Good __________ everyone. Today we will be talking about volcanoes and earthquakes.

Maralang: But first, what is a volcano?

Jazmin : A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust that allows molten rock, gases, and debris to
escape to the surface. The word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in
the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn comes from Vulcan, the god of fire in Roman
mythology. Alaska, Hawaii, California, and Oregon have the most active volcanoes, but other
states and territories have active volcanoes, too. A volcanic eruption may involve lava and other
debris that can flow up to 100 mph, destroying everything in their path.
Justin: Did you know that there are about 1,500 potentially active volcanoes we can name
worldwide? As they have already erupted within the past 10,000 years. the current geological
epoch otherwise known as the Holocene period. The majority of these are found in clusters, or
strips, mostly following the fault lines of the world’s tectonic plates. For this reason, mapping the
world’s volcanoes according to country is slightly misleading, as most are linked to the same
geological highway.
Maralang : Giving you the top 10 countries with the most active volcanoes starting with United
States that takes the title with the most, 173, followed by Russia, with 166. Indonesia with the third
rank at 139,
Jazmin : Japan comes fourth with 112. Next is Chile with 104 followed by Ethiopia with 57, Papua
New Guinea with 53
Justin: Philippines in rank 9 for having 50 and last but not the least Mexico with 43. Now, let’s
move onto Maralang for a brief information about the parts of volcano..
Maralang: Magma chamber, a magma chamber is a large underground pool of molten rock sitting
underneath the Earth’s crust. The molten rock in such a chamber is under extreme pressure, which
in time can lead to the surrounding rock fracturing, creating outlets for the magma.
Jazmin: Main vent. volcano’s main vent is the weak point in the Earth’s crust where hot magma
has been able to rise from the magma chamber and reach the surface. The familiar cone-shape of
many volcanoes are an indication of this, the point at which ash, rock and lava ejected during an
eruption fall back to Earth around the vent to form a protrusion.
Protrusion forms during a volcanic eruption when the extreme viscosity of the lava causes it to rise
slowly in the form of a cylindrical piston called a Volcanic Spine.
Justin: Throat. The uppermost section of the main vent is known as the volcano’s throat. As the
entrance to the volcano, it is from here that lava and volcanic ash are ejected.
Maralang: Crater. It is the mouth of the volcano that surrounds a volcanic vent.
Jazmin: Pyroclastic Flow. Otherwise known as a pyroclastic density current, a pyroclastic flow
refers to a fast-moving current of hot gas and rock that is moving away from a volcano.
Justin: Parasitic Cone, secondary cones build up around secondary vents that reach the surface on
larger volcanoes. As they deposit lava and ash on the exterior, they form a smaller cone, one that
resembles a horn on the main cone.
Maralang: Volcanic bombs. In addition to ash, volcanic eruptions have also been known to send
larger projectiles flying. Known as volcanic bombs, this ejecta is defined as those that measure
more than 64mm (2.5 inches) in diameter, and which are formed when a volcano ejects viscous
fragments of lava during an eruption. These cool before they hit the ground, are thrown many
kilometers from the eruption site, and often acquire aerodynamic shapes.
Jazmin: Lava. Lava is the silicate rock that is hot enough to be in liquid form, and which is expelled
from a volcano during an eruption. The source of the heat that melts the rock is known as
geothermal energy
Justin: Magma. Molten material beneath or within the earth's crust, from which igneous rock is
formed. There are four major types of volcanoes Composite Volcanoes: Composite volcanoes, or
stratovolcanoes are volcanoes that have a conduit system inside them that channels magma from
deep within the Earth to the surface. They can have clusters of vents, with lava breaking through
walls, or issuing from fissures on the sides of the mountain.
Justin: Now, let’s move on to the different types of volcano.
Maralang: Shield Volcanoes: These are large, broad volcanoes that look like shields from above.
Examples of shield volcanoes are Kilauea and Mauna Loa.
Jazmin: Lava Domes: Volcanic or lava domes are created by small masses of lava which are too
viscous to flow very far. Unlike shield volcanoes, with low-viscosity lava, the magma from
volcanic domes just pile up over and around the vent. The dome grows by expansion of the lava
within, and the mountain forms from material spilling off the sides of the growing dome.
Chillahuita is an example of an isolated lava dome
Justin: Cinder Cone Volcanoes: These are the simplest type of volcano. They occur when particles
and blobs of lava are ejected from a volcanic vent. The lava is blown violently into the air, and the
pieces rain down around the vent. Over time, this builds up a circular or oval-shaped cone, with a
bowl-shaped crater at the top. An example is Mount Pinatubo.
Maralang: Stratovolcano. A stratovolcano is a tall, conical volcano composed of one layer of
hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash. These volcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and
periodic, explosive eruptions. The lava that flows from them is highly viscous, and cools and
hardens before spreading very far.
Jazmin: Now let me ask you, how can you classify volcanoes? There are three classifications of a
volcano.
Justin: An active volcano is a volcano that has had at least one eruption during the past 10,000
years.
Maralang: A dormant volcano would then be one that hasn’t erupted in the past 10,000 years, but
which is expected to erupt again.
Jazmin: An extinct volcano has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years and is not expected to
erupt again in a comparable time scale of the future.
Justin: Most volcanoes can be found only on designated narrow bands that are suitable for the
completion of its stages. Those three stages are invasion of magma, building pressure and eruption.
Did you know that about 95% of the world’s volcanoes are located near the boundaries of the
tectonic plates while the remaining 5% are thought to be associated with the mantle plumes and
hotspots.
Jazmin: Mantle plumes are areas or columns where heat or rocks in the mantle are rising towards
the earth’s surface. They can be located underneath continental or oceanic crust or along plate
boundaries.
Maralang: Hotspots are locations on Earth’s Surface that have experienced active volcanic
activities for a long period of time. A volcanic "hotspot" is an area in the mantle from which heat
rises as a thermal plume from deep in the Earth. High heat and lower pressure at the base of the
lithosphere (tectonic plate) facilitates melting of the rock. This melt, called magma, rises through
cracks and erupts to form volcanoes.
Justin: Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the
Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastic and volcanic gases erupt through
a break in the surface called a vent. It includes all phenomena resulting from and causing magma
within the crust or mantle of the body, to rise through the crust and form volcanic rocks on the
surface. Active Volcanism occurs in four principal settings:
Maralang : Along divergent plate boundaries such as oceanic ridges or spreading Centers.
Jazmin: In Areas of continental extension that may become divergent plate boundaries in the
future.
Justin: Along converging plate boundaries where subduction occurs
Maralang: And in areas called ‘hotspots’ that are usually located to the interior of plates away from
the plate margins.
Maralang: Mt. Fuji, Mt. Fuji is Japan’s Mt. Fuji is an active volcano about 100 kilometers
southwest of Tokyo. Commonly called “Fuji-san,” it’s the country’s tallest peak, at 3,776 meters.
A pilgrimage site for centuries, it’s considered one of Japan’s 3 sacred mountains, and summit
hikes remain a popular activity. Its iconic profile is the subject of numerous works of art, notably
Edo Period prints by Hokusai and Hiroshige.
Jazmin: It is a volcano that has been dormant since its last eruption, in 1707, but is still generally
classified as active by geologists. The mountain is the major feature of Fuji-Hakone-Izu National
Park (1936), and it is at the centre of a UNESCO World Heritage site designated in 2013.
Justin: It is also located in the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of
the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. Countries at highest risk
of being struck by an earthquake in the Ring of Fire are in the US west coast, Chile, Japan
Other countries along the fault line include Mexico, Antarctica, Russia, Papa New Guinea, Indonesia,
Canada, Peru, Taiwan, Philippines, and Guatemala.

