LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM

BIOLOGI UMUM
CELL OBSERVATION
Gresia Palentina Hutagaol
Kelompok 4
NIM. 4193342003

RINGKASAN

Microscope is a device used to see very small objects. The microscope has the ability to enlarge images on cells.
Both objective and eyepiece lenses. Broadly speaking, objective objects produce transient shadows that have a
pseudo, inverted, and enlarged nature of the initial object's position, then what determines the nature of the
shadow then subsequently is the ocular relationship. Plant cells have cell walls, nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell
membranes. Plant cells have a neat and orderly shape because plant cells have cells. The cell wall is a structure
through a plasma membrane that can give cell shape. Animal cells have abstract and irregular shapes. Because
it's a cell because animals don't have cell walls. Living cells are cells that still have an important role in life.
From living things. While dead cells are cells that must have a role in a successful life process and only consist
of cell walls.

Keywords: Microscope, objective and ocular, plant cells, animal cells, living cells and dead cells

DAFTAR ISI
Praktikum 1 – Cell ............................................................................................................................................. ?

Praktikum
Cell

Tujuan Praktikum
1. In order to know and distinguish animal and plant cells.
2. To find out the organelles that can be observed in epidermal allium cepa cells.
3. To find out the structure of red blood cell.
4. To find out the shape of the oral mucosal epithelum.
5. Know the epidermal tissue structure of the rhoeo discolour layer.

Landasan Teori
Cell Latin word cella.Means the small room, which was discovered by Robert Hooke,
observation of cork incisions (there are small rooms that are cork compile).The cell is a small
room bounded by a membrane, which is Inside there is a liquid (protoplasm).Protoplasm
consists of plasma cells (cytoplasm) and cell nucleus (nucleus).In the nucleus there are nucleus
or nucleoplasm plasma.Cells are the smallest units of living things that can carry out life (cannot
be further divided) is the smallest constituent unit living things (seen as structural).Fungsional
Functionally, cells function to carry out the functions of life (organizes life if its constituent cells
function).then forms organisms.Cells multiply by dividing (mitosis).In addition, cells also
contain genetic material, which is material determining the nature of the nature of living things
then the nature of living things can be passed on to his descendants (Sheila,2015).
Cells are the smallest structural unit of a living organism.The cell is surrounded by
membrane / cell membrane in which there is fluid (protoplasm) or matrix, and subcellular
forms, cell organelles, which are also surrounded by membranes.Protoplasm consists of plasma
cell (cytoplasm) and cell nucleus (nucleus), inside the cell nucleus there is nucleus or plasma
nucleoplasm.Structurally, cells are the smallest unit of living things that can carrying out life,
which is the smallest unit making up living things. Accordingly functional, cells function to carry
out the functions of life (organizing life if the culprit cells function), then form organisms.Cells
multiply by dividing (mitosis).Apart from that cell too contain genetic material, which is the
material determining the nature of living things, then the nature of sentient beings life can be
passed on to its offspring.Every cell, at some stage in its life,contains DNA as material that can
be inherited and directs cell activity the.In addition, all cells have a structure called ribosomes
that function within making proteins that will be used as catalysts for various chemical
reactions in cells the.Each organism is composed of one of two types of cells that are structurally
different: prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells.Both types of cells are distinguished by position
DNA in cells most of the DNA in eukaryotes is shrouded in the organelle's membrane called the
nucleus or cell nucleus, whereas prokaryotes do not have a nucleus.Prokaryote cell,In
prokaryote cells (from Greek, pro, 'before' and karyon, 'seeds'), there are none membrane that
separates DNA from other cell parts, and the region where DNA concentrated in the cytoplasm
called the nucleoid.Most prokaryotes are organisms unicellular cells with small size (0.7–2.0 µm
in diameter and volume around 1 μm3) and generally consists of a cell envelope, cell membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleoid, and several another structure.Almost all prokaryotic cells have a cell
envelope outside their cell membrane.IfThe casing contains a rigid layer made of carbohydrates
or carbohydrate-protein complex, peptidoglycan, the layer is called a cell wall (Tim Dosen
Pembina,2017).
In the level of biological organization, cells are the simplest collection of matter that can live.
There are even various forms of life that exist as single-celled organisms. More complex
organisms, including plants and animals, are multicellular in nature; the body of such organisms
is the result of cooperation between many specialized cell types who can't have a long life alone.
However, even when organized into higher levels of organization, such as tissues and organs,
cells are the basic unit for the structure and function of organisms. Every action of an organism
starts at the cellular level.The basic unit for the structure and function of each organism is one
of two cells, eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. The main difference between prokaryotic
cells and eukaryotic cells is that prokaryotic cells do not have a core membrane while
eukaryotic cells have a core membrane, which distinguishes between prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells is the location of their DNA. In eukaryotic cells most of the DNA in oorganels is
called the nucleus. which is determined by the double membrane. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is
concentrated in an area that is not veiled by a membrane called a nucleoid. (Campbell, 2008).
Most bacteria have an outer membrane that covers the peptidoglycan layer, and there are
also bacteria that have a cell covering of proteins.Meanwhile, most of the veil arche cells are
made from protein, although some are made from peptidoglycan.Cell envelope prokaryotes
prevent cell breakage due to osmotic pressure in an environment that has lower concentration
than cell contents.A number of prokaryotes have other structures outside their cellar.Many
types bacteria have a layer outside the cell wall called capsules that help bacterial cells attached
to the surface of objects and other cells.Capsules can also help bacterial cells avoid certain types
of human immune cells.In addition, a number of bacteria attached to the surface of objects and
other cells with a protein thread called pilus (plural:pili) and fimbria (plural: fimbriae).Many
types of bacteria move using flagellum (plural: flagella) attached to a cell wall and rotating like a
motor.Prokaryotes generally have one DNA molecule with a circular structure concentrated in
the nucleoid.In addition, prokaryotes often also have genetic material an additional called
plasmid which also has a circular DNA structure.In general, plasmids not needed by cells for
growth even though plasmids often carry genes certain that provide additional benefits in
certain circumstances, for example resistance against antibiotics.Prokaryotes also have a
number of structural proteins called the cytoskeleton, which are at first it was thought to only
exist in eukaryotes (Yulanda,2011).
The skeleton's protein regulates cell division and play a role in determining the shape of
cells.Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryote cells (Greek, eu, 'real' and karyon) has a nucleus.Eukaryote
cell diameters are usually 10 to 100 µm, ten times more bigger than bacteria.Eukaryote
cytoplasm is the area between the nucleus and the membrane cell.The cytoplasm consists of a
semicair medium called a cytosol, which is in it there are organelles with specialized forms and
functions and most are not owned by prokaryotes.Most organelles are limited by one layer of
membrane, but some are which is limited by two membranes, for example the nucleus.Besides
the nucleus, a number of other organelles are owned by almost all eukaryote cells, namely
(1)mitochondria, where most of the cellular energy metabolism occurs;(2) endoplasmic
reticulum,a membrane network where glycoprotein and lipid synthesis are;(3) golgi bodies,
direct the results of cell synthesis to its destination;and (4) peroxisome, the place of
refurbishment fatty acids and amino acids.Lysosomes, which describe broken cell components
and foreign objects entered by cells, found in animal cells, but not in cells plant.Chloroplast, the
site of photosynthesis, is only found in certain cells plant leaves and a number of unicellular
organisms.Both plant cells and a number unicellular eukaryotes have one or more vacuoles,
which are organelles where they are stored nutrients and waste as well as the site of a number
of decomposition reactions. Cytoskeleton fiber protein networks maintain cell shape and
control structure movement in eukaryote cells.Sentriol, which is only found in animal cells in
near the nucleus, also made of cytoskeleton.Rigid cell walls, made of cellulose and other
polymers, surround the cell herbs and make it strong and tough.Fungi also have cell walls,
however its composition is different from the cell wall of bacteria and plants.Between cell walls
the adjoining plants have channels called plasmodesmata (Kompasiana,2018).

