Sodium Sulphate Merge PDF

PROJECT REPORT ON
“SODIUM SULPHATE”
PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN FULLFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT
FOR CERTIFICATE OF
“DIPLOMA IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING”
PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY;
SHINDE JATIN PRATAPBHAI 166290305105
SINGH NIKHIL THAKUR PRASAD 166290305107
SOLANKI JAYKUMAR MOHANBHAI 166290305109
SOLANKI SURAJ SUNILBHAI 166290305110
SUTHAR PRADEEP BHAGWANBHAI 166290305113
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEDGE, VALSAD [G.P.V].

P.O: 87, KOSAMBA ROAD, VALSAD, GUJARAT- 396001.
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEDGE, VALSAD
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Shinde Jatin Pratap bhai (166290305105),
Mr. Singh Nikhil Thakur Prasad (166290305107), Mr. Solanki
Jaykumar Mohanbhai (166290305109), Mr. Solanki Suraj Sunilbhai
(166290305110), Mr. Suthar Pradeep Bhagwanbhai (166290305113)
of Class CH1, Diploma in Chemical Engineering has successfully
completed the Project (3360508) entitled “ SODIUM SULPHATE ”
offered during the academic term 2018-19.
Mr. Jaydeep .V. Patil Mr. R.I. Ratwani

Guide & Lecturer Head of the Department
Ch.E.D. G.P. Valsad Ch.E.D. G.P. Valsad
_________________ _________________
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 With immense pleasure we would like to present this project report on

“SODIUM SULPHATE”. We take this opportunity to express my profound
gratitude to all those who motivated, encouraged and helped me in my venture.
 We are grateful to our guide, Mr. J. V. Patil, designation for his kind support,
guidance and encouragement throughout the project work.
 We acknowledge our sense of gratitude to Gujarat Technological University

(GTU), our institute G. P. Valsad, Prof. C.H. Bhatt, Principal and Mr. D. H.
Joshi, Head of the Chemical Engineering Department for providing us necessary
facility.
 We would also like to be grateful to staff of Chemical Engineering Department

for their constant support & encouragement.
 We would also like to be grateful to librarian of our institute for their help and
support.
 We are certainly thankful to all our classmates and friends for their cordially
supporting us.
 We are heartily thankful to Almighty and our Parents for their constant flow of
blessings.
Sr. Student Name Enrollment Signature

No. No.
(1) SHINDE JATIN PRATAPBHAI 166290305105
(2) SINGH NIKHIL THAKUR PRASAD 166290305107
(3) SOLANKI JAYKUMAR MOHANBHAI 166290305109
(4) SOLANKI SURAJ SUNILBHAI 166290305110
(5) SUTHAR PRADEEP BHAGWANBHAI 166290305113
SODIUM SULPHATE
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
NO NO
01
01 INTRODUCTION.
1.1 Introduction. 02
1.2 History. 03
04
1.3 Properties.
05
1.3.1 Physical Properties.
05
1.3.2 Chemical Properties.
05
1.3.3 Properties of Raw Materials.
1.4 Applications. 06
02 MARKET SURVEY. 07
2.1 World Consumption. 08
10
2.2 Manufactures Of Sodium Sulfate.
11
03 VARIOUS MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
12
3.1 List of Various Manufacturing.
12
3.2 Detailed Description of Manufacturing processes.
04 SELECTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. 17
4.1 Comparision of Various Manufacturing Processes. 18
18
4.2 Detailed Description of Selected Process.
18
4.2.1 Raw Material.
18
4.2.2 Chemical Reaction.
19
4.2.3 List of utilities.
4.2.4 Process Description. 19
4.2.5 Major Equipements. 20
CH.E. DEPT. G.P. VALSAD

SODIUM SULPHATE
4.2.6 Unit Operations. 21
4.2.7 Unit Pocesses. 21
22
05 MAJOR EQUIPEMENTS AND INSTRUMENTS.
23
5.1 Major Equipements.
23
5.2 Detailed Description of Equipements.
29
5.3 Instrumentation and process control.
31
06 MATERIAL BALANCE OF SODIUM SULPHATE PROCESS.
6.1 Material Balance. 32
6.1.1 Main Chemical Reaction. 32
34
6.1.2 Neutrilization Chemical Reaction.
34
6.1.3 Crystallization Chemical Reaction.
36
6.2 Equipement Material Balance.
36
6.2.1 Material Balance of Furnace.
6.2.2 Material Balance of Solution Tank. 37
6.2.3 Material Balance of Filter Press. 38
39
6.2.4 Material Balance of Crystallizer.
40
6.2.5 Overall Material Balance.
41
07 UTILITIES.
42
7.1 Electricity.
43
7.2 Steam.
7.3 Water. 44
7.3.1 Cooling Water. 44
45
7.3.2 Process Water.
46
7.4 Refrigeration.

SODIUM SULPHATE
7.5 Air 47
08 OFFSITE, LAYOUT AND LOCATION OF PLANT. 48
49
8.1 Plant Location.
54
8.2 Selection of plant site.
56
09 SAFETY CONSIDERATION AND EFFLUENT TREATMENT
57
9.1 Safety Consideration
57
9.1.1 M.S.D.S. for Sodium Sulphate.
9.1.2 M.S.D.S. for Hydrochloric acid. 64
9.2 Effluent Treatment. 72
10 CONCLUSION AND REFERENCE. 75
10.1 Conclusion. 76
10.2 Reference. 77
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER TITLE OF FIGURE PAGE
NO NO
02 2.1.1 Pie Chart for Consumptioon of Sodium Sulphate. 08
03 3.1.1 Block Diagram for manufacturing by Salt and Sulphuric 14

Acid.
3.2.1 Block Diagram for manufacturing by Natural Brine Solution. 16
04 4.2.1 Flow Diagram for manufacturing by using Salt and 21

Sulphuric Acid.
05 5.2.1 Crystallizer. 24
5.2.2 Mannheim Furnace. 26
5.2.3 Agitation Tank. 27
5.2.4 Different Type of Impellers. 28

SODIUM SULPHATE
06 6.2.1 Material Balance of Mannheim Furnace. 36
6.2.2 Material Balance of Solution Tank. 37
6.2.3 Material Balance of Filter. 38
6.2.4 Material Balance of Crystallizer. 39
6.2.5 Overall Material Balance. 40
07 7.1.1 Electric Power Plant. 42
7.2.1 Locomotive Boiler. 43
7.2.2 Flow Diagram of steam production. 43
7.3.1 Water Storage Tanks. 44
7.3.2 Flow Diagram of Water Purification and Storage. 45
7.4.1 Evaporative Refrigeration System. 46
7.4.2 Block Diagram of Evaporative Refrigeration System. 46
08 8.1.1 Plant Layout. 55
09 9.2.1 Effluent Treatment System. 74
LIST OF TABLES.
CHAPTER TITLE OF TABLE PAGE

NO NO
02 2.1.1 Market Consumption in World. 09
2.1.2 Market Consumption in India. 09
2.1.3 Market Consumption in Gujarat. 09
06 Overall Material Balance. 35

SODIUM SULPHATE
CHAPTER NO:-01 INTRODUCTION
CH.E. DEPT. G.P. VALSAD Page 1

SODIUM SULPHATE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
 SODIUM SULPHATE (also known as sodium sulphate or sulphate of soda) is the

inorganic compound with the formula of Na2SO4 as well as several related hydrates.
 All forms are white solids that are highly soluble in water.
 With an annual production of 6 million tonnes, the decahydrate is a major commodity

chemical product.
 It is mainly used for the manufacture of detergents and in the kraft process for
manufacturing of paper pulping.
 Anhydrous sodium sulphate, known as the rare mineral thenardite, using as a drying
agent in organic synthesis.
 Heptahydrate sodium sulphate is a very rare form.
 Decahydrate sodium sulphate known as the mineral mirabilite widely used by chemical
industry. It is also known as Glauber’s salt.
 CHEMICAL FORMULA:- Na2SO4

SODIUM SULPHATE
1.2 HISTORY
 In 1625, Johann Rudolf Glauber’s discovered the sodium
sulphate from Austrian spring water therefore the hydrate
form is known as Glauber's salt. Due to its medicinal
properties he named it as salt mirabilis (miraculous salt).
The crystals were used as a general purpose laxative, until
1900s. By reaction with potassium carbonate or potash,
Glauber's salt was used as a raw material for the industrial
production of soda ash in the 18th century. In the
nineteenth century the demand of soda ash was increased
so the large scale Leblanc process which produced
synthetic sodium sulphate became the principal method of
soda ash production. JOHAAN RUDOLF
GLAUBER
 Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) is the sodium salt of sulphuric acid. Anhydrous
sulphates is white crystalline solid also known as the mineral thenardite, while
the dehydrate Na2SO4.10H2O has been known as Glauber's salt or mirabilis
Na2S04.7H20 is transformed to mirabilite when it is cooled Mirabilite is the
natural mineral form of dehydrate. About two-thirds of the world's production
of sodium sulphate is obtained from mirabilite. It is also produced from by-
products of chemical processes such as hydrochloric acid production.
 In 1995, bulk sodium sulphate sold for around $70 per ton in the US, making it a very
cheap material. Probably the largest use for sodium sulphate today is as a filler in
powdered home laundry detergents. Total consumption of Na2SO4 in Europe was
around 1.6 million tons in 2001, of which 80% was used for detergents. However this
use is waning as domestic consumers are increasingly switching to liquid detergents
that do not include the chemical.
 Another major use for Na2SO4, particularly in the US, is in the Kraft process for the
manufacture of wood pulp. Organics present in the black liquor" from this process are
burnt to produce heat, needed to drive the reduction of sodium sulphate to sodium
sulphide. However this process is being replaced to some extent by newer processes;
use of Na2S04 in the US pulp industry declined from 9, 80,000 tonnes in 1970 to only
2, 10,000 tonnes in 1990.
 The glass industry also provides another significant application for sodium sulphate,
consuming around 30,000 tonnes in the US in 1990 (4% of total US consumption). It is
used as a “fining agent”, to help remove small air bubble from molten glass. It also
fluxes the glass, and prevent scum formation of the glass melt during refining.
 Sodium sulphate is important in the manufacture of textiles, particularly in Japan. It
helps in “levelling” reducing negative charges on fibres so that dyes can penetrate
evenly.
 Unlike the alternative sodium chloride, it does not corrode the stainless steel vessels
used in dyeing, the dehydrate, was formerly used as a laxative It has also been proposed
for heat storage in passive solar heating systems. This takes advantage of the unusual
solubility properties (see above), and the high heat of crystallization (78.2 kJ/mol).

