CWTS Handouts
Water Sanitation and Conservation
Water
- It is an important natural resource and should
be managed in a holistic and sustainable way.
Today, the threat of inadequate safe water
supply is real. Water is a key development
ingredient and should be made available to
every human being.
Water Cycle
- It is one of nature’s most important processes.
Water evaporates into the atmosphere, falls to
Earth as rain or snow, and runs to the oceans to
begin the cycle again. Energy to keep the cycle
moving smoothly comes from the sun.
- Evaporation, one of the major processes in the
cycle, is the transfer of water from the surface
of the Earth to the atmosphere. By evaporation,
water in the liquid state is transferred to the
gaseous, or vapor state.
- Evaporation from snow and ice, the direct
conversion from solid to vapor, is known as
sublimation.
- Transpiration is the evaporation of water
through minute pores, or stomata, in the leaves
of plants. For practical purposes, transpiration
and the evaporation from all water, soils, snow,
ice, vegetation and other surfaces are lumped
together and called evapotranspiration, or total
evaporation.
- The transition process from the vapor state to
the liquid state is called condensation.
Condensation may take place as soon as the air
contains more water vapor than it can receive
from a free water surface through evaporation
at the prevailing temperature.
- By condensation, water vapor in the
atmosphere is released to form precipitation.
- Precipitation that falls to the Earth is distributed
in four main ways: (1) some is returned to the
atmosphere by evaporation, (2) some may be
intercepted by vegetation and then evaporated
from the surface of leaves, (3) some percolates
into the soil by infiltration, (4) and the
remainder flows directly as surface runoff into
the sea. Some of the infiltrated precipitation
may later percolate into streams as
groundwater runoff.
Water Crisis
- 97% of the world’s water is too salty to drink
- 2% is locked up in ice caps and glacier
- Less than 1% is left for drinking, agriculture and
nature.
Sources of Water
1. Surface Water
- Streams
- Lakes
- Rivers
2. Ground Water
Factors that Govern the Quantity of Water Required
- Population
- Water – Consumption Patterns
Factors have been found to Influence Water
Consumption
- Climate
- Industrial Activity
- Meterage
- System Management
- Standard of Living
Philippine legislators are currently working on the Clean
Water Act to ensure that resource regulation covers the
overall management of water resources with respect to
its allocation and distribution, utilization, conservation
and protection, and sustainable use. Water resource
management in the Philippines is currently being
handled by multiple agencies.
Important water – related issues have to be addressed
by public and private players and stake holders to
ensure improved and sustainable water supply for
existing customers and to provide the poor with
equitable access to safe and reliable water supply. The
critical issues include the following:
1. Inadequate supply of clean water;
2. Complex structure of water governance;
3. Sewerage and sanitation;
4. Water pollution;
5. And the implementation of the Philippine Clean
Water Act (RA 9275)
Policies Pertaining to Water Use and Management
National Water Code in 1976
Presidential Decree 1067 (1976)
According to this Report, the Code defines the
following:
1. The basic principles and structural framework
relating to appropriation, control, conservation,
and protection of water resources to achieve
their optimum development and efficient use to
meet present and future needs;
2. The scope of the rights and obligations of water
users and provides for the protection and
regulation of such rights
Other Laws and Descriptions:
1. Republic Act No. 8041, National Water Crisis Act
of 1995
- Addresses the issues of water supply,
privatization of state – run water facilities,
protection and conservation of watersheds and
the waste and pilferage of water
2. Republic Act No. 198, Creation of Provincial
Water Utilities (1973)
- Authorizes the creation of local water districts
to operate and administer water supply and
wastewater disposal systems in the provincial
areas.
