rTTD 'rerrain Reflection Model t.

Jith Application
to ILS Glide Slope

A nissertation presented to
The Faculty of the colleqe of Engineering and Technology

Ohio University

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Deqree

Doctor of Philosophy

by
Vichate Unqvichian
June. 1981

O!HIO UNIVER.SITY
LIBRARY
 This Dissertation has been approved

for the Department of Electrical Enqineerinq

and the College of

Enqineerinq and Technoloqy

Dean of the College of

Enqineerinq and Technoloqy

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank Dr. Ray J. Luebbers, his

dissertation advisor r for the help and guidance in this

investiqation.

A special thanks qoes to the staff of the Avionics

Engineering center. Ohio University, Mr. Kent A. Chamberlin,

and Mr. Larrv L. Lamb.

 i
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

List of Fiqures iii

Lis t of Table s vii

Chapter I Introduction 1

Chapter II Theory of Waves Scattered by Irregular Terrain 10

A. Physical Optics Approximation Technique 13
B. Geometrical Optics Technique 18
c. Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 25
D. Uniform Theory of Diffraction 36

Chapter III Ray Types and Existence 42

A. Zero-Order Group 43
A.1 Direct Rav 45
A.2 Sinqlv-Reflected Rav 45
A.3 SinqlV-Oiffracted Ray 47
B. First-Order Group 51
B.1 Doubly-Reflected Ray 53
B.2 Reflected-Diffracted Ray 55
~.3 Diffracted-Reflected Ray 59
B.q Doubly-Diffracted Ray 63
C. Second-Order Group 65
C.1 TriplY-Reflected Ray 66
C.2 Reflected-Reflected-Oiffracted Ray 69
C.3 Reflected-niffracted-Reflected Ray 71
C.4 Reflected-Diffracted-Diffracted Ray 14
C.5 Diffracted-Reflected-Reflected Ray 76
e.G Diffracted-aeflected-Diffracted Ray 79
C.7 Diffracted-Diffracted-Reflected Ray 81

Chapter IV Application at Test Sites 85

A. Hypothetical Site 87
A.1 Introduction 87
A.2 Model Comparison 89
B. Kodiak Alaska 92
B.l Introduction 92
B.2 Model Validation 94
c. Carswell Air Force Base 100
C.1 -Introduction 100
c.2 Model Validation 10LJ
D. Springfield, Ohio ~unicipal Airport 115
0.1 Introduction 115
D.2 Model Validation 121

Chapter V Conclusions 132

References 135
 Appendices ii

A- Course Deviation Indication Determination 140

B- UTD computer Model Descriptions 181
c- Computer Proqram Listinqs 184
 iii
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Fiqure 1-1 Two-Dimensional Conducting Plate Approxima-

tion to Reflecting Terrain. 9
Fiqure 2-1 Exterior Wedqe Diffraction Geometry Coor-
d ina tes. 12
" Fiqure 2-2 Coordinate System for Electromaqnetic Beflec-
Reflection. 15
Fiqure 2-3 Astiqmatic Tube of Rays Illustratinq Geome-
trical Optics Approach to Propagation. 19
Fiqure 2-4 Terrain with 90 Deqree Dropoff. 21
Fiq11re 2-5 Antenna Patterns Obtaine~ by Geometrical
Optics, Geometrical Theory of Diffraction,
and Uniform Theory of oiffraction Techniques. 23
Figure 2-6 Illustration of Diffraction Unit Vectors
when Antenna Source is located Exterior to
the Wedqe. 34
Fiqure 2-7 Diffraction Anqle ~ and Cone of Diffracted
Rays. 35
Figure 2-8 Two Transition Reqions about the Reflection
and Shadow Boundaries Where Fields are Rapidly
varyinq. In shaded regions, only the UTD
technique is valid, but outside the shaded
Areas, both the GTD and UTD technique are
valid. 40
F:iqure 3-1a The Doubly-Diffracted Ray Situation Which
is Excluded from the GTD model Calculation. 44
F.iqure ]-lb The Doubly-Diffracted Ray Is Considered in
the Calculation. 44
Fiqure 3-2 The Direct Ray Which propaqates Directly from
the Source Antenna to the Observation Point. 46
Fiqure 3-3 The SinqlY-Reflected Ray Reflected from
Plate L to the Observation Point. 48
Figure 3-4 The Sinqly-Diffracted Ray Diffrac~ed from
Edqe e to the Observation Point. 52
Fiqure 3-5 The Doubly-Reflected Ray Reflected from Plate
L to Plate ft, and Reflected from Plate ~ to
the Observation Point. 54
Figure 3-6 The Reflected-Diffracted Ray Reflected from
Plate K to Edge e (Diffraction Point g( and
Diffracted from Edqe e to the Observat1on
Point. 56
Fiqure 3-1a Depiction of First Method for Determininq
the Existence of a Diffraction Point (QQ) for
a possi~le Reflected-Diffracted Ray Reflected
from Plate K and Diffracted at Edqe e. 58
Figure 3-7b Depiction of Second Method for Determ.ining
thE Existence of a Diffraction Point (Qe) for
a possible Reflected-Diffracted Bay Reflected
from Plate K and Diffracted at Edqe e. 58
 iv
Fiqure 3-8 The Diffracted-Reflected Ray Diffracted
from Edqe e (Diffraction point (Qe) to
Plate L and Reflected feam Plate L to the
Observation Point. 60
Fiqure ]-9a The first ~ethod for Determininq the
Diffracted-Reflected Ray Path. 62
Fiqure 3-9b The Second Method for Determininq the
Diffracted-Reflected Ray Path. 62
Fiqure )-10 The Doubly-Diffracted Ray Diffracted from
E dqe e' (Diffraction Pain t9.t,and Di ffracted
from Edqe e l to the Observat~on Point. 64
Fiqure ]-11 The Triplv-Reflected Ray Reflected from
Plate K to Plate L, Reflected from Plate L
to Plate M, and Reflected from Plate M to
the Observation Point., 67
Piqure 3-12 The Reflected-Reflected-Diffracted Ray
Reflected from Plate K to Plate L, Reflected
from Plate L to Edqe e (Diffraction Point Qe)'
and Diffracted from Edge e to the
Observaticn Point. 70
Fiqure ]-13 The Reflected-Diffracted-Reflected Ray
Reflected from Plate K to Edqe e (Diffraction
Point Qe >, Diffracted from Edge e to Plate M,
and Reflected from Plate M to the Observation
Pain t , 72
Fiqure 3-14 The Reflected-Diffracted-niffracted Ray
Reflected from Plate K to Edge e (Diffraction
point Q.l, Diffracted from Edqe e to Edge e t
(Diffraction Point Qe~' and Diffracted from
Edge e' to the Observation Point. 75
Fiqure )-15 The Diffracted-Reflected-Reflected Ray
Diffracted from Edqe e (Diffraction Point Qe )
to Plate L, Reflected from Plate L to Plate ~
and Reflected from Plate M to the Observation,
Point. 17
Fiq u r e 3-16 The Diffracted-Reflected-Diffracted Ray
Diffracted from Edqe e (Diffraction Point Qe>
to Plate L, Reflected from Plate L to Edge e t
(Diffraction Point Qe~' and Diffracted from
Edge e' to the observation Point. 80
Fiqure 3-17 The Diffracted-Diffracted-Reflected Ray Dif~
racted from Edqe e (Diffraction Point (Qe>'
Diffracted from Edqe e' to Plate ~, and Ref-
lected from Plate M to the Observation Point. 82
Fiqure 4-1 Two-Dimensional Hypothetical Terrain profile
Used in Calcu1atinq the Results in Figures
4-2 and 4-3. 88 .
Fiqure 4-2 Calculated Normalized Antenna Patterns Vs.
Elevation Anqle Above Horizontal for Two
Dimensional Hypothetical Terrain of Figure
4-1 with 2-Deqree Upslope Grade. 91
Figure 4-3 Calculated Normalized Antenna Patterns Vs.
Elevation ~nqle Above Horizontal for Two
Dimensional Hypothetical Terrain of Figure
 v
q-1 with 6.)-Deqree Upslope Grade. 93
Fiqure 4-4 Profile of Terrain in the Reflectinq Zone
for Kodiak, A l a s k a . ' 95
Fiqure 4-5 Measured and Calculated Curves of CDI Vs.
Elevaticn Anqle for a 1000' Hiqh Level Run
Fliqht Measurement Along the Runway Centerline
for the Null Beference System at Hiqh Tide
at Kodiak. 98
Fiqure 4-6 Measured and Calculated Curves of CDI Vs.
Elevation Angle for a 1000' Hiqh Level Run
Fliqht Measurement Alonq the Runway Centerline
for the Null Referenc~ System at Low Tide
at Kodiak. 99
Fiqure 4-7 Measured and Calculated Curves of COl Vs.
Distance for a Low-Approach Pliqht Along the
Runway Centerline for the Null Reference
system at Hiqh Tide at Kodiak. 101
Fiqure 4-8 Measured and Calculated Curves of CDI Vs.
Distance for a Low-Approach Flight Along the
Runway Centerline for the Null Reference
System at Low Tide at Kodiak. 102
Fiqure 4-9 Profile of Terrain in the Reflectinq Zone for
Carswell AFB, Texas. 103
Fiqure Q-l0 Measured and Calculated Curves of CDr Vs.
Elevation Anqle for a 1000' Hiqh Level Bun
Fliqht Measurement Along the Runway Centerline
for the Null Reference System at Carswell
AFB,' Texas. 106
Fiqure 4-11 Measured and Calculated Curves of CDr Vs.
Elevation Anq}e for a 1000' High Level Run
Fliqht Measurement Alonq the Runway Centerline
for the Null Reference System at Carswell
AFB, Texas. 107
Fiqure 4-12 Measured and Calculated Curves of eDT Vs.
Elevation Anqle for a 1000' Hiqh Level Run
Fliqht Measurement Alonq the Runway Centerline
for the capture Effect System at Carswell
AFB, Texas. 108
Fiqure q-13 Measured and Calculated Curves of CDr Vs.
Elevation Anqle for a 1000' Hiqh Level Run
Pliqht "easurement Alonq the Runway Centerline
for the capture Effect System at Carswell
AFB, Texas. 109
Fiqure 4-14 Measured and Calculated Curves of CDr Vs.
Distance for a Low-Approach Flight Along the
Runway Centerline for the Null Reference
System at Carswell AFB, Texas. 111
Piqure 4-15 Measured and Calculated Curves of CDI Vs.
Distance for a Low-Approach Flight Along the
Runway Centerline for the Null Reference
System at Carswell AFB, Texas. 112
Fiqure 4-16 Measured and Calcula~ed Curves of cnr Vs.
Distance for a Low-Approach Flight Along
the Runwav Centerline for the capture
 vi

Effect System at Carswell AFB, Texas. 113

Piqure 4-17 ~easured and Calculated Curves of CDr Vs.
Distance for a Low-Approach Fliqht Alonq
the Runway Centerline for the capture
Effect system at Carswell AFB, Texas. 114
Fiqure 4-18 The springfield Site Topography. 117
Fiqure 4-19 Terrain Profile Along a Line from the
Antenna Mast to the Point Below an Air-
craft Located As Shown in Figure 4-18b
at Sprinqfield, Ohio Municipal Airport. 119
Figure 4-20 ~easured and Calculated Curves of CDr Vs.
Elevation Anqle for a 1000' Hiqh Level Run
Fliqht Measu~ement Alonq the Runway
Centerline for the Null Reference System
at Sprinqfield, Ohio. 122
Figure 4-21 Measuced and Calculated Curves of cor Vs.
Elevaticn Anqle for a 1000' High Level Run
Fliqht Measurement Alonq the Runway
Centerline for the Null Reference System
at Sprinqfield, Ohio. 123
Fiqure 4-22 Measured and Calculated Curves of cnr Vs.
Distance for a Low-Approach Fliqht Along
the Runway Centerline for the Null Refer-
ence System at Springfield. Ohio. 124
Fiqure 4-23 ~easured and Calculated Curves of CUI Vs.
Distance for a Low-Approach Flight Along
the Runway Centerline for the Null RefeG
ence System at Springfield, Ohio. 125
Fiqure 4-24 Measured and Calculated Curves of cor Vs.
Elevation Anqle for a 1000' Hiqh Level Run
Fliqht Measurement Alonq the Runway
Centerline for the Capture Effect System at
Springfield, Ohio. 126
Fiqure 4-25 Measured and Calculated Curves of CDI Vs.
Elevation Anqle for a 1000' High Level Run
Fliqht Measurement Alonq the Runway
Centerline for the Capture Effect System at
Springfield, Ohio. 127
Fiqure 4-26 Measured and Calculated Curves of COl Vs.
Distance for a Low-Approach Flight Along
the Runway Centerline for the capture
Effect System at springfield, Ohio. 129
Fiqure 4-27 Measured and Calculated Curves of CDI Vs.
Distance for a low-Approach Flight Along
the Runway centerline for the capture
Effect System at Springfield, Ohio. 130
 vii

LIST OF TABLES
Page

Table 1 Comparision of Measured and Calculated

Results for Kodiak Null Reference Glide
Slope System. 97
Table 2 Tabulated Besults fo~ Carswell Level Fliqht
Measurements and 2-D UTD ann 2-D PO
Calculations. 105
 1

CHAPTER "r
INT RO DUCTION

The subiect of this dissertation is a computer

mathematical model which determines the horizontally

polarized electric field reflected by uneven terrain. The

model is applied to the Instrument Landinq System (ItS),

which depends on qround reflections for its operation. The

ma;or systems in I1S consist of a glide slope, localizer,

marker beacons, and monitors. The principle application of

-this work is to the qlide slope.

Glide slope systems provide vertical quidance

information. The operating frequency band is between 329.0

MHz to 335.0 MHz. Imaqe, vavequide, and end-fire qlide

slope systems are the three types avaIlable. Only the imaqe

and wavequide systems are addressed in the following; the

end-fire svstem is still under developement. The vertical

qlide path anqle is between 2.0 to 3.3 degrees. All of the

anqles described in this study are measured upward starting

from the horizon, unless clearly stated otherwise.

Three t.ypes of imaqe glide slope systems, Bull

Reference~ Sideband Reference. and capture Effect, are

available at the present time. All types require the

presence of reflecting ground to qenerate the desired total

electric field, which is the superposition of the direct and

reflected fields. The direct field propaqates in the line-

 2
of-siqht from the antennas to the observation point, which

is the aircraft location. The reflected field is the field

that is reflected off the qround to the airplane. Hence,

the vertical qlide path anqle is a function of the antenna

heiqhts above the qround plane.

The Null Reference (NR) system is the most common type.

The system operates with two antennas at a 2:1 antenna

heiqht ratio. The NR system requires a larqe amount of flat

reflectinq qround. However, it is the simplest and easiest

to maintain. For a typical three deqree qlide path angle at

330.0 8Hz, the antenna heiqhts are 28.0 and 14.0 feet. The

lower antenna radiates CSB (carrier modulated by 90 Hz and

150 Hz sideband frequencies); the upper antenna radiates

only sideband frequencies (SBO). The radiated siqnals

combine below three deqrees to qive a fly-up siqnal (150 Hz

> 90 Hz), and above three deqrees to qive a fly-down siqnal

(90 Hz > 150 Hz). For every qlide slope system operated in

the United states. this fly-up or fly-down convention is the

same.

The Sideband Reference (SBR) system requires a shorter

flat reflectinq qround than the NR system. The trade off is

the hiqh sensitivity of qlide path anqle due to an

alteration in qround level. viz. snow accumulation. The SBR

system needs two antennas with a typical 3:1 antenna heiqht

ratio. To produce a three deqree glide path at 330.0 ftHz.

the antenna heiqhts are set to 21.0 and 1.0 feet. The upper

antenna radiates SBO similar to the NR upper antenna. The

 3
lower antenna, however, radiates both CSB and SBD siqnals,

with SBO siqnal being 180 electrical deqrees out of phase

with respect to CSB siqnal.

The capture Effect (CE) system needs three antennas

with the antenna heiqht ratio 3:2:1. The CE system is the

most complicated of the three described thus far. Only a

short flat qround plane is required for operation. The

system is desiqned for operation at facilities where terrain

rouqhness in the approach area precludes the operation of

the NR and SBR systems. The typical antenna heiqhts to

qenerate a three deqree qlide path anqle are ij2.0, 28.0, and

14.0 feet. For de~ails of the system operation, refer to

Reference 1.
A vavequide qlide slope system, in constrast with the

image glide slope systems, does not required re£lectinq

qround to form the electric field. The electric field is

the superposi~ion of radiation from each slot located on the

vavequide structure. However. if the terrain is an upslope,

the reflected siqnal can interfere with the direct siqnal.

The ad;ustment of glide path angle is accomplished by

physically tiltinq the wavequide. Since the wavequide is

about 90 feet tall, there are mechanical problems in

securinq and tiltinq the structure. Furthermore. this is

the most difficult system to operate and maintain.

The end-fire qlide slope system consists of two

slotted-cable antennas. The antenna system does not require

a tower. but is installed on a waist heiqht wooden

 4
structure. Due to its heiqht, the antennas are installed

closed to the runway shoulder. The qlide path anqle is

determined by the relative phase of signals radiated from

two slotted-cable antennas. As mentioned, this system is

still under development.

The localizer provides azimuthal information. The

operatinq frequency is between 108.0 MHz to 112.0 MHz •. The

carrier is mod~lated with 90 Hz and 150 Hz signals which are

used for desiqnatinq whetber the airplane is on the left or

the riqht of the approach runway centerline. Instead of

qround rouqhness, obiects in the vicinity of the localizer r

such as hanqers, towers, buildinq, and aircraft are the

dominant causes of poor localizer performance.

The monitor is desiqned to detect faults in the system.

If a system operates outside the prescribed allowable range,

it is shut down.

ftarker beacons are used to mark the different ranqes

along the approach path. The beacons consist of a 75.0 MHz

transmitter which is modulated with an audio tone, with each

beacon havinq with a different tone. In this way the pilot

is able to determine the distance from the runway by

associatinq different tones with different ranqes.

In this work, the mathemat~cal model is applied only to

imaqe q~de slope systems. Modifications, however, can be

made for localizer and monitor analyses, and indeed for many
other propaqation problems.

The idea of usinq a model ~o simulate the effect of the

 5
irreqular qround on the qlide path performance is not new.

The first ILS modeling attempts were made by Ohio University

[2]. These efforts were continued and expanded during the

followinq years (3,41. The basic approach used was a

Physical optics (PO) "technique. The PO technique is based

on assumed qround currents, which are then inteqrated to

obtain the electric field scattered from the reflecting

terrain. The details will be qiven in Chapter II, section

A. One of the drawbacks is the a s su a pt.Lo n that current on

one area has no effect on the neiqhbourinq currents. If

this assumption is not made, usinq a PO technique to

calculate these effects is very expensive in terms of

computer time since determininq the fields incident on each

point of the qround requires inteqratinq over all of the

interveninq qround from the antenna. Because of this

difficulty the PO models usually neqlect this interaction

entirely and allow the electric fields radiated by the

qround currents to pass throuqh any subsequent obstructions

as if they did not exist. While the above may seem to be a

poor approximation to vha-t happens physically, good results

can be obtained for many types of terrain. However~ runninq

times on the order of hours can be expected.

The fastest running PO model avaliable at the present

time is that developed by the Transportation Systems Center

(TSC) (5,6]. The TSC model approximates the terrain by using

the terrain profile alonq the line from the glide slope mast

to the aircraft. If o ne makes a linear approximation to

 6
this profile, the terrain model in Fiqure 1-1 results. This

two dimensional qround model allows one to perform the X-

direction radiation inteqration on the induced qround

currents in closed form usinq asymptotic methods, thus

drastically reducinq the computation time. A typical site

calculation miqht require one hundred seconds rather than

hours of computer time required by PO models previously

avaliable.

While much of the previous work in modelinq has been

done usinq the PO approach, other techniques have been used.

A model developed by Godfrey, et aI, [7] was based on the

half-plane diffraction solutions of Senior [81, Woods (9],

and Bromwich [10]. This isolated half plane also can be

handled usinq PO methods, and is useful in modelinq qlide

slope sites which have a finite length flat reflecting

surface in front of the antenna which then drops off sharply

to terrain which is either shadowed from the antennas or is

so rouqh that it does not reflect coheren~ly. In addition

to treating the problem usinq diffraction theory rather than

the PO approach, the model of Reference 11 also allows for

the presence of an infinite plane located below a half

plane. This extension is made using image theory. However,

this model can handle only limited terrain configuration.

In summary, the previous models all have shortcominqs.

