 10-15 minutes are being
considered. The present thesis focuses on the design of a fast-charging station that uses, in

addition to the electrical grid, two stationary energy storage devices: a flywheel energy
storage and a supercapacitor. The power electronic converters used for the interface of the
energy sources with the charging station are designed. The design also focuses on the energy

management that will minimize the PHEV battery charging duration as well as the duration

required to recharge the energy storage devices.

Keywords: greenhouse gas, fast charging, PHEV

I
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 3.1: Grid-side Converter

Fig.3.2:Supercapacitor Bidirectional Chopper

Fig.3.3: Charging Station Power Circuit

Fig. 4.1 Flow Chart

LIST OF TABLES
Table. 4.1 PHEV Battery Specifications for two wheeler

Table. 4.1 PHEV Battery Specifications

II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i

LIST OF FIGURES ii

LIST OF TABLES ii

1: Introduction 1

1.1 Motivation of work 1

1.2 Problem Statement 1

1.3 Objective 2

1.4 Scope of work 2

2. Literature Review 3

3. Requirement Analysis 13

3.1 Static Power Switches 13

3.2 Grid Side Converter 13

3.3 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) Converter 14

3.4 Supercapacitor Converter 15

3.5 Complete Power circuit 16

4.Methodology 17

4.1 Charging Time Minimization 17

4.2 Charging Station Operation 19

5. Conclusion 21

6.References 23
I
1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Motivation of work

Many automobile manufacturers have at this point developed and commercialized their first
modern electric models, proving that the electric drive is technically viable, environmentally
friendly and affordable. Manufacturers are now approaching a subsequent phase in their
development efforts that entails building powerful, long-range, fast-charging, more efficient
and cheaper electric vehicles.

The one reason for showing interest in fast charging is its potential for mitigating range
anxiety. When drivers can charge their vehicles in 30-60 minutes then longer trips are made
possible because EVs can be charged en-route without inconvenient waiting times.

1.2 Problem Statement

Fast charging of PHEV batteries means that the duration required to charge such batteries must

be minimized, which implies the use of the grid and additional sources of energy that must be

managed efficiently and intelligently. A waiting period is also required to recharge the storage
devices once the PHEV leaves the station. Such a period should also be minimized in order to
reduce the time that the client needs to wait at the station before charging the battery, and to
accelerate the battery swapping process at some charging stations if applicable. Finally, it is
important to look at some aspects of the impacts caused by such charging stations on the grid
such as harmonics, THD, phase unbalance, power factor, ground fault and electricity
generation.

1.3 Objective

There is currently a lack of fast-charging units. As an alternative, urban facilities have been
proposed where the discharged car batteries would be swapped with charged battery packs.
The proposed work suggested that there would be prefer fast charging stations to the battery

1
swapping scenario. The impact of fast charging on battery gives the following advantages as
per the reports:

● Fast chargers are known to be more efficient than conventional chargers, and charging
with less overcharging increases the battery efficiency.
● Fast charging technology increases the vehicle speed.

1.4 Scope of work

Road transport contributes to approximately one-fifth of the EU's total carbon dioxide (CO2)

emissions. CO2 is one of the most prevalent greenhouse gases, and CO2 emissions from road

transport alone increased by nearly 23 % between 1990 and 2010, and could have been even

higher without the economic crisis. Cars with different degrees of hybridization are a solution
because they can have up to 6 times more fuel economy relative to vehicles powered solely by
conventional internal combustion engines (ICEs). Furthermore, hybrid vehicles can offer
economic benefits through the integration of electric mobility in a smart grid with a high share
of intermittent generation by shifting demand to off-peak hours and using the car battery as a
storage device in vehicle to grid (V2G) applications. This is achieved by optimized and
controlled charging and the usage of the electric vehicle (EV) battery as an integrated part of
the electric grid.