 3. Presidential Decree No. 1586, Environmental
Impact Statement System (1978)
- Mandates the conduct of environmental impact
assessment studies for all investments
undertaken by the government and private
sector
4. Presidential Decree No. 424
- Creation of the National Water Resource
Council
5. Republic Act No. 7160, Local Government Code
- Devolves enforcement of laws on sanitation to
LGUs and the provision of basic services such as
water supply, sanitation and flood control
Water resources are critical to the survival of
humankind, but they don’t always exist when and
where they are needed. There is, therefore, a need to
manage water resources efficiently and effectively to
have a sustainable supply of water for both the present
and future generations. There is a present gap between
human demand and the availability of water in the
required quantity and quality, and this has become a
fundamental issue facing the water sector. As
population grow, water shortages will increase, and
competition for water will intensify. This brings to the
fore sustainability issues.
Status of Water Use and Supply
According to the “2005 Little Green Data Book”
of the World Bank, one out of five Filipinos does not get
water from formal sources. Only 77% of the rural
population and 90% of those urban areas have access to
an improved water source and only 44% have direct
house connections. Those without house connections
access water from wells, springs and communal faucets,
and/or from small scale informal providers (Mandrazo,
A., 2002).
Major Problems Concerning Water Use and Scarcity
- Disparity between water supply and demand
- Corporations also directly compete with the
people for the control and use of available
freshwater resources
- Weak water use regulation and enforcement
- Inefficient water use
- Depletion of ground water resources
Cause
- Climate Change
- Increased Pollution
- Increased Human Demand
Effects of Water Crisis
- Inadequate access to safe drinking water for
about 84 million people
- Inadequate access to sanitation for 2.5 billion
people, which often lead to water pollution
- Ground water over drafting (excessive use)
leading to diminished agricultural yields
- Overuse and pollution of water resources
harming biodiversity
- Conflicts over scarce water resources
sometimes resulting in warfare
Marine Protected Areas – VSU Marine Sanctuary
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
- A marine protected area (MPA) is defined as
“any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain,
together with its overlying water and associated
flora, fauna, historical, and cultural features,
which has been reserved by law or other
effective means to protect part or all of the
enclosed environment.” – Kelleher 1999
MPAs in the Philippines
- The Philippines is home to range of 400 to 500
marine protected areas – the most in Southeast
Asia – which were mostly established by the
local government. Currently, however, less than
50 of these sites are recognized as functional
conservation areas.
Purpose of MPAs
- To conserve natural heritage
- To conserve cultural heritage
- Sustainable production
To Conserve Natural Heritage
- The goals are to protect and restore the
biodiversity within the ecosystems of an area.
Some of examples include most national marine
sanctuaries and national wildlife refuges.
To Conserve Cultural Heritage
- This would include providing protection to
historical artifacts, such as a shipwreck. This
may include some of the national marine
sanctuaries, national and state parks and
historic monuments
Sustainable Production
- The area would be managed in a way that
supports the extraction of living resources (like
fish, shellfish, plants, etc.) that depend on the
protected areas habitat for feeding, mating,
spawning, etc. Examples might include some
wildlife refuges, and certain fishing areas.
Local MPA
- VSU Marine Sanctuary
Some Events that occurred in the VSU MPA
- Turtle Releasing
- International Coastal Clean – Up Day: VSU
- Deployment of new buoy markers (heavier,
with LED)
Threats that occurred/ has been occurring within the
VSU MPA
- Hollowblock making
- Sand mining/ Quarrying
- Illegal Fishing
- Garbage
Hollowblock Making and Sand Mining: Harmful Effects
towards the VSU MPA
- Sand Mining causes Erosion
- Sand Mining in Beaches Harms Local Wildlife
- Sand Mining Adversely affects the beach’s
Aesthetic beauty
Climate Change – Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation
What is Environment?
- Environment is the sum of total water, air, and
land and the interrelationships that exist among
them with human being and other living
organism and materials.
- Biotic and Abiotic component
- Responsible in Sustaining Life
- Natural services for humans all other species.
- Atmospheric composition regulation
Climate Change
- A change of climate which is attributed directly
or indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere which is
in addition to natural climate variability
observed over a comparable period of time
Climate System
- The highly complex system consisting of five
major components: the atmosphere, the
hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere,
and the biosphere, and the interactions
between them.
To be able to understand climate change is to
understand the concept of Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect
- These greenhouse gases include water vapor,
clouds, Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide
and halocarbons.