Alat dan Bahan

Alat Jumlah Bahan Jumlah
Aqua cup 1 One sheet of R -
Discolor leaf
Drop pipette 1 One shallot -
object glass 5 One segment of -
sweet potato
leaves
Microscope 1 Methylen blue
Roll tissue 1
Spatula 1
Francke 1
needle
alcohol 70%
Razor blade
Prosedur Kerja
1. First sliced r discolor leaves, onion and sweet potato stalks are very thin and transversely.
2. Place the slices from the sample onto the slide, then look using a microscope.
3. Draw blood using a francke needle, then drop onto the slide.
4. Wait until the blood dries and then drop with methylene blue.
5. After that observe using a microscope.
6. Prepare the mucosa on the slide and wait for it to dry and then drop it with methylene blue.
7. After that observe using a microscope.

Hasil dan Pembahasan

Hasil
Materials Result Information
1.Rhoe discolour 1.dinding sel
2.ruang sel

2. Manihot sp 1.dinding sel

2.stomata
2.nukleus

3.Allium Cepa 1.dinding sel

2.nukleus
3.ruang sel

4.Mukosa 1.membran sel

2.sitoplasma
3.nukleus

5.Blood 1.membran sel

2.nukleus
3.sitoplasma
Pembahasan
Plant cells consist of several organelles, namely cell walls, plastids, large vacuoles, cell nuclei
and other cell organelles.Likewise animal cells, consisting of several cell organelles namely
plasma membrane, cell nucleus, lysosomes, and small vacuoles and several other cell
organelles.But from what I have observed, only a few cell organelles are found, both in plant
cells and in animal cells.In plant cells, cell organelles obtained are only cell walls, and cell nuclei,
whereas in animal cells (oral mucosa) only get cell membranes, cytoplasm, and cell nuclei
only.Even what is obtained in this lab is not only limited to cells, but also gets derivatives from
epidermal tissue, namely stomata.This happens because of some error factors that are made
while doing practicum.According to image data that have been obtained when observing living
cells and dead cells, it is shown that there are clearly differences between the cells of Allium
cepa, Allium sativum, and Tradescantia spathacea which are included in plant cells and oral
mucosal cells which are animal cells, with cell cells.cork that belongs to dead cells.By observing
that, we can identify what organelles are in plant cells, and animal cells directly.The organelles
that appear in the 4x10 microscope magnification results are cell wall, cell nucleus and
cytoplasm in plant cells where the samples are Allium cepa and Tradescantia spathacea.In
animal cells the cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm are visible, and only the cell wall is
visible in the cross section of the cork preparation.This happens because when making
preparations, the resulting incision is not thin enough to be seen under a microscope.These
results are in accordance with what has been described in the literature.According to living cells
generally have protoplasm, nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and cytoplasm.However, if
specifically for plant cells, it is also explained by that plant cells have vacuoles, plastids, do not
have centrioles, have cell walls, and cell shapes tend to be strong and permanent.However,
when compared with the results of the experiment, the results obtained are not in accordance
with the literature because the experiments only get a cell wall, nucleus, and cytoplasm alone,
not found plastids, and vacuoles.Whereas specifically in animal cells, only cell membranes and
nuclei are found and this is also different from the literature.According to organelle cells owned
by animal cells are cell membranes, lysosomes, and centrioles.If you look at cork cells, there are
no cell organelles in them, because cork cells are dead cells that consist only of cell walls.In
addition to cork cells, the results are consistent with what Robert Hooke has found about cells,
namely there are empty spaces in cork incisions.The materials used in this experiment have
their respective functions.Aquades to help clarify observations of plant cells if observed under a
microscope.Shallots (Allium cepa) are used as observation objects.
Manihot Sp is used as an object of observation.Cork is used as an object of
observation.Rhoedescolor (Tradescantia spathacea) is used as an object of observation.Blood is
used as an object of observation.Methyleneblue is used to color a living wet preparation to be
seen clearly when viewed under a microscope.Then the tools used in this experiment have their
respective functions, among them, a microscope is used to observe very small objects so that
they are clearly visible.Glass preparations or glass objects are used as a container to put the
object to be observed.Cover glass or cover glass is used as an object glass cover so that the
object does not shift when observed with a microscope.Dropper drops are used to take the
liquid to be dropped on the object of observation.Tweezers to move, take and hold the object of