2
2.LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Guibin Wang, et. al

Generally, EV charging infrastructure can be of different types including mainly battery

swapping station and fast charging station. It is widely believed that fast charging stations have
the potential to be widely used and consequently more and more attentions have been paid to the
optimal planning of them in the past few years. Smart-grid development calls for effective
solutions, such as electric vehicles (EVs), to meet the energy and environmental challenges. To
facilitate large-scale EV applications, optimal locating and sizing of charging stations in smart
grids have become essential. This paper proposes a multiobjective EV charging station planning
method which can ensure charging service while reducing power losses and voltage deviations of
distribution systems. A battery capacity-constrained EV flow capturing location model is
proposed to maximize the EV traffic flow that can be charged given a candidate construction
plan of EV charging stations. The data-envelopment analysis method is employed to obtain the
final optimal solution. Subsequently, the well-established cross-entropy method is utilized to
solve the planning problem. The simulation results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the
proposed method based on a case study consisting of a 33-node distribution system and a 25-
node traffic network system.

2. Makram de Freige

With the increasing interest in green technologies in transportation, plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles (PHEV) have proven to be the best short-term solution to minimize greenhouse gas
emissions. Despite such interest, conventional vehicle drivers are still reluctant in using such a
new technology, mainly because of the long duration (4-8 hours) required to charge PHEV
batteries with the currently existing Level I and II chargers. For this reason, Level III fast
charging stations capable of reducing the charging duration to 10-15 minutes are being
considered. The present thesis focuses on the design of a fast-charging station that uses, in
addition to the electrical grid, two stationary energy storage devices: a flywheel energy storage
and a supercapacitor. The power electronic converters used for the interface of the energy
sources with the charging station are designed. The design also focuses on the energy

3
management that will minimize the PHEV battery charging duration as well as the duration
required to recharge the energy storage devices. For this reason, an algorithm that minimizes
durations along with its mathematical formulation is proposed, and its application in fast
charging environment will be illustrated by means of two scenarios.

3. Albert Y.S. Lam, Yiu-Wing Leung, and Xiaowen Chu

Gasoline is a heavily demanded natural resource and most is consumed on transportation.

Transportation electrification can relieve our dependence on gasoline and tremendously reduce
the amount of harmful gases released, which partially constitute global warming and worsen our
health. In the 21st century, advancing EV technologies has become one of the keys to boost a
nation’s economy and maintain (and improve) people’s quality of living. For long-term planning,
modernizing our cities with EVs is of utmost importance. EVs will be integrated into the
transportation system seamlessly and this will help make our cities “smart.” To do this, we need
to determine the best locations to construct charging stations in the city. In this paper, we focus
on human factors rather than technological ones for charging station placement. An EV should
always be able to access a charging station within its driving capacity anywhere in the city. Our
contributions in this paper include: 1) formulating the problem; 2) identifying its properties; and
3) developing the corresponding solution methods. We formulate the problem as an optimization
model, based on the charging station coverage and the convenience of drivers. We prove the
problem NP-hard and propose four solution methods to tackle the problem. Each method has its
own .

4. Changzheng Liu

This paper studies electric vehicle charger location problems and analyzes the impact of public
charging infrastructure deployment on increasing electric miles traveled, thus promoting battery
electric vehicle (BEV) market penetration. An activity-based assessment method is proposed to
evaluate BEV feasibility for the heterogeneous traveling population in the real world driving
context. Genetic algorithm is applied to find (sub)optimal locations for siting public charging
stations. A case study using the GPS-based travel survey data collected in the greater Seattle
metropolitan area shows that electric miles and trips could be significantly increased by
installing public chargers at popular destinations, with a reasonable infrastructure investment.

4
5. Ho-Yin Mak

The transportation sector is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As a step toward
a greener environment, solutions involving electric vehicles (EVs) have been proposed and
discussed. When powered by electricity from efficient and environmentally-friendly generators,
EVs have significantly lower per-mile running costs compared to gasoline cars, while generating
lower emissions. Unfortunately, due to the limited capacity of batteries, typical EVs can only
travel for about 100 miles on a single charge. Because recharging takes several hours, it is
impossible to recharge an EV in the middle of a long (round) trip exceeding 100 miles.

