Basic Mechanical

Engineering ESC
111
Instructor
Syed Umaid Ali

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My introduction

 B.E(Electronics) from NUST.

 M.S(Electronics) from IIUI.
 Currently doing PhD(EE) from Bahria University.
 Career Services Coordinator(Internship+Placement).
 6 years experience in renewable energy industry.
 Entrepreneur.
 Consultant.
 Office: NC basement Room no. 6
 Visiting Hours: 10:30am-12:30pm (Mon-Wed)

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Lecture 1:ESC 111

Why BME Course for

Electrical Engineers?

 Forces are every where.

 Power / force supplied by motors.

 Effect of forces on electrical components like power pylons, robots and

machines.

 Design of machines’ components.

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Course Outline

 Fundamental Concepts and Principles of Mechanics

 Fundamental and Derived Units

 Moments and Couple

 Laws of Equilibrium and Free body diagram

 Structures, frames, machines

 Dynamics and examples

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Course Outline (contd.)

 Newton’s 2nd law and motion in 2D/3D

 Energy, Momentum and Dynamics in Engineering

 Design of Pulleys

 Design of Bearings and Lubrication

 Coupling

 Mechanical Power Transmission, Beams

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Lecture 1:ESC 111

Fundamental Concepts and

Principles of Mechanics
 Mechanics:

 Statics

 Dynamics

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Reading Material

 Lecture slides (Only outline of topics)

 Lecture notes (Most Important)

 Text Books (For self study / assignments)

 Engineering Mechanics Statics vol.1

 Engineering Mechanics Dynamics vol.2 by Merriam and
Kraige
 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

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Marks Breakdown

 4 Assignments 20 Marks
 4 Quizzes 10 Marks

 Prepare lecture notes with record of all quizzes and

assignments in separate folder. This is weighted activity.

 Mid Term 20 Marks

 Final 50 Marks

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 Fundamental Principles
Mechanics is the physical science which deals with the effects of
forces on objects.
The subject of mechanics is logically divided into two parts: statics,
which concerns the equilibrium of bodies under action of forces, and
dynamics, which concerns the motion of bodies.

Basic concepts used in mechanics:

space, time, mass, force, particle, rigid body

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 Chapter 1 Introduction to Mechanics
Give the meanings and explanation of the following specific
terms, i.e. space, time, mass, and force.
Space is the region occupied by the bodies. We set up an
coordinate system to specify where the object is by the position
and its posture by the orientation.
Time is the measure of the succession of events. Often, we are
more interested in the change of physical quantities with respect
to time, e.g. v = ds/dt, instead of time variable itself.
Mass is the measure of the inertia of a body. The inertia indicates
the resistance to a change in motion.
Force ‘a fixed vector’, is the measure of the attempt to move a
body.

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Fundamental Principles
Basic concepts used in mechanics:
Space, time, mass, force, particle, rigid body
coordinates - position of a point P (x, y, z)
measured from a certain point of reference

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 Fundamental Principles
Basic concepts used in mechanics:
Space, time, mass, force, particle, rigid body
time of an event taking place, determination of velocity
and acceleration

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Fundamental Principles
Basic concepts used in mechanics:

Space, time, mass, force, particle, rigid body

mass of a body [kg, ton] action of weight, behavior under the
action of an external force

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Fundamental Principles
Basic concepts used in mechanics:
Space, time, mass, force, particle, rigid body
magnitude, direction, point of application
e.g. action on a rigid body, action of one body onto another

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 Fundamental Principles
Basic concepts used in mechanics:
Space, time, mass, force, particle, rigid body
infinite small piece of a body, single point in space. When the
dimensions or size of a body are considered to be negligible
and are irrelevant to the description of its motion, the body is
modeled as a particle.

Example: A cricket ball as viewed by a

spectator, a distant aero-plan tracked
by a ground observer,
a satellite orbiting the earth and seen
by an observer on the earth.
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Fundamental Principles
Basic concepts used in mechanics:

Space, time, mass, force, particle, rigid body

body consisting of a non-deformable material (no
displacement under the action of forces)
When the dimensions, linear, & angular, of a body don’t
change during the course of observation.
Examples: An aeroplane observed in roll, pitch, & yaw, a
wheel of a vehicle

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 Introduction to Mechanics
Give the meanings and qualitative explanation of the following
specific terms, i.e. particle, rigid body, and nonrigid body.
Particle is a body of which its dimension is negligible. The
rotation effect is insignificant because it is just a point. Whether
the body can be treated as the particle or not depends on the
relative dimensions in the problem and how much detailed of the
solution we are interested in.
Rigid body is a body whose relative movement between its parts
are negligible relative to the gross motion of the body. For
example the motion of an ingot can be analyzed by assuming the
object being rigid.
Non-rigid body is a body whose relative movement between its
parts are significant relative to the gross motion of the body.
Knowledge of the mechanics of the deformable material must be
used along with Dynamics in order to determine 17 the absolute
motion of the rigid body.
Vectors and Scalars

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 Scalars
Scalar quantities are those which are described solely
by their magnitude
Some examples are:
Mass e.g. 14 [kg], 36 [lbs], …
Time e.g. 10 seconds, 40 minutes, …
Volume e.g. 1000 cm3, 4 litres, 12 gallons
Temperature e.g 14 oF , 25 oC, …
Voltage e.g. 9 Volts, etc

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 Vectors
Vector quantities are those which need to be described by BOTH
magnitude and direction
Some of the most common examples which we will encounter are:

Velocity e.g. 100 [mi/hr] NORTH

Acceleration e.g. 10 [m/sec2] at 35o with respect to EAST

Force e.g. 980 [Newtons] straight down (270o)

Momentum .g. 200 [kg m/sec] at 90o.

