Chemical Engineering Calculations 2

Combustion of Liquids
Submitted by:
Leader: Dimaculangan, Jayvee E.
Members: Aquino, Chamylle Rose T.
Lee, Czarina Mae A.
Perez, Nikko Jay B.
Tullao, Janselle Q.
Zulueta, Adrienne Hera O.
Submitted to:
Engr. Virgilio N. Agbayani
March 7, 2016
1. Crude petroleum oil is generally considered to be formed from animal and vegetable debris accumulating in sea basins or
estuaries and decomposed by anaerobic bacteria resulting in a black viscous product. A typical elemental analysis shows 80%
C, 13% H, 1% N, 3% O, and 3% S. During a certain combustion, air supplied is less than the theoretical so that all of the 𝑂2 is
used up. 70% of the C burns to 𝐶𝑂2, the rest to CO; the molal ratio of CO to 𝐻2 in the exhaust gas is 1:2. Assume that the
Sulfur in the fuel burns to 𝑆𝑂2 and the Nitrogen combines with the nitrogen from air. Calculate:
a) Orsat analysis of the exhaust gas
b) % of the theoretical air which is supplied for combustion
c) Equivalence Ratio

Given: air

exhaust gas

fuel
80% C
13% H 70 % C → 𝐶𝑂2
1% N 30% C → CO
𝐶𝑂 1
3% O =
𝐻2 2
3% S
Required: S + O2 SO2

a. Orsat analysis of the exhaust gas 0.09375 0.09375 0.09375

b. % of the theoretical air which is supplied for combustion
c. Equivalence Ratio
𝐶𝑜 1
=
𝐻2 2
H2 = 2 CO
Solution: H2 (unburned) = 2(2.001) = 4.002
H2O = 6.5 – 4.002 = 2.498
Basis: 100 kg Crude Petroleum

80 𝑘𝑔 𝐶 1
= 6.67 𝑚𝑜𝑙 H2 + O2 H2O
2
12
13 𝑘𝑔 𝐻 2.498 2.498 2.498
= 13 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑁 13 1
= 0.0714 𝑚𝑜𝑙 O2 theo = 6.67 + + 0.09375 − 0.1875 (2)
4
14
3 𝑘𝑔 𝑂 = 9.92 moles
= 0.1875 𝑚𝑜𝑙
16
3 𝑘𝑔 𝑆 O2 air = O2 used
= 0.09375 𝑚𝑜𝑙
32
= 7.013
79
N2 air = 7.013 (21) = 26.38
C + O2 CO2
0.0714
4.67 4.67 (0.70)(6.67) = 4.67 N2 total = 26.38 + = 26.4517
2

1
C + O2 CO
2

2.001 4.002 (0.30)(6.67) = 2.001

a.) ORSAT ANALYSIS
Gas n %

CO2 4.67 12.56%

𝑁𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
CO 2.001 5.38% (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙)
𝑁𝑎𝑖𝑟
d) ER = 𝑁𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
H2 4.002 10.76% (𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜)
𝑁𝑎𝑖𝑟

20.02265
SO2 0.09375 0.25% 33.393
= 20.02265
9.92
N2 26.4517 71.04% 0.21

37.21845 100.00% ER = 1.4

𝑂 𝑎𝑖𝑟
b.) % theo air = 𝑂 2𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 𝑥 100
2

7.013
= 𝑥 100%
9.92
theo air = 70.7 %
2. An alcogas mixture made up of 85% gasoline and 15% ethanol is used as fuel for an engine in the presence of 17.05 m3 air/ kg
alcogas supplied essentially dry at 30°C and 740 mmHg. 80% of the C burns to CO2, the rest to CO; molal ratio of H2 to CO is
1:2. Assume that gasoline has the same composition as a mixture of iso-octane-heptane with 95% octane number. Use a
density of 0.6918 g/mL for iso-octane and 0.684 g/mL for n-heptane. Calculate:

a) Orsat analysis of the exhaust gas

b) % excess air

Given: air 30℃, 740 mmHg

exhaust gas

fuel
85% gasoline
95% octane number 80 % C → 𝐶𝑂2
15% ethanol 20% C → CO
𝑔 𝐻2 1
𝜌𝑖𝑠𝑜−𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 0.6818 =
𝑚𝐿 𝐶𝑂 2
𝑔 𝑚3 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝜌𝑛−ℎ𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 0.684 17.05
𝑚𝐿 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
 Required: = 66.705 kgmol