6. Metin Turkay a , Ming Xu

We propose an optimization model based on vehicle travel patterns to capture public charging
demand and select the locations of public charging stations to maximize the amount of vehicle-
miles-traveled (VMT) being electrified. The formulated model is applied to Beijing, China as a
case study using vehicle trajectory data of 11,880 taxis over a period of three weeks. The
mathematical problem is formulated in GAMS modeling
environmentandCplexoptimizerisusedtofindtheoptimalsolutions.Formulatingmathematicalmodel
properly, input data transformation, and Cplex option adjustment are considered for
accommodating large-scale data. We show that, compared to the 40 existing public charging
stations, the 40 optimal ones selected by the model can increase electrified fleet VMT by 59%
and 88% for slow and fast charging, respectively. Charging demand for the taxi fleetconcentrates
in the inner city. When the total number of charging stations increase, the locations of the
optimal stations expand outward from the inner city. While more charging stations increase the
electrified fleet VMT, the marginal gain diminishes quickly regardless of charging speed

7. Defu Zhang, et. al

Charging station powered by renewables combines both the renewables and electric vehicles,
and has much possibility to be a key charging infrastructure. As the number of electric vehicles
increase, recharging problem will become urgent and prominent. So satisfying more charging
demand at same time is expected for charging station. In this paper, we present a charging station

5
integrated with photovoltaic system/battery storage/grid-tied system power dispatch method for
electric vehicles in an electric vehicle charging station, and this method based on the non-
cooperative game achieves dynamically adjusting the charging power. The outstanding
advantage is this method can provide charging service for all electric vehicles at the same time,
especially in the situation where available charging power is limited. Comparing to the
commonly used constant charging scheme, the simulation results showed that the proposed
charging method can achieve higher charging service rate and higher utilization of charging pole
inside charging station.

8.Jing Zhang, et. al

Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted much more attention since they use clean
electricity. And large progress in lithium-ion battery propels the development of EVs. However,
it is challenging that the growing number of EVs means huge charging demand and will
definitely aggravate the power grid load. Traditional approach is to build more power plants for
extra electric power, which is costly and brings environmental problems. Integration with
renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power is an efficient way to moderate the
problem. Thus, it is necessary to research on establishing a proper electric vehicle charging
station with hybrid energy source. Several papers have investigated the optimal planning or
sizing of EV charging station with renewable energy source. In the size of the battery storage
was optimized through minimizing the total energy cost. It employed two typical irradiance
scenarios and specified delivery EV charging patterns. Optimal design of an electric vehicle
charging station considering various renewable energy sources with the goal of minimizing the
total monetary cost was analyzed. The decision variables were the size of the PV array, size of
each diesel generator, number of battery energy storage system units, and grid purchase/sell. But
there was little instruction abou he internal operated energy management strategy. In a dynamic
programming algorithm was utilized for EV charging scheduling after determining the solar
power and vehicle charging demand and compared with a uncontrolled method by evaluating the
economics and carbon tax. We can find that those studies treated the charging demand as fixed
value to input the decision model, which neglected the uncertainties in reality.

6
9. Juan Liu

In order to meet the trend of increasing scale and more complexly layout of electric vehicle(EV)
fast charging station(FCS) ,as well as the development of urban intelligent city, this paper
studied on use mobile Internet and mobile terminal to realize the intelligent billing and
settlement system of EV FCS, which provided a integrated charging billing model based on
time-of-use price, proposed a solution to achieve system that can scan identification through
vehicle QR code, guide the charging vehicle orderly parking by APP, start charging process , and
realized no card payment by the mobile terminal. At last, this paper gave experimental result to
verify time-of-use price is the important influence factor to integrated charging fee, and the
billing model which adopted optimized peak-valley segmentation method can instruct the
customer to charge economically, a lot of users can save the cost of travel. The system can
enhance the customer satisfaction and will help to improve the operational efficiency and service
capability of EV FCS. This paper research on EV FCS’s integrated billing model and use mobile
terminals and mobile technology to build electric vehicle fast charge station intelligent billing
and settlement system. Experiments show the billing and settlement system can better guide the
orderly charging of electric vehicle users, and the billing model is effectively and economically.
The system can be efficacious guide the electric car to complement the fast charging and mobile
payment. The system enhances user satisfaction and EV FCS’s intelligence level. The research in
this paper will help to improve the operational efficiency and service capability of EV FCS,
optimize the operation mode and the economic benefit of FCS.

