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CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Background and Rationale

Roughly 1.35 million people around the world die due to road crashes a global

problem that the World Health Organization (WHO) says is both predictable and preventable.

Most of the victims come from low and middle-income countries. Those in the prime of their

lives are particularly vulnerable, with road injuries the leading cause of death among those 5-29

years old. Economic losses to individuals, their families, and to the nation as a whole are the

causes of road traffic injuries and the problems that arise are the cost of treatment, loss of

productivity for the persons who became disabled and killed during the accident. And for family

members they are the one who lessen their time at work and at school to take care of their injured

family members (World Health Organization, 2018).

The Philippines is also seeing worrying figures, with data from the Metropolitan Manila

Development Authority’s (MMDA) and Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System

(MMARAS), showing that the Philippine capital averaged slightly over 49 cases of non-fatal

road injuries and 1 fatality per day in 2018. Over 270 times per day reported incidents of damage

of property. According to the latest available data the grand total of recorded incidents in 2018 is

116,906. Last year, there were 394 deaths from 383 recorded incidents with fatalities. October

was reported the most dangerous month which topped out at 10,407 recorded traffic incidents.

December has 38 fatalities from 10,397 recorded incidents and it was the deadliest month. The

most lethal hours to be out on the road were between 3 am and 4 am (31 deaths), and between

11pm and 12am (29 deaths). There are also cases of hit-and-run incidents that topped out at
4,490 and there are 141 pedestrians were killed on 2018. The report shows that most recorded

accidents didn’t involve cars, but motorcycles instead. The total number of non-fatal injuries is

13,594 and 224 fatal ones involving motorbikes was recorded in 2018 as reported by MMARAS

(MMDA, 2018).

Philippines has been institutionalizing road safety measures in order to ensure the safety

of its travelling public and eventually minimize these death statistics. The country continues to

design and improve innovative measures to prevent deaths caused by accidents. Moreover, the

Land Transportation Office continues to perform their functions on the inspection and

registration of motor vehicles, issuance of license and permits, enforcement of land

transportation rules and regulations, and adjudication of traffic cases. Its primary mission is to

rationalize the land transportation services and facilities and to effectively implement the various

transportation laws, rules, and regulations. Hence, the promotion of safety and comfort in land

travel is one of LTO's continuing commitments (PSA, 2017).

The researchers observed that there are rising cases of motorcycle accidents and mostly

the victims are students of SAC. Some of them experiences physical injury and worst is death. In

addition to this, the researchers would like to conduct a study regarding road safety to measure

the level of knowledge, attitude and practices. The researcher would like to implement health

promotion advocacy to lessen the cases of motorcycle accidents among students.


Objectives of the Study

This study will be conducted to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practices

regarding road safety among motorcycle-riding students of St. Anthony’s College for School

Year 2019 - 2020.

Specifically, this study aimed to:

1. Determine the level of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding road safety among

motorcycle-riding students of St. Anthony’s College when taken as a group and when grouped

according to (a) sex, (b) age, and (c) socio-economic status.

2. Determine the significant differences in the level of knowledge, attitude and practices

regarding road safety among motorcycle-riding students of St. Anthony’s College when taken as

a group and when grouped according to (a) sex, (b) age, and (c) socio-economic status.

3. Determine if there are significant relationships among the level of knowledge, attitude

and practices regarding road safety among motorcycle-riding students of St. Anthony’s College.

Hypotheses

Based on the aforementioned problems, the following hypotheses are formulated:

1. There are no significant differences in the level of knowledge, attitude and practices

regarding road safety among motorcycle-riding students of St. Anthony’s College when taken as

a group and when grouped according to (a) sex, (b) age, and (c) socio-economic status.

2. There is no significant relationship between the level of knowledge and practices

regarding road safety among motorcycle-riding students of St. Anthony’s College.


Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

This study is mainly anchored on the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991; Ajzen &

Driver, 1991; Azjen & Madden, 1986), it states that a person’s behavior is determined by his/her

intention to perform that behavior. The intention is formed by his/her attitudes toward that

behavior, his/her beliefs about what others think he/she should do, his/her motivation to comply

with the wishes of others and perceived behavioral control. If the individual evaluates the

behavior as beneficial, and significant others approve of the behavior, then the individual has

more intention to carry out the behavior and is more likely to do so (Montano & Kasprzyk,

2002). The paradigm of the Theory of Planned Behavior is shown below:

Figure 1. The Theory of Planned Behavior Model

The theoretical framework of the study is also anchored on the Health Promotion Model

(HPM) of Dr. Nola Pender states that each person has unique personal characteristics and

experiences that affect subsequent actions. The set of variables for behavioral specific

knowledge and affect have important motivational significance. These variables can be modified
through nursing actions. Health promoting behavior is the desired behavioral outcome and is the

end point in the HPM. Health promoting behaviors should result in improved health, enhanced

functional ability and better quality of life at all stages of development. The final behavioral

demand is also influenced by the immediate competing demands and preferences, which can

derail an intended health promoting actions.

