COMMON ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS

AMMETER current
CAPACITANCE METER capacitance of a component
CLAMP METER AC current
COS PHI METER power factor
CURRENT TRANSFORMER high level of current for medium and high voltage lines
DISTORTION METER distortion added to the circuit
ELECTRICITY METER amount of energy dissipated
ESR METER equivalent series resistance of a conductor
FREQUENCY COUNTER frequency of the current
GALVANOMETER small electric current by movement of a magnetic needle
INSULATION TESTER/MEAGER ungrounded system between an active phase conductor and ground
LCR METER inductance, capacitance, and resistance of a component
MULTIMETER measure voltage, current and resistance
NETWORK ANALYZER network parameters
OHMMETER resistance of a component
OSCILLOSCOPE frequency, timing, peak excursion, offset, etc.
PHOTOMETER/LUX METER illumination, luminous flux, and brightness
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER voltage of medium and high voltage lines
TACHOMETER speed of motor
VOLTMETER potential difference between two points in a circuit
WATTMETER power

INPUT OUTPUT
Temperature Voltage
Motion Voltage
Force Voltage
Light Voltage
Temperature Displacement
Pressure Displacement
Force Displacement
Temperature Pressure
Flow Rate Pressure
Temperature Resistance Change
Displacement Resistance Change
Flow Velocity Resistance Change
Gas Pressure Resistance Change
Force / Torque Resistance Change
Humidity Resistance Change
Liquid Level Capacitance Change
Sound / Music / Noise Capacitance Change
Displacement Inductance Change
Pressure Movement by Liquid Column
Light Radiation Current
Blood Flow Frequency Shif

BASIC FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS form the integral parts of all instruments

Transducer Element converts the input to practicable form
Signal Conditioning Element manipulating the output
Data Presentation Elements giving information about the measurand
AUXILIARY FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS incorporated in a particiular system
Calibration Element built-in calibration facility
External Power Element facilitate the working of one or more elemets
Feedback Element control the variation of the physical quantity
Microprocessor Element facilitate the manipulation of data for simplifying the data manipulation

AMPLIFICATION increasing the amplitude of the signal w/o affecting its waveform
ATTENUATION reduction of the signal amplitude while retaining its original waveform

Types of Transducer Signal (Amplifying Elements)

Mechanical levers / gears
Hydraulic / Pneumatic valves / constrictions
Optical lenses / mirrors
Electrical transistor / integrated circuits
SIGNAL FILTRATION removal of unwanted noise
Mechanical Filters mechanical elements to protect the transducer element from interfeting extraneous signal
Pneumatic Filters small orifice to filter out fluctuations
Electrical Filters get rid of stray pick ups due to electrical and magnetic fields

Classification of Instruments
Deflection physical effect generated by the measuring quantity produces an equivalent opposing effect
Null manual operated or automatic balancing device that generates on equivalent opposing effect

Manual Type services of human operator

Automatic Type manual operation is replaced by an auxiliary device incorporated in the instrument

Analog form of continuous or stepless variations with respect to time

Digital digital quantities which are discrete and vary in steps

Self - Generating passive; require external power source; requirements are met entirely from the input signal
active; do not require power source; input supplies small portion of output
Power - Operated power

Contacting kept in measuring medium itself

Non - Contacting measure the desired input even though they are not in close contact with the measuring medium

Dumb conventional; inpute variable is measured but the data is processed by the observer
Intelligent smart; process the data in conjunction with microprocessor

STANDARDS OF MEASUREMENT physical representation of the unit of measurement

1650763.73

International Standards international forum; highest accuracy is attainable by the use of advance techniques
standard organisations/national laboratories
Primary Standards measurements
Secondary Standards industrial measurement laboratories; maintained by the concerned laboratory
Working Standards commercially available; certified against primary or secondary standards