a) Orsat analysis of the exhaust gas O2 supplied = (0.21)(66.705) = 14.01435

b) % excess air N2 supplied = (0.79)(66.705) = 52.42065

C converted to CO2 = [(0.7083 x 8) + (0.0425 x 7) + (0.3261 x

2)](0.80) = 5.2929 kgmol CO2
Solution:
C converted to CO = 5.2929 x (20/80) = 1.3232 kgmol CO
Basis: 100 kg alcogas
H2 unburned = 1.3232/2 = 0.6616 kgmol H2
Gasoline = 95% octane number;
1.3232 + 0.6616
95 kg C8H18, 5 kg C7H16 𝑂2 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = (14.01435 − 10.29955) +
2
m = ρV = (0.6918)(95) = 65.721 kg C8H18(95% w) = 4.7072 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙

(0.684)(5) = 3.42 kg C7H16 (5% w) a) ORSAT ANALYSIS

0.95 x 85 kg = 80.75 kg C8H18 / 114 kg (MW) n %

CO2 5.2929 8.18
= 0.7083 kgmol C8H18 CO 1.3232 2.04
0.05 x 85 kg = 4.25 kg C7H16 / 110 kg (MW) H2 0.6616 1.02
O2 4.7072 7.27
= 0.0425 kgmol C7H16 N2 52.72065 81.48

15 kg C2H5OH / 46 kg (MW)
b) % excess air
= 0.3261 kgmol C2H5OH
𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 𝑂2 = (0.7083)(8) + (0.0425)(7) + (0.3261)(2) + % 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑥100
(0.7083)(18) +(0.0425)(16) +(0.3261)(16)
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
1
[ ] − (0.3261)( ) = 10.29955 14.01435 – 10.29955
4 2
= 10.29955
𝑥 100
740 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 1000 𝐿
𝑃𝑉 (760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔) (17.05 𝑚3 )(100 𝑚3 )( ) = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟕%
1 𝑚3
𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟 = =
𝑅𝑇 (0.08206)(30 + 273.15)(1000)
3. A primary blend of gasoline (90% octane no.), alcohol (75% ethanol, 25% methanol) and benzole (75% benzene, 15%toluene
and 10% xylene) is burned completely in 35% excess O2. Analysis of the blend shows 70% gasoline, 15% benzole and 15%
alcohol. Calculate the complete analysis of the exhaust gas.

Given: air 35% 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠

exhaust gas

fuel
70% gasoline
90% octane number 80 % C → 𝐶𝑂2
15% alcohol 20% C → CO
75% ethanol
25%methanol
15% benzole
75% benzene
15% toluene
15% xylene

Required:
Complete analysis of the exhaust gas
Solution:

Basis: 100 kg fuel CTotal=(0.5526)(8)+(0.7)(7)+(0.1442)(6)+(0.0245)(7)+(0.01415

)(8)+(0.2446)(2)+0.1172= 6.6671
Gasoline =90% octane no.
HTotal=(0.5526)(18)+(0.7)(16)+(0.1442)(6)+(0.0245)(8)+(0.014
90% C8H18; ρ=0.6918 15)(10)+(0.2446)(6)+(0.1172)(4)= 14.2059
10% C7H16; ρ=0.684 OTotal=0.2446(0.5) +0.1172(0.5) =0.1809
mC8H18= (0.6918) (90) =62.262 kg= 63kg/114 =0.5526 14.2059
Theo O2=6.6671+ -0.1809 = 10.0337
4
mC7H16= (0.684) (10) =6.84 kg= 6.84kg/100 =0.7
O2 supplied= 10.0337(1.35) =13.5509

N2 supplied= 13.5509(79/21) = 50.9772

Benzole

75% benzene (0.75) (15) = 11.25 kg C6H6

Actual combustion
15% C7H8 (0.15) (15) = 2.25 kg C7H8
C + O2 CO2
10% C8H10 (0.10) (15) = 1.5 kg C8H10
6.6671 6.6671 6.6671
mC6H6= 11.25kg/78 =0.1442 kmol C6H6
1
H2 + O2 H2O
2
mC7H8= 2.25kg/92=0.0245 kmol C7H8
7.10295 3.5515 7.10295
mC8H10= 1.5kg/106 =0.01415kmol C8H10