Hence, a new reflection model which makes used of both the

Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD) (12] and the Uniform

Theory of Diffraction (UTO) [131 to eliminate the

 7
aforemention drawbacks has been developed. The GTD and UTD

theoretical backqrounds are provided in Chapter II, sections

C and D. This new mathematical model is called the UTD

model.

The GTD and UTD techniques treat the electric fields as

rays. This is possible due to the localized nature of wave

interactions at hiqh frequency. This allows inclusion of the

interactions omitted from the previous models. Therefore,

results obtained from the UTD model which include these

interactions should be more accurate or at least as accurate

as those without. Also the OTD model consumes less

computation time. The UTD model runninq time is independent

of the size of the modelinq terrain area, but does depend on

the amount of terrain irregularity. The UTD model includes

thirteen types of rays in the calculations. Each ray

description and a test for its existence is discussed in

Chapter III.

A two dimensional (2-D) UTD model vas developed first.

But later in the validation process, the 2-D UTD model was

found to be insufficient to represent the ground terrain in

many cases. Therefore, a three dimensional C3-D) UTD model

vas also developed. To be able to compare 3-D results, a

3-D model based on the TSC work was also developed. For

these ]-D models, the profile chanqes automatically as the

observation point moves.

In Chapter IV, one hypothetical and three actual

reflecting terrains are used for OTD model validations. The

 8
hypothetical terrain considered is included to demonstrate

the inaccuracy of the 2-D TSC results. The first two actual

sites are approximated to be two-dimensional. Therefore,

the 2-D OTD and 2-D TSC models are utilized. The third

site, however, contains noticeable terrain variations

transverse to the centerline. Hence, the 3-D UTD and 3-D

TSC models are applied at this site.

 Observati on
Point
.=!J
I
z /-~
I
Horizontal 1
Dipole
ILS Antenna
~ Runway
Centerline
i Extended
.------....y

Terrain ProfiIe Line from

AMtenna flarallel to
Run way Center Iine
/
X
.:
Figure 1-1. Two-Dimensional Conducting Plate Approximation to Reflecting Terrain.
\0
 10

CHAPTER II

THEORY OF WAVES SCATTERED BY IRREGULAR TERRAIN

For the frequency ranqe and application considered in

this dissertation, there are four cateqories of tecb.niques

that have been used to determine the amplitude and phase of

a radio wave propagating in the presence of irregular

terrain. These cateqories are: Physical optics (PO),

Geometrical optics (GO), Geometrical Theory of Diffraction

(GTD), and Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD). Althouqh

the work described here is an extension of the UTD

technique, a brief description of the other techniques will

be qiven for comparative purposes.

~ll of the techniques to be discussed make some

simplifvinq assumptions in characterizinq the terrain

between the transmitting and receiving antennas. One such

assumption is that the terrain is piecewise linear; that is,

the terrain is comprised of flat plates whose edges, which

are perpendicular to the runway centerline (Y-axis). are

extended to infinity. Hence, the terrain model appears to

be two-dimensional (see Figure 1-1).

Determination of scattered fields using the PO

technique is accomplished by first cOllputinq the currents

induced by the source on each terrain plate between the

transmittinq ~nd receivinq antennas. These currents are

readily determined approximately by an application of

 11
Maxwell's equations and knowledge of the qeometries

involved. Once the induced current on each plate is known,

the resultant scattered field from a plate can be determined

bV inteqrating the current over the surface of that plate.

The scattered field is the complex sum of the fields

qenerated by all of the plates between the transmitter and

receiver. The total field at the receivinq antenna is the

superposition of the scattered plus the direct field.

The Geometrical-Optics Theory, Geometrical Theory of

Diffraction and Uniform Theory of Diffraction do not

consider induced currents in determininq scattered fields,

but rather assume rays emanatinq from the radiatinq source.

The two types of rays considered by GO theory are the direct

and reflected. Extensions of GO theory are made by

inclusion of diffractinq mechanisms. Thus diffracted rays

are considered by both GTD and UTD techniques.

The direct ray propaqates in a straiqht line between

the transmittinq and receivinq antennas. The reflected ray

exists for a par~icular plate when the incident angle from

the transmitter to the plate is equal to the reflected anqle

from the plate to the receiver. The diffracted ray is

determined from the knowledqe of wave scatterinq from a

specified straiqht edge. Examples of the direct, reflected
and diffracted rays are qiven in Fiqure 2-1. As can be seen
in Figure 2-1, the composi~e siqnal at the observation point

may underqo abrupt chanqes as the observation point moves

with respect to the terrain. such siqnal strenqth

 12

Field Point
p

Figure 2-1. Exterior Wedge Diffraction Geom etry and

Coord inates .
 13
discontinuities, which are not real-world phenomena, result

when any reflection point reaches an edge, i.e., a cliff

dropoff or hill. It is at these boundaries, as shown in

Fiqure 2-1, where the UTD, GTD and GO results differ

siqnificantly.

GO and GTD methods do not attempt to eliminate the

discontinuities that occur at these boundaries and hence,

unrealistic, abrupt chanqes will appear vith these methods

in predictions from some terrain profiles.

The abrupt chanqes in siqnal amplitude and phase

resultinq from terrain discontinuities are eliminated with

the UTD technique by the use of a blend function which

incorporates the Fresnel inteqral as a weiqhtinq function

for rays near boundaries. This method is used in the

specific techn~que addressed in this paper. An extension of

the UTD method is accomplished by considerinq not only the

direct, reflected, and diffracted .rays, but also by

considerinq combinations of those rays (e.q. doubly-

reflected, reflected-diffracted-reflected, etc.).

A. Physical optics Approximation Technique

As mentioned in the Introduction, the PO ~echnique

determines the scattered electromaqnetic fields by first

determininq the induced currents on all illuminated

scatterers. To illust~ate the mathematics and qeometries

involved, consider the arbitrary scattering element

(obstacle) in the presence of a radiator shown in Fiqure

 14
2-2. The PO method qenerally assumes that the scatterer is

pecfectly conductinq, which is a qood assumption for low

incident anqle and horizontally polarized fields [141;

hence, the induced current densities (electric and na qn et.i.c)

must satisfy boundary conditions; thus,

A

U x H

M
s
:& E x fi
where
-1
E E + ~

and
-1
E = incident electx:ic field,

r = scattered electric field.

-1
H = incident maqnetic field,

as = scatteLed maqnetic field,

A

U = the unit vector pointinq perpendicularly outward

froll the obstacle,

electric current density on the ground

(obstacle) ,

= maqnetic current density on the qround

(obstacle).

In .akinq the above calculation, the PO technique assumes

that the surface is relatively smooth (within the Rayleiqh

criterion) and that the dimensions of the surface are much

larqer than a vavelenqth. Additionally, incident i is

assumed to be zero in shadow reqions.

In order to determine the scattered fields generated by

 15

P (Field Point)
H (rl-~)
s

-.
r - r
-

A
U

~----------i"'Y
Reference Coerdlncte

Figure 2-2. Coordinate System for Electro-

magneti C· Reflecti on ;
 16
the induced sucface currents, imaqe theory is used to

include the presence of the perfect conductoc. Hence, the

CULrent density value used to determine the scattered field

is:

Js 20 x lfl (2. 1)

On any illuminated surface, Equation (2.1) is known as

the Physical Optics approximation. The surface current

which is expressed in Equation (2.1) is a qood approximation

only in the reqion which is not near an edge. It should be

noted that this calculation is based only upon the qeometry

of the surface with respect to the radiator and the incident

maqnetic field.

Given the surface current density determined in

Equation (2.1) • the scattered maqnetic field can be

determined directly:

lf3 Crt -r) .. -d- f

s'
(2. 2)

vheI:'e

(2. 3)

and s' is tne surface area containinq the surface current

The vectors used in Equations (2.2) and (2.3) are

identified in Figure 2-2. Equation (2.3) is recoqnized as

beinq the qradient of the two-point Green's Function. This

Green's Function is often times approximated for larqe

values of r'-r by settinq the first term within the brackets

in Equation (2.3) equal to zero.

The incident maqnetic field radiated by the source

 17
antenna is qiven by:
~(I) :z .!- I J'(r') x VE;(r. ""it )dv' (2.4)
41f ,
v
where
v' = the volume occupied by the antenna source,
J = the current density on the antenna.

Equations (2.1), (2.2), (2.~), and (2.4) provide all of

the infocmation required to compute the scattered field from

a conductinq element illuminated by a radiator. The PO

technique does not assume any interaction between scatterinq

elements; therefore, each scatterer can be treated

separately if more than one is present. The total maqnetic

field at the observation point is determined by summing

vectorially the maqnetic field from all I l.Lu e Lna ted

scatterinq surfaces and the direct maqnetic field from the

antenna.

As stated, the PC method does not assume any

interaction between scatterinq elements. Failure to

consider this factor is seen as a siqnificant drawback £OL

cectain cases. One attempt has been made to include mutual

interaction by considering an edqe current ( 151. The I

extended PO technique is known as the Physical Theory of

Diffraction (PTD). However, usinq the PTD to include mutual

interactions of several scattering plates does not result in

a viable solution [16].

computer model~ utilizing the PO technique for

predictinq scatterinq from irregular terrain have proven to

be satisfactory for some terrain confiqurations,

 18
unsatisfactory for othe~s. Predictions obtained from PO

models will be shown later in this study.

B. Geometrical optics Technique

As it is named, the Geometrical optics (GO) technique

involves the qeomtry of the problem as well as the

assumption of a localized nature of the wave at very hiqh

frequency. The GO technique is considered as the simplest

method to calculate the electric field, and i t is only

applied in the presence of homoqeneous media. The technique

also assumes that enerqy must be conserved along the

propaqation path.

Since the principle of enecqy conservation is applied,

the powec flow across areas is identical.

Fiqure 2-) i~lustrates the astiqmatic tube of rays which

formes a wavefront. 'Ihe locations where wavefronts

disappear are called caustics. From Fiqure 2-3, it can be

seen that
da
--
da
Al
A2
- (2. 5)

vhere are the principle radii of wavefront

curvatures, and d is the distance between two consecutive

vavefronts. It can be shown that the amplitude of the

electric field and the areas have the folloving relation,

E(d)
I&(0)
I- ( daA1
da
Al
)
(2. 6)

Purther~ore~ if one chooses 0 as a reference wavefront

 ~

~ Reference Point

Figure 2-3. Astigmatic Tube of Rays Illustrating Geometrical Optics Approach to

Propagati on.

r-'
\0
 20
location, the electric field at d can he expressed as:

(2. 7)

where E(O) is the electric field at the reference point, and

k is the propaqation constant. The electric field at d is

now expLessed in the GO form. This expression is valid

everywheLe except at caustics.

The ideal qround scatterinq terrain for the ILS is an

infinite. flat, perfect conducting plane. Thus, the total

electric field in the upper half space, that is the region

which includes a radiation source, is the sum of the direct

and Leflected fields. Moreover, no electric field can exist

below the plane.

The GO technique has been applied in the past to

determine the total electric field at the monitor location.

A typical monitoc location is 250 feet forward of the

antenna mast. In the area between the antenna mast and

monitor location, the terrain is qraded smooth. Thus, no

abrupt terrain chanqe is expected. Hence, the total

electric field calculation usinq the GO technique is

accurate and comparable with measurements [171.

There is difficulty in total electric field

determination when applyinq the GO technique to non-flat

terrain. As an example, consider terrain represented by an

infinite vedqe confiquration which has a sharp dropoff as

shown in Fiqure 2-q. If the monitor location is the point

of interest, then the terrain discontinuity has a minimal

 Observation
Point

e==..f)
Antenna
Source

• ...t'\
T ~\J'(\dort
- - - - - -
-
...",....",..""..
Renee~\V"
.",.-- ."""",. .",.

co
-- --- ---- !hOd
,/1
/ J -
- - --?~ 800----nc/,o--ry ....... ........
.........

1000'

c:II:t

Figure 2-4. Terrain with 90 Degree Dropoff.

tv
to-'
 22
effect on the total electric field. Hence, the total field

obtained using GO is accurate at the monitor l~cation. If

the electric field amplitude is to be determined at the

airborne observation point shown in Fiqure 2-4, then the

terrain discontinuity is between the antenna mast and the

point of interest. To illustrate the effec~ of the terrain

discontinuity, considered Fiqure 2-5. In the fiqure the

total electric field pattern is shown at a constant radius

of 50.000 feet from the based of the antenna mast and covers

from 8.0 to -8.0 deqree vertically. Note that two

discontinuities exist in the GO calculated antenna pattern

at elevations of +-1.6 deqrees. At +1.6 deqrees, the abrupt

chanqe is due to sudden disapperance of the reflected field

caused by the discontinuity in the reflecting surface. This

point is located on the reflection boundary (RB). The HB

line is shown in Fiqure 2-4. From angles of +1.6 to -1.6

deqrees, only the direct field exists. The second

discontinuity happens when the observation point is no

lonqer in the antenna line-of-sigh~, which means that the

field radiated directly from the antenna to the observation

point is blocked by the terrain. This observation point is

on the shadow boundary (SB) and the boundary line is shown

in Fiqure 2-4. According to GO, there is no electric field

in the shadow region, which .is from +1.6 to -8.0 degrees, as

indicated in Piqure 2-5. Th.is GO antenna pattern. with

discontinuities, is contradictory to the physical

requirement that the total field must be continuous. This

 Shadow
Boundary

lO.OT ! •
r I
I ) I
8.0+ I 1
I
I I
I I
-8
~ GTD~J I
:= 6.0 \
t I \
<I)
> J \
~
~ J / I
C)

'" 4.0 I V I"

\GO
I
I I
I
I
I
I I
/~UTD
2.0+ I
/ //
/ /"

~.".",
/..? /
o b: 55 I I
-8
- -6• ....,-- -4 -2 0.0 2 4 6 8
Elevation Angle (Degrees)

Figure 2-5. Antenna Patterns Obtained by Geometrical Optics , Geometrical Theory of

Diffraction,
and Uniform Theory of Diffraction Techniques. I\J
W
 24
is evidence that the results obtained from the GO technique

are inaccurate in the neiqhborhood of discontinuities.

To improve the calculation accuracy, the GO technique

is extended bv addinq a diffraction mechanism. One of the

methods for calculating the diffracted field is known as the

Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD) [12]. The GTD

technique will be discussed in the next section. The GTD

result is more accurate than the GO result.

The GTD method, however, has its own limitation, that

is, the diffracted field becomes infinite at both RB and SB

(see Fiqure 2-4). The antenna pattern obtained usinq the

GTO method is also illustrated in Fiqure 2-5. Similarly,

one observes tvo discontinuities at the same elevation angle

as usinq the GO technique. However, the GTD method predicts

a non-zero field everywhere, which aqrees with the physical

requirements. Far away from discontinuities, the field

amplitudes calculated usinq GO and GTD techniques are the

same. Because of the discontinuities that exist in the

antenna pattern, it is necessary for the GTD technique to be

further modified. One of the modification versions is known

as the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTO), which has been

developed in the last decade [131. The UTD calculated

antenna pattern is also shown in Fiqure 2-5. It can be seen

that far away from the discontinuities, the field amplitudes

ob~ained from the GO, GTD and UTD techniques are

approximately equal, but the UTD result shows no

discontinuity. Therefore, the UTD method gives an

 25
acceptable and the most accurate result. Further

explanations of the GTD and UTD techniques will be presented

in the followinq sections.

c. Geometrical Theory of Diffraction

The Physical Optics approach to electromagnetic

reflection calculations involves inteqratinq over the entire

illuminated surface. The larqer the surface, the more time

required to evaluate the solution. The GTD approach is

formulated in terms of reflected and diffracted rays, with

the reflected rays cominq from the surface of the reflector

and the diffracted rays from the edqes. The time required
for evaluation of the GTD solution does not depend upon the

size of the reflectinq surface, but rather on how many

diffracting edqes there are. Also, since the GTD solution

is based on rays which can be traced qeometrically, the

effects of shadowinq and blockaqe can be included easily.

The GTD approach has its beginnings in a classical paper by

Sommerfeld [18]. But it has been put into an easy-to-use

form by J.B.Keller only within the last two decades [12].

The diffracted ray is dUE to a ray incident on an edqe at

the diffraction point. Because of the local nature of edqe

diffraction at hiqh frequency, asymptotic methods may be

used to obtain the ClOSEd form calculation for the edqe

diffracted field due to this ray.

From Maxwell's equations in a source-free reqion

occupied by an isotropic and homogeneous medium, the

 26
electric field E must satisfy the wave equation, which is

(2. 8)

and the condition that

V·E = 0

where

k w/~ the phase constant,

w == the anqular f r e q u en cv ,

e :::s the permitivity of medium,

and

u = the permeability of medium.

Kline [191 has suqqested that E along the ray can he

expressed in the form of

e-jk~(X,y,z) ~ ~(x,y)z) (2.9)

E =
maO (jw)m

a nd the b au nd a r y c o n d.i tions de e

E 0 (acoustic so ft) ,
z
all ~
- (acoust ic h a r d) ,
dU- • 0

where a is the derivative alonq the nocmal to t he

au
boundary surface.
Acoustic soft is equivalent to tanqential E beinq zero
at the perfect conductinq surface. For acoustic hard, the

derivative of tanqential 8 is zero.

Considerinq Equation (2.9) for hiqh frequencies (e "> 1) ~

the first term will dominate, and thus can be approximated

by;
(2.10)
 27

The ae c on d derivative of Equation (2.10) is

2
V E
V2E + (VIjI)2 k2E - jk [E V2 1j1 + 2(VIjI"V)E 1 + __0
o 0 E
o
since this equation must satisfY the wave equation, which is
Equation 12.8), the follcwinq coefficient constcaints must

be met:
(VIjI)2 J:a 1
( 2 .. 11)

V~ (2. 12)
- -0 == 0
E ( 2. 13)
0

Ea v2 ", + 2(V~·V)E 0 - 0

Equation (2.11) is the Eikonal equation of qeometrical

optics, which states that the propaqation direction of the

wavefcont is a straiqht line. Equation (2. 12) implies

that the amplitude of the elect£ic field to be considered

must not vary rapidly ~ith respect to its coordinate.

i:; known as th~ t r a ns no r t e q ua t i.on , 'i'he

d[
quantity (V",.V')E can te reduced to 0 wh ich is the
o d6
~ate of chanqe of Eo alonq the differential arc lenqth ds

alonq which enerqy is propaqated. By substitutinq into

Equation (2.13) and rewrittinq the terms. one obtaines:

dE (2. 14)
o 1 2_
d'S + 2" (V 1/I)Eo • 0 ,
which is of the form:
~ + f(x)y - 0 (2.15)
dx '
and has the known solution qiven by:
x
In y(x) - In y(xo ) · - f f(xt) dx'
x
o
 28
Thus, the solution of Equation (2 • 14) is:
s
-1/2 J V2lj1ds '
E (5)
0
::I Eo (s 0 )e So

and from Equation (2.11) , the solution is

'lJ ::I 'Po + s •

and

S'"

where

s = the propaqation distance,

; = a uni t vec t o r tanqent ial to the r a v:

Let us introduce the Gaussian curvature of the
1
wavefront G = , where and P2 are the principle
PIP2
radii of curvature of the wavefront surface (see Fiqure

2-3). For isotropic homoqeneous medium,

.
Usinq the vector identity and rearranqe terms,
~·VG - - GV·; ~

but d
= de
and s'"

then

dG ,
ds +

where it can be seen that the above equation has the same
form as Equation (2.15). Therefore, by inteqratinq this

equation, one obtaines

 29

G(s)
G(s )
o
then

E (5)
o
Eo ( So ) V~).
fG[;)
o

substitutinq Eo - in the asymptotic hiqh freguency

approximation, the electric field is written as

E(s) = E {s ) jG(S) e -jks (2. 16)

o 0 G( s ) •
o

Referrinq to Figure 2-3, we assume that the surface

area A1 contains enerqy 2 -1 is the liqht

(AI) c doAI' vh e re c

speed .. A 1 is the amplitude, and da is the astigmatic

Al
tube of rays surface area. When the enerqy propaqates in

space, t he en erqy a t a n ew posit ion (A2) becomes (A2) 2 c -1 do ,

A2
where dO .. is the new cross sectional area, and A2 is the
A2
amplitud~. Hence, by the principle of conservation of

enerqy,

Al = A2 jdO
dO
A2
A1

We nov can write the ratio of the surface area as;

(PI + d)(P2 + d) ,
G
G1
o
,

where a is the distance measuved along the beam from the

 30
refer ence poin t 0 (see Pigu r~ 2-3) . Subs titut ing G(s)
G[S) -in
o
Egua tion (2.1 6), yiel ds:

PI P2 (2. 17)
(Pi + d)(P2 + d)

whic h is the same focm as the geom etric al opti cs

appr oxim ation . Equa tion (2.17 ) desc ribes the elec tric field
ampl itude and phas e in spac e. Furth ermo re, at a caus tic
vh ere -d= Pl or P2" Eq ua t.Lo n (2. 17) is uno efin ed.
A riqo rous treat men t is cons idere d next . Inste ad of
usinq only the lead inq term in the expa nsion of Equa tion
(2.1 9). the infi nite sum is inclu ded. ~gai n, the deriv ation s
will be simi lar to when cons ideri nq the domi nant term only .
One obta ins,
(V1jI)2 1

En V21j1 + 2(V1jI .V)E _V 2£ (2.18 )

n n-l
n = 0, 1
I t shou ld be note d that the coef ficie nt E_
1
bas been added
for comp letio n of the succ essiv e recu rsion , and
its valu e is
zero [20 1. Thus , the Equa tion (2.18 ) is now in the
recu rsive for_ , in whic h it has a solu tion
of the form
s
21j1ds'}
s {-1/2 J V
T 2-
E (8)
n E (5 ) e
n 0
1/2 f e V E -
n 1
(T)dT
s
o

(2. 19)
 31
In Keller's theory, Ea{S) is assumed to have a simple

relation with ~o{so}. Thus, Equation (2.19) can·be expressed

as:

Eo (s) E (8 )
o 0
• D IC(s)
G(s ) e
-jks (2.20)
o

The factor of proportionality D is called the dyadic

diffraction coefficient. In the case of a perfectly

conducting veage, D is obtained by comparing Eguation (2.18)

v i th the exact solution derived by Sommerfeld [18].