10. Jing Zhang, et. al

A hierarchical distributed energy management for multiple photovoltaic (PV) based electric
vehicle (EV) charging stations (PV-CSs) is proposed and analyzed in this paper. In the station
level, PV-CSs are modelled as independent players with objectives to stabilize their average
available capacity (AAC) of the storage battery tank. Meanwhile, in EV level, EV owners are
modeled as players with objectives to maximize their charging power. Then a two level power
distribution game is utilized to model the power distribution problem in both station and EV
level. Through utilizing a consensus network based learning algorithm, a cooperative and a
generalized Stackelberg equilibrium are achieved in station and EV level through a distributed
fashion. One case studies, i.e., two station case, is implemented in simulation to verify the

7
performance and effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The simulation results show that the
proposed energy management has an excellent performance in both cases and comparing against
stations without management.

11. Sanchari Deb1

The progress in battery technology and the growing concerns regarding environmental pollution
has initiated transportation electrification. With the replacement of Internal Combustion Engine
(ICE) driven vehicles with Electric Vehicles (EV) an adverse impact of EV charging load on
operating parameters of the power system has been noticed. Large charging load of fast charging
stations degrade the operating parameters of the power system. Reliability is one of the pivotal
operating parameters of the distribution network whose degradation will result in customer
dissatisfaction. This work aims to investigate and quantify the impact of EV charging station
load on reliability of IEEE 33 bus test system which is a standard radial network. EVs are
welcomed as an environment friendly option for reduction of the emission from transportation
sector. However the impact of EV charging station load on distribution network cannot be
neglected. This work thoroughly analyzed the impact of EV charging station load on reliability
indices of IEEE 33 bus test system. the results obtained show that the impact of placing fast
charging stations at the weak buses is quite critical. However, the system is robust enough to
withstand placement of charging stations at the strong buses. For low penetration of EVs (1-2) %
placement of charging stations at the weak buses is not required. However, keeping in mind the
ever increasing popularity of EVs in future placement of slow charging stations (level 1 and level
2) even at the weak buses may be required.

12. Zbigniew Waclawek

A charging station is a controllable load with steadily growing proliferation into the public
distribution grid. The importance of emission free transport is growing. Accordingly, the number
of e-vehicles and the number of needed charging station pools will continue to grow in the near
future. The charging capacity of batteries is steadily increased and the e-vehicle charging time is
shorted. It results in high charging powers, 50 kW are common in DC charging. Higher powers,
reaching 150 kW are expected in the near future, endangering the public grid with high demand
peaks. The appearance of charging power peaks is strongly related to the behavior of e-vehicle

8
drivers and therefore difficult to predict. Many different approaches have been made to address
the problem of e-vehicle charging in the public grid. A coordination proposal for the selection of
best charging point and time was presented in. The information about vehicles charging is stored
and processed by the grid operator, to adjust to the needs. On the other hand, the evehicle
governs the energy requirements ensuring planned passages. In this approach a sophisticated
optimization procedure and an information exchange between agents are needed. In the
characteristics of typical users, i.e. taxi, family car, etc. are added to form a resulting power
curve of a charging stations pool. The simulated distribution grid depicts the situation of the
island of Bornholm. Uncoordinated and coordinated approach to charging is presented.
Information exchange between charging service provider, distribution system operator and
electricity retailer is assumed.