- By burning fossil fuels due to industrialization
and to sustain our modern lifestyle, the level of
GHGs increase rapidly.
Human activities that lead to the increase in
concentration of greenhouse gases include:
- Worldwide deforestation
- Increasing industrial activity
- Motor vehicle emissions and;
- Waste management practices
Basically, there are three main human sources of GHGs:
- Energy generation and industrial processes
- Transportation and;
- Land – use, agriculture and forestry
There are other three (3) man – made GHGs which were
initially intended to replace chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
to prevent further depletion of the ozone layer.
However, they were found to be harmful greenhouse
gases. These are Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
Effects of Climate Change
- Increase in minimum (nighttime) temperatures,
maximum (daytime) temperatures, and
increases in the global mean temperature.
- Increase in sea surface temperatures, sea level
and changes in evaporation, and thus, changes
in rainfall patterns among others.
- Extreme changes in weather patterns.
- According to the assessment report: Global
average surface temperature increased by
0.74°C (1906 – 2005) which is higher than the
Third Assessment Report (TAR) of 0.6°C (1901 –
2000).
- According to Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), in February 2007,
“…warming of the climate system is
unequivocal…and that most of the observed
increase in global average temperatures since
the mid-20th century is very likely due to the
observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse
gas concentrations” (IPCC FAR).
- According to the assessment report: Global
average sea level rose at an average rate of 1.8
mm per year over 1961 to 2003 or a total of
0.17m for the 21st century. How?
- Are there projections for further warming?
There are other projected increases from 1.4°C
to 5.8°C during the 21st century leading to an
increase in the sea level from 18 – 59 cm by
2100. In the Philippines, under the A1B
scenario, mean annual temperatures are
expected to rise by about 0.9°C to 1.2°C for
2020 and 1.7°C to 2.2°C by 2050.
The increase in temperature that will realized by 2100
will depend on several factors including:
- Population growth;
- Amount and manner of developments;
- Adoption of environmentally clean technologies
and;
- Measures or strategies to be put in place by the
global community.
Impacts of Climate Change
Coastal and Marine Ecosystem
- Sea level rise will greatly affect coastal areas
through: Inundation and erosion, Increased
flooding, and Salt – water intrusion, and many
even cause extreme events like high tides,
storm surges, and tsunamis.
- Bleaching of the coral reefs is associated with
the loss of symbiotic algae and/or their
pigments, and the death of the corals if the
warming of the sea surface temperatures are
prolonged.
Water Resources
- Climate change will influence the hydrological
cycle, changing evaporation, precipitation and
runoff patterns which could affect water
resources.
- For extreme weather events – more intense
rainfall in the northern parts of the country; less
rainfall/drought and water scarcities in
provinces along and below the equator.
Agriculture and Food Security
- For every 1°C increase in temperature, rice
yields will decrease by 10% - 15% (IRRI)
- Water for agriculture is critical for food security.
Agriculture is by far the biggest consumer of
water worldwide. To raise a ton of rice, a
thousand gallons of water. (IRRI)
Health
- Death and injury due to flooding
- Reduced availability of freshwater due to
saltwater intrusion.
Biodiversity (Including Forests and Wildlife)
- Increased outbreaks of pests and diseases
- Increased risk of forest fires
- Change in species distribution, composition and
abundance
- Invasion of weeds and alien species
- Displacement of native plant/forest species
- Loss of plant and animal species
- Migration of plant and animal species
- Loss of wetlands
Philippine Vulnerability to Climate Change
- Archipelago, composed of low lying small
islands.
- 70% of cities and municipalities are coastal
areas
- Highly susceptible to flooding and storm surges
- Low Agricultural Productivity – Rice Production
in the Philippines will decline by as much as
75%.
A 1 Degree increase in temperature in the Earth;
Agricultural yield declined by as much as 10%
High susceptible to loss of biological resources –
According to UN, 20% - 30% of plant and animal
species may become extinct as a result of climate
change.
Climate change in the Philippines – DRIER.