Moreover, ~ (5), for n»l, is not determined by this theory.

n
The reason for this is the degree of difficulty encountered

in determininq the soluticn to satisfy Equation (2.18).

Substitutinq Equation (2.17) into Eguation (2.20). the

result is

PI P2 -jks (2.21)
E (5) E (s ). D
o o 0 (PI + d)(P2 + d) e

This equation will describe the diffracted field amplitude

and phase at the observation point. without loss of

Qenerality, let us choose the reference point from where d

is measured at the diffractinq point. Hence P2

becomes

the distance between the source and the diffractinq point.

Furthermore, in the limit as PI -+- 0 , Equation (2.21)

becomes

E (8)
o Eo (8 0 ) • D - e
-jks
•
(2.22)

After movinq the reference point fro. an arbitary point to

the diffraction point located on the diffracting edge,

 32
Eguation (2_22) becomes

(2. 23)

"here

s = the distance from the soucce to the diffraction

point,

s' = the distance from the diffraction point to the

observation point (see Fiqure 2-1).

In this study, only the dyadic diffraction coefficient

for a perfectly conducting wedqe is considered. While James

has developed a diffraction coefficient for an impedance

~edqe r211, its application is beyond the scope of this

research. AccordinQ to R€ference 13, D can be expressed in

terms of the soft boun da ry (D ) and hard boundary
s
conditions as;
::II

D - BaD
o S
- ~,~ D
'r 'r h
where

ao = ~'x~'

+
A At

B s x

and

~. = the unit vector in the direction from the source

to the di f f racti on c o i n t.

s = the unit v ec to r in the direction from the

diffraction point to the observation point.

i' = the unit vector perpendicular to the plane which

contains a diffracting edqe and ~,

•
A

+ = the unit vector perpendicular to the plane wbich .

 33
contains a diffracting edge and s.

Figures 2-6 and 2-7 illustrate the diffraction

geometry •. I t is appropriate at this point to introduce the

ray fixed coordinate systEms. The ray fixed coordinates are

composed of three orthoqonal unit vectors from either the

. -or -qroups •

It has been shown in Reference 13 that the diffraction

field in ray fixed coordinates can be expressed as

(2.24)

where

A{s) = the function describinq the amplitude variation

alonq the ray and is equal to JS(S~I+ s) •

D is determined by co~parinq the exact solution of the

perfect conducting wedqe obtained by Sommerfeld and Equation

(2.24). Both solutions are the same in the ray fixed

coordinates provided that

j n/ 4sin(n/m)
e- 1
D (cf>, CP', B) ( (2. 25)
5
m/21fk sinB cos(n/m) - cos(~ - ~')
h o m

+ cos(n!m) : cos(~ + ~I) ),

m
where m is defined in Fiqure 2-6.

D represents the modal description of the wave existing in

the presence of the wedqe structure and excited by a

transmittinq source. It should be noted that the

diffraction coefficients are undefined when the £ollowinq

conditions are satisfied:

4> + " reflection boundary (RB) /

{
f - 4>' ah a d o v boundary (5B) (2.26)
 / ' Field Point Antenna
Source
\
A
S ~
5· -;

Figure 2-6. Illustration of Diffraction Unit Vectors when Antenna Source is

Located Exterior to the Wedge.

w
~
 35

Wedge

Edgee~

Diffraction Cone ~
-f",
:
,
)\
I \
I I
I I
,
I I

Incident Ray

Figure 2-7. Diffraction Angle ~ and Cone of Diffracted Rays.

o
 36
Hence, the first and second terms in Equation (2.25) become

sinqular at the shadow and reflection boundaries. This is

the obvious shortcominq of diffraction coefficients

expressed in the form of Equation (2.25). However, the

calculated diffracted field far away from either reflection

or shadow boundaries is accurate as shown in Fiqure 2-5.

The diffracted field determined by usinq Equations

(2.24) and (2.25) is a ray field. i.e •• the diffracted field

can still be expanded in the form of Equation (2.9). Hence,

the higher interaction (doubly or higher) diffracted field

can be determined by canonical calculation and superposition

of rays.

D. Uniform Theory of Diffraction

The shortcominq of the GTD in determininq the

diffracted field near the reflection and shadow boundaries

can be eliminated. Several attempts have heen made toward

extendinq the accuracy of the GTD solution at reflection and

shadow boundaries where infinite fields are calculated using

GTD •. As a result, the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD).

Modified Slope Diffraction (~SD) and the Uniform Asymptotic

Theory (UAT) are among the promisinq asymptotic techniques
that provide a valid result everywhere. The UTD and MSD

techniques have been developed by Kouyoumjian and Pathak

[13], and Hvanq and Kouyoumjian [221. respecively. The UAT

technique has been introduced by Ahluwalia, Levis and

Boersma r231.
 37
In the ILS qlid e slope appl icati on, the free spac e
vert ical patte rn of the prac tical anten na can be
appr oxim ated by an isotr opic souc ce. Rahm at-Sa mii and
R.M ittra have show n that the OTD, MSD and UAT tech niqu es
yield the same field calc ulati on for an isotr opic sour ce in
the pres ent of a half- plan e [24] . They also poin ~ed out
that the UAT techn ique deter mine s the tota l elec tric field
at the imag e loca tion of the sour ce inco rrec tly. The ~SD

tech niqu e, on the othe r band . invo lves a qrea ter numb er of
calc ulati on step s than the UTD meth od, and henc e requ ires a
larq er amou nt of comp utati on time . Furth ermo re, the MSD
techn ique is not more accu rate than the UTD techn ique when
the field incid ent at the edqe does not vary rapi dly, which
is the case here . Ther efore , only the UTD techn ique viII be
used here .

The appro ach of the UTD techn ique is to modi fy the

diffr actio n coef ficie nts expr essed in Equa tion (2.25 ). The
close d form equa tion is comp osed of cota nqen t and Fres nel
func tions • . This equa tion can be appl ied to any type of
vedq e conf iqur ation . The UTD diffr actio n coef ficie nt is
qiven by [13] ;

-e
[-jn/4 ]
=
2m/2n ksinB
a

n - (~_:t) - ]
+ cot( ~ ~
2m
)F[kL a_ (~-~')

+{ cot( n + (~+~t) )F[kL8++ (~+~')]

2m

+ cot( w - ~!+~') )F{kLa~ (~++')] }) (2.27 a)

 38
where
2
F(x) -jT
e dT

+ +
+ 2mlTN+ - a
a 2 coa 2 { }
+ 2
+
N = the inteqers which most nearly satisfy the
±
followinq two equations,
+ +
21T IIlJ.'l a m 1T
+
2urIl.i.~­
+
+
a =a ep + <p'

and

and 4>' . are shown in Fiqure 2-6.

Tho distance parameter L is 'liven l)y;

L
s s' 2 (2.28)
s + s' sin a0 ~

for spherical wave incidence. The anqle of diffraction B

o
is shown in FiQure 2-7. At reflection and shadow
boundaries, one of the cotanqent functions in equation

(2.27a) becomes sinqular. But, the product of this

cotanqent function and the Fresnel function is still finite

and it can be approximated by the expression;

+
11 t a + + j w/4 j w/4
cot ( 2m ) F ( kLS± <a-)] = In(12wkL sgno - {ikLoe }) c

(2.29)

with determined by;

 39
+ +
a - 2lTmN + (n - 0) (2. 30)
+

and «1. The sinus siqn and positive siqn in Equation

(2.27a) correspond to D
s and D
h,
respectively. Furthermore,

the first two terms and the last two terms in the bracket in

Equation (2.27a) compensate the discontinuities at shadow

and reflection boundaries. 'Ih ese terms are sometimes

referred to as the transition function.

When the observaticn point moves away from both

reflection and shadow boundaries until all of the arguments

of the transition functions are larqe (»10) the amplitude

of the transition function can be approximated as 1;

Equation (2. 27a) is then reduced to Equation (2.25). If

this condition happens, the observation point is said to be

outside transition region~.

Thus, the transition reqions here are defined as being

where at least one arqument in the transition function in

equation. (2.27a) is smaller than a certain number. In the

following discussion this number is selected to be 2.

Reference 26 shows that a transition region is a hyperbola

which makes' an anqle 20 (see Fiqure 2-8), where

-1 M (2.31)
2 sin --
12kb

M is equal to 2, b is the source-edqe separation. and k is

defined previously. The transition reqioD always exists

around a reflection or shadow boundary, and is referred to

in the literature as a reflection transition (Tr). or shadow

 Reflection Transition
Region (T )
r

Reflection
Boundary
Antenna
~b
Source ~
~
00

Shadow
Boundary

00
Shadow Transition
Region (T )
s

Figure 2-8. Two Transition Regions about the Reflection and Shadow Boundaries Where
Fields are Rapidly Varying. In shaded regions, only the UTD technique is
valid, but outside the shaded areas, both the GTD and UTD techniques are
va lid.

.t:a
o
 41
transition (Ts) reqion.

It is well known that, in the transition reqions, the

diffracted field calculated using the UTD method is not a

ray field and can not expanded in the form of Equation

(2.9). The ray field property must be preserved in order to

use the canonical determination of the intersection

diffraction mechanisms, viz, double-diffraction. This is

considered as an extension of the UTD.

A simple way to preserve the ray field property is to

req~ire.that the second edge must not be located in any of

the transition reqions of the first edqe. This is done in

this ILS application. If, however, the second edqe is

located in a transition region, a more rigorous treatment is

required [25.27]. One of the methods is to modify term by

term in Equation (2.27a). This is beyond the scope of this

study. Therefore, the ordinary UTD technique is used in all

of the discussions to follow.

 42

CH~PTER III

BAY TYPES AND EXISTENCE

In this chapter, the description of rays and the

aloqrithlls to test their existence are described. Thirteen

types of rays viII be included in the UTD model. These rays

are separated into three different groups which are

desiqnated as the zero-order, first-order and second-order

qroups.

The zero-order qroup consists of three different types

of rays, the direct, reflected, and singly-diffracted rays.

This qroup of rays will be discussed in detail in section A.

The zero-order qroup rays are the most important due to

their high amplitude.

The first-order qroup of rays is made up of

combinations of reflected and diffracted rays. Therefore,

the qroup consists of the doubly-refelected, reflected-

diffracted. diffracted-reflec~ed, and doubly-diffracted

rays. These rays viII be discussed in detail in section B.

The last qroup of rays considered, the second-order

qroup, is made up of eight rays which are combinations of

the first-order qroup rays and a reflected or diffracted

ray_ This qroup of rays consists of triply-reflected,

reflected-reflected-diffracted, reflected-diffracted-

relfected. reflected-diffracted-diffracted, diffracted-

reflected-reflected, di ffr acted -re f.l·ected- diffracted,

 43
diffracted-diffrated-reflected, and triply-diffracted rays.

But in the ILS application a typical triple diffrated ray

contributi~n is small when compared with the zero-order ray

contributions. Therefore, only the first seven types of

second order rays are included and will be discussed in

section c.
In order to investiqate all possible combinations of

each ray described thus far. a large amount of computation

time is required. This is undesirable, and can be reduced

by makinq assumption that all of the existinq rays do not

contribute siqnificantly to the total field at the

observation point. Thus, certain low amplitude rays may be

iqnored to reduce the computation time. An example of a low

amplitude ray to which .the above assumption may be applied

is the doubly-diffracted ray. To illustrate this type of

situation refer to Figure 3.1a. This ray, impinqing on the

edqe f, and diffracted from the edqe f to the edge e bas a

small amplitude when compared with the ray amplitude that is

diffracted from the edge e to the edqef as showni.n Fiqure

3.1b. The choice of rays to be included is discussed more

fully in later sections of this chapter.

A. Zero-Order Group

The zero-order qroup of rays is composed of three

strong rays which make up the cornerstone of diffraction

theory. These rays are the direct, sinqly reflected, and

sinqly diffracted rays. We nov proceed to discuss the zero-

 44

Observa ti on
Point ~
Antenna
Source ~ ~

Figure 3-1a. " The Doubly-Diffracted Ray Situation Which Is

Exc luded from the UTD Mode I Co Icu loti on •

Observoti on
Poi nt ~.c==9

Figure 3-1b. The Doubly-Diffracted Ray Is Considered

in the Calculation.
 45

order qroup rays as well as to give some logical tests for

their existence.

1.1 Direct RaV

The direct ray is the ray which contributes the most

siqnificant contribution if i t exists, and is defined as the

ray which travels directly from the oriqinal source

(transmittinq antenna) to the observation point (field

point). This ray can exis~ o~ly if there is no terrain high

enouqh to block its path of travel •. There are different

methods that can be used to test for the existence of this

ray. In this study, one of these will be discussed. Figure

3-2 shows the direct ray_ Since the actual terrain is

approximated by many finite flat plates, the computer

program must logically test the ray for blockage by any of

these plates. If the ray is not blocked, then its associated

field is calculated, and it becomes the first field

contribution included in the total field.

A.2 Sinqly-Beflected Ray

A sinqly-Reflected (B) ray is defined as a ray

reflected once from a plate. where the incident angle of the

ray with respect to the plate is equal to the reflected

anqle. An example of such a ray is qiven in Fiqure 3-3.

To test for the existence of the ray, the first step is

to find the imaqe source location. This image source is

uniquely determined by the oriqinal source and the unit

 Observation
c:::::=tJ Poin t

t
Antenna
Source

-----4.. . Y

Figure 3-2. The Direct Ray Which Propagates Directly from the Source Antenna
to the Observation Point.

~
0\
 47
normal of plate. After the imaqe source is found, the ray

is assumed to radiate from this source to the observation

point with a 180 degree phase delay with respect to the

oriqinal source. The second step is to determine whether or

not the ray has an interception point within the physical

boundaries of the plate. Foe example, with reference to

Fiqure 3-3, the sinqly reflected ray from plate L cannot

exist if it does not intercept plate L. The interception

point (eLl is sometimes called the specular point. Not only

must the ray intercept the plate, but also the ray must not

be blocked bV the other plates. If CL exists, then a

blockage test for the existence of the ray in the scattered

direction must be performed. Once this ray passes all of the

tests, its electromagnetic field is calculated and

vectoriallv added to previous contributions. This computer

algorithm is aqain performed on the ne~t plate until all of

the plates have been included. The final result is the total

sinqly reflected field ( ~ ) qiven by

N
~-I~
L L
where

N = the number of modelinq plates,

L = the plate index,

~ = the sinqly-reflected field from plate L.

A.3 Sinqly Diffrac~ed Bay

The last ray of the zero-order qroup to be discussed is

the singly diffracted ray. Diffraction is the phenomenon

 Observation
Point

r Incident Ang Ie = Reflected Ang Ie

Antenna
Source

---"t
..... Y

Figure 3-3. The SingIy-Reflected Ray Reflected from Plate L to the Observation
Point.

~
OJ
 49
which occurs when the electromaqnetic wave is incident on

any discontinunity in the Qeometry of an object; i.e., a

sharp corner or an edqe. !his phenonmenon has been known for

more than a century. One classical example is the two-

dimensional, perfectly conductinq wedqe in the presence of a

plane wave (see Piqure 2-1). Fiqure 2-1 also shows the

reflection and the shadow boundaries. These boundaries, in

Fiqure 2-1, are defined with respect to a corner of the

illuminated face and they extend outward into space. Space

is divided bv the shadow boundary into two reqions which are

called the illuminated reqion and the shadow reqion. In the

illuminated region, the direct ray exists everwhere, but in

the shadow reqion, the direct ray ceases to exist. Accordinq

to the GO approximation. there is no electromagnetic field

in the shadow reqion when the wedge is larqe in term of the

wavelenqth. This means that there is a field discontinunity

as the point of observation moves across the shadow

boundary. Th.is is, of course, not true in the physical

world. If the diffracted fields are calculated accurately,

the total electromaqnetic field will be continuous

throuqhout the space exterior to the vedqe. This is

evidence that if one combines the GO field and the

diffracted field, the resulted field will be more accurate

than the GO field alone, especially in the neighbourhood of

shadow and reflection boundaries.

The computation required to find the diffracted ray is

much more complicated than for findinq the direct or the

 50
sinqlv reflected ray. The diffracted field pattern from the

wedge is quite peculiar since there are discontinuities in

amplitude and phase at both of the boundaries. These

dicontinunities will compensate for the disapperance of the

direct and singly reflected rays, which will occur at the

shadow and reflection boundaries, respectively. The abrupt

amplitude and phase chanqes in the field at the

discontinunities are on the order of 3 Db and 180 electrical

degrees, respectively. In this study, the diffraction field

is calculated using results obtained by Kouyoumiian [13].

which are an approximate hiqh frequency closed form

solution.

One of the important points in the process of findinq

the diffracted field is to locate the diffraction point

CQe). Qe is the point where the anqle between the plane

containinq the line from the source to Qe and the

diffracting edge is equal to the angle between the plane

containinq the diffractioQ edqe and the line from Qe to the

observation point (see Figure 2-7). In other words, Qe is

the point that satisfies the Law of Edqe Diffraction

(Fermat's principle) •. In most of ~he UTD computer proqrams

written by other investigators an iterative technique has

been used to locate Qe. but this is inefficient. An

alqorithm for the tvo-dimensional problem of locating Qe has

been developed for this mode1. and the algorithm is

described io Appendix A. Thus. the problem of findinq Qe is

simplified, and requires little computation time.
 51
Once Qe is found, the loqical test for ray existence is

performed. Let plate L and plate L+1 form a wedge as shown

in Fiqure )-4. The edqe e of this wedqe is under test for

the existence of a diffraction point. The computer program

separates the entire modelinq terrain into two reqions. The

first reqion includes the first plate to plate L-1, the

second reqion is from plate L+2 to the last plate. In the

first reqion, the compute~ proqram tests for blockaqe usinq

the antenna location and Qe as the two end points of a ray.

In the second reqion, Qe and the observation point are the

two end points and similar blockaqe tests are performed. If

the ray passes these blockaqe tests the diffracted ray is

evaluated and ~he contritution is vectoriallv added to the

total. If the ray was hlocked, the next edge, which is

formed by plates L+1 and L+2, is considered. The proqram

repeats the procedure until all of the edqes have been

tested for possible diffracted rays. The final result is the

total sinqly diffracted field ( ~ ). which is qiven by

where
- L E>
T

e
e
,

T = the number of edges,

e = the edqe index,

E>e = the sinqly diffracted field from the edqe e

evaluated at the observation point.

B. First-Order Group

The first-order qroup is composed of combinations of

 Observation
Illuminated Region Point

t •
'Oo\,){\oof'fJ, - - -
Antenna Incident Angle = Reflected Angl IRe~\ec~{\- - -
\ ......... ".,,-
Source ....---~

..
-~)IIIP y

""'"- ............

Shadow Region

Figure 3-4. The SingIy-Diffracted Ray Diffracted from Edge e to the Observation
Point.

U1
t\J
 53
reflected and diffracted rays which are; the doubly-

reflected, the reflected-diffracted, the diffracted-

reflected, and the doubly-diffracted rays. The ray

descriptions and blockage tests are presented in the

followinq sections.

B.1 Doubly-Reflected Ray

The doubly-reflected (RR) ray is one that is reflected

from two different modelinq plates. An example of this ray

is shown in Fiqure 3-5, where the ray is reflected from

plate L to plate ~, and reflected off plate M to the

observation point.

