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The year 1919 was a watershed in the modern Indian history, as 4 important
developments took place-
(1) Firstly Montagu-Chelmsford reforms were enacted-they didn’t grant
swaraj but anticipated a period of self-government by Indians.
(2) Secondly,the repressive Rowlatt bill was introduced and the Amritsar
massacre occurred at Jallianwala Bagh.
(3) A new course of political action emerged -that of non-violent non-
cooperation,and
(4) A new leader, Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa and became a
symbol of moral leadership for the entire country.
4. The movement was mostly urban and affected the following areas-
Amritsar, Lahore in Punjab, Ahmadabad and Nadia in Gujarat, Delhi,
Bombay and Calcutta.
NON-COOPERATIONMOVEMENT (1920-22)
At the beginning of 1920, the Indians were highly discontented as the
Rowlatt Act, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and martial law in Punjab
had belied all the wartime promises of the British. The Montagu-
Chelmsford Reforms satisfied few and the Indian Muslims were also
incensed.
Gandhi suggested to the Khilafat Committee to adopt a programme of
non-violentnon-cooperation to protest the Government’s behavior. On
9th June 1920, the Khilafat Committee unanimously accepted the
suggestion and asked Gandhiji to lead the non-cooperationmovement.
The movement was to be formally launchedby Gandhi on 1 August 1920
centered on three things-the Punjab wrong, the Khilafat wrong and
Swaraj. However the established politicians of the Congress still had
their doubts about a non-cooperation programme. The Congress met in
September at Calcutta with the main opposition led by C.R. Das and
Motilal Nehru against the boycott of elections of Central legislative
councils.
In the Nagpur Session of the Congress in December 1920, CR Das
changed his attitude and accepted the resolution of non-violentnon-
cooperation.The programme of non cooperation was accepted by the
Congress as its own and included – the surrender of titles and honours;
triple boycott of schools, courts, councils; national schools and colleges
were to be set up; hand spinning and weaving was to be encouraged
along with the promotion of Khadi. Thus the Nagpur session committed
the Congress to a programme of extra constitutional mass action.
To enable the Congress to fulfill its new commitment changes were
introduced in its organization on Gandhi's insistence. The goal of the
Congress was changed from the attainment of self-government by