Impacts of Climate Change
- Other extreme weather/climate events like
intense rains have been seen to be more
frequent.
What can we do? – Adaptation and Mitigation
- Adaptation – Increase the resilience and coping
capacity of the sector with the current and
future changes.
- Mitigation – Limit cause of climate change
through measures that could slow down the
buildup of atmospheric GHGs concentrations by
reducing current and future emissions and by
increasing GHG sinks.
Adaptation Measures/Strategies
- Agriculture – Adjustment of planning dates and
crop variety; crop relocation; improved land
management, e.g. erosion control and soil
protection through tree planting.
- Water – Expanded rainwater harvesting; water
storage and conservation techniques; water re-
use; desalination; water – use and irrigation
efficiency.
- Human Health – Heat-health action plans;
emergency medical services; improved climate-
sensitive disease surveillance and control safe
water and improved sanitation.
- Infrastructure/Settlement – Relocation;
seawalls and storm surges barriers; dune
reinforcement; land acquisition and creation of
marshlands/wetlands as buffer against sea level
rise and flooding; protection of existing natural
barriers.
- Energy Supply – Improved supply and
distribution efficiency; fuel switching from coal
to gas, renewable heat and power
(hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal and
bioenergy); combined heat and power; early
applications of Carbon Dioxide Capture (e.g.
storage of removed Carbon Dioxide from
natural gas)
- Transport – More fuel efficient vehicles; hybrid
vehicles; cleaner diesel vehicles; biofuels; non-
motorized transport (cycling, walking); land use
and transport planning
Significant Milestones in the Philippines Response to
Address Climate Change
- Created the Inter-Agency Committee on Climate
Change (IACCC) in May 1991 to serve as the
national coordination mechanism and
administrative machinery to implement the
country’s commitments to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
- Signed the UNFCCC on June 1992 and ratified it
on August 2, 1994
- Signed the Kyoto Protocol on April 15, 1998 and
ratified it on November 20, 2003
- Designated the DENR as the National Authority
for CDM on June 25, 2004 by virtue of Executive
Order No. 320
- Issued DENR Adm. Order 2005-17 on August
2005 on the IRR Governing E.O. 320
 - Republic Act No. 9729: Climate Change Act of
2009 (Signed 23 October 2010)
An Act Mainstreaming Climate Change
into Government Policy Formulations,
Establishing the Framework, Strategy
and Program on Climate Change,
Creating for this Purpose the Climate
Change Commission (CCC), and for
Other Purpose.
CCC – sole policy – making body of the
government tasked to coordinate,
monitor and evaluate CC programs and
action plans attached to the Office of
the President.
- The National Framework Strategy on Climate
Change – 2010 – 2022
- The Philippine Strategy on Climate Change
Adaptation – 2010 – 2022
“Climate Change will not be effectively managed
until individuals and communities recognize that
their behavior can make a difference.”
-The Royal Society, Climate
Change: what we know and
what we need to know (2002)
The Role of the Youth in the Environment Protection
and Management
Youth
- The time of life when one is Young.
- A young person.
- Anyone below the age of 30.
The current population of the Philippines is 108,355,737
(August 30, 2019, UN).
Fifty – nine percent (59%) of the Philippine population is
below 30 years old, and the country’s median age of
23.1 is the age of a fresh college graduate.
Why the youth?
- They comprise the majority of population.
- They are the hope of our future.
- Change makers of today.
“Our youth sector is an essential partner of the DENR in
promoting environmental awareness. With their active
involvement in social media that influences many, the
youth can create a climate resilient future.”
-Director Sibbaluca
What you can do?
- Educate other people especially the other youth
regarding the importance of protecting the
environment.
- Take part in community-engaging activities
which promote environmental protection and
conservation.
- Develop a lifestyle which upholds the welfare of
the environment
- Be active in social media regarding these issues,
but remember DON’T JUST RANT, prove
yourself through ACTIONS.
WHAT WILL YOU DO?