SODIUM SULPHATE
1.3 PROPERTIES
1.3.1 Physical properties
 Chemical Formula: - Na2SO4.

 Molecular Weight: - 142.42gm/mol.
 Appearance:-White Crystalline solid (Hygroscopic).
 Odour: - Odourless.
 Taste: - Better Saline Taste.
 Density:-2.664 gm/mol (anhydrous)
:-1.464 gm/mol (hydrous).
 Melting Point: - 8440C (1623 0F; 1157 K).
 Boiling Point: - 14290C (2604 0F; 1702 K).
 Solubility in Water:-
Anhydrous: 4.76gm/100ml (00C), 13.9gm/100ml (200C), and 42.7gm/100ml (1000C).
Heptahydrate: 19.5gm/100ml (00C), 44gm/100ml (200C).
 Solubility: - insoluble in alcohol, soluble in glycerol, water and hydrogen iodide.
1.3.2 Chemical properties
 Sodium sulphate is a typical electrostatically bonded ionic sulphate. The existence of

free sulphate in solution is indicated by the easy formation of insoluble sulphates when
these solutions are treated with Ba2+ or Pb2+ salts:
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → 2 NaCl + BaSO4
 Sodium sulphate is unreactive toward most oxidizing or reducing agents. At high

temperatures, it can be converted to sodium sulphide by carbothermal reduction (high
temperature heating with charcoal, etc.):
Na2SO4 + 2 C → Na2S + 2 CO2
 This reaction was employed in the Leblanc process, a defunct industrial route to sodium
carbonate.
 Sodium sulphate reacts with sulphuric acid to give the acid salt sodium bisulphate:
Na2SO4 + H2SO4 ⇌ 2 NaHSO4

SODIUM SULPHATE
 Sodium sulphate displays a moderate tendency to form double salts.

 The only alums formed with common trivalent metals are NaAl (SO4)2 (unstable above
39°C) and NaCr (SO4)2, in contrast to potassium sulphate and ammonium
sulphate which form many stable alums.
 Double salts with some other alkali metal sulphates are known, including
Na2SO4·3K2SO4 which occurs naturally as the mineral aphthitalite.
 Formation of glaserite by reaction of sodium sulphate with potassium chloride has been
used as the basis of a method for producing potassium sulphate, a fertiliser.
 Other double salts include 3Na2SO4·CaSO4, 3Na2SO4·MgSO4 (vanthoffite) and

NaF·Na2SO4.
1.3.3 Properties of Raw Material
Properties of Sodium Chloride (NaCl):-
Physical Properties:-
 Sodium chloride is a white crystalline solid

 Density:- 2.16 g/mL
 Melting point: - 801 °C.
 It is also available as aqueous solutions of different concentrations, called saline
solutions.
Chemical Properties:-
 Sodium chloride is readily soluble in water and other polar solvents.

 It is a stable solid.
 It only decomposes at high temperatures to give toxic fumes of hydrochloric acid
(HCl) and disodium oxide (Na2O).
Properties of Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4):-
Physical Properties:-
 H2SO4 is a colourless or slightly yellow viscous liquid with a pungent odour.

 Density:- 1.84 g/mL

SODIUM SULPHATE
 Boiling point:- 337 °C

 Melting point of 10 °C.
 "Concentrated" sulphuric acid is 98% in water, and is the most stable form.
 Many other concentrations, with different names, are available for various purposes.
Battery acid is 29–32%, chamber acid is 62-70%, and tower acid is 78-80%.
Chemical properties:-
 Sulphuric acid is a very strong, diprotic acid.

 It is hygroscopic and readily absorbs moisture from air.
 It is a powerful oxidizing agent and reacts with many metals at high temperatures.
 Concentrated H2SO4 is also a strong dehydrating agent.
 Addition of water to concentrated sulphuric acid is a very exothermic reaction and can
lead to explosions.
1.4 APPLICATION:-
 Sodium sulphate is used to dry an organic liquid.

 As filler in powdered home laundry detergents.
 As a fining agent which removes small air bubbles from molten glass.
 Glauber’s salt, the decahydrate was used as a laxative which removes the
certain drugs such as acetaminophen from the body.
 For de-frosting windows, in carpet fresheners, starch manufacture.
 As additive to cattle feed and Manufacturing in textile industries.
 In the manufacture of detergents and in the Kraft process of paper pulping.
 Used to dry an organic liquid, here clumps form, indicating the presence of water
in organic liquid.
 Used in Kraft process in USA & Canada for mfg. Of pulp.
 Helps in levelling, reduces negative charges on fibres so that dyes can penetrate
evenly.
 It helps in "levelling". Reducing negative charges on fibres so that dyes can
penetrate evenly.
 Other uses for sodium sulphate include frosting windows, in carpet fresheners,
starch, and manufacture and as an additive to cattle feed.
 It also fluxes the glass, and prevents scum formation of the glass melt during
refining.

SODIUM SULPHATE
CHAPTER NO:–02 MARKET SURVEY

SODIUM SULPHATE
2.1 WORLD CONSUMPTION
 Sodium sulphate is used mostly in detergents but also finds use in sodium sulphide
production and glass, pulping, and textile applications. Detergent applications have
shown steady growth, especially in developing countries; in 2016, detergent uses
account for about 39% of global consumption.
 Sodium sulphide production accounts for 19% of total sodium sulphate consumption in
2016; this market is almost exclusively in China, where sodium sulphide is still
produced by reduction of sodium sulphate with powdered coal. Glass is the third-largest
use for sodium sulphate, and is also the market most impacted by economic conditions
(especially for construction markets and automobile production).
 Sodium sulphate can be recovered from naturally occurring brines or lakes that contain
significant amounts of the product. It is also obtained as a by-product of the production
of man-made fibres, chromium chemicals, hydrochloric acid, and formic acid, as well
as from lead-acid battery recycling or desulfurization of flue gases. By-product sodium
sulphate can have purity similar to that of the natural product.
PIE CHART OF CONSUMPTION/DEMAND OF SODIUM SULPHATE IN

WORLD.
FIGURE:-2.1.1

SODIUM SULPHATE
TABLE-2.1.1 MARKET CONSUMPTION IN WORLD.
INDUSTRY LOCATION CONSUMPTION
Elite Chemicals Shanghai, China 2,20,000 kg/year
Joel John Florida, USA 1,90,000 kg/year
Charles & Laurence industry .ltd Florida, USA 1,60,000 kg/year
TABLE-2.1.2 MARKET CONSUMPTION IN INDIA.
A.B. Enterprise Mumbai, Shardanand 20,000 per metric
Power pack chemicals Mumbai, kabadevi 28,000 per metric
United Enterprises Mumbai, mulund west 25,000 per metric
TABLE-2.1.3 MARKET CONSUMPTION IN GUJARAT.
Uma Organics Lamdapura, Vadodara 23,000 per metric
Vinayak Enterprise Parvat patiya, Surat 12,000 per metric
Krishna Chemicals Vatva, Ahmedabad 22,000 per metric

SODIUM SULPHATE
2.2 MANUFACTURERS OF SODIUM SULPHATE
 Jigs Chemicals .Ltd …...Ahmedabad.
 Parth Chemicals .Ltd ...…Vapi.
 Suvidhi Industries .Ltd …...Vapi.
 H.K. Groups …..Mumbai.
 Angle Chemicals .Ltd …..Vadodara.
 P.S. Chemicals .Ltd …..Indore.
 Shreenathji Chemicals .Ltd …..Vadodara.
 Deepak Nitrate Chemicals .Ltd …..Vapi.
 S.V. Enterprises …..Mumbai.
 Mahaveer Surfactants Private .Ltd …..Pondicherry.
 Lakshita Chemicals …..Mumbai.
 A.B. Enterprises …..Mumbai.
 A to Z Chemicals …..Kolkata.
 Ghanshyam Chemicals …..Ankleshwar.
 Krishna Chemicals …..Vadodara.
 Keshariya Corperation …..Thane.
 Rajendra Chemicals …..Delhi.

SODIUM SULPHATE
CHAPTER NO:–03 VARIOUS MANUFACTURING

PROCESSES

SODIUM SULPHATE
3.1 VARIOUS MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.
 Sodium Sulphate can be produced by the following processes:-
1. From Natural Brine (Naturally obtained).
2. From Mannheim process by using Salt and Sulphuric Acid (Chemically produced).
3. From Hargreaves Process by using Salt and Sulphur-di-oxide (Laboratory Process).
3.2 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PROCESSES.
a) Production of Sodium Sulphate from Salt (NaCl) and Sulphuric acid

(H2SO4).
Raw Material:-
 BASIS: For production of 1 ton of Sodium Sulphate,
Salt 750kg
Sulphuric Acid 675kg
Coal 530kg
Chemical Reaction:-
 2NaCl + H2SO4 → 2HCl + Na2SO4
 Na2SO4 + 10H2O → Na2SO4. 10H2O

SODIUM SULPHATE
Description:-
 Salt and sulphuric acid in an excess were charged to the furnace at fusion temperature
of 8430C.
 During process hydrogen chloride was evolved from the furnace.
 Salt cake contains crude sodium sulphate was then continuously discharged from the
periphery of the furnace.
 In mixing tank the salt is dissolved in hot water.
 Soda ash or lime was then added to neutralize excess sulphuric acid.
 Soda ash or lime was then added to neutralize excess sulphuric acid.
 After crystallization, to prevent desiccation, the Glauber's salt was stored in closed bins.