O2free= 13.5509-10.0377 = 3.5132

Alcohol

75% C2H5OH (0.75) (15) = 11.25/46= 0.2446 kmol

25% CH3OH (0.25) (15) = 3.75/32 = 0.1172 kmol

Complete Analysis

CO2-6.6671 9.77

H2O-7.10295 10.41

O2-3.5132 5.15

N2-50.9772 74.67
 4. A boiler uses high grade distillate fuel oil with a calorific value of 43.38 MJ/kg. Analysis of the stack gases at 375℃ and 765
torrs shows 9% 𝐶𝑂2, 1.21% CO, 0.37% 𝐻2 , 7.05% 𝑂2, and 82.37% 𝑁2 . Assuming that the fuel oil consists only of
hydrocarbons. Calculate:
a. % excess air
b. Weight % composition of the fuel oil
c. Air- fuel ratio
d. % CV lost due to:
i. Unburnt combustibles
ii. Uncondensed water
iii. Sensible heat

Given: air

exhaust gas 375℃, 765 torrs

9% 𝐶𝑂2
1.21% CO
fuel 0.37% 𝐻2
𝐶𝑛 𝐻𝑛 7.05% 𝑂2
𝑀𝐽
CV= 43.43 82.37% 𝑁2
𝑘𝑔

Required: a. % excess air

b. Weight % composition of the fuel oil
 c. Air- fuel ratio C + ½ O2 CO2
d. Barrels per metric tonne of fuel oil at 30𝑜 API;
1.21 0.605 1.21
assume 1𝑚3 = 6.2898 American barrels
e. % CV lost due to: 1
H2 + O2 H2O
iv. Unburnt combustibles 2

v. Uncondensed water 10.49 5.245 10.49

vi. Sensible heat
f. Adiabatic flame temperature

Solution: O2used= O2supplied- O2unused

= 21.90-7.05
Basis: 100 kg mol SG O2used= 14.85

N2 supplied = 82.37 14.85-(9+0.605) = 5.245

21
O2 supplied= 82.37(79) =21.90 𝐻𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 =(10.49+0.37)(2) =21.72
𝐶𝑂 𝐻2
O2free= x’s + + b. Fuel oil Composition
2 2
1.21 0.37
Excess𝑂2= 7.05 - - %
2 2
Excess𝑂2= 6.26 C = 10.21 X 12 = 122.52 84.94
H = 21.72 15.06
a) % excess air

𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
% 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑥100 (21.90+82.37)(29)
𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 − 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 c. AFR = = 20.96
122.52+21.72
6.26
= 𝑥 100
21.90−6.26

= 𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟕%

C + O2 CO2

9 9 9
d. % CV lost due to

i) Unburnt combustible
(1.21)(283.18)
%CO=(43.38)(122.52+21.72) (100) = 5.4761%
(0.37)(286.03)
%𝐻2 =(43.38)(122.52+21.72) (100) = 1.6914%
%CO+%𝐻2 = 5.4761 + 1.6914 = 7.17%
ii) Uncondensed water
(10.49)(44.04)
%Uncondensed 𝐻2 𝑂=(43.38)(122.52+21.72) (100) = Q=n𝐶𝑝 dT
7.38% 1219.64
%=(43.38)(122.52+21.72) (100) = 19.51%
iii) Sensible heat

𝐶𝑝 n

CO2 37.11 9
CO 29.14 1.21
H2O 33.58 10.49
H2 23.03 0.37
O2 29.355 7.05
N2 29.125 82.37
 5. A furnace is fired with fuel oil with a partial analysis of 7.6% S and 2.8%N. Orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 9.44% CO2,
1.19% CO, 0.4% SO2 , 0.47% H2 ,6.8%O2, and 81.7%N2. Air is supplied is at 23oC, 755 mmHg and 85% RH. Calculate:

a.)%excess air

b.)Analysis of the fuel oil

c.)m3air/kgfuel

Given: air 23℃, 755mmHg, 85% RH

exhaust gas
9.44% 𝐶𝑂2
1.19% CO
fuel 0.37% 𝐻2
7.6% S 7.05% 𝑂2
2.8% N 82.37% 𝑁2
0.4% S𝑂2

Required:

a.)%excess air
b.)Analysis of the fuel oil
c.)m3air/kgfuel
Solution: Let y= O2 in H2O