Conceptual Framework

The research paradigm (Figure 2) illustrates the variables included in the study and the flow of

relationship among these variables. This study assumes that certain personal factors such as

socio-economic status, sex, and age may create a difference on the level of knowledge, attitude

and practices of motorcycle-riding students of SAC.

ANTECEDENT INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT


VARIABLES VARIABLES VARIABLES

*AGE
*AGE
*SEX
*SEX
*SOCIO-ECONOMIC
*SOCIO-ECONOMIC
STATUS
STATUS
Figure 2. Research paradigm showing the relationship among Variables in the study.

Definition of Terms

To better understand the study, the following terms are conceptually and operationally

defined:

Age. In this study, the term refers to the length of an existence of motorcycle riding students of

SAC during the conduct of study and is categorized as follows: young adults (18-21) and older

adults (22-30).

Attitude. In this study, this term refers to the internal psychological tendency and level of

perception or a behavior of motorcycle riding students towards road safety when classified as

very good, good and poor attitude.

Knowledge. In this study, knowledge refers to the facts, information and skills acquired by

motorcycle-riding students through experience or education familiarity of the concepts and facts

about road safety and were classified as a high level of knowledge, the average level of

knowledge and low level of knowledge.

Motorcycle-riding students. In this study, this term refers to the students who are capable of driving

motorcycle and use as respondents and beneficiaries of this study.

Practices. As used in this study, it refers to the ways and habits of students in SAC in terms of

driving a motorcycle and they were classified as satisfactory and poor practice.
Road Safety. In this study, this term refers to the accident risks and the common road safety

measures views as the perspective of knowledge, attitude, and practices.

Sex. As used in this study, the term refers to the respondents’ biological identity and is primarily

associated with physical and physiological features including chromosomes,gene expression,

hormone levels and function, and reproductive or sexual anatomy whether a male or a female.

Socio-economic status. In this study, this term refers to the social standing or class of the

respondents and they were classified as high income, middle income, and low income groups.

St. Anthony’s College. In this study, this term refers to the only Catholic Educational

Institution of higher learning in the Province of Antique and it is the venue for the conduct of the

study.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study may be beneficial to the motorcycle-riding students of SAC,

parents,school administrators, Department of Health, MDRRMO, LGU, and future researchers.

Motorcycle-riding students. This study may help the students through the baseline data

gathered such as the conduct of advocacy program in order to equip them with sufficient

knowledge and analyze the effect of driving behavior on road accidents and the importance of

personal protective equipment if ever accident may occur.

Parents. This study may help to be guided on how they should instill discipline and

encourage safe driving among their children. They can check on the whats and hows of their
children in relation to the policies on road safety and provide appropriate support in terms of

training and purchasing of motorcycle safety gear.

Nursing students. This study may help the nursing students conduct an advocacy program in

order to equip their fellow students with knowledge and to lessen the incidents of road accidents.

The result of the study may also serve as a guide in establishing holistic health promotion

programs for SAC.

College Administrators. The results of this study may also benefit the college administrators.

They will implement rules about road safety and incorporate knowledge, attitude and practices

regarding road safety.The results may also benefit SAC. Being responsible for the overall

welfare and health of its students.

Concerned government agencies (DOH, LGU of San Jose). The results of the study may also

serve as a guide in the assessment and evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency in the

implementation of their respective programs. Through the results of the study, necessary

innovations and interventions may be implemented in enhancing the technological competence

as caring and clinical decision - making skills of professional nurses.

Future Researchers. To future researchers, the results of this study may provide a substantial

information and direction in their investigations that have something to do with knowledge,

attitude and practices on road safety. This study may also serve as a springboard for future

researchers, especially those which will delve on topics regarding road safety in the local

communities as well as on the dissemination of information to low socio-economic communities.


Scope and Limitations of the Study

This descriptive correlational study aims to determine the level of knowledge, attitude,

and practices regarding road safety among motorcycle-riding students of St. Anthony’s College

for School Year 2019 when group according to age, sex and socio-economic status.

The respondents of this study are 60 motorcycle-riding students of SAC. The findings of

this study were limited only to the college students of St. Anthony’s College in Antique. This

study also aims to determine the level of knowledge, attitude and practices of the motorcycle

riding students when grouped accourding to age, sex and socio economic status.

The data will be analyzed using the frequency count and mean. The statistical tools such

as Mann-Whitney U test Kruskal-Wallis H test, Spearman's p will be used to ascertain the

differences, to determine the relationship between the variables to be tested in this study.

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