SODIUM SULPHATE
 Block Diagram:-
FIGURE:-3.1.1

SODIUM SULPHATE
(b) Production of Sodium Sulphate From natural brine.
Raw Material:-
 BASIS: For production of 1ton of Sodium Sulphate,

 Natural Brine (10%Na2SO4) 10,000kg (theoretical)
 Salt (Sodium Chloride) Variable
 Natural Gas 5000cu.ft
Chemical Reaction:-
 Na2SO4 + 10H2O → Na2SO4. 10H2O
Description:-
 The natural brines contain 7 – 11% Na2SO4, NaCl and MgSO4 was charged into the
salt depositor.
 For lowering the solubility of the sodium sulphate in the brine, sodium chloride was
added from the top of salt depositor.
 The salt enriched brine from the bottom of the tank was chilled to -9 to -60C in a chiller
using ammonia.
 The chilled mass was sent to the crystallizer where crystallization took place. Mixture
from crystallizer was then filtered where Glauber's salt crystals were separated from
their mother liquor.
 The mother liquor was returned to the process. The Glauber's salt crystals were charged
to a submerged combustion evaporator where they were melted and most of the water
was removed by evaporation.
 The wet sodium sulphate product was then passed from the rotary kiln dryer where it
was dried.

SODIUM SULPHATE
 Block Diagram:-
FIGURE:-3.1.2

SODIUM SULPHATE
CHAPTER NO:–04 SELECTION OF

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

SODIUM SULPHATE
4.1 COMPARISION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
 Production of Sodium Sulphate from salt and sulphuric acid is less costly compared to
Natural Brine process.
 Raw materials of production by Salt and Sulphuric acid are easily available.
 Estimation of raw material Quantities is easier in Salt & Sulphuric acid Process.
 Selection of Plant site is easier in manufacturing by Salt and Sulphuric Acid process.
 Moreover, Availability of the equipment and utilities necessary for production by Salt
and Sulphuric Acid Process is easy.
CONCLUSION:-
Therefore Production of Sodium Sulphate from Salt and Sulphuric Acid is more
suitable then Production of Sodium Sulphate from Natural Brine.
4.2 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED PROCESS.
4.2.1 Raw Material:-
BASIS: For production of 1 ton of Sodium Sulphate,
Salt 750kg
Sulphuric Acid 675kg
Coal 530kg
4.2.2 Chemical Reaction:-
2NaCl + H2SO4 → HCl + Na2SO4
Na2SO4 + 10H2O → Na2SO4. 10H2O

SODIUM SULPHATE
4.2.3 List of Utilities:-
1. Synthesis Fuel.
2. Air.
4.2.4 Description:-
 Salt and sulphuric acid in an excess were charged to the Mannheim furnace.
 It is equipped with a rake agitator, where the reacting mass was slowly heated to a
temperature just below fusion temperature 8430C.
 During process hydrogen chloride was evolved from the furnace.
 Salt cake contains crude sodium sulphate was then continuously discharged from the
periphery of the furnace.
 To produce Glauber's salt, the salt cake was charged in to the solution tank where it was
dissolved in hot water to form the solution.
 Also soda ash or lime was then added to neutralize excess sulphuric acid present in the
system and to precipitate iron and alumina. The precipitate was allowed to settle for a
layer separation.
 The clear supernatant liquor was pumped to the crystallizer where crystallization take
place and the muddy bottom layer was filtered and also charged into the crystallizer
while the filtered mud cake was discarded.
 After crystallization, to prevent desiccation, the Glauber's salt was stored in closed bins.
 The mother liquor from crystallizer was returned to the solution tank for reused. In
order to obtain colourless crystals, the crystallizer liquor must be maintained on the acid
side of neutral.

SODIUM SULPHATE
4.2.5 Major Equipment’s:-
 Furnace.
 Solution tank.
 Filters.
 Crystallizer.
 Storage Tank: Hydrochloric Acid Storage tank,
 Sulphuric Acid Storage tank,
 Sodium Sulphate Storage tank,
 NaCl Storage tank.
4.2.6 Unit Operations:-
1. Filtration.
2. Extraction.
3. Neutralization.
4. Crystallization.
4.2.7 Unit Processes:-
1. Sulphonation.
2. Oxidation.
3. Hydrogenation.

SODIUM SULPHATE
FIGURE:-4.2.1

SODIUM SULPHATE
CHAPTER NO:–05 MAJOR EQUIPEMENTS AND

INSTRUMENTS

SODIUM SULPHATE
5.1 MAJOR EQUIPEMENTS.
 For manufacturing of sodium sulphate by Mannheim process from Sulphuric
acid and salt, the following are the major equipment used:
1. Mannheim Furnace.
2. Mixing tank (Agitation tank).
3. Filter.
4. Crystallizer.
5.2 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPEMENTS.
1. CRYSTALLIZER.
 Crystallization is often carried out in a stirred tank or vessel.
 Depending on the type of crystallization different configurations of the

tank/vessel are used.
 The crystallizers are in some processes combined with external equipment like
heat exchangers, settlers/cyclones, etc.
 There are 3 main different types of commercial evaporative crystallizers:
 Forced Circulation (FC) Crystallizers in which the heat for evaporation is added
to a circulated suspension. In the evaporator the circulated stream is flashed and
the mixing is originating from the impulse of the circulated suspension.
 Draft Tube Baffled (DTB) Crystallizers in which the heat for evaporation is
added to a crystal lean stream of liquid which is taken from the settling zone in
the crystallizer. The slurry is kept in suspension by a propeller type stirrer in
combination with the draft tube.
 OSLO or fluidized bed crystallizers in which the heat for evaporation is added
to the almost crystal-free top stream leaving the fluid bed. After flashing the
overheated stream in the evaporator the resulting supersaturated liquid is

SODIUM SULPHATE
circulated over the fluidized bed, where the super saturation is deposited on the
crystals in the bed.
FIGURE: 5.2.1 Crystallizer.

 The FC crystallizer is the simplest and most robust type of the three, whereas the
OSLO crystallizers are the most complex and less robust type. The OSLO
crystallizer, however, usually delivers a higher quality of crystals with a larger
average size and a narrower size distribution.
 There are many different configurations of commercially available cooling

crystallizers.
 The most important types are the batch or continuous Stirred Tank Crystallizers,
Fluid Bed Crystallizers or Crystallizers with a Scraped Heat Exchanger.
 The previously mentioned and FC and DTB crystallizers are examples of Stirred
Tank Reactors.
 The OSLO crystallizer is an example of a FB Crystallizer. In cooling
crystallization applications the liquid is not overheated, but under cooled in the
heat exchanger.

SODIUM SULPHATE
 The circulation flow is set at a rate that the fluidized bed can be maintained,
while the under cooled solution can remain within the Meta stable zone to
prevent spontaneous nucleation.
 Usually the temperature difference between the coolant and the crystallizing
solution is less than 2°C in crystallizers with non-scraped heat exchangers.
 The fines removal can be accomplished with equipment like a cyclone.
 The most common type of crystallizer with a scraped heat exchanger is the
double tube configuration.
 Crystallization takes place in the inner tube, while the coolant flows through the
outer tube.
 The surface of the inner tube is kept free from solids by rotating scrapers.
Armstrong Chemtec is a leading supplier of tubular crystallizers with a scraped
heat exchanger.
 For flash cooling the same crystallizers can be used as for evaporative
crystallization (FC, DTB, and OSLO).
 There are less problems with encrustation on the wall as the heat is not
withdrawn via the wall.
 However, problems can occur in the boiling zone and/or near the feed point(s)
where locally high super saturations may be formed.
 Another potential problem is that the gaseous solvent needs to be recovered
and/or purified for recycling or disposal.
 Direct contact cooling is also applied to prevent problems with encrustation and
it is typically used at low temperatures, where flash crystallization cannot be
used easily.
 A special point of attention is that the coolant may not interfere with the
crystallization process.
 The cooling power for the crystallization is supplied by the evaporation energy
or by the cooling caused by the coolant.
 The recovery and/or purification of the coolant is a potential drawback of direct
cooling.
 Precipitation is usually carried out in Batch or Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors

SODIUM SULPHATE
2. MANNHEIM FURNACE.
FIGURE: 5.2.2 Mannheim furnace
 Advantage of Mannheim furnace over other furnace:
 Optimized the structure of the reacting furnace witch increased the service time
of the furnace.
 Waste recovery system to recycle hydrochloride acid (HCl) and meet
environment requirements.
 Adjusted original HCl absorption system, improved on the quality of the final
product.
 Improved the flue design in the furnace which can make full use of energy and
save energy consumption.
 Used PLC automatic control system to control manufacturing the products,
adjust the ratio of feedstock, and saved the labour cost.
 Low investment, low consumption.

SODIUM SULPHATE
3. MIXING TANK (AGITATION TANK).
 Typical agitated vessels are vertical

circular cylinders; rectangular tanks are
unusual, although not uncommon in
certain liquid-extraction applications.
The liquids are usually maintained at a
depth of one to two tank diameters.
 Important parts of agitation vessel are

as follows:
1. Impeller.
2. Cylindrical tank.
3. Shaft.
4. Motor.
 Impellers are literally scores of designs.
 These are usually mounted on an

axially arranged, motor-driven shaft. In
the smaller sizes, particularly. The FIGURE: 5.2.3 Agitation tank.
impeller and shaft may enter the vessel
at an angle to the vessel axis, with the motor drive clamped to the rim of the
vessel.
 The marine-type propeller, is characteristically operated at relatively high speed,

particularly in low-viscosity liquids, and is especially useful for its high liquid
circulating capacity. The liquid flow is axial, and the propeller is turned so that
it produces downward flow toward the bottom of the vessel. In describing the
propeller, pitch refers to the ratio of the distance advanced per revolution by a
free propeller operating without slip to the propeller diameter; square pitch,
which is most common. In agitator designs, means a pitch equal to unity.
Propellers are more frequently used for liquid blending operations than for mass-
transfer purposes.