Basis: 100 kgmol DSG Actual combustion

(0.076)(F) C + O2 CO2
S bal: =0.004(100)
32
9.44 9.44 9.44
F=168.42kg
1
NF = (0.028) (168.42)=4.7158/14=0.33684 kgmol C + O2 CO
2

N2 supplied= 81.7-0.33684(1/2) = 81.53 1.19 0.595 1.19

O2 supplied = 81.53(21/79) = 21.67

𝐶𝑂 𝐻2 1
O2 x’s= O2theo - − H2 + 2
O2 H2O
2 2

1.19 0.47 2y y 2y
O2 x’s= 6.8 - − = 5.97
2 2

%x’s air
5.97
%x’s air= 21.67−5.97x100 =38.03%
H bal:
C bal:
(168.42)(0.1386-x)= 0.47(2)+4y 1
(%𝐶)(168.42)
= 9.44+1.19
12 O bal:
%C= 0.7574x100= 75.74% (𝑥)(168.42)
+21.67(2) = 9.44(2) + 1.19+ 0.4(2) + 6.8(2) + 2y 2
13
%H+%O= 1-(0.7574+0.076+0.028)

%H+%O= 0.1386 Solving for x 1 2

Let x=%O X=0.0245 x100 = 2.46%

%H=0.1386-x %H=0.1386-0.0246=0.114 x100 = 11.4%H

 7258.2
– 7.3037𝑙𝑛296 ++4.653𝑥10−6 (296)2 760
Ps= 𝑒 73.649− 296 X 101325

Ps =20.90mmHg
(20.90)(0.85)(103.2)
nH2Oair = = 2.487
755−(20.90∗0.85)
Analysis of Fuel Oil
nair=103.2+2.487= 105.687
7.6%S
(105.687)(0.08766)(296)
2.8%N V= 755 =2584.11 m3
760

75.74%C 𝑚3 𝑎𝑖𝑟 2584.11

= 168.42 = 15.34
𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
11.4%H

2.46%O
 6. Coal tar fuels are liquid fuels obtained by blending coal tar distillation products such as carbolic oil, naphthalene oil, creosote oil,
anthracene oil, and medium pitch. A sample elemental analysis shows 85.9% C, 6.3% H, 1.2% S, 5.5% O, and 1.1% N. If this fuel is
burned in excess air at 30℃ and 755 mmHg with 90% RH, it produces a burner gas containing 10.64% 𝐶𝑂2, 3.19% CO and 0.64% 𝐻2 .
Assuming negligible N and S, Calculate:
a. % excess air
b. Complete Orsat analysis of burner gas
c. 𝑚3 stack gas (200℃, 100 kPa) / kg coal tar
d. 𝐴𝐹𝑅

Given: air 30℃, 755mmHg, 90% RH

burner gas 200℃, 100 kPa

10.64% 𝐶𝑂2
3.19% CO
fuel 0.64% 𝐻2
85.9% C
6.3% H
1.2% S negligible N & S
5.5% O
1.1% N
Required: 1.651 0.3313
free O2 = x + +
2 2
a. % excess air 79
b. Complete Orsat analysis of burner gas moles N2 = (8.56 + x)(21)
c. 𝑚3 stack gas/ kg coal tar
d. 𝐴𝐹𝑅
by BG bal:
Solution:
1.651 0.3313
Basis: 100 kg Coal tar fuel 51.76 = 5.507 + 1.651 + 0.3313 + x + + + (8.56
2 2
79
+ x)(21)
85.9 6.3 5.5
O2 theo = + − 32 = 8.56 moles x = 2.326
12 4

a.)
𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂2
% excess air = 𝑥 100
Let x = x’s air O2 𝑂2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜
2.236
= 𝑥 100
O2 air = 8.56 + x 8.56

79 = 27.18 %
N2 air = (8.56 + x)(21)
b.) ORSAT ANALYSIS
by C bal: Gas n %
85.9
= (0.1064 + 0.0319)𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐵𝐺 CO2 5.507 12.56%
12

moles BG = 51.76 moles CO 1.651 5.38%

moles CO2 in BG = 0.1064 x 51.76 = 5.507 H2 0.3313 10.76%

moles CO in BG = 0.0319 x 51.76 = 1.651 O2 3.317 0.25%

moles H2 in BG = 0.0064 x 51.76 = 0.3313 N2 40.95 71.04%

51.76 100.00%
 𝑚3 𝑆𝐺
= 22.26
𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
c.)
d.)
Ps =
(40.95)(28)+ (10.887)(32)+ (2.0284)(18)
7258.2 AFR =
(73.649− − 7.3037 ln(303)+ 4.1653𝑥10−6 (303)2 ) 760
𝑒 303 𝑥 100
101325
= 15.32
Ps = 31.59 mm Hg