The existence determination alqorithm starts with the

location of the doubly imaqed source. This can be

accomplished by first determininq the image of the oriqinal

source with respect to plate L, and then treating this image

source as if it were the actual source and determininq its

imaqe with respect to plate ~_ The RR ray is assumed to

radiate from this doubly imaqed source to the observation

point, and in phase with respect to the original source.

Once the doubly imaqed source is found, and usinq the
location of the observation point, the reflection point (eM)
with respect to plate ft is determined. If eM is located

outside the physical boundaries of plate M, the BR ray does

not exist. But if eM lies v~thin the boundaries, the
location of the reflection point on plate L (eL) must be
determined. This is done by the use of the first imaqed
 z

Antenna
f
Source
.::::::=:0 Observation
Point

- -......... y

First
Image <
Source
Second
Image <
Source

Figure 3-5. The Doubly-Reflected Ray Reflected from Plate L to

Plate M, and Reflected from Plate M to the
Observation Point.
U1
~
 55
source and eM as the two points of a ray. Once aqain the

reflection point CL must lie on the plate L. If CL and eM

are found to exist, the blocakqe tests are performed. In

summary. for the RR ray to exist, inteLception points CL and

eM must be located on both plates, and the line of siqht

from the oriqinal source to CL, from CL to eM, and from eM

to the observation point must not be blocked. If these

conditions are met, the BE ray electric field amplitude and

phase are calculated and added to the previous

cont['ibutions.

This process is repeated until all of the plate

combinations possible have been tested. The final result

is the total Doubly-Reflected field (~R), which is qiven

by
N N
~R = L L ~R ,
L M ~,M
where
N = the number of modelinq p La tas,

L, M = the plate indexes,

-RR
EL,M :: the doubly-reflEcted field for plate L a.nd pla.te

M.

B.2 Reflected-Diffracted Ray

The reflected-diffracted (RD) ray is the rdY that is
reflected once from a plate K and then diffracted once by an
edqe e. An example of such a ray is qiven in Fiqure 3-6.
The existence of the reflection point (C K) a nd the

diffraction point (Oe) is the first requirement foe a RD ray

 c::::::!J Observation
Point

Antenna
Source

Figure 3-6. The Reflected-Diffracted Ray Reflected from Plate K to Edge e

(Diffraction Point Q ) and Diffracted from Edge e to the Observati on
• e
Point.

U1
0'\
 57
to exist. There are at leas~ two possible methods to

determine the existence of these two points.

The first method involves creating images of the edqe

under test and the observation point with respect to an

extension of the reflectinq plane under test (K in this

case); the qeometries involved in the first method are shown

in Piqure 3-7a. With the antenna location, imaqe edqe, and

e imaqe observation point, the location of the diffraction

point on the (imaqe) edge is calculated. Finally, if a line

between the source and the imaqe of Qe intersects the plane

K, CK exists, and the ray is tested for blockaqe.

The second method is to imaqe the source rather than

the diffration point (see Fiqure )-7b). For this method, a

line between the source imaqe and Qe intersectinq plane K

determines the existence of Qe and CK Due to

computational considerations, the latter method is

considered desirable and is used in this study, although

they qive identical results.

If CK and Qe are determined to exist, the blockaqe

alqorithm is performed. If the ray is not blocked, RD ray

electric field amplitude and phase are calculated and added

to the previous contributions. It should be noted that the

phase of the BD imaqe source is delayed 180 electrical

deqrees with respect to the oriqinal source for horizontal

polarization.

This process is repeated until all plate and edge

combinations for the RD rav have been tested. The final

 58

Q
e

....--.~---r----r---r----e---r--~~--. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Figure 3-7a. Depiction of First Method for Determining the Existence

of a Diffraction Point (0 ) for a Possible Reflected-
e
Diffracted Ray Reflected from Plate K and Diffracted
at Edge e.

Source Q
e
<

:II'"
.Jt'''

~
, / ""
~'
Source Image

Figure 3-7b. Depiction of Second Method for Determining the Existence

of a Diffraction Point (0 ) for a Possible Reflected-
e
Diffracted Roy Reflected from Plate K and Diffracted at
Edge e.
 59
~D
result is the total Reflected-Diffracted field ( E ),

which is qiven by

where
- N
L
K e
r
~ -;:RD
EK,e t

N = the numbec of modelinq plates,

K = the plate index,

T = the number of edqes r

e = the edqe index,

-RD
E
K)e = the Reflected-Diffracted field fot'" plate K and edge

e.

B.3 Diffracted-Reflected Ray

The diffracted-reflected (DR) ray is the ray that is

diffracted from an edqe and reflected off a plate, which is

not part of the same edqe, to the observation point. The ray

qeometry is illustrated in Fiqure )-8.

The first requirement for a DR ray to exist is that the

d Lf f ru c t Lon point and r e f Le c t.Lo n point must exist. 'rhere

are two possible methods to determine the existences of

these two points.

The first method involves imaqing the antenna source

and the edqe (e in this case) with respect to an extension

of the plate under test (L in this case). Figure 3-9a

depicts the qeometrv involved in this method. with an imaqe

source location, imaqe edqe e and the observation point, the

imaqe of the diffraction point is determined. Usinq the

imaqe of the diffraction point and the observation point as

 Edge e ~ Observa
tion
Point

A nt en na
t ,
~ ...
Source

rrrrr!
e (D if fr ac ti on
le ct ed R oy D if fr ac te d from Edge ervation
ef Plate L to the Obs
Fi gu re 3- 8. The D if fr ac te d- R R ef le ct ed fro m
e L and
Point Q e ) to Plat
• .
Poi nt

0\
o
 61
two end points toqethec with a plane which contains plate L,

reflection point tct.) is calculated. Finally, Qe is

determined by re-imaqinq the imaqe of the diffraction point

with respect to plate L.

The second method is to imaqe the observation point

with respect to the plane containinq plate L (see Figure

)-9b). with the antenna location, the edqe and the imaqe of

the observation point, Qe is determined using the same loqic

as for the singly diffracted ray. CL is found by using Qe

and the imaqe of the observation point as two end points of

a line that intercepts an extension of plate L.

Comparinq these two methods indicated that the latter

method required fewer computation steps, hence less

computation time. Therefore. the latter method is used.

After Qe and CL are determined to exist, the second

requirement is the line of siqht from the antenna location

to Qe. from Qe to CL, and from CL to the observation point

must not be blocked. If the line of siqht is not blocked,

the DR ray electric field amplitude and phase are calculated

and added to the previous contributions. The phase of the

DR ray is also delayed by 180 elec~rical deqrees due to the

reflection.

This process is repeated until all edqe and plate

combinations for the DR ray have been tested. The final

result is the total D.iffracted-Reflected field (~R),

which is qiven by
 62

Observation
Point

Figure 3-90. The First Method for Determining the Diffracted-

Reflected Ray Path.

t~:-
aC
Antenna
Source

...........
I III It ........
" '"""'-
"":-";j
Image of the
Observation
Point

Figure 3-9b. The Second Method for Determining the Diffracted-Reflect-ed

Ray Path.
 T N 63

where
~R _
L IL ~R
e)L t
e
N = the number of modelinq plates.

T = the number of edqes,

e = the edqe index~

= the plate index,

= the Diffracted-Reflected field foe od qe e and

plate L.

B.4 Doubly-Diffracted Rav

The doubly-diffracted (DO) ray is diffracted by two

different edqes. An example of this ray is illustrated in

Fiqure 3-10, where the first edqe is formed by connected

plates K and K-1, and the second edqe is formed by plate L

and plate L-1. It should be noted that the edqes are not

pact of the same plate. There a Lv a v s exists cl douhly-

diffracted ray where both edqas are part of the same plate.

This type of ray is sometime refered to as the surface wave

in the sense that the ray after the first diffraction

propaqates alonq the plate surface. However, the ray

amplitude of the surface wave is attenua~ed quickly.
Furthermore, the typical Flate width used is more than 100
wavelenqths. Hence, this type of Doubly-diffracted ray is

iqnored in these calculations.

Before startinq the tlockaqe test, the two diffraction

points DK and DL have to be determined. If both DK and DL

exist, testinq for blockaqe of the line of siqht from the

source to DK. DK to DL, and OL to the observation point is

 t c:::::::::D Observetion
Ed\~e Point
Antenna.
~
Source ---

rrrml

Figure 3-10. The Doubly-Diffracted Ray Diffracted from Edge e (Diffraction Point Q )
to Edge e l (Diffraction Point Q I)' and Diffracted from Edge e l to the e
Observation Point. e

0'\
~
 65
performed. If there is no line of siqht blockage, the DO ray

exists and its associated electric field components are

calculated. It should te noted that if the edges are

infinitely lonq (2-dimensional), both diffraction points

always exist.

The process is repeated until all of the edqes have

been tested. The final result is the total doubly diffracted
.. -::-DED •• '
f1eld ( J, Vh1Cb 15 qiven by
T T
~D \ \ tDD
L L e,e'
,
e e'
where

T = the number of edges,

e, e' = the edqe indexes,

~D = the Donbly-Diffracted field for edges e and e'.

e,e'

c. Second-Order Group
The second-order qroup is co~posed of eiqht rays which

are: the triply-reflected, reflected-reflected-diffracted,

reflected-diffracted-reflected. reflected-diffracted-

diffracted, diffracted-reflected-reflected, diffracted-

reflected-diffracted, diffracted-diffracted-reflycted, and

triple-diffracted. Only the first seven rays-are discussed.

There are several different alqorithms which can be used to

test for the existence cf a particular ray. Por example

refer to Piqures 3-7a and ]-6b for the Reflected-Diffracted

ray. However, usinq any alQorithm the same result is

obtained. The alqorithms used in these sections are chosen

so that the required compctation steps are minimum.

 66

There are three required maior steps in testinq for ray

existence: the setup procedure, calculatinq the reflection

and/or diffraction point(s), and the line-af-sight blockage

test. If the ray passes these, i t exists. The last step is

then the electric field amplitude and phase calculation.

Similar tests as are applied to the previous ray group are

also used for the second-order qrcup rays. For example, the

diffracted-diffracted-reflected ray is simply the doubly-

diffracted ray diffracted toward the imaqe of the

observation point instead of diffracted toward the real

observation point. Therefore, the tests to determine the

reflection of diffraction points for the second-order rays

are not discussed in thesE sections. It should be mentioned

aqain that the UTD model includes rays which propaqate in

the forward direction only. We now proceed to describe the

included rays in detail.

e.l Triplv-Reflected Ray

The Triply-Reflected (RRB) ray is defined as any ray

reflected from plates three times, with the incident and

reflected anqles on each plate equal. An example of such a
ray is qiven in Fiqure 3-11.
To test for the existence of the ray, the first step is

to find the imaqe source location of the antenna source with

respect to the first reflectinq plate (K in this case). The

method of determininq the imaqe source location is explained

in section 1.2. Once the imaqe location is found, usinq it

 Observation
c===J) Point

Antenna
t
Source

RM~ ,..
~\~
~\o\e

Plate L

Figure 3-11. The Triply-Reflected Ray Reflected from Plate K to Plate L,

Reflected from Plate L to Plate M, and Reflected from Plate M
to the Observation Point.

0"
-...J
 68
as a source a second imaqe with respect to plate L is

calculated. Then usinq the second image as if it were the

source, a third i aa q e point vi th respect to plate M is

calculated.

The second step is to determine whether or not

reflection points exist ~ithin the physical boundaries of

plate K, L, and K. This can be ascertained by usinq the

third image and the observation points as two points on a

line. This line must intercept plate M: the interception

point (RM) and the second imaqe location are then used as

two points on a line that must intercept plate L. Aqain, by

usinq the interception point on plate L (RL) and the first

image location as two end points on a line, the third

interception point (RK) is found and must be located on

plate K. If anyone of the three reflection points, BK, BL,

and RM is not located within the appropriate plate boundary,

the RRR ray does not exist and the next reflectinq plate

(M+l) is considered.

If three reflection points exist, the third step is to

determine whether or not the ray which travels from the

antenna source to BK, RK to RL, RL to R~, and RM to the

observation point is blocked by the other plates.

If the RRR ray passes all blockage tests, its electric

field amplitude and phase are ~alculated and added to the

previous contributions. This alqorithm is performed on all

forward ray combinations of plates. The final result is the

total triply-reflected field ( ~RR), which is qiven by

 ~RR _ N N N 69
L ~ 1. ~RR
K L M I)(.L.M
where
N = the number of modelinq plates,

K, L, ~ = the plate inde~es,

~Ei(~RR = the ·
tc~ple-ceflecteu
·
f1eld.
)L)M

C.2 Reflected-aeflected-Diffracte~Ray

The Reflected-Reflected-Diffracted (RRD) ray is defined

as a ray reflected by two different plates, then diffracted

from an edqe to the obse~vatioD point. Moreovec, the edqe

must not be part of the two reflecting plates. An example

of this ray is qiven in Fiqure 3-12.

The first step to test for the existence of the ray is

to find the imaqe source position with respect to plate K~

The method of determininq the imaqe location is explained in

section A.2. Once the first imaqe point is found, the

second imaqe point must be calculated usinq the first imaqe

location and plate L. Usinq the second imdqe locdtion dnd

an edqe (edqe e in this case) the diffraction point is

determined by usinq the method described in section A.J.

The second step is to determine whether or not there

are reflection points existinq within plat~s K and L, and a

diffraction point (Oe) on edqe e. with the exception of the

case of an edqe and a line which contains the second image

point and the otservation point beinq paralle 1, the

diffraction point always exists in the tvo-dimensional case.

Qe and the second imaqe lccation arc used as two points on a

line. The reflection point (RL) where this line intercepts

 Obser vation
c:=!J Point
t
Edge e~
Anten na <
Source
Q
e
..

K
Figure 3-12 • The Reflec ted-R eflect ed-Di ffracte d Ray Reflec ted from Plate
action Point Q ),
to Plate L, Reflec ted from Plate L to Edge e (Diffr
e
and Diffra cted from Edge e to the Obser vation Point.

--..J
o
 71
plate L is determined. then usinq RL and the first imaqe

location as two points on a line~ the reElectinq point ilK,

which is the interception point on plate K, is calculated.

If either RL, RK, or Qe do not exist the RHD rdY will not
exist.

The third step is to test whether or not the ray fLom

the antenna source to RK, RK to RL~ RL to Qe, and Qe to the

observation point is blocked bV the other plates.

If an RHO ray passes the existence tests, its electric

field amplitude and phase are calculated and added to the

previous contributions. ~his alqorithm is performed on all

forwacd travelinq ray com~inations of plates and edqes. The

final result becomes the total Reflected-Reflected-

Diffracted field f
~RD
) . which is qiven by

where
~{RI)
- K
N
2 2 L
N

L
N

e
"f;itl{l)
K,L,e
,.

N = the number of modelinq p La tes,

T = the number of cdqes,
K, 1. = the plate indices.
e = the edqe inde x,
-::RRD
EK,L,e = the RBO field.

C.3 Reflected-Diffracted-Reflected Ray

The Reflected-Diff~acted-Reflected (rrOR) ray is
reflected once from a plate, diffracted by an e1qe which is

not pdrt of the plate, and reflected once more from another
plate. Fiqure 3-13 depicts an RDR ray.
 c::::::=0 Obser vati on
Point

Antenna
t
Source

Plate K

Plate K to
Figure 3-13. The Reflec ted-D iffract ed-Re flecte d Ray Reflected from
Edge e (Diffraction Point Q e), Diffracted from Edge e to Plate M,
and Reflected from Plate M to the Observcflon Point.

-...J
f\J
 73
The first step in the ray existence tests is to

determine that the edqe (edqe e in this case) is located

above both reflecting plates (plates K and Mare

considered). If this condition is met, the source and

observation point are imaqed with respect to plate K and

plate M, respectively; also, an image of edge e with respect

to plate K is calculated. By usinq an imaqe of edqe e, the

image source, and the image of the observation point the

imaqe diffraction point (Qei) is determined. The method in

determininq the diffraction point is explained in section

A.3. Qei is then reimaqed with resp~ct to plate K to a

point on edge e, and is the diffraction point (Qel.

The second step is to test for the existence of the

reflection points on plates K and M. The reflection point

on plate K (RK) is determined by qeneratinq a line which

contains Qe and the imaqe source, intercepting plate K;

similarly. the reflection point on plate M (RM) is where a

line which contains Qe and the imaqe of the observation

point intersects plate M.

Once RK and R~ are determined to exist on plates K and

~. the last step required is the hlockaqe test. The line-of-

siqht from the antenna to RK, RK to Qe, Qe to R~, and RM to

the observer .ust not be blocked by the other plates.

If the ray passes the existence test, its electric

field amplitude and phase are calculated and added to the

total. This process is repeated until all forward traveling

ray combinations of plates and edqes are examined. The
 74
final result becomes the total Reflected-Diffcactcd-

Reflected field ( ~DR), which is qiven by

N T N
~DR _ L L L ~DR ,
K e L K)e,L
where

N = the number of modelinq plates,

T = the number of edqes,

K, L = the plate indices,

e = the edqe index~

~DR = the- RDR field.

K)e)L

C.4 Reflected-Oiffracted-Oiffracted nay

The Reflected-oiffracted-Diffracted (ROD) ray is

defined as a ray reflected from a plate and diffracted from

two different edqes. where the diffraction edqes are not

in Fiqure 3-14.
The first step to test for ray existence is to locate
the imaqe source with respect to plate K. Once this imaqe

point is found, the diffraction points on edges e and e' ace

determined. The alqorithm to find the diffraction points

for parallel edqes is discussed in detail in Appendix A. It

should be noted that if the edqes are oriented arbitarily,

determininq both diffraction points is much more difficult.

This is also true for the Doubly-Diffracted ray.
The second step is to determine the existence of the

reflection point (K in this case). This is done by

qeneratinq a line which contains the imaqc source and the

 .........--£J Ob~ervati on
POint

Edge e

Antenna
t 1 Qe
Source ~

Plate K

Figure 3-14. The Reflec ted-D iffract ed-Di ffracte d Ray Reflected from Plate K l to
Edge e (Diffraction Point Q e), Diffracted from Edge e to Edge e
l
(Diffraction Point Q e I)' and Diffracted from Edge e to the
Observation Point.

'-J
U1
 76
diff~action point (e in this case) and testinq whether i t

intercepts plate K.

The third step is the blockaqe test. A line which

oriqinates from the source to RK~ RK to Qe, Qe to Qe', and

Qe' to the observation point must not be blocked by the

other plates.

Once the ray passes the existence tests, its electric

f ield amplitude and phase are c e Lc u Lat o d and a d d e d to the

previous contributions. 1his alqorithm is performed on all

forward travelinq ray combinations of existinq plates and

edqes. The final result becomes the total Reflected-

Diffracted-Diffracted -field (~D J, which is q Lv o n by

~D • r er
N

K
T T
L -::ROD
e' EK,e,e'
,

where

N = the nu mbec of mol1elinq plates,

T .:: the nu mber of edqcs,

K = the plate number,

e, e' :: the e<lqe indexes,

-=RDD
Ei( te,e , = the ROD field.

C.5 Diffracted-Beflected-Reflected Ray

The Diffracted-Reflected-Reflected (ORR) ray is
diffracted once from an edqe and reflected from two
different plates. Furthermore, the diffractinq edqe must not

be part of a reflectinq plate. The ray qeometry is

illustrated in Fiqure 3-15.

The first step in the ray existence test is to
 Observation
~ Point

t Edge e
Antenna,
Source < ~ 7 Qe

Figure 3-15. The Diffracted-Reflected-Reflected Ray Diffracted from Edge e

(Diffraction Point Q ) to Plate L, Reflected from Plate L to
e
Plate M, and Reflected from Plate M to the Observation Point.

-.J
-.J
 78
determine that the diffraction point and both reflection

points exist. This is done by imaqinq the observer location

with respect to plate M, and usinq this imaqe location,

furtheL imaqe with respect to ~late L to form the secondary-

imaqe point. By usinq the secondary-imaqe observer point,

the source, and the edqe E, the location of the diffraction

point (Qe) is calc ula ted. The method of ohtaininq Q~ is

discussed in section E.3. Once Qe is found, the

determination of both reflection points is performed. Dy

usinq Qe and the secondary-imaqe observer location as two

points on a line, the intersection point CRt) on the

extension of plate t is calculated; similary, by usinq RL

and the first imaqe observation point as two points on

another line, the intersection point (RM) on the extension

of plate M is determined. Eoth RL and RM must be located on

plates Land M for the DBB ray to exist.