13. Oliver Marcincin, et. al

The paper deals with charging of electric vehicles and the potential adverse impacts on the
distribution grid in case of mass expansion of electric vehicles. It also deals with charging
stations for electric vehicles that are not very common in the region of Ostrava now, so there has
not been much experience with their operation and impact on the power grid yet. The aim is to
create a charging station in balance with the options and needs illustrated by the daily grid load
diagram. That is why the entire calculation is based on a continuously repeating cycle of energy
demand per day. The expected future quantity of electric vehicles and the potential adverse
effects on the distribution grid reveal the need for active utilization of charging stations. Special
concern belongs to areas with denser network as well as areas between cities with a potentially
higher load of the infrastructure. There is also the option to manage operation of the distribution
grid through charging stations.

14. Xiangwu Yan

With an increasing number of Electric Vehicles (EV), the optimal planning of electric vehicle
charging station (EVCS) into distribution system has become more and more important.
However, the problem of optimal planning is complex, nonlinear and combinatorial optimization
problem. Thus a multi-objective and multivariate planning model based on hierarchical genetic
algorithm (HGA) is proposed, considering the investment costs of EVCS and feeder and the

9
energy losses and constraint conditions. The innovation points of this paper are encoding method
and checking operator, changing the infeasible solutions in filial populations into feasible
solutions. Finally the proposed approach is tested on 33 nodes distribution power system of IEEE
with EVCS, based on the MATLAB programming language. Study results indicate the validity
of this method.

15. CHuajie Ding/ Zechun Hu/ Yonghua

Energy storage system (ESS) is regarded as a promising supplement for electric vehicle (EV) fast
charging station. This paper works on the coordinated operation of EV fast charging stations
with ESS. Firstly, considering characteristics of EV fast charging load, charging and discharging
periods of ESS within a day are optimized based on historical average charging load. Secondly, a
real-time control strategy is proposed not only to follow and smooth the charging load but also to
avoid electricity absorption from power grid in high-price periods. Case studies are conducted on
a practical EV fast charging station with battery ESS installed. Simulation results demonstrate
that the proposed control method can greatly reduce the electricity purchase cost and smooth the
power demand within the charging station. This paper firstly introduces the configuration of ESS
within EV FCS. Then a control strategy which can dynamically update charging reference value
is put forward. It can shave the peak load and enhance profit of EV charging station. Based on
the historical charging load data and TOU price, parameters of the control strategy can be
determined. Finally, case studies are conducted to illustrate the effect of proposed control
strategy and sensitivity analysis is carried out. Results of case studies show that through making
arbitrage ESS can help reduce electricity purchase cost of EV charging station by about ten
percent. Besides, the coordinated control strategy can help smooth the net load by dynamically
update the charging/discharging reference value of ESS. Parameter sensitivity analysis shows
that with the increase of confidence level, economic profit rises but the variation of net load
increases.

10
INFERENCES DRAWN OUT FROM LITERATURE SURVEY

1. From the research papers ,we got to know that as a number of electric vehicles increases
then we have to work on increasing charging stations as there is limited number of charging
stations.

2. Currently,major obstacles to the proliferation of electric vehicles are long charging time and
limited driving range.

3. We found out from research papers that how much fast charging will be needed are uptake
of fast charge-capable electric vehicles, the electric range of vehicles to extent which
home,public or workplace charging is available.

4. There is a great uncertainty about exactly how much fast charging will be needed in the
future. despite this, there is clear trend towards initially needing ,more fast charging to
obtain extensive geographic coverage region to region coverage.

5. The research reveals several gaps in the build out of fast charging networks. emerging trends
show a small but growing number of users using fast chargers very close to home. studies
suggest these users have more limited access to home charging.

6. When the total number of charging stations increase, the locations of the optimal stations
expand outward from the inner city. While more charging stations increase the electrified
fleet VMT, the marginal gain diminishes quickly regardless of charging speed.

7. The outstanding advantage is this method can provide charging service for all electric
vehicles at the same time, especially in the situation where available charging power is
limited.