NSTP – CWTS Orientation
Introduction
- CWTS is one of the components of NSTP
- Requirement for baccalaureate degree for both
male and female students
Course Description
- Designed to encourage youth to contribute to
the improvement of the general welfare and
the quality of Filipino life.
- Students are required to carry out projects and
activities contributory to the general welfare
and the betterment of life of community
members.
- Enhancement of its facilities, especially those
devoted to improving health, education, safety,
livelihood, environment, entrepreneurship,
recreation, morals of the citizenry, and other
social welfare services.
NSTP – CWTS Vision
- Train students to become innovators of social
change with a culture of excellence and to
become leaders with integrity, competence,
and commitment to render service to the
community.
- Develop in the youth the values of patriotism
and national pride, discipline and hard work,
integrity and accountability for nation building,
and volunteerism as valuable and effective
members of the National Service Corps of CWTS
NSTP – CWTS Mission
- Promote and integrate values of education,
transformational leadership, and sustainable
social mobilization for youth development,
community building, national renewal, global
solidarity.
- Providing relevant activities that will contribute
to the physical, intellectual, spiritual, and social
development of students.
- Inculcating in students the values of leadership,
patriotism, and social responsibility.
- Training students to become project planners,
designers, and managers of innovative and
sustainable community service – oriented
projects.
- Conducting capability enhancements for civic
welfare services geared toward preparing the
youth to become result – oriented social
entrepreneurs, volunteers, and a socio-
economic mobilizing force that serve
communities as value-driven innovators for
progress.
- Working closely with a network of organizations
within and outside the higher education
institutions.
- Creating opportunities where students can
render direct service to the community.
NSTP – CWTS CORE VALUES
- Love for God
- Human Dignity
- Discipline, Truth, Goodness, and Social
Responsibility
- Awareness, Innovation, and Creativity
- Respect, Synergy, and Professionalism
- Excellence and Indigenous Learning
- Protection and Conservation of the
Environment
- Quality Service Delivery
Course Objectives
At the end of the course, the students will be
able to:
- Internalize virtues as the foundation of
leadership, their application on an individual,
team, and institutional levels vis-à-vis national
development in the context of self-awareness
and values integration and promotion of
framework for understand human nature.
- Interpret the basic concepts of development
management and social mobilization.
- Apply the concepts learned, and design civic
welfare projects/activities to be implemented
as a team in their assigned community barangay
or government agency.
- Document team activities in their assigned
barangay or government agency and provide a
summary of lessons learned in carrying out
CWTS projects and activities.
- Generate an individual output on the CWTS
experience, focusing on the core values learned.
Students must present their individual outputs
either in written or visual forms.
Duration and Equivalent Course Unit
- CWTS shall be undertaken in two (2) semester,
credited for three (3) units per semester, for 54
to 90 training hours per semester/ or one (1)
summer program in lieu to the two (2) semester
program.
NSTP – CWTS Minimum Standard
- Minimum standard for NSTP is the development
of common and specific modules set forth in
the IRR.
- NSTP – CWTS includes a minimum of seven
topics:
1. Self-Awareness and Values
Development
2. Leadership Training
3. Dimension of Development
4. Community Exposure
5. Community Needs Assessment
Gallery
6. Community Services dwell on Drug
Addiction, Health Education,
Environment Education, and
Entrepreneurship and Culture
7. Program Implementation,
Monitoring and Evaluation
NSTP – CWTS Dimensions of Development
S-afety and Security
E-ducation
R-ecreation
V-Values Formation and Moral Recovery
I-ndustry and Entrepreneurship
C-are for Health
E-nvironment
- Safety and Security – Disaster preparedness
during fire, earthquake or other calamity that
needs immediate response from any trained
civilians during emergency situations. Basic life-
saving seminar, fire drill and the like are some
of these examples.
- Education – Enhancement of institutional
support materials and facilities for the
community and school e.g., providing materials
containing basic literacy skills for preschoolers,
alternative learning system for out-of-school
youths and adults, etc.
- Recreation – Involves sports fest, parlor games
for street children and painting that enrich
youth’s capacities to relate with one another in
community.