The last step is the blockaqe test. A line from the

source to Qe, Oe to RL, RI to RM, and RM to the observation

point must not be blocked by the other plates. If the line

is not blocked, the DRR ray electric field amplitude and

phase are calculated and added to the previous

contributions.
The process is repEated until all edqe and plates in

forward direction combinations for the DRR ray have been

examined. The final result is the total Oiffracted-

Reflected-Reflect.ed field (~RR), which is qiven by

~RR • rLL
T

eLM
N N
E>RR
e.L,M
,
 79

where
N = the nu ml:er of raodelinq plates,

T = the number of edqes,

L, M = the plate indexes,

e = the edqe index.

~RR = the DRR field.
e.L)M

e.6 Diffracted-Reflected-Diffracted Bay

The Diffracted-Reflected-Diffracted (ORO) ray is one

that is diffracted from an edqe, reflected from a plate

which is not part of the same edqe, and diffracte~ once more
from another edqe which is part of the reflectinq plate. An
example of this ray Qeometry is illustrated in Fiqu~e 3-16.
The first condition to test whether or not the ORO ray

is po s a i.b Le is t ha t the diffraction points o n Loth e d qe s

(edqes e and at in this case) and the reflection point on a

plate (plate L for example) must exist. One method to

determine this is to imaqe both edqe e' and the observation

point with respect to plate L. Then, usinq the source, edqe

e, imaqe'of edqe e'. and imaqe of the observation point, the

diffraction points are determined as for the DO ray.

The second step is to test whether oc not the

reflection point is on plate L. The reflection point is

obtained by qeneratinq a line which contdins both

diffraction points, and intersects plate L at RL. For the

DRD ray to exist, RL must be within the boundaries of plate

L. It should be notEd that one diffraction point is on the

 ~ Obser vation
Point
Edge e
r
,Antenna
Source <E • ,

rrr t ..
Plate L

Figure 3-16. The Diffracted-Reflected-Diffracted Ray Diffracted from Edge e

(Diffraction Point Q ) to Plate L, Reflected from Plate L to l
Edge e' (Diffraction epoin t Q .), and Diffracted from Edge e to
the Observation Point. e

00
o
 81
imaqe of edqe e t • Therefore, before startinq blockaqe tests,

the actual diffraction point is needed. The resultant point

(Qe') is thus located on edqe a'.

The final condition foe the Lay to exist is no

blocKaqe. The line of siqht fLom the source to Qe, Qe to

Rt, RL to Qe t , and Qe' to the observation point must not be

blocked by the other plates. If the line is not blocked,

the ray electric field amplitude and phase are calculated

and added to the previous contributions.

The process is repeated until all edqes and plates in

forward direction combinations for the ORO ray have been

tested. The final result is the total Diffracted-Reflected-

Diffracted field ( ~RD ) , which is qiven by

T N T
~RD • L
e
'i 'iat
L
~RD
e)L)e' ,
where

N .:: the nu mber of mouelinq plates,

T -= the nu mber of e d o e s ,
L = the plate index.

e, e' .:: the edqe indexes,

~RD __
e)L.e t -
the DRD field.

C.7 Diffracted-Diffracted-Beflected Ray

The Diffracted-Diffracted-Reflected (DDR) ray is

defined as a ray diffracted from two different edqes, and

reflected once from a ~late which does not touch those

diffractinq edqes. An Example of this ray qeometry is

illustrated in Fiqure 3-17.
 Observation
e==O Point

Antenna
f Edge e I

Source
<E ~ ·
1 Qel

,...

Figure 3-17. The Diffracted-Diffracted-Reflected Ray Diffracted from Edge e (Diffraction

Point Q ) to Edge e' (Diffraction Point Q I)' Diffracted from Edge e l to
e e
Plate M, and Reflected from Plate M to the Observation Point.

(X)
f\J
 83
The first step is to calculate an imaqe of the

obse~vation point with respect to the reflectinq plate

(plate M in this case). The imaqe location must lie below

the plane which contains reflectinq plate M. If this

condition is met the next step is performed.

This is to determine the diffraction points on both

edqes (edqe e and e') and the reflection point. The method

is very similar to the one used for the doubly-diffracted

ray_ The only difference is that instead of usinq the real

observation point. the imaqe observation point is utilized.

Therefore, by usinq the imaqe observation point, source

location~ and edqes e and e' the diffraction points Qe and

Qe t are determined. Once Qe and Qe' are found, the

reflection point on plate M is calculated. This is done by

usinq Qe' and the imaqe observation point as two points on a

line that intercepts the plane which contains plate M. If

the reflection point (B~) is found to exist within plate M.

the blockaqe test is performed.

The blockaqe test is the last step in the ray existence

alqorithm. The line-of-siqht propaqation path from the

antenna source to Qe, Qe to Qe', Qe' to RM, and RM to the

observation point must not be blocked by the other plates.

If the DDR ray passes all three steps, it exists and

the electric field amplitude and phase are calculated and

added to the previous contributions. This algorithm is

repeated on all-forward direction combinations of plates and

edqes. The final result becomes the total Diffracted-

 84
-::-DDR
Diffracted-Reflected field (E ), which is qiven by
T T N
~DR \ \ ~ ~DR
E - L L L e,e',M •
e e' M
where
T = the number of edqes,

N = the number of modelinq plates,

e, at = the edQ€ indices,
M = the plate index,

L = the plate which includes edqe e' ,

~DR
e, e' ,M = the DOB ra v ;
 85

CHAfTER IV

APPLICATIONS AT TEST SITES

Results of the UTD ~eflection model as applied to the

ILS qlide slope are presented. Four different terrain

configurations are selected to demonstrate the accuracy of

the UTO results. This is done by comparing the UTD results

against PO (Physical Optics) [5,61 results and fliqht

measurements. A 2-D (2-0imensional) hypothetical drop-off

and up-slope terrain confiquration is considered first.

since no measurements are available, ideal (flat) terrain is

used for reference. The 2-D UTD results are compared with

2-D PO and GO (Geometrical optics) results. In addition,

the PO shadowing treatment is described.

For the second site. the qround terrain in the approach

path is a drop-off followed by level qround. For the third

site. the qround terrain is qenerally an up-slope. The 2-D

UTD and 2-0 PO models were aqain used for the second and

third case calculations. The calculated results are then

compared aqainst airborne measurements.

The last site is a mild up-slope with larqe lateral

terrain variations in the direction perpendicular to the

runway centerline (X-direction). Special treatment of the

terrain inputs to both the 2-D UTD and 2-D PO models is

required to account for this terrain variation, and the

method used is described. BV usinq ~he three-dimensional

 86
terrain input toqether with the 2-D UTD and 2-D PO models,

the resulting models are refered to as the 3-D UTD and 3-D

PO models.

The relative total electric field for ~he first case is

computed at a 50,000 foot constant radius and covers a

sector from 1.0 to q.5 deqrees elevation. For the second,

third, and fourth sites, different types of measurement

pattern cuts are calculated such that direct comparisons

with fliqht measurements can be made. The special fliqht

maneuverinq procedures for ILS measurements according to the

Federal Aviation Administeration (FAA) standards are low-

approach, level. perpendicular to runway, and orbital. The

level and low-approach fliqht runs are most commonly

performed durinq fliqht measurements. It should be noted

that the fliqht measurement result shows the relation

between the course deviation indication (cnr) in

microamperes V5. the distance from the reference point. A
cor is obtained from calcula~inq a ratio of the sideband and

carrier complex amplitudes and multiplyinq with a constant.

The resultant real part is the CD!. In Appendix B more

detail is provided.

The level fliqht measurement is made a~ a constant 1000

foot altitude (typical), and is flown inbound from 54,000 to

18.200 feet from the antenna mast. The result is qenerally

used to provide the value of the path anqle (anqle at which

the receiver CDX current is zero) and the width anqle

(difference in the elevation anqles at which the CDI current

 87
is +-15 microamperes). This is considered as a far-field

measurement. The low-apFroach fliqht is made alonq the

extended runway centerline (localizer on-course) and on the

qlide path from an altitude of 1500 feet to an altitude over

the runway of 20 feet. The purpose of this measurement is to

determine the qlide path structure characteristic along the

qlide path anqle.

A. Hvpothetical site

A.1 Introduction

To demonstrate the UTD calculation shadowinq accuracy

as compared to the improper shadowing of the PO model, a

simple but realistic 2-D terrain with a drop-off and up-

slope confiquration is used. The terrain profile is

illustrated in Fiqure 4-1. Letters are assiqned to

reflectinq sections and numbers are qiven to edqes for use

in followinq discussions.

Tvo qrade values are chosen for the up-slope section.

with a mild up-slope of 3.5 percent qrade, the drop-off at

the far-end of the up-slope portion is 7.5 feet. For the

moderate up-slope of 11.0 percent qrade, the hiqhest

elevation at the far end of an up-slope is 45 feet. When

viewed from the base of the antenna mast (reference point)

toward the hiqhest point, the elevation anqles for the mild

and moderate up-slope cases are 2.0 and 6.3 degrees,

respectively. These types of upslopes are frequently

encountered at existinq airports. The antenna height is

 H (Feet)
Mild (3.5°,,{,) 7.5
Moderate (llCX I 45
t
28.26 1
Antenna .......
:;:---.' .". . --- --- ---- .
A
<, ------~ ~
Location " ~ ----
...................... ~~e
~ • • ( ~ ';'~........ c
<,

1D· ::1 bA'\ -,

~~\:~~~
~ 0o!
• 0,___
"0 n-
~ ~

t 1000' --+ 500' --f 5500'

---f
Figure 4-1. Two-Dimensional Hypothetical Terrain Profile
Used in Calculating the Results in Figures 4-2
and 4-3. (Not to Scale)
co
00
 89
28.26 feet, which is the typical beiqht used in practice,

and the simulation frequency is 330.0 MHz.

A.2 Model ComparisioD

For the hypothetical profile of Figure 4-1, the 2-D UTD

results are compared aqainst the 2-D PO calculations. For

the GO calculations a profile consistinq of a level

reflectinq plane is assumed. The antenna patterns obtained

from the 2-D UTD. 2-D PO, and GO methods are superimposed

with one another. The GO result is used as a reference for

each comparison. To allow the reader to understand how the

PO and UTD methods differ in handling the shadowing, a

brief discussion is qiven below.

with reference to Figure 4-1, for a mild up-slope case,

the PO calculation starts with the qround current

determination in the illuminated portions. It can be seen

that the illuminated portions of the terrain consist of

section a, and portions of sections c and e. In the PO

approximation, there are no qround currents on sections b

and d. since they are shadowed by sections a and c,

respectively. The li-t-portion determination is performed by

qeneratinq tvo straight lines, which originate from the

antenna and impinqe on the two edqes of the section under

test. If there is no line-af-sight obstruction, the entire

section is illuminated. However, if either one or both
lines are blocked, the anqle between the two lines is

reduced until both lines are not blocked by any interventinq

 90
sections. As an example. it can be seen in Fiqure 4-1 that
a portion of section c is illuminated. This alqorithm is

repeated for all sections. The PO model calculates the

electric field radiated from each lit portion and, by

superposition, the electric fields are added to the direct

field for determininq the total electric fields.

The UTD technique treats wave propaqation usinq rays.

The alqorithms for testing their existence are explained in

Appendix A. In the ranqe from 1.0 to 4.5 deqrees, and for

this hypothetical case, the existinq rays are the direct,

reflected (Ra. Re, Be), diffracted (D2, D4), diffracted-

reflected (D2Rc, D4Re), doubly-diffracted (02D4), and

diffracted-diffracted-reflected (D2D4Re). One might guess

that the doubly-reflected ray would exist. This is not the

case due to the small amount of up-slo~e. It should be

pointed out that edges 1 and 6 are assumed to extend to

infinity. Hence. they are iqnored in the diffraction

calculations. Furthermore, the UTD calculations involve only

rays that are propaqated in a forward direction; for

example, D4D2, the backward travelinq doubly-diffracted ray

is not considered.

The relative electric field amplitude obtained from the

2-D UTD, 2-D PO, and GO methods are illus~rated in piqure

~-2. These curves have an amplitude null at 3.0 degrees. The
2-D UTO and 2-D PO curves show a sliqht amount of deviation
from the GO curve. This is due to the effect of the