8. Several papers have investigated the optimal planning or sizing of EV charging station with
renewable energy source. In the size of the battery storage was optimized through
minimizing the total energy cost. It employed two typical irradiance scenarios and specified
delivery EV charging patterns.

11
9. The system enhances user satisfaction and EV FCS’s intelligence level. The research in this
paper will help to improve the operational efficiency and service capability of EV FCS,
optimize the operation mode and the economic benefit of FCS.

10. The simulation results show that the proposed energy management has an excellent
performance in both cases and comparing against stations without management.

11. Reliability is one of the pivotal operating parameters of the distribution network whose
degradation will result in customer dissatisfaction.

12. A charging station is a controllable load with steadily growing proliferation into the public
distribution grid.

13. The paper deals with charging of electric vehicles and the potential adverse impacts on the
distribution grid in case of mass expansion of electric vehicles

14. The innovation points of this paper are encoding method and checking operator, changing
the infeasible solutions in filial populations into feasible solutions.

15. Results of case studies show that through making arbitrage ESS can help reduce electricity
purchase cost of EV charging station by about ten percent.

12
3. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

The designed fast charging station is composed of three energy sources: the grid, an FES, and a
supercapacitor. The last two sources are interfaced with the charger DC link via power
electronic converters. Also, since the car battery voltage is variable from one car battery to
another, a DC/DC converter must be placed on the charger output in order to adapt the charger
output voltage to the battery voltage.

3.1 Static Power Switches

In order to allow bidirectional power transfer, the switches used in the converter legs must
conduct the current in both directions. The switches must also be completely controllable. For
this reason, the use of diode and thyristor is eliminated since the former is completely
uncontrollable and the latter is semi-controllable.

The IGBT tends to be the best option for the design of the charging station is power electronic
interfaces. An IGBT converter has an efficiency of typically 90%.

3.2 Grid Side Converter

The converter is designed with IGBT switches, so its efficiency ή is typically 0.9, and it is
designed with an output DC power of 30 kW. The restriction imposed on the voltage on the
DC side is the converter switches loss of control limit. Indeed, the IGBT antiparallel diodes
must be kept reversed-biased in order to not conduct in the wrong direction during the charging
mode of operation (power transfer from AC to DC side). This can be achieved if the output DC
voltage is kept above the line-to-line grid peak voltage value.

Grid Converter Electrical Specifications:

Grid Voltage (V) 220 (input (rms)), 600(DC value)

Grid Current (A) 53 (input (rms)), 50(DC values)

Real Power (kW) 33.3(input (rms)), 30(DC values)

13
 Fig. 3.1: Grid-side Converter

3.3 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) Converter

When acting as a generator, an FES converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. This can be
translated in the following way: when rotating at an angular speed ω (rad/s), the energy is

converted into AC currents that must be converted to DC currents via an AC/DC converter.

FES Converter Electrical Specifications:

Input Side (RMS Values)=IN, Output Side (DC Values)=OUT

Grid Voltage (V) 220(IN), 600(OUT)

Grid Current (A) 54.5(IN), 51.25(OUT)

Real Power (kW) 34.17(IN), 30.75(OUT)

14
3.4 Supercapacitor Converter

Like any conventional capacitor, a supercapacitor charges and discharges in a DC

environment. The interface here is thus between DC quantities, and a bidirectional chopper is
required to allow both charging and discharging of the supercapacitor.

Supercapacitor Converter Electrical Specifications:

Input Side (DC Value)=IN, Output Side (DC Value)=OUT

Supercapacitor Voltage (V:) 245(IN), 600(OUT)

Supercapacitor Current (A): 61.25(IN), 22.5(OUT)

Power (kW): 15(IN), 13.5(OUT)

Fig.3.2:Supercapacitor Bidirectional Chopper

3.5 Complete Power circuit

The electrical grid, the supercapacitor, and the FES are all interfaced via their respective power

electronic converters previously designed to a common dc bus. The interface with the PHEV

battery is also done via a bidirectional DC/DC converter.