- Values Formation and Moral Recovery –
Involves the development of youth to be good
leaders, responsible individuals imbued with
good moral values and active agent of
development of the community.
- Industry and Entrepreneurship – Includes
programs and activities that are vital to
economic growth. CWTS students demonstrate
technical skills in communities like meat
processing, silkscreen making and how to
establish small business.
- Care for Health – Aims to give knowledge on
medical-related fields and extend health
services needed in the community. This also
includes medical services like first-aid
operation, vaccination, info dissemination, basic
life-saving seminars, health/nutrition technical
assistance and training of youth to be first aid
assistants.
- Environment – Inculcates environmental
awareness and its contribution to health and
related fields. This also involves management of
waste, environmental protection, dissemination
and application of technologies supportive of
the community needs and livelihood activities
related to environment and other related fields
supportive of the national thrust.
- Self-awareness and values development
- Leadership training
- Dimension of Development
Videos Leadership Truth

- Community Exposure “We praise leaders too much when teams

- Community needs assessment succeed, and blames them too much when
- Community services dwell on drug addiction, teams fail.”
health education, environmental education and
What is leadership?
entrepreneurship and culture
- Program implementation, monitoring and - Leading people
evaluation - Influencing people
- Commanding people
Leadership Exploration and Development (LEAD)
- Guiding people
Program Objectives
Leadership Qualities that Make Great Leaders
- Understand the team concept.
- Honesty and Integrity
- This activity is intended to build camaraderie,
- Confidence
cooperation, unity, respect, trust and honesty
- Inspire Others
among members of the group.
- Commitment and Passion
- Sharpen communication techniques and skills.
- Good Communicator
- This also enhances the true spirit of servant
- Decision-making Capabilities
hood and putting responsibilities in lined to
- Accountability
ethics and discipline which touches the affective
- Delegation and Empowerment
domain of an individual.
- Creativity and Innovation
- Learn techniques for building a better team.
- Empathy
What is a Team?
Team Morale Depends On
- According to Webster’s Ninth Edition:
- Support
“A team is a number of persons associated
- Resources
together in work or activity: as a group on one
- Communication
side.”
- Personalities
In other words, when one person cannot
accomplish a job alone and several individuals Why People Join Group?
must cooperate to fulfill a mission, you need a
team. The better the cooperation, - Security
communication, and coordination among team - Status
members, the more efficient the team. - Self-esteem
- Affiliation
Common Need – The overriding need of all people - Power
working for the same team: to make the team - Goal Achievement
profitable.
Conflict Management
Conceptions of Team
- Conflict – The opposition between two
- The Athletic Perspective – Team connotes simultaneous but incompatible feelings, ideas,
winning and losing. In an athletic arena, winning or interests,
is the ultimate goal. - Benefits of Conflicts – Increased understanding,
- The Power of Two – Team implies partnership. increased group cohesion, improved self-
This includes both business and personal knowledge
partnership such as marriage. - Drawbacks of Conflicts – Personal dislike,
disengagement from work, downward spiral of
Why Teams Work
negativity and recrimination
- Team initiates change – Often those at the top
Conclusion
of the organization are challenged by what
changes are necessary within an organization. - Leadership is the process, not the position.
Teams provide a valuable source of feedback. - Combine the power and influence into process
- Teams are natural problem solving devices – A of work.
team setting opens up new communication - Keep the bright side of yours and improve the
lines. Because of the necessity of dark ones.
communication within a team, members - Enhance your skills in perceiving, managing,
encounter problems and challenges in early using, and understanding emotions.
stages and are able to head them off with - Keep followers close to the heart and improve
greater efficiency and success. them through effective delegation.
- Teams are collections of the organizations best - Establish effective groups and teams to help
assets – Each team member has specific talents. you achieve the overall goals.
By combining individuals in team fashion, all of - Understand the pros and cons conflicts, and
these talents are joined to work toward a apply the appropriate techniques to resolve
common goal. them.
“A leader is one who knows the way, goes the
way and shows the way.”
-John Maxwell