terrain. Furthermore, the 2-D UTD and 2-D PO curves aqree

 10.0

8.0
~\
"\,
II
-c
~ 6.0
,..
E
<.,
.?;
'0
~~~~\
~
a::
4.0
\\
- - - UTO Calculated
- - - - - - POCo leutoted

2.0 GO Calculated (Flat Ground Plane)

Figure 4-2. Calculated Normalized Antenna Patterns Vs. Elevation Angle Above Horizontal for TV/o-
Dimensional Hypothetical Terrain of Figure 4-1 with 2-Degree Upslope Grade.

\.0
~
 92
well from 1.0 to 4.0 deqrees. This is not surprising since

the up-slope section is only a 3.5 percent qrade, and does

not stronqly affect the ground current induced by the

antenna source. Also, the up-slope does not block the

electric field reradiated from qround currents on section a,

in the ranqe considered.

The moderate up-slope case is considered next. The

upslope grade is increased from 3.5 to 11.0 percent, with

the far-end of the upslo~e 45 feet above the base of the

mast. For this case, section c blocks the qround current

radiation entirely when the observation point is below 1.7

deqrees. Hence, in the far field, the relative amplitude

must be reduced siqnificantlv. Figure 4-3 depicts the 2-D

UTD, 2-D PO, and GO curves. The 2-D PO model still predicts

a stronq field amplitude in the reqion below 1.7 deqrees,

whereas the 2-D UTD curve indicates a much lower amplitude

as expected. Furthermore. the 2-D PO pattern null location

does not chanqe significantly from the mild up-slope case.

This ina=curacy is due to the assumptions made in the 2-D PO

model. If the terrain has a moderate up-slope similar to

this hypothetical case, one must be aware of the errors in

the 2-D PO result at low anqle calculations.

B. Kodiak Alaska

B.l Introduction
Kodiak Alaska, Runway 25 is the first ILS site selected
to validate the 2-D UTD model. The terrain has only small
 10.0
q
/
~ /
8.0
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
&» / I
."
~ 6.0 I I
,..
e / I
<t,)
.~
....e
'"i 4.0
I I/
"
Ol:: / /
<,
"
/ I/
- - - UTD.. Calculated
"L/
2.0 I
I
- - - - - - POCalculated I
- - - - - GO Calculated (Flat Gro~nd Plan.) "-'
"
i , i

Figure 4-3. Calculated Normalized Antenna Patterns Vs. Elevation Angle Above Horizontal for Two-
Dimensional Hypothetical Terrain of Figure 4-1 with 6.3 Degree Upslope Grade.
\.0
W
 94
lateral terrain variations (in the direction perpendicular

to the runway centerline) on the order of 1.0 foot. A

siqnificant portion of the reflecting surface in front of

the qlide slope antenna is ocean. The ocean has tidal

variations on the order of 12.0 feet from low to hiqh tide.

The desiqn qlide path anqle is 2.0 deqrees and the operating

frequency is 330.8 MHz •. Piqure 4-4 shows the linearized

terrain profile parallel to the runway centerline taken

directly in front of the base of the antenna mast, which is

located 322.0 feet from the runway centerline.

The NR, SBR, and CE qlide slope systems were set up for
experimental tests at this site. For the purpose of

validation only the results obtained for NR system, durinq

hiqh and low tides, and level and low-approach fliqht

measurements are discussed.

Five conducting plates are used to approximate the

terrain out to 5000 feet from the antenna mast. The results,
which include tidal effects on the electric fields, are

caclulated and converted into the course deviation

indication (CDI), as is described in Appendix B, and

compared against the results obtained from the 2-D PO model

and fliqht measurements.

B.2 Kodel Valida~ion

Comparisons between 2-D UTD and 2-D PO resul~s and

fliqht measurements are made for both level and low-approach
(simulated) measurements. These two basic fliqht runs are
z
, Base of the
Antenna Mast

.fa, Z=O) -~. . . . . . . y

(9000 I -1 9 •7)

K \\

Fi gu re 4- 4. Pr of ile of Te rra in in
th e Re fle cti ng Zo ne
for Kodiak, Alaska.

\0
U1
 96
commonly employed durinq site inspections under FAA Orders

for measurinq vertical and structure characteristics of the

qlide slope.

The level fliqht measurements are considered in

tabulated form in Table 1. The aqreement between both

calculated and measured path anqle is quite qood, with both

2-D UTD and 2-D PO results heinq within 0.08 degrees of the

measured value. The greatest discrepancy occurs for the 2-D

PO calculation of the lov tide path width.

Durinq high tide. the drop-off from land to ocean is

14.0 feet. Thus, almost all of the ocean surface is

illuminated by the antennas and the results determined from

2-D UTD and 2-D PO are very similar. Fiqure 4-5 depicts the

calculated and measured curves of CDr vs. elevation anqle

for level fliqht .easuremen~. It can be seen that both

calculations provided an accuarate prediction below 2.0

deqrees elevation.

For low tide, where the drop-off is 26.0 feet, Figure

q-6 shows a bend in the vertical structure as determined by

the 2-0 PO model at about 1.5 degrees elevation. This is

the anqle where the dominant reflectinq surface is changing

from ocean to land. This is evidence that the 2-D UTD result

is more accurate than the one obtained from the 2-D PO

model. at least for this case involvinq a severe terrain

discontinunity.

Next, the lov-approach results determined from both 2-D

UTD and 2-D PO are compared with fliqht measurements in

 97

Measurement Calculated UTD Co leu lated PO

ap Ow s ap Ow s 0p Ow s

eu
o
s
L-
High Tide 1.99 .54 .59 2.07 .56 .57 2.07 .61 .62
~
eu
(1)
~

--
::l
Low Tide 2.29 .68 .28 2.26 .63 .35 2.27 .57 .33
Z

AII Ang les in Degrees

a = path angle; i .e. , angle at which 0.0 IJA COl occurs

p
a
w
= total width; i.e., angle between ±75.0 CDI points

a
u
= angle at which +75 fJA occurs
a - a
= symmetry factor = u p
s
a
w

Table 1. Comparison of Measured and Calculated Results for

Kodiak Null Reference Glide Slope System.
 98

o
o
~ \'
\~

8
~

N
:c
~
\
8
+
+75

1.
::0
o
u

..
8
\\
~\
~\
- - - UTO Calculated
- - - - - - P O Co lcu krtcd
8N - - - - - Muosure~nt ~\
~\
•

\
2.8 3.2
8'--_~~_-4---~----t---+--:--~t----t---:-+=--­
M
I 1.0 2. 3.0 ~.o
Elevati on AngIe (Degrees)

Figure 4-5. Measured and Calculated Curves of COl Vs. Elevation Angle for a 1000'
. High Level Run Flight Measurement Along the Runway Centerline for the
Null Reference System at High Tide at Kodiak.
 99

o
o
~

8
~

N
:x:
s
8
:;
+75

-oJ------------~--------------
o
u

. __
- · ·_·_--·----/~

\\
8N
•
- - - UTO Calculated
- - - - - - P O Calculated
- - - - - Meosuremen t
\\
~\
2.8 \~~
2. 3.0 ".0
Elevation Angle (Degrees)

Figure 4-6. Measured and Calculated Curves of COl Vs. Elevation Angle for a 1000'
High level Run Flight Measurement Along the Runway Centerline for the
Null Reference System at Low TIde at Kodiak.
 100
Piqure 4-1. Durinq hiqh tide, both calculated results

indicate similar mono~onic chanqes in cnr up to 1000 feet

from the antenna mast. When comparinq both results aqainst

fliqht measurements. the trends are similar but with an

offset in the measured values. The offset could be from the

time of the measurement which may not have been exactly at

hiqh tide.
The last structure comparision, shown in Figure 4-8, is

for low tide. In constrast with the hiqh tide (see Fiqure

4-7), the trends are reversed. The COIlS determined from 2-D

UTD. 2-D PO and flight measurement at ]0,000 feet are 30.

40. and 29 microamperes, respectively. The 2-D UTD and 2-D

PO results are hiqhlV correlated with the fliqht measurement

as shown in Fiqure q-8.

c. Carswell Air ForCE Base

C.l Introduction
Carswell Air Force Base, Runway 35, is the second site

for the 2-D UTD model validation. The qround terrain in

front of the transmittinq antenna is qenerally a mild up-

slope with minimal lateral terrain variation. The elevation

anqle when viewed from the base of the antenna mast to the
highest point is o.qg degrees. Figure 4-9 illustrates the

terrain profile used for the 2-D UTD calculations. The

effect of the up-slope on the qlide path is expected to be

different from the previous sites. Furthermore, the accuracy

of the 2-D PO results is expected to diminish because of

 8
..

N
:z:
~

~.:::::.::::=.:=~-.-- .....,.,.,.~--- - - --
----~- ----------
<'
...;, ,.""..,. ---------- -----",,"
--.......".",.. "".,,------
0 --.",.~~-----------------------2.13
0
u ' .... --,...;"

N
..r. -- -- - UTO Calculated
o'0
... - - - - - - POCo leufated
- - - - - - - Measurement

Figure 4-7. Measured and Calculated Curves of CDI Vs. Distance for a Low-Approach Flight Along the to--'

Runway Centerline for the Null Reference System at High Tide at Kodiak. o
......
 -8•

.
:z:
~

<"
,.3,
0
0
u ",
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 2.1 3
'<, \~
~--,
~,
" ~ -=--~- ---1IIr.p.w~..\w~~~~

to:
.:I:
o
'i')

- -- -- -- uro Calcula ted

- - - - - - PO Calculated
- - - - - - - Measure men t

8 ' i i
, i • ,
+0 10/000 20,000
Distance from Antenna Mast (Feet) 30,000

Figure 4-8. Measured and Co leu lcted Curves of COl Vs. Distance fo~ a low-Approach
Flight Along the
Runwa y Centerline for the Null Reference System at low
Tide ot Kodiak. ......
o
t\J
 z
Base of the
Antenna Mast
t (3040, 26)
(1940, 22.5)
(1540,,8.5
(Y=O, Z=O) r;r;2, 0.0) Joo y

Figure 4-9. Profile of Terrain in the Reflecting Zone

for Carswell AFB, Texas.

.....
o
w
 104
neqlectinq the mutual interactions and the improper

shadowinq approximations. The glide path angle is 2.8

deqrees and the operatinq frequency is 332.0 MHz.

Since this terrain is rouqher than the Kodiak site,

more modelinq plates are required. Seven conducting plates

are used to represent the qround reflectinq terrain out to

3500 feet from the mast. Beyond this distance the qround is

a down-slope and it stays in the shadow of the up-slope

section to about 1000 feet. At this distance one would

expect neqliqable qround current amplitudes.

The NR and CE systems were set-up and measured at this

site. The antenna heights for the NR were 34.29 and 17.14

feet. For the CE systems, the antenna heiqhts were 51.42,

]Q.29, and 17.14 feet. Two each of lOOO-foot level and 2.8

deqree low-approach flight measurements are selected for the

2-D UTD model validation. Results obtained from the 2-D UTD

model are also compared against the 2-D PO determination.

B.2 Model Validation

. The results of calculated and measured level runs are

plotted in Fiqures Q-10 throuqh q-13. The path anqles and

width anqles, both calculated and measured, are summarized

in Table 2. Referrinq to the table, it is seen that for both

NR and CE, the angles measured and calcula~ed are in

aqreement to well within 0.1 deqrees.
Fiqures 4-10 and 4-11 are obtained from the NR level
fliqht measurements; calculations are from the 2-D UTD and
 105

Measured Co Icu lated UTO Calculated PO

a a s 0p a s Q a s
p w w p w

Nu II Reference
2.83 0.72 0.49 2.87 0.72 0.46 2.86 0.71 0.44
2.86 0.73 0.42

2.86 0.73 0.47

Capture Effect 2.87 0.75 0.47 2.82 0.62 0.46 2.82 0.68 0.45

.AII Angles in Degrees

a
p
= path angle; i.e., angle at which 0.0 ~ COl occurs

a
w
= width angle; i.e., angle between .±75.0 IJA COl points

a = angle at which +75 tJA occurs

u
o - a
s = symmetry factor = u p
a
w

Table 2. Tabulated Results for Carswell Level flight Measurements

and 2-D UTO and 2-D PO Calculations.
 106

0 2.65 3.35
0
c;>

\
-,
8
~
--~
...... ~

~
~
N
:I: ~

8
'+
+75

~
.....,o .........--------------+--~:-+----..--t--------
a
u

F----------------t---+-~~---------75

..
8

--- uro Calculated

- - - - - - P O Calculated
8N - - - - - Measurement
•

2.8 3.2
1.0 .0 4.0
Elevation Angle (Degrees)

Figure 4-10. Measured and Calcu lated Curves of COl Vs. Elevation Angle for a
1000' High Level Run Flight Measurement Along the Runway Centerline
for the Null Reference System at Carswell AFB, Texas.
 107

2.65 3.35

8
-:;
t-------------~"'-'~--I-----I--------+75

1.
-ot--------------....-.J~~-+---....-+--------
o
U

f--------------~J----J-.~--I---------75

-8
I

--- uro Calculated

- - - - - - PO Calculatod
8N - - - - - Moosuromon t
I

2.8 3.2
1.0 2.0 3.0 ••0
Elevation Angle (Degrees)

Figure 4-11. Measured and Calcu fated Curves of COl Vs. Elevation Angle for a
1000' High level Run Flight Measurement Along the Runway Center-
line for the Null Reference System at Carswell AFB, Texas.
 108

o 2.65 3.35
o
c;>

'I
I
I
J

,,
I
J
8
+
I
I
I
I
I
/

1---------------+---+---lft'-;---------75

..
8

- - - UTO Calculatod
- - - - - - PO eofcuJated
8
N - - - - - Muosu(un~,,'
•

2.8 3.2
8L.------r-+=---+--~~---+--'--+--~:-t----__+_--_:_t";:__-­
M
I .0 3.0 ~.O
Elevatioo Angle (Degrees)
Figure 4-12. Measu'r'ed and Cclculcted Curves of COl Vs. Elevation Angle for a
1000' High Level Run Flight Measurement Along the Runway Center-
line for the Capture Effect System at Carswell AFB, Texas.
 109

o 2.65 3.35
o
~

\
"\. J \
\! \\
~\
1 "<, "
N
::r: I \
~ I \
I ~
J
8 I
+" I
J
I
J
-ol----!----------t-~t_t-t_1r__------
(5 J
u I
/

L--------------I----+~~r__-------75
8
I

- - - - UTO Culc.:ulu'n\J
- - - - - - POCo leu rated
8N - - - - - Meosuremen t
•

2.8 3.2
2.0 3.0 ~.o
Elevaticn Angle (Degrees)

Figure 4-13. Measured and Calculated Curves of COl Vs. Elevation Angle for a
1000' High Level Run Flight Measurement Along the Runway Center-
line for the Capture Effect System at Carswell AFB, Texas.
 110
2-D PO models. The measured curves exhibit more roughness

than the calculated. This is because the terrain is not

modeled in all its detail but rather by a piecewise-linear

approximation as discussed in Chapter I.

The curves obtained from the CE level flight

measurements, 2-D DTD and 2-D PO calculations are shown in

Figures 4-12 and 4-13. All curves agree well with each

other at hiqh anqles. However, at anqles below 1.5 deqrees

the calculated results differ appreciably; the 2-D PO

calculated curve indicates a second qlide path anqle (zero

microamperes) at 1.25 deqrees, ~hereas the 2-D UTD curve

predicts 200.0 microamperes at this angle.

Fiqures 4-1q through 4-17 are the calculated and

measured results for the low-approach runs of the NR and CE

systems. There is a slight bias indicated in the measured

curves when compared with calculations. From Fiqures 4-16

and 4-11, when the CDI offsets are removed, the CE

calculated curves show excellent aqreement with the

measurements, with the 2-D UTD calculation beinq in sliqhtly

better agreemen~ than the 2-D PO results.

This offset is most likely due to a small error in

determining antenna heights. It should be pointed out that

the model inq sections used to model the actual terrain are

representative of the average terrain elevation. The first

section, for example, is in~ended to represent the average

qround elevation around the antenna mast. Hence, the

antenna heiqh~s used in the models are measured with respect

 8...
•

N
X
~

<-
~
EO
u

N
L
o
"'l - - -
... UTO Coleu lcted
- - - - - - PO Calculated
- - - - - - - Measurement

Figure 4-14. Measured c-id Calculated Curves of COl Vs. Distance for o Low-Approac
h Flight Along the Runwoy ~
Cente rline for the Null Reference System at Carswell AFB, Texas, ~
.....
 8
..

N
:t:
~

<"
~
CO
u

N
~
o&t') - - - - - - t:JTD Calculated
- - - - - - PO Calculated
- - - - - - - Measurement

8,
'+' o~-------r'--------T'-------T' -------r-,-------....-.------.. .

Figure 4-15. Measured and Calculated Curves of CDI Vs. Distance for 0 Low-Approach Flight Along the Runway
Center line for the Null Reference Syste:» at Carswell AFB, Texas. ~
~
t\.)
 8
..

N
:z:
~

<"
~
0° - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - 2.8
U
~ ,~,--------------------------------­
~--------------
-........--- ~

N
.:I: - - - - - - UTD Calculated
o
U")
- - - - - - P O Calculated
- - - - - - - Measurement

8, i i i i
------.--- ,• I
.
+"0 10,000 20,000 30 ,000
Distance fro-" Antenna Mast (Feet)

Figure 4-16. Me~sured and Calculated Curves of CDf Vs. Distance for a Low-Approach Flight Along the Runway
Centerline for the Capture Effect Syste~ ct Carswell AFB, Texas.
~
~
w
 8....
I

N
:r:
~

~
~
0° - "'t-f~- -
~~~~ - - - - - - - - - - - -
u .~ - - - - - - - -2 8
--........
.
------~_..
" .----... . . ............------- --=-- ----
---
---------------- - ---

N
.:I:
o'0 - - - - - UTO Coleu fated
- - - - - - PO Calculated
- - - - - - - Measurement

gl
'+ 0 • 1 t\ ' i i
. v,OOO 20,000 '
Distcnce from Antenna Mast (Feet)
30,000i

Figure 4-17. Measured and Calculated Curves CT COl Vs. Distance for a Low-Approac
h Flight Alo'1g the Runway ....
Centerline for the Cc;>ture Effect System at Carswell AFB, Texas.
~
 115
to this averaqe elevation. But in practice, the antenna
heiqhts are measured vertically with respect to the concrete

top of the base of the mast. If the concrete top is located

on the averaqe elevation, the calculated and measured glide
path anqles will aqree. This problem can be eliminated by

accurate surveyinq.

D. Sprinqfield, Ohio ~unicipal Airport

D.1 Introduction
The location used most recently for 2-D UTD model
validation measurements is the proposed qlide slope on

Runway 24 at springfield, Ohio Municipal Airport. It was

found that there is a 11.5 foot elevation difference between
the base of the antenna mast and the runway surface directly

across from the antenna. Thus the lateral terrrain variation

is siqnificant. The terrain in front of the mast also
posseses a down-slope parallel to the runway to about 1500
feet. Furthermore, the terrain por~ion that covers the
distance from 1500 to 4000 feet is uneven, with drainaqe
ditches and humps. For this terrain, the 2-D UTD and 2-D PO
models, which can not include three-dimensional variations,
are not expected to produce accurate results.
The 3-D (3-Dimensional) models are obviously a logical

approach to this problem. However, the solution complexity

viII increase many fold. As mentioned in Chapter I, the 3-D

PO model requires an hour or more of computer time, and
therefore becomes less attractive for practical use. For the
 116
)-D UTD model, several additional ray mechanisms, viz, the

diffraction off the corner of the plate, must be included in

the model. with the additional rays, the 3-D OTD model will

also require larqe amount of computer time. Therefore,

developement of the riqoFous 3-D UTD model has not been

pursued.
A less eleqant, but nonetheless effect.ive approach was

suqqested bV Mr. L. H. ftitchell for use in takinq lateral

terrain variations into account. The PO theory sugqests

that the larqest contribution to the total reflected siqnal

from the qround is that which is reflected from the area of

the first Presnel zone. Althouqh the dimension of the first

Fresnel zone may be up to 4000 feet in the direction

parallel to ~he runway, the width of the first Fresnel zone

is less than 150 feet [28]. The most important qround to be

considered is, therefore. the first 75 feet on either side

of a line from the antenna to the aircraft. A first

approximation in considerinq the lateral terrain variation

can be made by making a piecewise Ldne a r approximation to

the qround profile alonq the line from the antenna to the

aircraft, and setting up plates in the 2-D UTD model to have

the same profile. Fiqure 4-18 is a sketch of the topography
of the terrain survey data provided by the Air Force.
Fiqure q-19 shows tvo-dimensional plate sections having the
same profile as on the line from the antenna to the aircraft
in Fiqure q-18. As the aircraft changes position, the

profile chanqes and the plate model in Fiqure 4-19 will

 Scale 1 em = 100 feet

Profi Ie Line from Antenna

to Projected Aircraft

Runway
11.5>f------

)f==
--10
___----5 x
____- 1 .s:
~
.....o
o
~
-5

/
, f ,
6 500 1000 1500 2000
Distance in Feet from the Reference Point

X Coordinate Input Data

Figure 4-18. The Springfi e Id Site Topography.

........
'-J
 P ro ;e c ti o n
o f an A ir c ra ft
e n te rl in e
Runway C n the
Extended A ir c ra ft o
Run way C
e n te r-
ded
Line Exten

e from
GI Prof; Ie U n
C c te d
:.:J A n ten n a to P ro ;e
-s: A ir c ra ft
...oo.
~

9~6
x
~
, , I I
2000 2500 3000 3500 4060
e fe re n c e Point
e R
F e e t from th
D is ta n c e in

).
4-18. (C o n ti n u e d
Figure

~
~
OJ
 z

(2900,9.8)
Base of the
Antenna Mast ~

j ...y
\'(=;0, Z=O) (4000,0)
(1400,-5.8) #

(1 000 , -4 •8)
""
(1575,-9)

Figure 4-19. Terrain Profl Ie Along"a Line from the Antenna Mast to the Point
Below an Aircraft Located As Shown in Figure 4-18b at Springfield,
Ohio Municipal Airport.

..........
\0
 120
chanqe. The chanqinq profile is automatically calculated by

the computer. It can be seen that the number of modelinq

plates is kept constant at nine.

If the terrain is so uneven that strong reflections

occur from areas other than alonq the line from the antenna
to the aircraft. the accuracy of this approach will be

diminished. This miqht occur in the case of hills to the

side causinq the terrain to have a bowl shape. Fortunely,

this is not the case at Sprinqfield airport. Even though the

computer models must calculate the terrain profile for each

aircraft position, less than 2 seconds of additional

runninq-time"is required than for the 2-D model versions. In

the re~aininq disscussion. this approach using 2-D UTD and

2-D PO models when applied to the 3-D terrain data is called

the 3-D UTD and 3-D PO models.

Tvo imaqe qlide slo~e systems, Hi and eE, were set up

for experiments at this airport. The designed glide path

anqle is 2.8 deqrees, with an operatinq frequency of 332.2

. ~Hz. The base of the antenna mast (reference elevation

point) is 450.0 fee~ to the side of the runway centerline as
indicated in Fiqure q-18. The antenna heiqhts for the NR

are 28.0 and 14.0 feet. lor the CE system, the antenna

heiqhts are 42.9. 28.6 and 14.3 feet (29].

The 3-D UTD results are compared against the 3-D PO

results and fliqht measurements for both glide slope

systems. Tvo level-fliqht and two low-approach fliqht

measurements of both systems are used in this validation.

 121
D.2 Model Validation

The level-fliqht ccmparisions are in Figures 4-20 and

4-21 for the NR system. It can he seen that trends of all

curves agree well for the most part, except for the 3-D PO

curve which indicates a discrepancy at about 3.2 deqrees.

The 3-D UTO curve, however, still aqrees with both measured

curves. This PO disaqreement is due to the up-slope section

in the area at 3000 feet~ Both measurements show the qlide

path to be about 2.84 degrees where as the 3-D OTD and 3-D

PO predict the anqle to be at 2.73 and 2.70 degrees,

respectively. Aqain the error is probablv due to the

antenna heiqht determination as discussed in the previous

section.

Two NR low-approach flight measurements are used for

the validation. Fiqures 4-22 and 4-23 illustrate the

calculated 3-D UTD and 3-D PO results and the measured

curves. The trends of all curves are noticably bent and

aqree veIl.
Fiqures 4-24 throuqh 4-27 illustrate two level-flight

and two low-approach measurements for the CE experiments.

Fiqures 4-24 and 4-25 show the level-fliqht results which

are obtained from the 3-D UTD and 3-D PO models and

measurements. Once aqain, there is a discrepancy on ~he

qlide path anqle determination. The calculated angles are

identical at 2.8 deqrees and the measured angle is higher at

about 2.92 deqrees. This hiqher actual qlide path anqle

shows the same trend as for the NR setup. otherwise, both

 122

~
-..-ot----------------t'~~t___+___t__-------
o
U

t----------------t-----'t--~~--------75

..
8

N
::I:
~ -- - UTO Calculated
- - - - - - PO Calculatod
~ Measurement
•

2.8 3.2
3.0 4.0
Elevati on Angle (Degrees)

Figure 4-20. Measured and Calculated Curves of COl Vs. Elevation Angle for a
1000' High Level Run Flight Measurement Along the Runway Center-
line for the Null Reference System at Springfield, Ohio.
 123

2.65 3.35

8
~

N
:r:
~

8
'+
+75

-oL----------------f~~t___+_+_-------
o
u

~-------------+---1t__~...._--------75

-•
8

- - - UTO Calcu fated

...:. - - - - - POCo leu loted
8N - - - - - Measurement
•

\
\~
2.8 3.2
8L...-_ _~_ _-I--_ _~_ _--+---.l.--+-~~-+-~+-
_ _~ _
M
• 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Elevation Angle (Degrees)

Figure 4-21. Measured and Calculated Curves of COl Vs. Elevcfion Angle for a
1000· High Level Run Flight"Measurement Along the Runway Center-
line for the Null Reference System at Springfield, Ohio.
 8.- •
•

~
~

"",. "",.
... ...- .... -----------
,.*"""
~...-----------------
~~

~
'-' 0 -+--f-iH~--fITl- ·---=::Y"~-----2.8
Ci
U

N
:I:
oIi')
... - - - UTO Co leufated
- - - - - - POCo leu rated
- - - - - - - MeQsurement

8 i i i i ' •
0
'+' I 'I~ ,.,
IU/UOO 20,000 30,000
Distance from Antenna Mast (Feet)

Figure 4-22. Meosured end Calculated Curves of COl Vs. Distance for a Low-Approach Flight Alo'1g fhe Runway ......
Centerline for the Null Reference System ot Springfield, Ohio. tv
~
 8.-
•

N
:I:
~

". .... .... --------------

~,.-.------
~~ --
/'"
/
~
--....O-f~ .... ~
o
U

N
:I:
~ - - - - - - UTO Calculated
- - - - - - POCo leu fated
- - - - - - - Measurement

81 i , , • ,
10,000 20,000 30,000
Distance from Antenna Mast (Feet)
+cr-~'~=--r-~~-
Figure 4-23. Measured and Calculated Curves of COl Vs. Distance for a Low-Approach Flight Along the Runway
~
Centerline for the Null Reference System at Sprlngfleld, Ohio. f\J
(Jl
 126

0 2.65 3.35
0
~

\~
8
\~
~
\~
\~
N
J:
~
- ",\
8
'+ ~\
+75

~
:::o~-------------+~~.....-......--+--------
o
u

J---------------+---t---'Ill~~--------75

-8
I

N
:c
- - - UYO Co lcu lctud
~
- - - - - - PO Calculated
8N - - - - - Measurc~nt
• ...
~-

2.8 3.2
I. 2.0 3.0 4.0
Elevaticn Angle (Degrees)

Figure 4-24. Measured and Calculated Curves of COl Vs. Elevation Angle for a 1000'
High level Run Flight Measurement Along the Runway Centerline for the
Capture Effect System at Springfield, Ohio.
 127

2.65 3.35
8
c;>

8
\ \~
N
~
\~\.
:I:
0

'"
'\~~
8
:; ~\
+75

'--------------+---+-J.r-~--------75

-8
I

- - - UTO Calculated
- - - - - - PO Calculated
- - - - - Measurement

2.8 3.2
1.0 2.0 3.0
Elevati en Ang Ie (Degrees)

Figure 4-25. Measured and Calculated Curves of COl Ys. Elevation Angle for a 1000'
High Level Run Flight Measurement Along the Runway Centerline for the
Capture Effect System at Springfield, Ohio.
 128
the 3-D UTD and 3-D PO results agree well with one another
and are in excellent correlation with the measurements.

Fiqures 4-26 and 4-27 contain the CE low-approach

calculations and measuremts. It can be seen that the 3-D UTD

and 3-D PO results are in excellent aqreement with the
measurements except for the path anqle offset. Also, the
upslope effect is much less noticeable than for the NR

results. This is due to the CE system, which is des~qned to

minimize the npslope effect.