15
Fig.3.3: Charging Station Power Circuit

16
4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Charging Time Minimization

The charging station is designed to minimize the PHEV battery charging time and required
duration to recharge the storage devices. This requires an effective management strategy of the
charging stations’ energy sources: grid, supercapacitor, and FES.

4.1.1 Charging Station Cycle

As mentioned previously, a charging station cycle is composed of three phases. The order of

Phases 1 and 2 has been established by considering the fact that some PHEV users may have a

limited amount of time to spend at the charging station; for this reason, most of the PHEV

battery charging is done in the beginning of the cycle (Phase 1). The maximum duration of
each phase has been determined by optimization (further details on the order of the charging
durations of the FES and supercapacitor.

Phase 1: The FES and the electrical grid provide energy to the PHEV battery until it reaches
90% of its required capacity. The maximum duration of this phase is 10 minutes.

Phase 2: While the supercapacitor provides energy to the PHEV battery until it reaches its
required capacity, the electrical grid is recharging the FES with a capacity determined by
optimization (described in Section 5.1.3). The maximum duration of this phase is 5 minutes.

Phase 3: During this phase, which lasts no more than 7.5 minutes, the electrical grid is
recharging the supercapacitor and the FES to their respective full capacities. It is also called the
“waiting period” because, during this time, no PHEV battery is allowed to be connected to the
charging station.

4.2 Charging Station Operation

The charging station operates as shown in the flowchart. Blue and red numbers indicate
whether energy is being transferred from the charger to the battery, or from the grid to the
storage devices (to recharge them), respectively.

17
 Fig. 4.1 Flow Chart

Positive and negative quantities indicate whether energy is being delivered or absorbed by the
device, respectively.

The following battery charging characteristics are displayed:

Battery SOC (in %)

Battery current (in A)

18
Battery voltage (in V)

The following charger characteristics are displayed

FES speed (in rad/s)

Grid current (in A)

FES current (in A)

Supercapacitor current (in A)

Total current (in A): The sum of the grid, FES, and supercapacitor currents

Supercapacitor voltage (in V)

4.2.1 Charging of a Single PHEV Battery

This scenario considers a single PHEV battery being recharged by the charging station. Its

technical specifications are presented below:

Table. 4.1 PHEV Battery Specifications

4.2.2 Charging of Two Consecutive PHEV Batteries

This scenario considers two PHEV batteries that are consecutively recharged by the charging

station. Their respective technical specifications are presented below:

19
 Table 4.2: PHEV Batteries Specifications

20
5.Conclusion

This chapter presents a summary of the work conducted in the research, and lists some
recommendations for future work to be done on this topic.

In this thesis, the basic configuration used for the design of the fast charging station (including

energy requirements and storage devices choice) has been described, the different power
electronic interfaces have been designed, and the individual control schemes of each converter
as well as the control and proposed algorithm of the whole charging station have been
presented. Afterwards the charging station operation has been simulated with two scenarios:
the charging process of a single PHEV battery, and two consecutive PHEV batteries.

In this project, the design and simulation of a fast-charging station for PHEV batteries has been

developed. The combination of a flywheel and a supercapacitor as additional stationary storage

devices is an excellent option since it inherently has four advantages: high energy density, high

power density, charging and discharging times in the order of minutes, and environmentally

friendly. The developed algorithm efficiently manages the three station energy sources, and

allows the charging of PHEV batteries whose capacities are below 15 kWh in a maximum

duration of 15 minutes from 20% to 95% of their state-of-charge, and maximizes the waiting

time (to recharge the storage devices) to 7.5 minutes when no PHEV is present at the station.

Afterwards the station enters the standby mode, where the supercapacitor voltage remains

constant and its current tends asymptotically to zero, while the flywheel rotates at constant
speed.

The reduction of the duration of the charging station operation will accelerate the battery

recharging process in a battery swapping scheme.