Maralang: Now, let’s move on to earthquake. What is an earthquake? An Earthquake is a natural

phenomenon that is characterized by a sudden, violent shifting of the massive plates underneath’s
Earth’s Surface. Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock
masses move in relation to one another. The major fault lines of the world are located at the fringes
of the huge tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust.
On March 11,2011 a magnitude 9.0 quake triggered a tsunami that killed an estimated
29,000 thousand people and damaged some nuclear reactors. This earthquake is the
largest ever recorded in Japan. Aftershocks continue to rock the island of Honshu.
The aftershocks include more than 50 of magnitude 6.0 or greater, and three above
magnitude 7.0.

Jazmin: There are Four types of Earthquake. A tectonic earthquake is one that occurs when the
earth's crust breaks due to geological forces on rocks and adjoining plates that cause physical and
chemical changes.
Justin: A volcanic earthquake is any earthquake that results from tectonic forces which occur in
conjunction with volcanic activity.
Maralang: A collapse earthquake are small earthquakes in underground caverns and mines that
are caused by seismic waves produced from the explosion of rock on the surface.
Justin: An explosion earthquake is an earthquake that is the result of the detonation of a nuclear
and/or chemical device.
Jazmin: There are three types of faults namely Normal Fault, Reverse Fault, and last Strike-slip
Fault.
Justin Normal faults form when the hanging wall drops down. The forces that create normal faults
are pulling the sides apart, or extensional.
Maralang: Reverse faults form when the hanging wall moves up. The forces creating reverse faults
are compressional, pushing the sides together.
Jazmin: Transcurrent or Strike-slip faults have walls that move sideways, not up or down.