The computer runninq-times required to calculate the

CDI at the 81 observation pcints for a NR level-flight trace

when usinq the ]-D UTD and 3-D PO models are 380.0 and 80.0
seconds, respectively. ~or the NR low-approach curve, the
3-D UTD and 3-D PO models require 360.0 and 112.0 seconds.
When usinq the CE system, lonqer computations are expected
for the same number of observaion points. This is due to the
additional antenna, the upper antenna in the CE system. For
a level-fliqht track and 81 calculation points, the 3-D UTD

and 3-D PO mode.ls consume 570.0 and 120.0 seconds; for a

low-approach curve, the .3- D DTD and 3-D PO models require

540.0 and 168.0 seconds. It can be seen that the 3-D PO

.odel consumes less computer runninq-time than the 3-D UTO

model for this example. The reason is that the 3-D UTD

.odel has to test for each ray blockage for every

observation position bEfore it calculates the field
contributions due to the rays. Whereas, the 3-D PO model

does the calculation i.mediately since the method assumes

 ...8•

N
:c
~

'-...:r~.::'::".--==-- _
~
-"""0
I ~~ ---·3.0
o
u
_~~~~~~__
N
X
o
Ii')
... -- -- - UTO Calculated
- - - - - - P O Calculated
- - - - - - - Measurement

81
+0 i -- , ,
, . ,
10,000 20,000
Distance from Antenna Mast (Feet)
30,000

Figure 4-26. Measured and Calculated Curves of COl Vs. Distance for a Low-Approac
h Flight Along the Runwo y
Centerline For the Capture Effect Sy.:.tem at Springfie ld, Ohi o,
t-'
t\.)
\D
 8... •
I

:cN
~

1:
'-"'0
o
u

N
:J:

...~ -- -- - UTO Calculated

- - - - - - PO Calculated
- - - - - - - Measurement

i , •
i i
8.0
+ ' 10,000 20,000 30,000
Distance from Antenna Mast (Feet)

Figure 4-27. Me~sured and Co leulcted Curves of CDI Vs. Distance for Q Low-Approach Flight Alo'1g the
RU71way Centerline for the Capture Effect System at Springfie ld, Ohio. ~
w
o
 131
there is no interaction between plates.
 132

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS

A computer model for calculating the electric field

reflected from irreqular qround has been developed, and

applied to ILS qlide path simula~ion. The model is based on

the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD). The results when

compared to measurements indicate that this UTD model can

accurately predict ILS fliqht path effects due to qround

irreqularity. Furthermore, the results obtained from this

new UTD model are compared aqainst the predictions of a

previously developed Physical Optics (PO) model. UTD and PO

predictions in most cases aqree with one another, but better

results are obtained from the UTD model for truncated or

severely upslopinq terrain.

For a typical 5000-foot reflectinq zone, the UTD model

requires less computation time than the PO model if fewer

than six modelinq plates are used to represent terrain

rouqhness. Table 3 shows the computation times required for

each model when 1000' hiqh level fliqht calculation for 81

observation points are made. For a small number of plates,

the UTD model is faster than the PO model, but as the number

of plates increases. the UTD model becomes slower as many

more possible interaction effects must be examined. The PO

model runninq time depends primarily on the length of the

qround plane. not terrain irreqularity.

 133
The UTD model can he extended for use in many radio
communication problems that involve qround reflections. The

theory used in the develo~ement is applicable to frequencies

above 100 ftHz [3D). If one wants to include effects of

finite qround conductivity, an extended UTD theory is

avaliable [21], and can ~e used to modify the existing UTD

model. However, for the horizontally polarized electric

fields and low qrazing incidence anqles (less than 4 degrees

from horizon) considered throuqhout this study. the effect

of an impedance surface has been shown to be minimal [31J.
 134

Number Toto] CPU in Seconds for 81

Distance of Ca leu loti on Points
of
Modeling
Mode ling
Terrain (Feet)
Plates PO UTD

3 5000 79.2 34.4

4 5000 81.9 52. 1

5 5000 80.0 66.7

6 5000 80.0 107.0

6 56000 3120.0 132.0

7 5000 78.6 158.9

Table 3. Comparisons of CPU Running Time Between the

Physi co I Opti cs (P 0) Approxi mati on and the
High Frequency Theory of Diffraction Approxi-
mati on (UTO).
 135

BEFERENCES

[11 McFarland,R.H., et aI, 'SEMINAR ON ILS CAPTURE EFFECT

GLIDE SLOPE,' Avionics !ngineerinq Center, Department of

Electrical Enqineerinq, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701,

April 1978.

[21 McFarland,R.H., David Hill, and Donald Luttermoser,

'Earth Cover and Contour Effects on Imaqe Glide Paths',

Final Report, EER 5-1, Contract FA-64WA-S060, Avionics

Research Group, Ohio University Research Institute, Ohio

University, Athens, Ohio, May 1965.

[31 Hill, David A., 'The Effects of Irregular Contour on

Imaqe Glide-Path Systems,' HER 5-4, Contract FA-64WA-5060,

Avionics Research Group. Chio University Research Institute,

Ohio University, Athens. Chio, September 1966.,

(41 McFarland,R.H., et aI, 'Earth Cover and Contour Effects

on Image Glide Paths--Phase III,' Final Report, EER 5-7 r

Contract FA-67WA-1676. Avionics Research Group, Ohio

University Research Institute, Ohio university, Athens,

Ohio. September 1968.

[51 Morin.S.. et al. 'ILS Glide Slope Performance

Prediction,' Repor~ FA1-RD-74-157.B r Transportation Systems

center. Cambridge. 8assachusetts, September 1974.

[61 ~orin.S., et al. 'User's Manual for Generalized ILSGLD-

ILS Glide Slope Performance Prediction: Multipath

Scattering,' Report No. FAA-RD-16-186, Transportation
 136
Systems center. Cambridge. ~assachusetts, November 1976.

[71 Godfrev,J.T., et aI, 'Terrain Modelinq Usinq the Half-

Plane Geometry with Applications to ILS Glide Slope

Antennas,' IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaqation,

Volume AP-24, No.3, May 1976, pp.370-378.

[8] Senior ,T.B. A.. 'The Eiffraction of a Dipole Field by a

Perfectly Conducting Half-Plane,' Quarterly Journal

Mechanics and APplied Mathematics, Vol.VI, Part 1, p.101;

1953.

[91 Woods,B.D.~ 'The Diffraction of a Dipole Pield by a

Half-Plane,' Quarterly Journal Mechanics and Applied

Mathematics. Vol.X. Part 1. p.90, 1957.

[10] Bromvich,T.J.I.A., Proceedinqs of the London

ftathematical Society, Vol.14, p.450, 1915.

[11] Redlich,R.W., 'Computed Performance of Glide Slope

Arrays on Si~es with Limited Ground Plane,' IEEE

Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.AES-7,

No.5, September 1911.

(121 Keller,J.B., 'Geometr.ical Theory of Diffraction,'

Journal Optical Society of America, Vol.52, pp.116-130 w

1962.

[131 Kouyoumjian,R.G., and Pathak,P.R., 'A Uniform

Geometrical Theory of Diffraction for an Edge in a Perfec~

Conductinq Surface,' IEEE proceedings Vol.62, No.l1,

pp.14Q8-1461, November 1974.

[ 14] Beckma.nn.P., and Spizzichino, A., 'The Scatter ing of

Electromaqnetic Waves from Rouqh Surfaces,' The Macmillan

 137
Company, NewYork, 1963.

[151 Ufimtsev,R.YA., 'Method of Edge Waves in the Physical

Theory of Diffraction,' o.s. Airforce Foreiqn Technoloqy

Division, Wriqht Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio, USA, 1962.

[16] James,G.L., 'Geometrical Theory of Diffraction for

Electromaqnetic Waves'. Peter Pereqrinus Ltd., London, 1980.

[171 Raiu,G.V.S., 'Effects of Irreqular Ground on Image

Glide-Path Systems,' Technical Memorandum Number 46,

Avionics Enqineerinq Center, Department of Electrical
Enqineerinq, Ohio Univer~ity. Athens, Ohio 45701, January
1913.

[18] Sommerfeld,A.J.W., 'Optics', Academic Press Inc.,

NevYork, 1954.
[191 Kline.M., 'An Asymptotic solution of ~axwell's

Equations,' Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics,

Vol.IV, pp.225-262, 1951.

[201 Keller,J.B., et aI, 'Asymptotic solution of Some

Diffraction problems,' Communications on Pure and Applied

Mathematics. Vol.IX, pp.207-265, 1956.
[21] James,G.L.. 'Uniform Diffraction Coefficient for an

Impedance Wedqe,' Electronic Letters, pp.403-404, 1977.

[22] Hwanq,Y.M., and Kouyoumiian,R.G., '1 Dyadic Coefficient

for an Electromaqnetic Wave which is Rapidly Varying at an

Edqe,' Paper Presented at Annual USNC/URSI Keetinq, Boulder,

Colorado, 1974.
(231 Ahluwalia.D.S., et aI, 'Uniform Asymptotic Theory of
Diffraction by a Plane Screen.' SIA~ Journal of Applied
 138
Mathematic, 16, pp.783-807.

[241 Uslenqhi,P.L.E., 'Electroqmaqnetic Scatterinq',

pp.121-184, Academic Press Inc., NewYork, 1978.

[251 Lee,S.W., and Boersma,J., 'Ray-Optical Analysis of

Pields on Shadow Boundaries of Two Parallel Plates', Journal

of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 16, No.9, September 1975.

(26] Mendez,R. and L~e,S.i., 'Uniform Asymptotic Theory

Applied to Apture Diffraction,' University of Illinois,

Urbana, IL, Scientific Report 76-3, August 1976.

[27] Tiberio,R •• and Kouyoum;ian,R.G., 'A Uniform GTD

Analysis of the Diffraction by a Thick Edqes and strips

Illuminated at Gra2inq incidence', International Symposium

Diqest, Antennas and Propaqation, University of Maryland,

May 1978.

[28] 'Sitinq Criterian for Instrument Landing Systems',

Handbook 6150.16, Department of Transportation, Pederal

Aviation Administration, Washington. D.C., June 1971, Page

46.
[29] Croxford,a.A., 'site ~odel for the Sprinqfield, Ohio
Municipal Airport,' EER 44-2, Contract F11628-79-D-003S,

Avionics Enqineerinq Center, Department of Electrical

Enqineerinq, Ohio Uoiversity. Athens, Ohio 45701, June 1980.

[30] Marhefka.B.J., 'Analysis of Aircraft winq-~ounted

Antenna Patterns,' Electrosclence Laboratory, Department of

Electrical Enqineerinq, Columbus, Ohio state University,

Technical Report 2902-25, June 1976.

r31] Breien,T., 'ftultipath Analysis of ILS Glide Path,'
 139
ELAB, The Norweqian Institute of Technoloqy, N-703Q, 1979,

Norway.

(321 Luebbers,R.J., et aI, 'The Ohio University ILS Modeling

Center,' Technical ~emorandum Number 5-46, Avionics

Enqineerinq Center, Department of Electrical Enqineerinq,

Ohio University. Athens, Chio 45701, November 1977~

 140

APPENDIX A
UTD COMPUTER HODEL DESCBIPTIONS

In this appendix, the purpose of and the alqorithms

used in each FORTRAN subroutine required for the Uniform

Theorv of Diffraction (UTn) terrain reflection calculations

are explained. The OTD model consists of 21 subroutines and

4 function subroutines. Flow diagrams are shown only for

two major subroutines, VENGO and VETDIF.

Recently. the UTD mode input format has been modified

in such a vav that it can be used as for Physical optics

(PO) and Geometrical optics (GO) calculations with minimum

chanqes in data. Moreover, the output format from each

model is identical for ease of comparision. This force one

to introduce a new main proqram which is named OUGS [32].

The former UTD main proqram becomes one of the subroutines

in DUGS. Is a result of this arranqement, only one

subroutine is required for the GO calculation; two essential

subroutines obtained from the TSC model [5,6] are needed for

a PO calculation. The block diagram of OUGS is shown in

Fiqure A-l. The description of both the OUGS program and PO

subroutines will not be addressed here. We now proceed to

explain the UTD model subroutines ia detail.

Subroutine VOUIIS

The purpose of this subroutine is to calculate the

 141

Input Foci II ty
Data, Math
Model

Calculate Calculate Calculate

Field Using Field Using Field Using
PO Method GO Method UTD Method

Determine
ILS
Parameters

Outputs
Stored on
Temporary
Disk

Figure A-l • Block Diagram of Hybrid OUGS Program for

Calculating Glide Slope Performance over
Irregu lor Terrai n •
 142
total electric field, usinq the GO technique, of a point

source over a qround plane. The routine is called from the

main program only when the GO option for a flat reflecting

surface is utilized. ~he slope of the 2-dimensional

reflectinq surface is included ~ the calculation.

Inputs to this subroutine are the an~enna location (XP,
yp. ZP), observation point (X. Y. Z) and plate corner (edge)

locations (XD, YO, ZO). The slope is calculated from the

first two corner input. The field determination in the

presence of the perfect reflecting plane is very simple,

thus few computer instructions are required. The total

field obtained from this subroutine is affected by the slope

of flat reflectinq surface. The output from this sUbroutine

is the total elec~ric field (CET) _ which is returned to the

main proqram.

Subroutine VECTOR

Subroutine VECTOR can perform six vector operations

which are;
1) Cross product.

2) Normalized cross product_

3) Unit vector defined by tvo position vectors,

4) Dot product,

5) projection of tvo directional vectors,

6) Vector difference betveem two position vectors.
In the case of an invalid vector operation, an error

messaqe is printed out. ~he above vector operations can be

 143
written in mathematic~l ferm as;

1) C - A x B

2) e... A x B II A x B I
3) e - (B - A) I I B - A I

4) C(l) = A· B

5) cr i) = A· B / ! A • al
6) C B - A

Subroutine VGROUN
The functions of this subroutine are to i.niti.lize all

of the values that are required for the UTD electric field

calculations, and to act as a buffer between the DUGS

proqram and the pheriperal subroutines.

The observation point and antenna locations, which are

supplied by the main proqram. are reformatted for more

efficient manipulation. Also, VGROUN extends the x-

component of the plates to 50,000 feet. Then. each plate ~s

checked to insure that its four corners are copldnac (for

future )-dimensional developement) and the normal vector of

that plate is then determined. The normal vector is

calculated in such a way that the Z-component is neqative.

The wedqe anqle which is formed by two connected plates is

calculated bV usinq their normal vectors and vector cross

product operation. The anqle is measured below the terrain

profile.

Two different dipole antenna orientations are possible.

The variable NOANT=1 for an antenna which is oriented in Y-
 144
direction. and NOANT=2 for an antenna with X-direction

orientation.
To reduce the calculation time, the lengths in feet are

converted to wavelenqth. After conversion, subroutines

VENGO and VETDIF are called for the electric field

detecminations. The phi components obtained from both

subroutines IVENGO. VETDIF) are stored in EPGON and EPDT.

The resultant field (eET) is the sum of EPGON and EPDT, and

is returned to the OOGS ~roqram. It should be pointed out

that not only are the phi components calculated, but also
the theta components, which are stored in ETGON and ETDT.
The total theta com~onent is the sum of ETGON and ETDT.

Function ATGN2(X,Y)

Function ATGN2 is set to zero when both arguments X and

Y equal to zero, otherwise it becomes equal to the CSQR of

y/x.

Complex Function CSQB(X)

Function CSQR determines the phase of its complex

arqument (X). The value of this function is limited to ±n
rather than zero to 2n ranqe provided by the arc-tangent
library function.

Function COT (X)

This function calculates the value of cotanqent for a
qiven value of arqument x. The default value is set to
 145

10E+30 when the argument approaches the poles of the

cotanqent.

Function SGN(X)

This function sets the value of SGN to +1 or -1

accordinq to the siqn of the arqument X, and to zero if the

arqument is zero.

Suhroutine TRANS
The function of subroutine TRANS is to tranform input

vector components from one coordinate system to another

(Cartesian to spherical coordinates or vice versa). With

IOP=1~ the input requirements are two vectors r A and B,

which are used as two end points to determine radian (RAD),

theta (TH), and phi (PH) components with respect to vector

A. If IOP=2, the inputs required are vector A and three

spherical components, BAD, TH, and PH. After the

transformation from cartesian to Spherical coordinates, the

resultant vector B is the output and is measured with

respect to vector A.

S~broutine VENGO

This subroutine calculates the sum of the electric

field amplitude and phasE, which result from the direct,

reflected. doubly-reflected, reflected-diffracted,

reflected-reflected-diffracted, reflected-diffracted-

reflected. and triple-reflected fields. The subroutine

 146
considers the direct field first. The direct ray oriqinates
from the transmittitQ antenna (ANT) to the observation point

(FPTS). Then subroutine VLOGI1 is called to determine any

possible blocakqe. If there is no blockaqe, the electric

field components are calculated by sUbroutine SOURCE. If

the direct ray is blocked the direct field contribution is

zero.
There are cases when the direct ray contribution is

undesired. For example, one miqht be interested in only the

total qround-scattered field. An option is provided to

eliminate the direct fie.ld contribut.ion. Codinq parameter

JDIR to one enforces zero direct field contribution, with

JDIR set equal ·to zero otherwise.

The reflected rays are considered next. All of the

possible sinqly reflected rays froa every plate are examined

within the DO statement ]01, where LP is a plate index. When

plate LP is under tested, subroutine VEXIST is called to

determine the imaqe source (51) and reflection point OQ on

plate LP. If OQ does exist, the blockaqe alqorithms are

started by checking for the blockaqe from ANT to OQ, and OQ

to FPTS. If no blockaqe occurs (the reflected ray exists),

subroutine SOURCE is called to compute the reflected field

components (ETR, BPB) fro. plate LP. The ETR and EPR

contributions are then added to ETGON and EPGON,

respectively.

After the reflected ray from plate LP is evaluated, the

doubly-reflected ray is considered. The DO statement 414
 147
which is looped inside DO statement 301 will examine all of
the plates LN that can possibly interact with plate LP to

contribute a doubly-reflected ray. If LN is equal to LP, no

calculation is performed. Refering to the discussion made

in Chapter III, plate LN is always located further away from

the source than plate IP. Therefore, only the RR ray

travelinq in the forward direction are included. The

process stops after the last plate (NPLATE) is considered.

Subroutine IMAGE is called to determine a secondary

imaqe location (511) of the imaqe source (51) with respect

to plate LN. By utilizinq pairs 511, FPTS and sr, ANT, two
reflection points (OQ, RP) are determined by calling VEXIST

twice. OQ and RP must both be located on plate LN and LP,

respectivly. If they are not, the doubly-reflected ray

contribution is zero. Also, the line from ANT to BP, BP to

OQ. and OQ to PPTS must not he blocked. If no blocakqe

occurs, routine SOUBCE is called, the doubly-reflected ray

components (ETRR, EPRR) from plate LP to plate LN are

determined, and then added to ETGON and EPGON, respectively.

During the doubly reflected ray determination, several

required parameters for the reflected-reflected-diffracted

(RRD) ray calculation are calculated. Hence, to save

computer time, subroutine VBaD is immediately called for RRD

evaluations. The outputs from subroutine VRRD, ETBRD and

EPRRD. are added to the total field components ETGON and

EPGON. respectively. JRRD is an option parameter; the RRD

field is calculated only when JRRD is equal to zero.

 148
Refleced-diffracted (RD) ray contributions are

considered next. All possible ED ray contributions from

edqes are evaluated within DO statement 426. All edqes past

the edqe where plates IP+l and LP+2 are connected are

considered. The RD ray is reflected from plate LP to the

edqe, ~d diffracted from the edqe to the observation point

(FPTS). It should be noted that DO statement 426 is nested

within DO statement 301.

The reflection point (RF1) on plate LP and the possible

diffraction point cap) on edqe LM are calculated first. If

both RP1 and RP exist, the blocakqe aloqrithms are performed

for the blockaqe from ANT to RF1. BF! to RP, and RP to FPTS.
If there is no blockaqe, routine VEMDIF is called for

evaluation of BD ray amplitude determination. ETRD and EPRD

are the electric field components determined by routine
VEMDIF, and they are added to the total field components
ETGON and EPGON, respectively. JRD is the encoded

parameter: i t is set to zero if the RD components are

desired and to one otherwise.

The last ray considered by subroutine VENGO is the

reflected-diffracted-reflected (BDR) ray. The electric field

amplitudes of the RDB ray. ETRDR and EPRDR. are the outputs
of subroutine lBDR. JRDB is the codinq parameter. It is set

equal to zero if RDB contributions are desired, and to one

otherwise. It should be pointed out that ,if the RO ray does

not exist (for a tvo-dimensional problem), the RDB ray will

not exist either. The BDR components (ETRDR, EPRDR) are

 149
added to the ETGON and EPGON components. These components

are the outputs of subroutine VENGO, and are returned to the

sUbroutine VGROUN for further calculation.

since subroutine VENGO involves several ray

evaluations. the block diaqram of Figure A-2 is also

provided as additional informations.