observation to remain sterile.Sharp razor blade is used to slice the object to get a thin slice of
the object of observation.Toothpicks are used to pry into the mouth wall to obtain flat mucosa
as an object of observation Mobile is used to capture observations that appear on the
microscope's ocular lens.Writing tools are used to write observations.In cells there are
organelles that function specifically within meet the needs of the cell itself and the organelles
are mitochondria, organelles that play a role in cell respiration.Cell respiration aims to produce
energy that will be used in cell activity.Lysosome,Organelles that play a role in cell
digestion.This organelle contains enzymes lysozyme which will lyse cells that are dead,
damaged or old.Apparatus Golgi, organelles that play a role in the secretion of products, both
proteins, polysaccharides or fat.Endoplasmic reticulum (RE), organelles that play a role in
synthesis product.There are two types of RE, namely rough RE (RE which is on the surface there
are ribosome granules) and smooth RE (RE that does not have ribosomes).
Coarse RE functions to synthesize proteins, whereas fine RE functions within fat and sterol
synthesis.Sentriol, organelles that play a role in cell division.The centriole functions to pull
chromosomes towards the opposite pole.Plastids,organelles that contain pigments (color).
Vacuoles, organelles that are function in the storage of food reserves, essential oils and leftovers
cell metabolism.Microtubules, organelles that have a tubular structure.example flagella (for cell
movement), cilia (cell attachment devices) and spindles (for cell division).
Microfilament, oragnel which has a filament (thread) structure.Function in cytoplasmic
movement and muscle contraction.Micro Agency, there are two kinds of micro bodies, namely
Peroxisomes (containing the enzyme catalase) and Glyoxisomes (contain enzymes catalase and
oxidase).Cell wall, structure cellulolytic and chitin which function to give cell shape and as cell
protector.Plasma membrane, composed of protein fats or lipoproteins.Set in and out of
substances, conveys signs and receives stimuli as well defense.Cytoplasm, a semi-thick liquid
containing chemicals organic and inorganic and there are organelles in it.
Cytoplasm is the place of cell metabolism.In the cytoplasm there is organelles namely
endosplasm reticulum, ribosomes, aparathus golgi, lysosomes,mitochondrea, plastid and
centriole.The cell nucleus is the cell's largest organ, with diameter between 10-20 nm.The
nucleus has a round or oval shape.Almost all cells have a nucleus, because this nucleus plays an
important role in cell activity, especially in carrying out protein synthesis.But there are some
cells which has no nucleus include erythrocyte cells and platelet cells.Composition the nucleus is
composed of a nucleus membrane, a matrix, and a nuclear child.
Plant tissue that is still meristem or is still young in shape cells tend to be almost uniform and
mostly isodiametric, meaning diameter the length and width are relatively the same.On a
network that functions as a network protectors where the function closes the surface of the
body, then the cells cells relatively flat and wide,for example epideris tissue on the leaf surface
and the stem.Transport network whose function is to collect water and minerals from the soil
towards the body of plants and the results of photosynthesis from the leaves throughout the
body plants have a long long form.Relative plant cell structure has a stable shape because it has
a cell wall.Animal cell its shape is not determined by the cell wall but rather is determined by its
position against other cells in the tissue and its function.That influencing the shape of animal
cells are micro filaments and micro tubules which acts as a cell endoskeleton.Descriptions of the
structure of organs and tissues often refer to shapes his cell.The following are some common
cell shapes: Squamous - thin, flat,scaly, often with protuberances where there is a cell nucleus
(for example: the lining cell the esophagus and forms the surface layer of the skin's
epidermis).Cuboid square, almost the same height and width (example: cells from the
liver).Columnar - height greater than width (example: lining cells in the stomach and
intestine).Polygonal - has an irregular angular shape with four, five,
or more side.Stellata - has several pointed edges, giving shape which is somewhat similar to a
star (for example: body cells in many nerve cells has a shape like a star).Ovoid / Spheroid -
round oval (example: egg and white blood cells).Discoid - disk-shaped (example: cell Red
blood).Fusiform - extends with a thickened middle and tip tapered (example: smooth muscle
cells).Fibrosa - long, slim, and similar like a thread (for example: skeletal muscle cells and axons
from fibers in nerve cells).