31.59(0.90)
Moles H2O from air = (40.95 + 10.886)𝑥 =
755−31.59(0.90)
2.0284

760 273 + 300

𝑚3 𝑆𝐺 (51.76+2.0284+3.15)𝑥 22.4 𝑥 𝑥
750 273
=
𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 100
 7. Same as Problem 6, but assume that all the combustibles are converted to CO2 , and H2 O, with Sulfur converted to SO2 and the nitrogen in the
fuel to NO at 700℃ and 120 kPa. Will the amounts of SO2 and NO (mg/Ncm) be within the allowable requirements of the Philippine Clean Air Act
which are 180 mg/L and 150 mg/L respectively?

Given: air 30℃, 755mmHg, 90% RH

burner gas 700℃, 120 kPa

10.64% 𝐶𝑂2
3.19% CO
fuel 0.64% 𝐻2
85.9% C
6.3% H
1.2% S All combustibles are converted to 𝐶𝑂2 & 𝐻2 𝑂
5.5% O Sulfur converted to 𝑆𝑂2 and Nitrogen to NO
1.1% N

Required:
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
Amounts of 𝑆𝑂2 and NO (mg/Ncm) be equal to 180 and 150 respectively
𝐿 𝐿
Solution:
2.32 O2 = 4.49 kgmol
At S in the fuel = 32
= 0.0725 kgmol

SO2 formed = 0.0725 kgmol NO = 0.512 kgmol

2.13 SO2 = 0.0725 kgmol

At N in the fuel = 14
= 0.152 kgmol
103.75 kgmol
NO formed = 0.512 kgmol
12.17 0.6644
Theoretical O2 = 13.83 + 0.0725 + − = 16.613 kgmol
64 𝑘𝑔 106 mg 4 2
mg SO2 = 0.0725 kgmol × × = 4.64 × 106 mg
1 kgmol 1 𝑘𝑔
22.4 ×298
Ncm = = 103.75 × = 2535 m3
30 𝑘𝑔 106 mg 273
mg NO = 0.512 kgmol × × = 4.54 × 106 mg
1 kgmol 1 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑔 4.64 × 106 𝑚𝑔
SO2 = = 1829.9
m3 2535.6 m3
Moles in the Stack Gas:
𝑚𝑔 4.56 × 106 𝑚𝑔
CO2 : 13.83 kgmol m3
NO = 2535.6
= 1798.4 m3

12.17 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
H2 O = 2
= 6.085kgmol ∴ SO2 and m3 NO exceeds the allowable requirements
m3

N2 = 79.12 kgmol
 8. A German fuel blend called Reichkraftskoff is made up of 50% motor benzole (75% benzene, 15% toluene, 10% xylene), 25% tetralin
(𝐶10 𝐻22 ) and 25% industrial alcohol ( 80% ethanol, 20% methanol). After combustion in excess air, a stack gas containing 9.13% 𝐶𝑂2
and 1.83% CO is obtained. Calculate:
a. %excess air
b. Complete orsat analysis of the stack gas

Given: air

stack gas

9.13% 𝐶𝑂2
1.83% CO
fuel
50% motor benzole
75% benzene
15% toluene
15% xylene
25% tetralin (𝐶10 𝐻22 )
25% industrial alcohol
80% ethanol
20% methanol
Required: CBAL

a. %excess air 6.7582 = (0.913+0.0183)(DSG)