CALBRATION
Primary Calibration
Secondary Calibration
Direct Calibration
Indirect Calibration
Routine Calibration
result of quantitive comparison between a known standard and output of the measuring system
system is calibrated against primary standards
calibrating another device of lesser accuracy
calibrated directly are used as secondary callibration devices
equivalence of two different devices that can be employed for measuring physical quantity
periodically checking the accuracy and proper functioning of an instrument w/ standards
Sensor variable is being measured and gives an output which depends on the value of variable
Data Presentation Device presents the measured value in a form which enables an observer to recognize it
Signal Processing Device element takes the output from the sensor and converts it into a form which is suitable for display
Controller instrument used for controlling a process variable
Transducer changes the signal of the receptor to a measurable signal
Receptor part of the sensor which is able to react with a target analyte
Level Controller used for controlling the levels of fluid in tanks, vats, etc.
Multi-Loop Controllers receive data from more than one sensor and can output control functions to more than one device
Desired Variable demand signal to which the process variable is controller
Deviation error signal caused by the difference between the measurement and the demand signal
Resolution smallest amount of an input signal change than can be reliably detected by an instrument
Accuracy value indicated by a measurement system or element might be wrong
Error difference between the result of the measurement and the true value of the quantity being measure
Precision degree of freedom of a measurement system from random errors
Repeatability give the same value for repeated measurements of the same value of a variable
Reproducibility ability of a system to give the same output when used with a constant input with the system
Sensitivity how much the output of an instrument system changes when the quantity being measured changes
Stability give the same output when used to measure a constant input over a period of time
Range limits between which the input can vary
Drif change in output that occurs over time
Hysteresis Error difference in outputs given from the same value of quantity being measured
Non-linearity Error error that occurs as a result of assuming a linear relationship between the input and output
Failure Rate number of times during some period of time that the system fails
RTD measure temperature in proportion to resistance change
Junction measuring end of a thermocouple
Plantinum most common used sensing element for RTD
Grounded Junction noise resistant than the other junction types
Ungrounded Junction ideal to be used in systems prone to stray magnetic field effect
Exposed Junction ideal for measuring temperature of gases flowing in a valve
1mA normal current limit for RTDs in industry
 ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS

nent

medium and high voltage lines

circuit
pated
ance of a conductor
nt
y movement of a magnetic needle
ween an active phase conductor and ground
e, and resistance of a component
nt and resistance

ent
excursion, offset, etc.
flux, and brightness
high voltage lines

ween two points in a circuit

DEVICE
Thermocouple / Thermopile
Electrodynamic Generator
Piezo - electric device
Light Meter / Solar Cell
Liquid in gas thermometer
Bordon Gauge
Spring Balance
Pressure Thermometer
Venturimeter / Orificimeter
Resistance thermometer
Potentiometric Device
Hot wire / film anemometer
Pirani Gauge
Resistance strain gauge
Resistance hygrometer
Dielectric gauge
Condenser microphone
Linear Variable Differetial Transducer
Manometer
Photometric Tube
Doppler Frequency Shirt Ultrasonic Flow Meter

of all instruments
racticable form
t
ut the measurand
 iular system
ty
one or more elemets
the physical quantity
tion of data for simplifying the data manipulation

e of the signal w/o affecting its waveform

amplitude while retaining its original waveform

ircuits
oise
o protect the transducer element from interfeting extraneous signal
t fluctuations
due to electrical and magnetic fields

d by the measuring quantity produces an equivalent opposing effect

tomatic balancing device that generates on equivalent opposing effect

ator
placed by an auxiliary device incorporated in the instrument

tepless variations with respect to time

are discrete and vary in steps

al power source; requirements are met entirely from the input signal
ower source; input supplies small portion of output

um itself
put even though they are not in close contact with the measuring medium

riable is measured but the data is processed by the observer

in conjunction with microprocessor

of the unit of measurement

KR^86 Orange - Red Light

ghest accuracy is attainable by the use of advance techniques

national laboratories
t laboratories; maintained by the concerned laboratory
certified against primary or secondary standards

mparison between a known standard and output of the measuring system

inst primary standards
ice of lesser accuracy
sed as secondary callibration devices
erent devices that can be employed for measuring physical quantity
e accuracy and proper functioning of an instrument w/ standards
 red and gives an output which depends on the value of variable
value in a form which enables an observer to recognize it
ut from the sensor and converts it into a form which is suitable for display
ntrolling a process variable
e receptor to a measurable signal
h is able to react with a target analyte
levels of fluid in tanks, vats, etc.
than one sensor and can output control functions to more than one device
h the process variable is controller
he difference between the measurement and the demand signal
nput signal change than can be reliably detected by an instrument
asurement system or element might be wrong
result of the measurement and the true value of the quantity being measure
measurement system from random errors
repeated measurements of the same value of a variable
ve the same output when used with a constant input with the system
of an instrument system changes when the quantity being measured changes
hen used to measure a constant input over a period of time
he input can vary
ccurs over time
ven from the same value of quantity being measured
esult of assuming a linear relationship between the input and output
g some period of time that the system fails
n proportion to resistance change

nsing element for RTD

other junction types
ems prone to stray magnetic field effect
mperature of gases flowing in a valve
RTDs in industry