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Graphical representation of a Vector
- line segment of certain length (magnitude) and orientation (θ)
- arrowhead indicating direction

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 Symbolic representation of a Vector
- magnitude, length of vector: ║V║, |V| or V, e.g. in scalar equations
- vector quantities respecting the orientation: V, V
e.g. mathematical vector operations

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Symbolic representation of a Vector

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Representation of Vectors
Algebraically a vector is represented by its components
along the three dimensions.

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Representation of Vectors

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Representation of Vectors

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Representation of Vectors

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Representation of Vectors

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Vectors Magnitude: Vector
r
| V | or V :r
V or V
 Vectors Revisited
 Convention
 Addition
 Components
 Vectors in space

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Vectors

 Basic Concepts (contd.)

 Types of Vectors

 Free Vector

 Sliding Vector

 Fixed Vector

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Vector’s Point of Application

Vectors: “Magnitude”, “Direction”“Point of Application”

 External

 
effect
F The
 F F external
Internal
Effect –
F ? consequenc
stress
= e of these
two forces
will be the
same if ….
- Rigid Body
Fixed Vector Free Vector Sliding Vector

E.g.) Force on rotating motion, E.g.) Force on

Principle of
couple rotation
rigid-body Transmissibility
non- rigid vector
body F
Rigid Body

F
F
Rotational motion occurs 31
point of action at every point in the line of action
object.
 Classification of Vectors
Free vector is a vector whose action is not confined with a unique
line in space. That is, only its magnitude and direction do matter.
Some examples are the displacement vector of a pure translational
rigid object, or the couple vector of a rigid body. Free vector is free
to slide and translate as long as its direction and magnitude are
maintained. In other words, its line of action and point of
application do not matter.
Sliding vector is a vector whose line of action must be specified in
addition to its magnitude and direction. External force or moment
acting on the rigid body falls under this category. Therefore sliding
vector has a freedom to slide along the fixed line of action.
Fixed vector is a vector whose magnitude, direction, line of action,
and point of application are all important in the analysis. External
force or moment acting onto the nonrigid body must be dealt with as
the fixed vector due to the deformable effect of the 32object.
 Classification of Vectors

1. Free Vector action in space not associated with a

unique line
e.g. uniform displacement of a body

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 Classification of Vectors

2. Sliding Vector action in space described by a

unique line
e.g. action of force on rigid body

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 Classification of Vectors

3. Fixed Vector action in space described by a

unique point
e.g. action of force on non rigid
body

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2-D Rectangular Coordinate Systems
1. Show the relationships between the planar force vector, its
components, and its direction.
If a 2-D rectangular coordinate system has been specified, a
planar force vector, F, can be written as the addition of its
component vectors along the coordinate axes.
F = Fx + Fy = Fxi + Fyj
The components are the orthogonal projection of the vector onto
the respective axes which is determined by the dot product of the
vector and the unit vector along the axes.
Fx = F · i = F cos θ
Fy = F · j = F sin θ
The magnitude and direction of the force vector F follow
immediately as F = Fx2  Fy2 36
θ = arctan2 (Fy, Fx)
 2-D Moment and Couple
Moment is the measure of the attempt to rotate a body, which is
usually induced by force. The moment is always associated with
a specific point, meaning that we must specify the point in
determining the moment about that point.
In 2-D problems, the moment vector’s direction is always
perpendicular to the plane established by the point and the line of
action of the force. In this course, the moment can be treated as a
sliding vector so the problems can make use of the principle of
transmissibility.

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 Time
In physics, we are most often less interested in absolute time than
changes in time, or a time interval.
seconds [sec]
minutes [min]
Time can be expressed in several units as well: hours [hr]
days
years
etc…

Example 1: How much time does it take for the earth to make one
revolution? ANS : 365 Days for 1 Complete Revolution
Example 2: How long did it take for you to go home from UET today?

We usually refer to a time interval as : Dt

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 Velocity
Velocity is a measure of the rate of change of the distance with
respect to time.
v = Dd / Dt

 It will usually be measured in [m/sec].

 What does 5 [m/sec] mean?

 It means if an object passes by us at 5 [m/sec], it will
advance its position by 5 [m] every second. So after 2 [sec],
it will have advanced 10 [m], and 20 [m] in 4 [sec] and so
on.
If a train moves at 50 [meters/sec], how far will it go in 50 seconds ?

a) 100 miles b) 2.5 [km] c) 250 [m] d) 2500 miles

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 Acceleration (I)
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time

a = Dv / Dt [a] = [m/sec] / [sec] = [m/sec2]

 What does a = 5 [m/sec2] mean?

If an object starts at rest, its velocity increases by 5 [m/sec]
every second.

Time (sec) Acceleration Velocity

0 5 m/sec2 0 m/sec
1 5 m/sec2 5 m/sec
2 5 m/sec2 10 m/sec
3 5 m/sec2 15 m/sec
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4 5 m/sec2 20 m/sec
 Acceleration (II)
Acceleration can be negative also! We call this deceleration.

 If the acceleration is in the same direction as the velocity,

the object has positive acceleration (it speeds up).

 If the acceleration is in the opposite direction as the velocity,

the object has negative acceleration or deceleration (it slows down).

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