b. Complete orsat analysis of the stack gas
DSG=61.6131
Solution:
O2 SUPPLIED =9.8361+ X
Basis: 100 kg fuel 79
N2 SUPPLIED= (8.8361+X)( )
21
50 kg benzole
37.5𝑘𝑔
75% 𝐶6 𝐻6 =50(0.75) = = 0.4808 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻6 CO2=6.6253
78
7.5𝑘𝑔
15% 𝐶7 𝐻8 =50(0.15) = = 0.8815 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶7 𝐻8 CO= 1.1275
92
5𝑘𝑔
15% 𝐶8 𝐻10 =50(0.15) = 106 = 0.0472 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻6 1.1235
O2= X 2
25kg 𝐶10 𝐻12/ 132 = 0.1894 kmol 𝐶10 𝐻12 79
(8.834+𝑋)( )
21
N2=
25kg Industrial Alcohol 61.6131
20 𝑘𝑔
80% C2H5OH = 25(0.80)= = 0.4348 kmol C2H5OH X=4.4218
46
5 𝑘𝑔
20% CH3OH = 25(0.20)= = 0.1563 kmol CH3OH 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
32 a. %excess air = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜
(100)
4.4218
𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = 0.4808 (6)+ =8.8361 (100)
0.0815(7)+0.047258(8)+0.1894(10)+0.4348(2)+0.1563(1) = 6.7528 =50%
kmol

HTOTAL= 0.4808 (6)+

b. Orsat analysis
Gas n %
0.0815(8)+0.047258(10)+0.1894(12)+0.4348(6)+0.1563(4) =
CO2 5.6253 9.13%
9.5156 kmol
CO 1.1275 1.83%
O2 TOTAL = 0.4348(.5) + 0.1563(.5) = 0.2956 kmol O2 4.9856 8.09%
N2 49.8750 80.95%
9.5167
O2 THEO = 6.7528 + – 0.2956 = 8.8361kmol
4
61.6134 100.00%
 9. Biodiesel from a palm oil has an approximate formula of C𝑥 H𝑦 O𝑧 . Excess air is supplied at 30℃, 100kPa and 85%RH. The exhaust gas leaves at
250℃ and 750 mmHg with a complete analysis of 12.08% CO2 , 0.25% CO, 0.55% H2 , 2.12% O2 , 71.17% N2 and the rest is H2 O. Find

a) formula of biodiesel

b) Equivalence Ratio

Given: air 30℃, 100 kPa, 85% RH

exhaust gas 250℃, 750 mmHg

12.08% 𝐶𝑂2
0.25% CO
fuel 0.55% 𝐻2
𝐶𝑥 𝐻𝑦 𝑂𝑧 2.12% 𝑂2
71.17% 𝑁2
The rest is 𝐻2 𝑂

Required:

a. formula of biodiesel
b. Equivalence Ratio
Basis: 100 kgmol of exhaust gas

H2 O in exhaust gas = 100 – 12.08 – 0.25 – 0.55 – 2.12 – 71.17 = 13.83 kgmol

N2 in exhaust gas = N2 in air = 71.17 kgmol N2

21
O2 in air = 71.17 (79) = 18.92 kgmol O2

At 30℃, T = 30 + 273 = 303 K, Ps is computed as:

7258.2
ln(303)+4.1653 × 10−6 (303)2 ) 760
Ps = [𝑒 (73.649− 303
−7.3037
] × = 31.589 mmHg
101325

31.589 (0.85)
Moles of H2 O in air = (71.17 + 18.92) × 760 mmHg = 3.345 moles
(100 kPa × )− (31.589)(0.85)
101.325 kPa

C in fuel = moles of CO2 + moles of CO = 12.08 + 0.25 = 12.33 moles

H2 in fuel = (13.83 + 3.345) + 0.55 = 11.035 moles

Total H2 in fuel = 11.035 × 2 = 22.07 moles

0.25 13.83−3.345
O2 in fuel = 18. 92 − (12. 08 + + 2.12 + ) = 0.6475 mole
2 2

Total O in fuel = 0.6475 × 2 = 1.295 moles

a) formula of biodiesel
12.33
C = 1.295 = 9.52 × 2 = 19

22.07
H = 1.295 = 17.04 × 2 = 34

1.295
O = 1.295 = 1 × 2 = 2

C19 H34 O2
b) Equivalence Ratio

Using mass balance

Let FO = wt. of Fuel Oil

FO + (71.17 + 18.92)(29) + (3.45)(18) = 12.08(44) + 0.25(28) + 0.55(2) + 2.12(32) + 71.17(28) +13.83(18)

FO = 176.34 kg
CO H2 0.25 0.55
Excess O2 = free O2 − − = 2.12 − − = 1.72 moles
2 2 2 2

