INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the role of chemistry in the development
of the modern society.
2. Distinguish among laws, hypothesis and
theories.
3. Apply the scientific method in solving
problems in chemistry.
4. Classify matter as elements or compounds,
pure substances, homogeneous mixtures,
heterogeneous mixtures.
5. Cite examples of physical and chemical changes.
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 ROLE OF CHEMISTRY.mp4

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The scientific method is a systematic
approach to research.

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a

set of observations.

tested modified
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A law is a concise statement of a relationship
between phenomena that is always the same
under the same conditions.
Force = mass x acceleration

A theory is a unifying principle that explains

a body of facts and/or those laws that are
based on them.

Atomic Theory

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Examples:

Theories Laws
Big Bang Theory Kepler's Laws of
Planetary Motion
Law of orbits , laws of
areas, law of periods

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes.

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CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
 Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

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CLASSIFYING MATTER
BY PHYSICAL STATE

 Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas based on

the characteristics it exhibits

State Shape Volume Compress Flow

Solid Fixed Fixed No No
Liquid Indef. Fixed No Yes
Gas Indef. Indef. Yes Yes
• Fixed = keeps shape when placed in a container
• Indefinite = takes the shape of the container
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SOLIDS
 Tightlypacked, in a regular
pattern, vibrate, but do not move
from place to place,

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LIQUIDS
 theparticles are close together
with no regular arrangement
but they have some ability to
move around.

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GASES

 Wellseparated with no regular

arrangement. Vibrate and
move freely at high speeds.

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 GASES
 becausethere is a lot of
empty space, the particles
can be squeezed closer
together – therefore gases
are compressible

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PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Physical vs. Chemical Properties

Physical Properties
1. Extensive
2. Intensive

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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

 PhysicalProperty
 can be observed without changing
the identity of the substance.
Ex. Freezing point, conductivity

 Chemical Property
 describes the ability of a substance
to undergo changes in identity
Ex. Flammability 15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Extensive Property
 depends on the amount of matter
present
 Ex. Length, width, volume, mass, area

 Intensive Property
 depends on the identity of substance,
not the amount
 Ex. Taste, color, hardness, boiling pt
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IDENTIFY WHETHER PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES

 melting point
 flammable
 density
 magnetic
 tarnishes in air

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 IDENTIFY WHETHER EXTENSIVE OR
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES

 Freezing point
 volume
 mass
 density
 conductivity

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PHYSICAL VS. CHEMICAL CHANGE
 PhysicalChange
 changes the form of a substance
without changing its identity
 properties remain the same

 ChemicalChange
 changes the identity of a substance
 products have different properties 19
PHYSICAL VS. CHEMICAL
 Signsof a Chemical Change
 change in color or odor
 formation of a gas (bubbles)
 formation of a precipitate (solid)
 change in light or heat

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IDENTIFY WHETHER PHYSICAL OR
CHEMICAL CHANGE

 rusting iron •milk goes sour

 dissolving in water •Jewelry
 burning a log •Tarnishes of
 melting ice jewelry
 grinding spices •Gasoline ignited
 Cutting grass •Bread become
 Frying an egg
toasted.
 Sweat evaporating 21
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

MATTER

yes no
Can it be
physically
separated?
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes Is the no yes Can it be no

composition chemically
uniform? decomposed?
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element
(solution)

Colloids Suspensions 22
 EXAMPLES:
 graphite • Element
 pepper • hetero. mixture
 sugar (sucrose) • compound
 Halo-halo • hetero. mixture
 Soda • solution
PURE SUBSTANCES
 Element -composed of identical atoms
 Ex: copper wire, aluminum foil

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PURE SUBSTANCES
 Compound - composed of 2 or more
elements in a fixed ratio
 properties differ from those
of individual elements
 Ex: table salt (NaCl)

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MIXTURES
 Variable combination of 2 or more pure
substances.

Heterogeneous Homogeneous
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