SODIUM SULPHATE
FIGURE: 5.2.4 Different types of Impellers
a. Marine type propellers, b. Flat blade turbine, c. Disk flat blade turbine,
d. Curved blade turbine, e. Pitched blade turbine, f. Shrouded turbine.
 Turbines, particularly the flat-blade designs of Fig. b and c, are frequently used
for mass transfer operations. The curved blade design (Fig. d) is useful for
suspension of fragile pulps, crystals, and the like and the pitched blade turbine
(Fig. e) more frequently for blending liquids. The shrouded impeller of Fig. f has
limited use in gas-liquid contracting. Flow of liquid from the impeller is radial
except for the pitched-blade design, where it is axial. Turbines customarily
operate with peripheral speeds of the order of 2.5 to 4.6 m/s (450 to 850 ft/min),
depending upon the services.

SODIUM SULPHATE
5.3 INSTUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL
 Reaction in Mannheim process is taking place at very high temperature more

than 8000c.
 Moreover the process also require repetitive cooling in crystallization process
required for the manufacturing of Sodium Sulphate by Mannheim process.
 So, Following are the major instruments used in manufacturing of sodium
sulphate by Mannheim process;
1) Temperature Measuring Device.

2) Flow Measuring Device.
1) Temperature Measuring Device.
 Temperature of the furnace in the process is very difficult to handle as the
reaction is taking place at temperature more than 8000C.
 Moreover, fumes of hydrochloric acid are produced during the process so
superheated vapours of Hydrochloric Acid may cause corrosion, and may create
the problem while handling them so it is necessary to maintain temperature in
the Mannheim Furnace.
 Also, while crystallization temperature is to be reduced in order to form the
crystals.
 Before filtration the temperature of the mixture is to be maintained properly as
it doesn’t affect the filter cloth.
 Temperature in the Solution tank is to be maintained to avoid the crystallization
before the Crystallizer otherwise it may cause chocking up in the pipes.

SODIUM SULPHATE
 Because of the above mentioned reasons temperature measurement becomes
more important in Mannheim process for manufacturing Sodium Sulphate.
2) Flow Measuring Device.
 Flow measurement is very important and difficult in this process as the flow in
this process is two phase flow it consist of solid-liquid mixture as a product of
the furnace.
 Flow of the steam in the jacket of the Solution Tank is to be maintain to reduce
the heat losses.
 Flow of the water entering in the Solution Tank is to be maintained in order to
control the crystal formation in the crystallizer which may make it easy to reach
the super saturation in the crystallizer.
 Because of the above mentioned reasons Flow measurement becomes more
important in Mannheim process for manufacturing Sodium Sulphate.

SODIUM SULPHATE
CHAPTER NO:–06 MATERIAL BALANCE OF

SODIUM SUPHATE PROCESS

SODIUM SULPHATE
6.1 MATERIAL BALANCE
6.1.1 Main Chemical Reaction:-
2NaCl + H2SO4 → 2HCl + Na2SO4
2(58.5) + 98 → 2(36.5) + 142
117 + 98 → 73 + 142
215 → 215
Basis:-
 1000kg of Na2SO4 / hr.
Conversion: - 93.72%
Material Balance of NaCl:-
Theoretical Quantity that will react:
 For 142 kg of Na2SO4 / hr. production = requires 117 kg of NaCl / hr.
 For 1000 kg of Na2SO4 / hr. production = (117*1000) / 142
= 823.94 kg of NaCl / hr.
Actual Quantity according to Conversion:
 Actually required NaCl = Theoretical conversion / Conversion fraction
= 823.94 / 0.9372
=879.15 kg of NaCl / hr.

SODIUM SULPHATE
Material Balance of H2SO4 :-
Theoretical Quantity that will react:
 For 142 kg of Na2SO4 / hr. production = requires 98 kg of H2SO4 / hr.
 For 1000 kg of Na2SO4 / hr. production = (98*1000) / 142
= 690.14 kg of H2SO4 / hr.
Actual Quantity according to Conversion:
 Actually required H2SO4 = Theoretical conversion / Conversion fraction

= 690.14 / 0.9372
= 736.38 kg of H2SO4 / hr.
Material Balance of HCl:-
 From 117 kg NaCl / hr. = 73 kg of HCl / hr. produce
 From 823.94 kg NaCl / hr. = (823.94*73) / 117
= 514.08 kg of HCl / hr.
Material Balance of Unreacted Raw Material:-
 NaCl Unreacted = Actual Required * ((100-93.72) / 100)
= 879.15 * (6.28/100)
= 879.15 * 0.0628
= 55.21 kg of NaCl / hr. Unreacted.
 H2SO4 Unreacted = Actual Required * ((100-93.72) / 100)
= 736.38 * (6.28/100)
= 736.38 * 0.0628
= 46.24 kg of H2SO4 / hr. Unreacted.

SODIUM SULPHATE
6.1.2 Neutralization Chemical Reaction:-
CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
100 + 98 → 136 + 18 + 44
Material Balance of Limestone:-
 For Neutralizing 98 kg of H2SO4 / hr. = Requires 100 kg of CaCO3 / hr.
 For Neutralizing 46.24 kg of H2SO4 / hr. = (46.24 * 100) / 98
= 47.18 kg of CaCO3 /hr.
6.1.3 Crystallization Chemical Reaction:-
Na2SO4 + 10H2O → Na2SO4. 10H2O
142 + 180 → 322
Material Balance of Water:-
 For Crystallizing 142 kg of Na2SO4 / hr. = Requires 180 kg of H2O
 For Crystallizing 1000 kg of Na2SO4 / hr. = (180*1000) / 142
= 1267.60 kg of H2O / hr.

SODIUM SULPHATE
TABLE-6.1.1 MATERIAL BALANCE
RAW MATERIAL/ TOTAL INPUT TOTAL OUTPUT
PRODUCT/BY-PRODUCT (Kg / hr.) (Kg / hr.)
Sodium chloride 879.15 55.21
Sulphuric acid 736.38 46.24
Limestone 47.18 47.18
Water 1267.60 1267.60
Sodium sulphate - 514.08
Hydrochloric acid - 1000
2930.31 2930.31
TOTAL

SODIUM SULPHATE
6.2 EQUIPEMENT MATERIAL BALANCE
6.2.1 Material Balance of Furnace
HCl
514.08 kg / hr.
NaCl
879.15 kg / hr.
MANNHEIM
FURNACE
H2SO4
879.15 kg / hr.
Na2SO4
1000 kg / hr. +
H2SO4
46.24 kg / hr. +
NaCl
55.21 kg / hr.
FIGURE:-6.2.1

SODIUM SULPHATE
6.2.2 Material Balance of Solution Tank
H2O
1267.60 kg / hr. Limestone
47.18 kg / hr.
SOLUTION
TANK
Na2SO4
1000 kg / hr. +
H2SO4
46.24 kg / hr. +
NaCl
55.21 kg / hr.
Na2SO4
1000 kg / hr. +
H2SO4 +
NaCl + H2O +
Limestone
FIGURE:-6.2.2

SODIUM SULPHATE
6.2.3 Material Balance of Filter Press
Filter Press
Na2SO4
Na2SO4
1000 kg / hr. +
1000 kg / hr. +
H2SO4 +
H2O
NaCl + H2O +
1267.60 kg / hr.
Limestone
Unreacted H2SO4
46.24 kg / hr. +
Unreacted NaCl
55.21 kg / hr. +
Limestone
47.18 kg / hr.
FIGURE:-6.2.3

SODIUM SULPHATE
6.2.4 Material Balance of Crystallizer
Cold Water Inlet
Na2SO4
1000 kg / hr. +
H2O
Crystallizer
1267.60 kg / hr.
220- 230 C
Na2SO4 .H2O
2267.60 kg / hr.
Cold Water Outlet
FIGURE:-6.2.4

SODIUM SULPHATE
6.2.5 Overall Material Balance Block Diagram

HCl 514.08 kg / hr.
NaCl 879.15 kg / hr.
MANNHEIM
FURNACE
H2SO4 879.15 kg /
hr.
H2O Limestone
1267.60 kg / hr.
SOLUTION 47.18 kg / hr.
TANK
Unreacted H2SO4
46.24 kg / hr. +
FILTER Unreacted NaCl
55.21 kg / hr. +
Limestone
47.18 kg / hr.
CRYSTALLIZER
Na2SO4 .H2O
FIGURE:-6.2.5
2267.60 kg / hr.

SODIUM SULPHATE
CHATER NO: - 07
UTILITIES

SODIUM SULPHATE
FIGURE:-7.1.1 Electric Power Plant
7.1 Electricity
 The electricity demand of the process is mainly determined by the work required
for pumping, compression, air coolers, and solids-handling operations, but also
includes the power needed for instruments, lights, and other small users.
 The power required may be generated on site, but will more usually be purchased
from the local supply company.
 Some plants generate their own electricity using a gas-turbine cogeneration plant
with a heat recovery steam generator (waste-heat boiler) to raise steam.

SODIUM SULPHATE
FIGURE:-7.2.1 Locomotive Boiler
7.2 Steam
 Steam is the most widely-used heat source in most chemical plants. Steam has a number
of advantages as a hot utility.
 The heat of condensation of steam is high, giving a high heat output per pound of utility
at constant temperature (compared to other utilities such as hot oil and flue gas that
release sensible heat over a broad temperature range).
 The temperature at which heat is released can be precisely controlled by controlling
the pressure of the steam. This enables tight temperature control, which is important in
many processes.
 Condensing steam has very high heat transfer coefficients, leading to cheaper heat
exchangers.
 Steam is nontoxic, non-flammable, visible if it leaks externally, and inert to many (but
not all) process fluids
FIGURE:-7.2.2 Flow Diagram for steam production

SODIUM SULPHATE
 FIGURE:-7.3.1 Water Storage Tanks
7.3 Water.
7.3.1 Cooling water
 When a process stream requires cooling at high temperature, various heat

recovery techniques should be considered. These include transferring heat to a
cooler process stream, raising steam, preheating boiler feed water, etc.
 Cooling water is the most commonly used cold utility in the temperature range 120
ºC to40
 ºC, although air cooling is preferred in regions where water is expensive or the
ambient humidity is too high for cooling water systems to operate effectively.
 Cooling water is use in cooling towers.
 If a process stream must be cooled to a temperature below 40 ºC, cooling water
or air cooling would be 110 used down to a temperature in the range 40 ºC to
50 ºC, followed by chilled water or refrigeration down to the target
temperature.