Theoretical O2 = O2 supplies – excess O2 = 18.92 – 1.72 = 17.2 moles

176.34
moles of fuel 294
( 71.17+18.92 )
( moles of air )
actual
∅= moles of fuel = 176.34 = 0.91
( moles of air ) 294 )
stoichiometric ( 17.2
0.21
 10. Biodiesel made from jatropha was found to have a Gross Calorific Value of 39.63 MJ/kg and an analysis of 14.2% palmitic acid,
C16H32O2, 6.9% stearic acid, C18H36O2, 43.1% oleic acid, C18H34O2, and 35.8% linoleic acid, C18H32O2. This fuel is burned in excess air
at 32°C and 98 kPa with 75% RH. Partial orsat analysis of the exhaust gas shows 11.63% CO2, 0.61% CO, and 0.92% H2. The exhaust
gases leave at 300°C and 740 mmHg. Find:

a) % excess air

b) AFR, Air-Fuel Ratio

c) Combustion efficiency

Given: air 32℃, 98 kPa, 75% RH

exhaust gas 300℃, 740 mmHg

11.63% 𝐶𝑂2
0.61% CO
fuel 0.92% 𝐻2
14.2% palmitic acid ,𝐶16 𝐻32 𝑂2
6.9% stearic acid, 𝐶18 𝐻36 𝑂2
43.1% oleic acid, 𝐶18 𝐻34 𝑂2
35.8% linoleic acid, 𝐶18 𝐻32 𝑂2
Required: CO = .0061 x 52.1023 = 0.3178;

a) % excess air H2 = 0.0092 x 52.1023 = 0.4793

0.3178 + 0.4793
b) AFR, Air-Fuel Ratio Free O2 = x + 2

c) Combustion efficiency 0.3178 + 0.4793

52.1023 = 6.0595 + 0.3178 + 𝑥 +
2
Solution: 79
+ (9.0012 + 𝑥) ( ) + 0.4793
21
Basis: 100 kg biodiesel
x = 2.3070
2.3070
a) %excess air = 9.0012 𝑥 100 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟑%
C bal:

(14.2)(16) (6.9)(18) (43.1)(18) (35.8)(18) b) AFR

+ + +
256 284 282 280 (73.649 –
7258.2
−7.3037 ln(305)+ 4.1653𝑥10−6 (305)2 ) 760
= (0.1163 + 0.0061)𝐸𝐺 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑒 305 (101325) = 35.406
mmHg
EG = 52.1023 kgmol
35.406 𝑥 0.75 9.0012+2.3070
𝑛𝐻2𝑂 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 98 𝑥( ) = 2.018
Ctotal = 6.3773 kgmol 101.325
𝑥760−35.406 𝑥 0.75 0.21

(14.2)(3) (6.9)(36) (43.1)(34) (35.8)(32) 9.0012+2.3070

Htotal = + + + = 11.9375 kgmol (
.21
)(29)+ (2.018)(18)
256 284 282 280 𝐴𝐹𝑅 = 100
= 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟕
O2 = 0.3605 kgmol
c) Combustion Efficiency
11.9375
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 𝑂2 = 6.3773 + 4
− 0.3605 = 9.0012; 0.03179 𝑥 283.18
%𝐶𝑉 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝑂 = 𝑥 100 = 2.27%
39.63 𝑥 100
let x = excess O2
0.4794 𝑥 286.03
O2 supplied = 9.0012 + x %𝐶𝑉 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐻2 = 𝑥 100 = 3.46%
39.63 𝑥 100
N2 supplied = (9.0012 + x)(79/21)

CO2 = 0.1163 x 52.1023 = 6.0595;

% 𝐶𝑉 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
11.9375
( 2 − 0.4794) 𝑥 44.04
= 𝑥 100 = 6.10%
39.63 𝑥 100

n Cp nCp
CO2 6.0595 0.04654 0.2821
CO 0.3178 0.03025 0.009616
H2O 7.5074 0.03603 0.2711
O2 2.7056 0.03183 0.0861
N2 42.5404 0.02995 0.2624
H2 0.4794 0.01459 0.006994
1.9183 MJ/°C
(300 − 25)(1.9183)
% 𝐶𝑉 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑥 100
39.63 𝑥 100
= 13.31%

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 100 − 13.31 − 6.10 − 3.46 − 2.27 =

𝟕𝟒. 𝟖𝟔%