Kesimpulan
There are many differences in animal cells and plant cells. The difference can be seen from
the shape, number of organelles, structure and so forth.The most basic difference between
animal cells and plant cells is that plants have cells, while animals do not have cell walls.These
cell differences then also have an impact on larger characteristic differences. Examples such as
the ability to move. Plants can only make small and subtle movements, while animals can make
very active movements.
Epithelial tissue, i.e. surface epithelium, is a lining epithelial lining covering the surface of the
body and internal organs, the epithelium connects secreting hormones or other products. To
make fresh tissue preparations using the supravital method. The oral method is a method for
obtaining preparations from living cells or tissues. The colors commonly used for supravital
coloring are janus green, neutralred, methylene blue, with a certain concentration. Supravital
preparations are preparations that are temporary so they must be completed immediately with
a microscope after the preparation of these preparations is finished.Oral mucosal epithelial cells
Oral mucosal epithelial cells consist of four consecutive layers from the deepest to the surface,
namely the germinativum / basalis layer, the spinousum layer, lapisangranulosum and the
corneum layer. Basal Stratum consists of a layer of cube-shaped cells bordering lamina propia
and contains stem cells containing continuous tubercosis and its daughter cells are made into a
shallower layer. Stratum spinousum consists of several layers of cells shaped round or oval and
has the characteristics of cells that begin to mature. Stratum granulosum consists of several
layers of cells that are more flat and more than the stratum spinosum and contain more
keratohyalin granules which are keratin cells. Oral mucosa can be grouped into three types,
namely mucosal mucosa, mucosa cover and mucosac specifically. Chewing mucosa in the oral
region that receives chewing pressure such as gums and hard palate. The epithelial tissue is
paratathinized (it has a thin layer of kerosene in which some cells still have incomplete cell
nuclei) Mucosa covers according to the floor of the mouth, the inferior surface of the tongue, the
inner surface of the biblical cheeks, the soft palate and the alveolar mucosa are usually gums.

Referensi
Campbell,Neil A.(2008).Biologi Edisi Kedelapan Jilid 1.Jakarta:Erlangga
Huda Nurul,Sheila.(2015).Alat Bantu Alat Pengenalan Sel Hewan Dan Tumbuhan.Jurnal
Prosiding Sentia.1(7).261-264
Tim Dosen Pembina.(2017).Struktur Sel Tumbuhan Dan Sel Hewan.Yogyakarta:Uny
Yulanda,dkk.(2011).Struktur Sel Epidermis Dan Stomata Daun Beberapa Tumbuhan
Suku Orchidaceae.Jurnal Bioslogos.1(1).5-9
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