SODIUM SULPHATE
FIGURE:-7.3.1 Flow Diagram of water storage and Purification
7.3.2 Process Water.

 The water required for general purpose on a site will usually be taken from the
local means supply unless a cheaper source of suitable quality water available
from a river, lake or well.
 Raw water is brought into make up for losses in the steam and cooling water
system and is also treated to generate demineralized and deionized water for
processes.
 Water is also used for [process cleaning operation and to supply fire hydrants.
 Demineralized Water: - from which all the minerals have been removed from ion
exchange is used where pure water is needed for process use and as boiler feed
water.
 Mixed and multiple bed ion exchange units are used one resin converting the cat
ions to hydrogen and other removing tea anions.

SODIUM SULPHATE
FIGURE:-7.4.1 Evaporative Refrigeration System
7.4 Refrigeration.
 Refrigeration is needed for processes that require temperatures below those that
can be economically obtained with cooling water, i.e., below about 40 ºC. For
temperatures
 Down to around 10 °C, chilled water can be used. For lower temperatures, down to
−30 °C, salt brines (NaCl and CaCl2) are sometimes used to distribute the
“refrigeration” around the site from a central refrigeration machine. Large
refrigeration duties are usually supplied by a standalone packaged refrigeration
system
 The working fluid (refrigerant) is compressed as a vapour, and then cooled and
condensed at high pressure, allowing heat rejection at high temperature in an
exchanger known as a condenser. Heat is usually rejected to a coolant such as
cooling water or ambient air. The liquid refrigerant is then expanded across a valve
to a lower pressure, where it is vaporized in an exchanger known as an evaporator,
taking up heat at low temperature. The vapour is then returned to the compressor,
completing the cycle.
FIGURE:-7.4.2 Block Diagram of Evaporative Refrigeration

SODIUM SULPHATE
7.5 Air.
 In Process air used in compressor for compressing the gases.
 Compressed air is needed for general use, for oxidation reactions, air strippers,
aerobic fermentation processes, and for pneumatic control actuators that are used
for plant control.
 Air is normally distributed at a mains pressure of 6 bar (100 psig), but large
process air requirements are typically met with standalone air blowers or
compressors.
 Air at 1 atmosphere pressure is freely available in most chemical plants.
 Type of air
1. Compressor air
2. Blower air
3. fan air

SODIUM SULPHATE
CHAPTER NO:-08 OFFSITE, LAYOUT AND

LOCATION OF PLANT

SODIUM SULPHATE
8.1 PLANT LOCATION
 The geographic location of the final plant can have strong influence on the
success of an industrial venture. Considerable care must be exercised in selecting
the plant site, and many different factors must be considered. Primarily, the plant
should be located where the minimum cost of production and distribution can be
obtained, but plant other factors such as room for expansion and safe living
conditions for plant operations as well as the surrounding community, are also
important.
 A general consensus as to the plant location should be obtained before a design

project reaches the detailed estimate stage, and firm location should be
established upon completion of the detailed estimate design. The choice of the
final site should first be based on a complete survey of the advantages and
disadvantages of various geographical areas and ultimately, on the advantages
and disadvantages of available real estate. The following factors be considered
in selecting a plant site:
1. Raw materials.
2. Markets.
3. Energy availability.
4. Climate.
5. Transportation facilities.
6. Water supply.
7. Waste disposal.
8. Labour supply.
9. Taxation and legal restriction.
10. Site characteristics.
11. Flood and fire protection.
12. Community factors.

SODIUM SULPHATE
 The factors that must be evaluated in a plant location study indicate the need for
a vast amount of information factors influencing the selection of a plant site. This
is particularly true if large volumes of raw materials are consumed, because
location near the raw materials source permits considerably reduction in
transportation and storage charges, Attention should be given to the purchased
price of the raw material, distance from the source of supply, freight or
transportation exposes availability and reliability supply, purity of the raw
materials, and storage equipment’s.
 Markets:
 The locations of market or intermediate distribution covers affects the cost of

product distribution consideration and the time required for shipping.
 Proximity to the major markets is in important consideration in the solution of
a plant site, because the buyer usually finds it advantageous to purchase from
nearly resources. It should be noted that markets are needed for by-products as
well as major final projects.
 Energy Availability:
 Power and steam requirements are high in most industrial plant and fuel is
ordinary required to supply this utilities.
 Consequently power and flue can be combined as one major factors in the
choice of a plant sites.
 Electrolytic processes require a cheap source of electricity, and plant using
electrolytic processes are often located near large hydroelectric installations. If
the plant require large quantities of coal or oil.
 Location near a source of the supply may be essential for economics
operations. The local cost of power can help determine whether power should
be purchased or self-generated.
 Climate:
 If the plant is located in a cold climate, cost may be increased by the necessity
for constructions pf protective shelters around the process equipment and
special cooling tower or air conditioning equipment may be required if the
prevailing temperature are high.

SODIUM SULPHATE
 Excessive humidity or streams of hot or cold weather can have a serious effect
on the economic operations of the plant and these factors should be examined
when selecting a plant site.
 Transportation Facilities:
 Water, rail roads and highways are the common means of transportations used
by major industrial concerns.
 The kind and amount of product and raw materials determine the most suitable
type of transportation facilities.
 In any case, careful attention should be given to local freight rates and existing
railroad lines.
 The proximity to considered. Motor trucking facilities are widely used and can
serve as a useful supplement to rail and water facilities.
 If possible, the plant site should have access to all three types of transportation
and certainly, at least two types should be available.
 There is need for convenient air and certainly, at least two types should be
available.
 There is need for convenient air and rail transportation facilities between the
plant and effective personnel are necessary.
 Water Supply:
 The process industries use quantities of water for cooling washing, steam
generations, and as a raw materials.
 The plant therefore, must be located where a dependable supply of water is
available river or lake is preferable, although deep wells or artesian wells may
be satisfactory if the amount of water required is not too great. The level of the
existing water table can be checked by consulting the state geological survey,
and information on the year-round capacity of local rivers or lakes should be
obtained.
 If the water supply shows seasonal fluctuation, it may be desirable to construct
a reservoir or to drill several standby wells.
 The temperature mineral content, slit or sand content, bacteriological content and
cost for supply and purification treatment must also considered when choosing a
water supply.

SODIUM SULPHATE
 Waste Disposal:
 In recent years, many legal retractions have been placed on the methods for
disposing of waste materials from the process industries.
 The site selected for a plant should have adequate capacity and facilities for
correct waste disposal.
 Even through a given area has minimal restrictions on pollutions, it should not
be assumed that this conditions will continue to exist.
 In choosing a plant site, the permission tolerance levels for various methods of
waste disposal should be considered carefully, and attention should be given to
potential requirement for additional waste treatment facilities.
 Labour Supply:
 The type and supply of labour available in the vicinity of a proposed plant size
must be examined.
 Consideration should be given to prevailing pay scats, restrictions on number of
hours worked per week, competing industries that can cause dissatisfactions or
high turnover rates among the workers, and variations in the skill and
productivity of the workers.
 Taxation and Legal Restrictions:
 State and local tax rates on property income.

 Unemployment insurance and similar items vary from one locations to another
similar locations regulation on zoning, building codes, nuisance cypress and
transportation facilities can have a major influence on the final choice of a plant
site.
 In fact, zoning difficulties and obtaining the many required permits can often be
much more important in terms of cost and times of the factors discussed in the
preceding sections.

SODIUM SULPHATE
 Site Characteristics:
 The characteristics of the land at a proposed plant size should be examined

carefully.
 The topography of the tract of land and the soil structure must be considering.
 Since either or both may have a pronounced effect on construction costs.
 The cost of the land is important, as well as local and living conditions.
 Future changes may make it desirable or necessary to expand the plant facilities.
 Therefore, even though no immediate expansion is planned, a new plant should
be constructed at a location. Where additional space is available.
 Flood and Fire Protections:
 May industrial plants are located along rivers or near large bodies of water, and
there are risks of flood or hurricane damage.
 Before selecting a plant size, the regional history of natural events of this type
should be examined and the consequences of such occurrences considered.
 Protection form losses by fire is another important factor in selecting a plant
location.
 In case of a major fire, assistance from outside fire departments should be
available.
 Fire hazards in the immediate area surrounding the plant site must not be
overlooked.
 Community Factors:
 The character and facilities of a community can have quite an effect on the
location of the plant.
 It a certain minimum number of facilities for satisfactory living of plant
personnel do not exists, it often becomes a burden for the plant to subsidize such
facilities.
 Culture libraries, schools, civics theatres, concert associations and other similar
groups if active and other similar groups it active and dynamics do much of make
a community progressive.
 The problem of recreations deserves special considerations.
 The efficiency character and history of both state and local government should
be evaluated.

SODIUM SULPHATE
8.2 Selection of the Plant Site:

 The major factor in the selection of most factors in the selection of most plant
sites are
1. Raw materials Markets.
2. Energy availability.
3. Climate.
4. Transportation facilities.
5. Water supply.
 For a Preliminary Supply and Climate, acceptable locations can usually be

reduced to one or two general geographical regions.
 For example, a preliminary survey might indicate that the best location for a
particular plant would be in the south central or south-eastern part of the United
States.
 In the next step, the effects of transportation facilities and water supply are taken
into account.
 This permits reduction of the possible plant location to several general target
areas. These areas can then be reduced further by considering all the factors that
have an influence on plant location.
 As a final step, a detailed analysis of the remaining sites can be made exact data
on item such as freight rates, labour conditions, tax rates, price of land and
general local conditions can be obtained.
 The various sites can be inspected and appraised on the basis of all the factors
influencing the final decision.
 Many times the advantages of locating a new plant on land or near other facilities
already owned by the concern that is building the new plant outweigh the
disadvantages of the particular location.
 In any case, however, the final decision on selecting the plant site should take
into consideration all the factors that can affect the ultimate success of the overall
operation.