21
Recommendations for Future Work

While a general control algorithm has been developed in this research to minimize the battery

charging time and the duration required to charge the storage devices, more research could be

conducted on the following topics:

Optimization of the combination of flywheel and supercapacitor in terms of energy and

power sizing.

Impact of the battery charger on the power quality of the electric grid supply.

Design of more efficient converter systems for the flywheel and supercapacitor charging

schemes.

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6.REFERENCES

1) “Traffic-Constrained Multiobjective Planning of Electric-Vehicle Charging Stations”

Guibin Wang, Zhao Xu, Senior Member, IEEE, Fushuan Wen, and Kit Po Wong, Fellow,
IEEE,2013

2)“DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF A FAST-CHARGING STATION FOR PLUG-IN HYBRID

ELECTRIC VEHICLE (PHEV) BATTERIES” by Makram de Freige Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada February 2011 ©
Makram de Freige, 2011

3)“Electric Vehicle Charging Station Placement: Formulation, Complexity, and Solutions”

Albert Y.S. Lam, Yiu-Wing Leung, and Xiaowen Chu,2014

4)“Charging infrastructure planning for promoting battery electric vehicles: An activity-based

approach using multi day travel data” Jing Dong Iowa State University, jingdong@iastate.edu
Changzheng Liu National Transportation Research Center Zhenhong Lin National
Transportation Research Center 2014

5) “Infrastructure Planning for Electric Vehicles with Battery Swapping” Ho-Yin Mak
Department of Industrial Engineering and Logistics Management, The Hong Kong University
of Science and Technology, Kowloon,2014

6) “Optimal locations of electric public charging stations using real world vehicle travel
patterns” Narges Shahraki a,b , Hua Cai c,d,⇑ , Metin Turkay a , Ming Xu b,e a Department of
Industrial Engineering, Koç University

7) “A Six-DOF Micro-/Nanopositioning System” Defu Zhang, Huanan Chen, Pengzhi Li,

Mingyang Ni, Kang Guo, Dongping Wang, Zhihui Wu, Jianguo Zhang, Pengzhi Li
,22,oct,2018

8) “An Optimal Design and Analysis of A Hybrid Power Charging Station for Electric Vehicles
Considering Uncertainties” Taoyong Li, Jing Zhang, Yuanxing Zhang, Linru Jiang, Bin Li
Beijing Electric Vehicle Charging/Battery Swap Engineering and Technology Research
Center,2018

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9) “Research on Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Station Billing and Settlement System” Juan
Liu Beijing SG-EPRI UHV Transmission Technology Company State Grid Electric Power
Research Institute Beijing, China ,sept,2017

10) “A Hierarchical Distributed Energy Management for Multiple PV-Based EV Charging

Stations” Jing Zhang, Yuanxing Zhang, Taoyong Li, Linru Jiang, Kang Li, He Yin, Chengbin
Ma,oct,2018

11) “Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations on Reliability of Distribution Network”

Sanchari Deb1 (Student Member IEEE) Centre for Energy Indian Institute of Technology,
Guwahati Guwahati, India,dec,2017

12) “A method for optimized power dispatching in an e-vehicle charging stations pool
featuring a controllable load” Zbigniew Waclawek Faculty of Electrical Engineering Wroclaw
University of Science and Technology Wroclaw, Poland , 12-15 june,2018

13) “The Impact of Electric Vehicles on Distribution Network” Oliver Marcincin, Zdenek
Medvec, Petr Moldrik Department of Electrical Power Engineering Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava Ostrava, Czech
Republic ,3 july,2017

14) “Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Based on Hierarchic Genetic

Algorithm”,Xiangwu Yan, Member, IEEE, Cong Duan, Xiao Chen, Zhengyang Duan State
Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources (North
China Electric Power University), Changping District, Beijing 102206, China ,3.nov.2014

15) “Coordinated Control Strategy of Energy Storage System with Electric Vehicle Charging
Station”, Huajie Ding/ Zechun Hu/ Yonghua Song Department of Electrical Engineering
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,3.nov.2014

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