SODIUM SULPHATE
FIGURE:-8.1.1

SODIUM SULPHATE
CHAPTER NO:-09 SAFETY CONSIDERATION

AND EFFULENT TREATMENT

SODIUM SULPHATE
9.1 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

9.1.1 M.S.D.S for Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4)
SECTION 1: Identification
1.1. Identification
Product form : Substance
Substance name : Sodium Sulphate, Anhydrous
CAS-No. : 7757-82-6
Product code : LC24880
Formula : Na2SO4
1.2. Recommended use and restrictions on use
Use of the substance/mixture : For laboratory and manufacturing use only.
Recommended use : Laboratory chemicals
Restrictions on use : Not for food, drug or household use
1.3. Supplier
LabChem Inc
Jackson's Pointe Commerce Park Building 1000, 1010 Jackson's Pointe Court
Zelienople, PA 16063 - USA
T 412-826-5230 - F 724-473-0647
info@labchem.com - www.labchem.com
1.4. Emergency telephone number
Emergency number : CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300 or +1-703-
741-5970
SECTION 2: Hazard(s) identification
2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture GHS-US classification

Not classified
2.2. GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
Not classified as a hazardous chemical.
Other hazards not contributing to the
Classification : None under normal conditions.
2.4. Unknown acute toxicity (GHS US)
Not applicable
SECTION 3: Composition/Information on ingredients
3.1. Substances
Substance type : Mono-constituent

SODIUM SULPHATE
Name Product identifier % GHS-US classification

Sodium Sulphate, Anhydrous
(Main constituent)
(CAS-No.) 7757-82-6 100 Not classified
Full text of hazard classes and H-statements: see section 16
3.2. Mixtures
Not applicable
SECTION 4: First-aid measures
4.1. Description of first aid measures

First-aid measures general : Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
Person. If you feel unwell, seek medical
advice (show the label where possible).
First-aid measures after inhalation : Allow victim to breathe fresh air. Allow the
victim to rest.
First-aid measures after skin contact: Remove affected clothing and wash all exposed
skin area with mild soap and water, followed
by warm water rinse.
First-aid measures after eye contact: Rinse immediately with plenty of water. Obtain
medical attention if pain, blinking or redness
persists.
First-aid measures after ingestion : Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting
emergency medical attention.

4.2. Most important symptoms and effects (acute and delayed)
Symptoms/effects : Not expected to present a significant hazard
under anticipated conditions of normal use.
4.3. Immediate medical attention and special treatment, if necessary
Treat symptomatically.
SECTION 5: Fire-fighting measures
5.1. Suitable (and unsuitable) extinguishing media

Suitable extinguishing media : Foam. Dry powder. Carbon dioxide. Water
spray. Sand.
Unsuitable extinguishing media : Do not use a heavy water stream.
5.2. Specific hazards arising from the chemical
No additional information available
5.3. Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighters
Firefighting instructions : Use water spray or fog for cooling exposed

SODIUM SULPHATE
containers. Exercise caution when fighting any

chemical fire. Prevent fire-fighting water from
entering environment.
Protection during fire fighting : Do not enter fire area without proper protective
equipment, including respiratory protection.
SECTION 6: Accidental release measures
6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency

procedures
6.1.1. For non-emergency personnel
Protective equipment : Safety glasses.
Emergency procedures : Evacuate unnecessary personnel.
6.1.2. For emergency responders
Protective equipment : Equip clean up crew with proper protection.
Emergency procedures : Ventilate area.
6.2. Environmental precautions
Prevent entry to sewers and public waters. Notify authorities if liquid enters sewers or
public waters. Avoid release to the environment.
6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning up
Methods for cleaning up : On land, sweep or shovel into suitable
containers. Minimize generation of dust. Store
away from other materials.
6.4. Reference to other sections
See Heading 8. Exposure controls and personal protection.
SECTION 7: Handling and storage
7.1. Precautions for safe handling

Precautions for safe handling : Wash hands and other exposed areas with mild
soap and water before eating, drinking or
smoking and when leaving work. Provide good
ventilation in process area to prevent formation
of vapor.
7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Storage conditions : Keep container closed when not in use.
Incompatible products : Strong acids.
Incompatible materials : Sources of ignition. Direct sunlight.

SODIUM SULPHATE
SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection
8.1. Control parameters

8.2. Appropriate engineering controls
Appropriate engineering controls : Emergency eye wash fountains should be
available in the immediate vicinity of any
potential exposure.
8.3. Individual protection measures/Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment:
Safety glasses.
Hand protection:
Wear protective gloves.
Eye protection:
Chemical goggles or safety glasses
Respiratory protection:
Dust formation: dust mask
Other information:
Do not eat, drink or smoke during use.
SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties
9.1. Information on basic physical and chemical properties

Physical state : Solid
Color : white
Odour : None.
Odour threshold : No data available
pH : 5.2 - 9.2 5% solution
Melting point : 884 °C
Molecular mass : 142.04 g/mol
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Water : 20 g/100ml
SECTION 10: Stability and reactivity

SODIUM SULPHATE
10.1. Reactivity
10.2. Chemical stability
Stable under normal conditions.
10.3. Possibility of hazardous reactions
Not established.
10.4. Conditions to avoid
Direct sunlight. Extremely high or low temperatures.
10.5. Incompatible materials
Strong acids.
10.6. Hazardous decomposition products
Sulphur compounds.
SECTION 11: Toxicological information
11.1. Information on toxicological effects

Likely routes of exposure : Inhalation; Skin and eye contact
Acute toxicity : Not classified
Sodium Sulphate, Anhydrous (7757-82-6)
LD50 oral rat 10000 mg/kg
ATE US (oral) 10000 mg/kg
Skin corrosion/irritation : Not classified

pH : 5.2 - 9.2 5% solution
Serious eye damage/irritation : Not classified
Respiratory or skin sensitization : Not classified
Germ cell mutagenicity : Not classified
Based on available data, the classification
Criteria are not met.
Carcinogenicity : Not classified
Reproductive toxicity : Not classified
Based on available data, the classification
criteria are not met
Specific target organ toxicity – : Not classified

single exposure
Specific target organ toxicity : Not classified
– repeated exposure
Aspiration hazard : Not classified
Potential Adverse human : Based on available data, the classification
SODIUM SULPHATE
health effects and criteria are not met

symptoms.
SECTION 12: Ecological information
12.1. Toxicity
Ecology - water : Toxic to aquatic life.
LC50 fish 1 13500 - 14500 ml/l
EC50 Daphnia 1 2564 mg/l
12.2. Persistence and degradability

Persistence and degradability Not established.
12.3. Bio accumulative potential

Bio accumulative potential Not established.
12.4. Mobility in soil

No additional information available.
12.5. Other adverse effects
Other information : Avoid release to the environment.
SECTION 13: Disposal considerations
13.1. Disposal methods

Waste disposal recommendations : Dispose in a safe manner in accordance
with local/national regulations. Dispose of
contents/container to comply with local,
state and federal regulations.
Ecology - waste materials : Avoid release to the environment.

SODIUM SULPHATE
SECTION 14: Transport information
Department of Transportation (DOT)

In accordance with DOT Not regulated
SECTION 15: Regulatory information
15.1. US Federal regulations

Listed on the United States TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) inventory
All components of this product are listed, or excluded from listing, on the United States
Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) inventory
15.2. International regulations CANADA
Listed on the Canadian DSL (Domestic Substances List)
EU-Regulations
National regulations
Not listed on the Canadian IDL (Ingredient Disclosure List)
15.3. US State regulations

California Proposition 65 - This product does not contain any substances known to the
state of California to cause cancer,
Developmental and/or reproductive harm
SECTION 16: Other information
Revision date : 04/11/2018

Other information : None.
NFPA health hazard : 1 - Materials that, under emergency
conditions, can cause significant irritation.

SODIUM SULPHATE
NFPA fire hazard : 0 - Materials that will not burn

under typical fire conditions,
including intrinsically non
combustible materials such as
concrete, stone, and sand.
NFPA reactivity : 0 - Material that in themselves
are
Normally stable, even under fire
conditions.
Hazard Rating
Health : 1 Slight Hazard - Irritation or minor
reversible injury possible
Flammability : 0 Minimal Hazard - Materials that will non
burn
Physical : 0 Minimal Hazard - Materials that are
normally stable, even under fire conditions,
and will NOT react with water, polymerize,
decompose, condense, or self-react. Non
Explosives
9.1.2 M.S.D.S for Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
Product : Hydrochloric Acid

Product Number(s): PF021, PF022
CAS# : 7647-01-0
Synonyms : Muriatic acid; Hydrogen chloride, aqueous; Chlorohydric acid
Manufacturer : Pioneer Forensics, LLC
804 E. Eisenhower Blvd.
Loveland, CO 80537
Ph.: (970) 292-8487
Emergency Number : (800) 255-3924 (CHEM-TEL)
Customer Service : (970) 292-8487
2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
Emergency Overview: DANGER! Corrosive. Causes severe skin, eye, and digestive
tract burns. Harmful if swallowed. Mist or vapour
extremely irritating to eyes and respiratory tract.

SODIUM SULPHATE
Safety Ratings: Health: 3, Severe Reactivity: 1, Slight

Flammability: 0, None Contact: 4, Extreme
OSHA Regulatory Status: This product is considered a "Hazardous Chemical" as
defined by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard,
29 CFR 1910.1200.
Potential Acute Health Effects:
Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, eye contact
Inhalation: Corrosive. May cause damage to mucous membranes in nose, throat,
lungs and bronchial system.
Ingestion: Corrosive. Harmful if swallowed. May produce burns to the lips, oral
cavity, upper airway, oesophagus and digestive tract.
Skin Contact: Corrosive. Causes severe burns.
Eye Contact: Corrosive. Causes severe burns. Vapour or spray may cause eye
damage, impaired sight or blindness.
Target Organs: Skin, respiratory system, eyes, lungs
Chronic Health Effects: Corrosive. Prolonged contact causes serious tissue damage.
Aggravation of: Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target
Organs damage.
Medical Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems may
be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
Potential Environmental: May affect the acidity (pH) in water with risk of harmful
Effects effects to aquatic organisms.
3. COMPOSITION AND INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
Components CAS# Chemical Weight Hazardous % Weight

Hydrochloric Acid 7647-01-0 HCl 36.46 Yes 36.5 - 38.0
Water 7732-18-5 H2O 18.02 No 62.0 - 63.5
4. FIRST AID MEASURES
First Aid Procedures:

Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the
victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Get medical attention
immediately.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, keep head low so that vomit
does not enter lungs. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. GET
MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY.

SODIUM SULPHATE
Skin Contact: Flush affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove
contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Get medical attention
immediately.
Eye Contact: Check for and remove contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with gentle
but large stream of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids
occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
General Advice: In the case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice
Immediately (show the label where possible). Ensure that medical personnel are aware
of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Show this
safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Notes to Physician: Treat symptomatically. Keep victim under observation.
5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
NFPA Ratings : Health: 3 Flammability: 0 Reactivity: 1

Flammable Properties : The material is not flammable.
Flash Point : Not applicable
Auto-ignition Temp : Not applicable
Flammable Limits in : Not applicable
Air (% by volume)
Suitable Extinguishing Media : Water, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide
Unsuitable Extinguishing Media : No information found
Products : toxic fumes.
Specific Hazards: Fire may produce irritating, corrosive, and/or toxic gases.
Special Protective Equipment For Firefighters: As in any fire, wear
MSHA/NIOSH approved (or equivalent) self-contained positive pressure or pressure
demand breathing apparatus and full protective gear.
Specific Methods: Use water spray to cool unopened containers. Cool containers
exposed to flames with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is out. In
the event of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumes.
6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
Personal Precautions: Ventilate area of leak or spill. Isolate hazard area and keep
unnecessary and unprotected personnel away from the area of the leak or spill. Keep
upwind. Keep out of low areas. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment as
specified in the Exposure Control and Personal Protection Section 8. Avoid contact
with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Environmental Precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do
not contaminate water. Avoid discharge into drains, water courses or onto the ground.
In case of large spill, dike if needed.

SODIUM SULPHATE
Methods for Containment: Stop the flow of material, if this is without risk. Prevent
entry into waterways, sewer, basements or confined areas. Dike the spilled material,
where this is possible.
Methods for Cleaning Up: Absorb spill with an inert material (e.g. vermiculite, dry
sand, earth, cloth, fleece), and place in a suitable non-combustible container for
reclamation or disposal. Do not use combustible materials, such as sawdust. Clean
contaminated surface thoroughly. Neutralize spill area and washings with soda ash or
lime. Never return spills in original containers for re-use. Clean up in accordance with
all applicable regulations.
7. HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling: Wear personal protective equipment (see section 8). Use only in well
ventilated areas. Provide sufficient air exchange and/or exhaust in work rooms. Avoid
contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Do not breathe vapors or spray mist. Do not
ingest. When using, do not eat, smoke, or drink. Keep away from incompatible
materials. Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash thoroughly after handling. Containers of this material may be hazardous when
empty since they retain product residues (vapors, liquids). Observe all warnings and
precautions listed for the product Use caution when combining with water. DO NOT
add water to acid. ALWAYS add acid to water while stirring to prevent release of
heat, steam, and fumes.
Storage: Store in a cool, dry, ventilated area away from incompatible materials. Store
in original container. Keep containers tightly closed and upright. Keep away from
food, drink and animal feedingstuffs. Keep out of the reach of children.
8. EXPOSURE CONTROL AND PERSONAL PROTECTION
Exposure Limits : ACGIH: Ceiling: 2 ppm

OSHA: Ceiling: 5 ppm
3
7 mg/m
Engineering Controls: Ensure adequate ventilation. Ventilation rates should be

matched to conditions. If applicable, use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation,
or other engineering controls to maintain airborne levels below recommended
exposure limits. If exposure limits have not been established, maintain airborne levels
to an acceptable level. Explosion proof exhaust ventilation should be used.
Personal Protective Equipment:

Eye/Face Protection: Wear safety glasses with side shields or goggles and a face
shield.

SODIUM SULPHATE
Skin Protection: Wear appropriate chemical resistant clothing (with long sleeves) and
appropriate chemical resistant gloves.
Respiratory Protection: If engineering controls do not maintain airborne
concentrations below recommended exposure limits (where applicable) or to an
acceptable level (in countries where exposure limits have not been established), an
approved respirator must be worn. Respirator type: Chemical respirator with acid gas
cartridge. Use a positive-pressure air-supplied respirator if there is any potential for an
uncontrolled release, exposure levels are not known, or any other circumstances where
air-purifying respirators may not provide adequate protection.
General Hygiene Considerations: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. When
using, do not eat, drink or smoke. Always observe good personal hygiene measures,
such as washing after handling the material and before eating, drinking, and/or
smoking. Routinely wash work clothing and protective equipment to remove
contaminants. Provide eyewash station and safety shower.
9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Physical State : Liquid

Appearance : Transparent
Color : Colorless
Odour : Pungent, irritating
Molecular Formula : HCl
Molecular Weight : 36.46
PH : 0.1 (1.0 N Solution)
Specific Gravity : 1.18
Freezing/Melting Point : -25 °C (-13 °F)
Boiling Point : 50.5 °C (123 °F)
Flash Point : Not applicable
Auto Ignition Temperature : Not applicable
Flammable Limits in Air
(% by Volume):
Upper : Not applicable
Lower :
Solubility : Miscible with water
Vapour Pressure : 25 kPa at 25°C (estimate)
Vapour Density : 1.3 (estimate)
Odour threshold (ppm) : 0.25-10 ppm
Evaporation Rate : No information found
Partition Coefficient
(n-octane/water) : No information found
SODIUM SULPHATE
10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Stability : Stable under normal conditions.

Conditions to Avoid` : Incompatibles
Incompatible Materials : Bases, metals, oxidizing agents, acids, amines,
reducing agents, organic materials
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Hydrogen chloride, chlorine. May decompose
upon heating to product corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
Possibility of Hazardous Reactions: Can react vigorously, violently or explosively
with incompatible materials listed above.
Hazardous Polymerization : Will not occur.
11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Toxicological Data: Oral Rat LD50 : 240 mg/kg (estimate)

Oral Rabbit LD50 : 900 mg/kg
Inhalation Rat LC50 : 3124 mg/L 1 H
Acute Effects: Strongly corrosive. May cause deep tissue damage. Harmful if
swallowed.
Local Effects: Causes severe burns. Mist or vapour extremely irritating to eyes and
respiratory tract.
Sensitization: Not a skin sensitizer.
Chronic Effects: Corrosive. Prolonged or repeated skin contact causes serious tissue
damage.
Carcinogenic Effects: This product is not considered to be a carcinogen by IARC,
ACGIH, NTP, or OSHA.
ACGIH: A4 – Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
IARC: 3 – Not classifiable as to carcinogenicity of humans
Skin Corrosion/Irritation: Corrosive to skin and eyes.
Epidemiology: No epidemiological data is available for this product.
Mutagenicity: No data available to indicate product or any components present at
greater than 0.1% are mutagenic or genotoxic.
Neurological Effects: No information found.
Reproductive Effects: Contains no ingredient listed as toxic to reproduction.
Teratogenic Effects: No data available to indicate product or any components present
at greater than 0.1% may cause birth defects.
Target Organs and Symptoms: Corrosive effects. Mucus membranes, skin, eyes,
kidneys, liver, respiratory tract
12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

SODIUM SULPHATE
Eco toxicological Data: LC50 Western mosquito fish (Gambusia affine): 282 mg/L
96 H
Eco toxicity: This product may affect the acidity (pH) in water with risk of harmful
effects to aquatic organisms.
Environmental Effects: An environmental hazard cannot be excluded in the event of
unprofessional handling or disposal.
Persistence and Degradability: Expected to be readily biodegradable.
Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): No information found.
13. DISPOSAL INFORMATION
Disposal Instructions: Dispose of this material and its container to hazardous or

special waste collection point. Incinerate the material
under controlled conditions in an approved incinerator. All
wastes must be handled in accordance with local, state and
federal regulations.
Contaminated Packaging: Since emptied containers retain product residue, follow
label warnings even after container is emptied. Offer
rinsed packaging material to local recycling facilities.
Waste Codes: D002: Waste corrosive material (pH ≤ 2 or pH ≥12.5, or corrosive to
steel)
14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION
DOT:
UN Number : UN1789
Proper Shipping Name : Hydrochloric Acid
Hazard Class :8
Packaging Group : II
ERG Number : 157
15. REGULATORY INFORMATION
U.S. Federal Regulations:

OSHA: This product is considered a "Hazardous Chemical" as defined by the
OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR
1910.1200.
TSCA Inventory: Hydrochloric Acid; Water
U.S. EPCRA (SARA Title III):
Sections 311/312

SODIUM SULPHATE
: Hazard Categories List (Yes/No)____

Section 311 – Hazardous Chemical Yes
Immediate Hazard Yes
Delayed Hazard No
Fire Hazard No
Pressure Hazard No
Reactivity Hazard No
Section 302 : Extremely Hazardous Substance: Hydrochloric Acid
Reportable Quantity : 5000 lbs
Threshold Planning Quantity : 500 lbs
Section 313 : Toxic chemical or category : Hydrochloric Acid

De minimise concentration : 1.0%
CERCLA : Hydrochloric Acid : 5000 lbs

International Inventories
: Country(s)/Region Inventory Name On Inventory (Yes/No)*
Australia Australian Inventory of Chemical Yes
Substances (AICS)
Canada Domestic Substances List (DSL) Yes
Canada Non-Domestic Substances List (NDSL) No
China Inventory of Existing Chemical Yes
Substances in China (IECSC)
Europe European Inventory of Existing Yes
Commercial Chemical Substances
(EINECS)
Europe European List of Notified Chemical No
Substances (ELINCS)
Japan Inventory of Existing and New Chemical Yes
Substances (ENCS)
Korea Existing Chemicals List (ECL) Yes
New Zealand New Zealand Inventory Yes
Philippines Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Yes
Chemical Substances (PICCS)
*A "Yes" indicates that the listed component(s) of this product comply with the
inventory requirements administered by the governing country(s)
16. OTHER INFORMATION
Product Use: Laboratory and/or field reagent

Disclaimer: Pioneer Forensics LLC provides the information in this Material Safety
Data Sheet in the belief that it is reliable but assumes no responsibility for its
completeness or accuracy. The physical properties reported in this MSDS are obtained
from the literature and do not constitute product specifications. Pioneer Forensics LLC

SODIUM SULPHATE
makes and gives no representations or warranties with respect to the information

contained herein or the product to which it refers, whether express, implied, or statutory,
including without limitation, warranties of accuracy, completeness, merchantability,
non-infringement, performance, safety, suitability, stability, and fitness for a particular
purpose. No warranty against infringement of any patent, copyright or trademark is
made or implied. This MSDS is intended only as a guide to the appropriate handling of
the material by a properly trained person. It shall be the user's responsibility to develop
proper methods of handling and personal protection based on the actual conditions of
use. Accordingly, Pioneer Forensics LLC assumes no liability whatsoever for the use
of or reliance upon this information including results obtained, incidental or
consequential damages, or lost profits.
Issue Date: 12/03/2012
Reason for Revision: Not applicable

SODIUM SULPHATE
9.2 EFFLUENT TREATMENT
 Effluent can be red close to where it is created. A decentralised system (in septic
tanks, bio fertilizer or aerobic treatment system), or be collected an transported
via a network of pipes and pump station to a municipal treatment plant
centralised system, (sewerage and pipes and infrastructure) effluent collection
and treatment is typically subject to local, state and federal regulations and
standards. Industrial source of waste water often require specialised treatment
process (sea industrial waste water treatment).
 Effluent treatment generally involve three stages, called primary, secondary and
tertiary treatment.
 Primary treatment consists of temporary holding the effluent in a quiescent basin

where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids
float to the surface. The settled and floated materials are removed and the
remaining liquid may be discharged and subjected to secondary treatment.
 Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter

secondary treatment is typically performed by indigenous water-borne
microorganism in a manage habitat. Secondary treatment may require a
separation process to remove the microorganism from the treated water period
to discharge or tertiary treatment.
 Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and

secondary treatment in order to allow rejection into a highly sensitive or fragile
ecosystem (estuaries, low flow rivers, coral reefs) treated water is sometimes
disinfected chemically or physically for Ex:- by lagoons and micro filtration)
period to discharge into a steam, river, by lagoons or wet land, or it can be used
for the irrigation of golf course giving green way or park If it is sufficiently clean,
it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agriculture purposes.

SODIUM SULPHATE
FIGURE:- 9.2.1 Effluent Treatment Plant

SODIUM SULPHATE
CHAPTER NO: - 10 CONCLUSION AND

REFERENCE

SODIUM SULPHATE
10.1 CONCLUSION
 Sodium Sulphate is mainly available in white coloured, crystal form by crystallization
using water at 22-230C.
 Demand of Sodium Sulphate is very high, Average of consumption is about 190000

kg per year in its major consumes such as china and United States, etc.
 Raw Materials, Equipment’s, Site to be selected for plant can be available very easily.
 No need of designing the special equipment’s, equipment’s are easily available in

standard size.
 Highly Exothermic process so refrigeration requirement is high.

 Used in wide range of industries such as dyes, dyes intermediate, textiles, medical,
vet-medicals, Glass industries, as well as fertilizer industries.

SODIUM SULPHATE
10.2 REFERENCE
BOOKS:-
1) Kirk and Othmer; Encyclopedia of chemical technology; Volume-22, 4th Ed.
2) Arun Bhal, B.S. Bhal & G.D. Tuli; Essentials of physical chemistry; Multicolour
volume.
3) Robert Eward Trybal; Mass Transfer Operations; 3rd Ed.
4) Binay K. Dutta; Principles of Mass transfer operations and Separation Processes.
5) Max .S. Peter & Klaus .D. Timmberhaus; Plant design and economics for chemical
engineers; 4th Ed.
6) K.A. Gavhane; Introduction to Process Calculations; Nirali Prakashan.
7) D.B. Dhone; Plant Utilities; Nirali Prakashan.
8) A.P. Kulkarni; Process Instrumentation and Control; 15th Ed.
WEBSITE:-
9) https://ihsmarkit.com/products/sodium-sulfate-chemical-economics-handbook.html for
consumption in world for market survey.
10) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate for introduction
11) https://m.tradeindia.com/search_action.html?search_form_id=30&keyword=Sodium+s
ulphate
12) https://m.globalsources.com/si/AS/Kindly-Beijing/6008850281117/pdtl/Mannheim-
Furnace-process-turnkey-Potassium/1157440792.htm for furnace
13) https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://sds.chemtel.net/web
clients/safariland/finished_goods/Pioneer%2520Forensics%2520-
%2520PF021%2520-%2520PF022%2520-
%2520Hydrochloric%2520Acid.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjairzY8vnfAhXQiHAKHYEPC
KAQFjAAegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw1wE8BrlreEkKX0cSDiLfCN for M.S.D.S.
HCl.
14) https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.labchem.com/t
ools/msds/msds/LC24880.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj8iPSF8_nfAhUMRo8KHfGPAFwQFj
APegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw207UTsAZEW5oV_C6Xn7cr1&cshid=154790275761
4 for M.S.D.S. of Sodium Sulphate.
15) https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-
xiaomi&ei=cB9DXKmXAYz5vgT4qIfwDA&q=sodium+sulphate+nptel&oq=sodium
+sulphate+nptel&gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-
serp.3..0i22i30j33i160.1302.3736..4018...0.0..0.540.1686.2-5j5-
1......0....1.........0i71j35i39j0i67j0j33i21.gmT0ivOUH7Q for NPTEL Sodium
Sulphate.
16) http://www.softschools.com/formulas/chemistry.

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PROJECT REPORT ON

“DIPLOMA IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING”

PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY;

SHINDE JATIN PRATAPBHAI 166290305105

SINGH NIKHIL THAKUR PRASAD 166290305107

SOLANKI JAYKUMAR MOHANBHAI 166290305109

SOLANKI SURAJ SUNILBHAI 166290305110

SUTHAR PRADEEP BHAGWANBHAI 166290305113

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEDGE, VALSAD [G.P.V].

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Mr. Jaydeep .V. Patil Mr. R.I. Ratwani

 With immense pleasure we would like to present this project report on

 We acknowledge our sense of gratitude to Gujarat Technological University

 We would also like to be grateful to staff of Chemical Engineering Department

Sr. Student Name Enrollment Signature

2.1 World Consumption. 08

04 SELECTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. 17

4.1 Comparision of Various Manufacturing Processes. 18

4.2.4 Process Description. 19

4.2.5 Major Equipements. 20

CH.E. DEPT. G.P. VALSAD

4.2.6 Unit Operations. 21

4.2.7 Unit Pocesses. 21

6.1 Material Balance. 32

6.1.1 Main Chemical Reaction. 32

6.2.2 Material Balance of Solution Tank. 37

6.2.3 Material Balance of Filter Press. 38

7.3.1 Cooling Water. 44

CH.E. DEPT. G.P. VALSAD

08 OFFSITE, LAYOUT AND LOCATION OF PLANT. 48

9.1.2 M.S.D.S. for Hydrochloric acid. 64

9.2 Effluent Treatment. 72

10 CONCLUSION AND REFERENCE. 75

02 2.1.1 Pie Chart for Consumptioon of Sodium Sulphate. 08

03 3.1.1 Block Diagram for manufacturing by Salt and Sulphuric 14

3.2.1 Block Diagram for manufacturing by Natural Brine Solution. 16

04 4.2.1 Flow Diagram for manufacturing by using Salt and 21

5.2.2 Mannheim Furnace. 26

5.2.3 Agitation Tank. 27

5.2.4 Different Type of Impellers. 28

CH.E. DEPT. G.P. VALSAD

06 6.2.1 Material Balance of Mannheim Furnace. 36

6.2.2 Material Balance of Solution Tank. 37

6.2.3 Material Balance of Filter. 38

6.2.4 Material Balance of Crystallizer. 39

6.2.5 Overall Material Balance. 40

07 7.1.1 Electric Power Plant. 42

7.2.1 Locomotive Boiler. 43

7.2.2 Flow Diagram of steam production. 43

7.3.1 Water Storage Tanks. 44

7.3.2 Flow Diagram of Water Purification and Storage. 45

7.4.1 Evaporative Refrigeration System. 46

7.4.2 Block Diagram of Evaporative Refrigeration System. 46

08 8.1.1 Plant Layout. 55

09 9.2.1 Effluent Treatment System. 74

CHAPTER TITLE OF TABLE PAGE

02 2.1.1 Market Consumption in World. 09

2.1.2 Market Consumption in India. 09

2.1.3 Market Consumption in Gujarat. 09

06 Overall Material Balance. 35

CH.E. DEPT. G.P. VALSAD

CHAPTER NO:-01 INTRODUCTION

CH.E. DEPT. G.P. VALSAD Page 1