Subroutine VRDR
This subroutine computes the reflected-diffracted-

reflected (RDR) ray contributions. It is called from

subroutine VENGO af~r the completion of the reflected-

diffracted (BD) ray determination. It is important to note

that when there are no lateral terrain variations in the

terrain being considered (2-nimensional). results obtained

from blockaqe tests for the BD ray can he reused in RDR

testinq, at least from the antenna to the first reflection

point on plate LP, and from the first reflection point to

the diffraction point (DP). Therefore, only the additional

blockage tests between DE and the second reflection point

(RF1). and from Bll to the observation point (FPTS) are

required.

The ray determinination process starts with the

computation of an imaqe of FPTS with respect to the second

reflected plate (LM). By usinq this imaqe location (FPTI),

FPTS, and four corners of the plate L~, routine VEXIST is

called to determine RF1. If BFl does not exist, the next

possible plate (L~+l) is considered. If RFl exists,

 150

No

CAL Direct
Yes Roy and Add
to Total

No

CAL R Ray
Yes and Add
to Total

CAL RRD Ray by

Yes Routine VDOR
ABBREVIATIONS and Add to
Total
CON = Consider
CAL Calculate
R Refleded
D Diffracted

Figure A-2. Subroutine VENGO Flow Diagram.

 151

No

CAL RR Ray
and add
to Total

No

CAL RD Ray
and Add
to Total

CAL RDR Ray by

Routine VRDR
and ADD to
Total

Figure A-2. (Contin ued).

 152

CA L ROD Ray by
Yes Routine VRDD
and Add to
Total

CAL RRR Roy by

Routine VR RR
and Add to
Total

Figure A-2. (Continued).

 153
blockaqe tests beqin in two zones. The first zone is from

DP to RF1; the second zone is from RF1 to FPTS. Subroutine

VLOGll is called twice for the blockaqe tests. If there is

no blockaqe. the RDR ray exists and sUbroutine VEMDIP is

called for the field com~onents (ETRDR, EPRDR) computation.

Both components are then accumulated in ETSUM and EPSUM,

which will be the total BDR ray contributions and are the
outputs of this subroutine VRDR.

Subroutine VRRD
The purpose of this subroutine is to perform tests for

existence of the ref.lected-reflected-di_ffracted (.RRD) rays

and calculate their electric field components. It is called

from subroutine VENGO durinq a doubly-reflected ray

existence test. The two reflecting plates LP, LN are the

inputs. In this subroutine only the combination of edqes

with fixed reflecting plates are considered. The ray is

assumed to reflect from plate LP to plate LN where plate LN

is situated further away from the transmittinq antenna than

plate .LP. The statement, DO 100 LA=NEXT,NPLATE will

consider all combinations of edqes existinq in between NEXT,
which is equal to LN+2, to HPLATE (last plate). It should

be noted that the first edqe is part of plate LN+2 and

therefore it must be located further out from the antenna
than plate LN.

Subroutine iRBD begins by settinq ray contributions

ETSUft. EPSO~ to zero. NExt, the diffraction point (RP) on

 154

the edqe defined by an index in DO statement 100 is

calculated. This is done by usinq the inputs SII (doubly-

imaqe source location) and FPTS (observation point) and

subroutine VBETA. The other output besides BP returned from

subroutine VBETA is BETAO, which is the diffraction angle of

incident on the edqe. Once RP is found,it must lie above

the plane which contains plate LN. By calling subroutine

VEXIST twice. the reflection points which are located on

plate LP (OQ1) and plate LN (OQ2), are determined. It is

essential that both OQ1 and OQ2 must exist simultaneously.

The last requirement for the ray to exist is passinq the

blockage test. Subroutine VLOGI1 is called four times to

achieve the test. If there is no line-of-siqht blockaqe

from ANT to OQ1. OQl to OQ2. OQ2 to RP, and RP to FPTS,

subroutine VE~DIF is called for the BRD electric field

components ETHRD, EPRRD determination. ETRRD and EPRRD are

then accumulated in ETSUM and EPSU~, respectively. After

all of the edqes are tested, the total RRD ray components

(ETSUM, EPSUft). are the outputs from this subroutine.

SU.broutine vnas

This subroutine computes the diffracted-reflected-

reflected (DRR) ray. This is the ray that is diffracted from
an edge (formed by plate IP-1 and LP) to plate LJ, reflected

from plate LJ to plate LT. and finally reflected from plate

LT to the observation point (PPTS). The plate index is the

control parameter in DO statement 55. LP and lJ are the

 155
inputs of this subroutine which is called from subroutine

VETDIF.

An imaqe of the observation point FI is determined

first with respect to an extension of plate LT; for the DRR

ray to exist, this imaqe must be located below plate LT.

Secondly, the observation point imaqe PI is again imaged,

this time with respect to an extension of plate LJ. This

second-imaqe observation point is FII. Given the

transmittinq antenna location, the diffrating edge, and FIl,

the diffraction point DPT is determined by calling

subroutine VBETA. If DPT exists, usinq DPT and FII as two

end points, the intersection point RLJ on plate LJ is

determined bV usinq subroutine VEXIST. Finally, usinq BLJ

and FI as two end points, the intersection point RLT on

plate LT is determined. DPT, RLJ, and BLT must exist

simultaneously. If one of them does not exist, the next

plate (LJ+l) is considered for a possible DRR ray.

The blockaqe alqorithm starts by testinq the line of

siqht from the antenna location to DPT. DPT to RLJ, BlJ to

RLT, and RLT to the observation point (FPTS). If there is

no blockaqe, the DRB ray exists and the ray contributions to

the total field are calculated, and then added to ETSUM and

EPSU~ for ~heta and phi components, respectively. The

existence and blockaqe alqorithms are repeated until all

possible plates are accounted for. ETSUM and EPSUM are the
total contributions from ORR rays that occur from DPT, lJ,

and LT. ETSUM and EPSUM are the outputs and are transferred
 156

to the subr outin e VENGO.

Subc outin e VMERGH

is calle d in th~ case of testi nq for
This subr outin e
the end poin ts are situa ted on two
ray block aqe when

cons ecut ive plate s, K and L. It is assum ed that plate L is

away from the anten na than plate K.

loca ted furth er

the edqe e forme d by the plat es K and L lies

Furth ermo re.
(2-0i mens ional case ). Piqu res A-3a and
alonq the X-ax is
A

two poss ible case s. The vect or cros s prod uct C

A-3b show
d with plate s K
betw een the two unit norm al vecto Ls asso ciate

and L is perfo rmed by.

C a UK X fiL
in rosu ltinq ve c t o r C do t.o c mLn e ss if t h o
The first comp onon t

The loqic is code d in the firs t comp onen t of

rdV exis ts.
,.
vecto c C as follo ws,
neqa tive valu e; ray is bloc ked,
C(l) - {
posi tive value ; ray is not block ed.

Subr outin e VETD IF

subrout~ne VETD IF calc ulate s six type s of rays ; sinq ly-

diffr acte d, diffr acte d-re flec ted (DR), doub ly-d iffra cted

(ORO) , diffr acte d-

(DO). diffr acte d-re flec ted- diffr acte d

diffr acte d-re flec ted (DnR ), and diffr acte d-re flec ted-

refle cted (DBR ). It is calle d only from subr outin e VGROUN.

VETD I? beqi ns by setti nq all of the ray

Subr outin e
to zero and then tran sferr ing the anten na
cont ribu tions
 Source 157
Point

Field
Point

Plate K

Plate L
x

Figure A-3a. Ray Is Not Blocked from Plates K and L.

Field
Point

x Plate K Plate l

Figure A-3b. Ray Is Blocked from Plates K and L,

 158
(two-end points) locations to RS1 and RS2.

After this initili%ation, the edge which is formed by

two connected plates (IP. LP-l) is considered. with three

inputs. the antenna location, the edge, and the observation

point, subroutine VBETA is called for determining the

diffraction point (DPT) on the edge. Then using ANT, DPT,

and FPTS subroutine VEMDIF is called. After VE~nIF is

called, ETDT and EPDT are resultinq complex theta and phi

components of the sinqly-diffrated ray. The components are

then added to the previou~ contributions (SUMT. SUMP)_

The diffracted-reflected (DR) ray is considered next.

This ray is diffracted by the edqe that vas considered

previously and reflected off plate LJ, which is not part of

the edge. The image location (UR) of the observation point

(FPTS) is imaqed with respect to the planar extension of

plate LJ. UR must be located below the plane LJ. Next,

usinq the inputs, ANT. the edqe, and UR, the diffraction

point DPT for the DB ray is determined. This is accomplised

by callinq ·subroutine VBETA.
The reflection point C is calculated next and it must

be located on plate LJ. C is determined by callinq

subroutine VEXIST. If either DPT or C do not exist, the DR

ray contributions are set to zero and plate LJ+1 is

considered. otherwise, the blockaqe alqorithm beqins by

testinq the line from ANT to DPT, DPT to C, and C to FPTS.

If there is no blockaqE, the DR ray exists and subroutine

VEMDIF is called for the ray component determinations.

 159
Theta and phi components are added to SUMT and SUMP.

Followinq DR ray calculations, DBR rays are examined.

This is done by simply callinq subroutine VDRR. The complex

amplitudes and phases of DRR rays are added to the total.

The next ray to be ccnsidered is the DRD ray. This ray

can occur only when a DB ray exists. If a DR ray exists,

the edqe which is formed by the connected plates LR and

LR-1, where plate LR is different from plates LP and LJ, is

considered. It should be noted that LR-l is always greater

than LJ here. The edqe formed by plates LR and LR-1 and

FPTS are imaqed with rEspect to extension of plate IJ.

Using the antenna location. the edqe (formed by plates LP

and LP-l), the imaqe of the edqe (formed .by p La t.es LR and
LR-l), and the imaqe of FPTS, the diffraction points .DPl and

DP2 are calculated by calling subroutine V2DIF. If DP1 and

DP2 exist, subroutine VEIIST is called, and the result of

this calculation is the reflection point location DPT on

plate LJ •. If DPT does not lie on plate LJ, the next edge is

considered. otherwise, the blockaqe alqorithm starts by

testinq the blockaqe of the line from ANT to DP1, DP1 to

DPT, OPT to DP2, and DP2 to FPTS. If there is no blockaqe,

subroutine VE~DIF is called twice for DRD ray calculations.

The ray contributions EiDRD and EPDRD are added to the

total.
The next ray considered in subroutine VETDIF is the DD

ray. This ray is diffracted bV two edqes in which are not

part of the same plate. 7he first edqe is formed by plates

 160
LP and LP-l, whereas the second edqe is formed by plates LM

and LM-l. Subroutine V2DIF is called for two diffraction

point determinations (DP1, DP2). The blockage alqorithm

beqins by testinq the line from ANT to DP1, DPl to DP2, and

DP2 to FPTS. If there is no blockage, subroutine VE~DIF is

called twice for DD ray amplitude and phase determinations.

ETDD and EPDn are the theta and phi components of the DD ray

and they are added to the total.

The last ray considered is the DOR raVe It can occuc

only when a DD ray exists. The reflectinq plate is L5. The

process begins as FPTS is imaged with respect to plate LS.

It is necessary that the imaqe must be located above the

plane of plate LS. Subroutine VEXIST is called to calculate

the reflection point C on plate LS. If C does not exist, the

next plate L5+1 is considered. Otherwise, the blockaqe test

starts by checkinq for blockaqe on the lines from ANT to

DP1, DPl to DP2, DP2 to C, and C to FPTS. If the lines are

not blocked, subroutine VEMDIF is called twice for DDR ray

amplitude and phase calculations. ETDDR and EPDDB are added

to the corresponding total field components.

The alqorthims and calculations are repeated until all

of the possible rays combinations are tested and determined.

SUMT and SU8PT are the total theta and phi components, and

they are the outputs from subroutine VETDIF. The block

diaqram is shown in Figure A-4.

Subroutine CSX
 161

CAL D Ray and

Add to Total

DR Ray Yes CAL DR Ray and

Exist Add to Total

Yes CAL ORR Ray by

>--.....---. Routine VDRR and
Add to Total
ABBREVIATIONS
CON = Consider
CAL Calculate
R Reflected
o Diffracted

Figure A-4. Subroutine VETDIF Flow Diagram.

 162

No

Yes

Yes CAL ORO R~y

and Add
to Total

No

CAL DO Ray
and Add
to Totar

No

CAL ODR Ray

and Add:
to Total

FigureA-4. (Continued).
 163

Figure A-4. (Continued) •

 164
This subroutine computes the values of Fresnel's

inteqral. Codinq for subroutine CSX was taken from the IBM
scientific subroutine packaqe.

Subroutine INTESC

This subroutine determines an intersection OQ between a

A
line. defined by the directional vector (J and a poi.nt OP on
J\
the line, and a plane defined by its unit normal vector UN
and a point OM on the plane. Thus, the essential inputs are
,.. -.
U, OP, UN, and OM (refer to Fiqure A-S).
The followinq closed form equation for the

determination of the intersection point OQ is used.

(B-1 )
OQ a OP- { ON • (OP - OM) } o '.
In the event that the line and the plane ace parallel, DO

inte~ception point is possible. Hence. it is necesacy to

have a warninq code (IERR) for such a case. The value of

IERR will be one when the intersection point is not

possible, and zero otherwise. After the calculation is
completed, OQ and IERR aLe the outputs and are returned to
the callinq subroutine.

Subroutine VEXIST
The main function of the subroutine is to determine
whether a ray exists. This subroutine requires the following
subroutines; IMAGE, VEC70B, TRIPLE, and INTBSC. ~ ray exists
if and only if there is no blockaqe between the two points
 165

A
U

Intersecti on
Point

Figure A-5. The Geometry of the Vectors Used in Finding the

Intersection Point of a Line with a Plane.
 166
of the ray.

There are three options (IO) provided. 10 is one for

an intersection between a line, which is defined by vector U

and a point as, and plate N: 10 is two for an intersection

of a line (defined by two points as and image of FPTS with

respect to plate N) and the plate N. For the last IO

option, the interception point OQ on an extension -of plate N

is calculated. OQ is an output for this option even if

located outside the plate N.

The algorithm used to test for ray blockage is based on

a vector analysis technique. Given the end points of the

ray under ~est, a point TE~P1 on the plane which includes

the plate under blockaqe test, and its unit normal vector Uf
the intersection point where the ray from the source to the

observation point intersects the plane can be found by

sUbroutine INTRSC. However, the point and the vector U of

the plane do not completely specify the plate but rather the

entire plane, so it is possible that the intersection point

is located outside the phvsical boundaries of the plate.

Therefore, further testing is required to determine whether

the in~ersection point lies on the plate. This test can be

done with the aid of the scalar triple product by callinq

subroutine TRIPLE. and supplyinq it with the locations of

the four corners and the normal vector of the plate. This

triple product represents the volume of the parallelepiped

havinq three vectors U. A, and B as its edges. Figure A-6

depicts the qeometrv of the vectors that form the volume.

 167

D > 0 .

I
I
I
I
r-:-----
I

I A
/
/
D<-O

Figure A-6. The Scalar Triple Product D = (A- - "

x B·, U).
 168
The siqn from the triple product D will determine whether

the intersection point lies on or outside the plate. A

minus siqn indicates that the intersection point lies

outside the plate, with the constraint that the vector U

contains a positive Z-component. The computer program has

to perform the scalar tri~le product four different times as

shown in Fiqure A-7. If all of the siqns are positive, the

intersection point 00 lies on the plate. On the contary, if

one of the four siqns is neqative, the intersection point OQ

lies outside the plate. As a special case, if ~he scalar

triple product gives zero value, the ray is parallel to the

plate.

An addi~ional test of whether the intersection point OQ

lies between the source and field points is required when

the intersection point OQ exists on the plate. The computer

proqram calculates two additional vectors from the source to

the intersection point OQ and from field to OQ. Then the

product of these vectors is performed. If the product gives

a positive value, the intersection point OQ lies away from

source and observation points and the plate does not block

the ray. But if the product qives a neqative value, the

intersection point OQ exists in between two end points and

consequently the plate blocks the ray.

The output parameters are Ie and OQ_ Ie is coded as

follow;

Ie = 1 • ray is not blocked,

Ie =-1 , ray is blocked.

 A

o >:0 0>0 0>0 D> 0

(a) Point 00 lies on the plate.

OQ

D<O D>0
..
D > ~O D >0
(b) Poi nt..OQ Ii es outsi de the plate.

Fi gure /Jr-7. IA - A
The Triple Produce D = \A x B • U) Algorithm to Determine Whether the Intersection
~
Point OQ Lies On or Outsid e the Plate.
\0
'"
 170
Only when Ie=1 viII CQ contain the intersection point.

Subroutine VA~PHA

The purpose of this subroutine is'to convert real and

imaqinary components of tvo complex fields (theta and phi

contributions) into amplitudes and phases. It is called when

the print option parameter (ICON) value is greater zero. If

ICON is set qreater than zero, amplitude and phase values

are written on an output file. For ease of reference, these

values are written after the ray name. Throuqhout the

computer proqram, the theta contribution is printed first

followed by the phi contribution.

Subroutine VLOGll

This subroutine determine whether the line of siqht

which is defined by two end points SPT and EPT is blocked by

any of the plates under test. The inputs are SPT, EPT,

starting plate LSTART, final plate LSTOP, and the array

which contains the corners of these plates. First, if

LSTART is qreater than the total number of plates (NPLATE),

an error messaqe is printed and the calculation is

terminated. The unit directional vector DIRECT is found by;

DIRECT • (EPT - SPT)/ I EPT - SPT I •

The DO statement 300 is set by the limits LSTART and LSTOP

to check for blockaqe by callinq subroutine VEXIST for each

plate. If there is no intersection point (DUM) located in a
 171
plate, and therefore no blockaqe, the next plate is

considered. If~ however, DUM exists, a further test is

required to determine whether the intersection point lies in

between the two end points usinq the followinq equations;

C - (8PT-DUM) / I 8PT-DUM I •
Cl m (EPT-DUM) / I SP'l'-DUr--t I ,
Cl(l) Cl • C
If C1(1) is a positive value, the plate blocks the line-of-

siqht and the blockaqe test is completed. Only the sign of

C1(1) is utilized to desiqnate blockaqe. The result is in

LCHECK, with
1 blocked
LCHECK = {
-1 not blocked

Subroutine VBETA
This subroutine is the most important in the

diffraction point calculation. It determines the

diffraction point such that the anqle of edqe incidence is

equal to the anqle of edqe diffraction (see Fiqure 2-7).

The diffraction point in several other computer models has

been found by either an itteration (trial-errOL) method or

by assuminq that the diffracted ray is parallel to the

direct ray (far-field case). In constrast, the followinq

alqorithm will provide an exact location of the diffraction
point by utilizinq a cylindrical to rectanqular coordinate

transformation. Only the two-dimensional case is considered

and explained in detail, but the method does work in three

dimensions.
 172
Let us assume that the edge under test lies along the
X-axis. The required inputs are antenna location CA), edqe

end points (El, E2) where E2(1»El (1), and observation

location (F). Prom Piqure 2-7, the diffracted ray, for a

qiven diffraction point, will contribute to any observation

point on the rim of a cone whose axis lies along the edge

and hence on the X-aIis.

The alqoritbm starts with a comparison of X-components

of both edqe end points E1 and E2. Two reference points 0

and P on the edqe are determined in such a way that the

anqles between vector OA to the edge, and vector OP to the

edge are riqht angles.

Next we define a plane AO which includes the antenna

location CA) and the edge. One of the possible plane

orientations is shown in Fiqure A-8a.

Referrinq to Piqure 2-7, the diffracted rays form a

cone with the edqe as its axis and the angle between the
axis and the rays is equal to the incidence anqle (BETA).

Assuming that the actual observation point is situated on

the rim of such a cone, we define a plane pp which includes

the observation point and the edqe. One can see that the

two planes, AO and PP, have the edge as their intersection

line. Hence. if ODE views alonq the edqe, one can see that

the two planes make an angle. The basic approach is to

determine the virtual observation point (TE~) located on

plane AD but still on the same cone described previously.

One way is to rotate the plane FP with respect to the edge

 173

z F (Observation Point)
Plane FP /.,

'1/' "~\
\------
___ -eo-
~

/ ~
~

TEM (Virtual F)
-----
Antenna -:-~ - -
Source_~~
_ ...- --- } ./ Edge e
---- --- Plorre AO /

/
Fi gure A-Ba • Side View of Diffraction Point Determi nati on.

El TEM
F
• ~.
l~
~

A~·
~.

~
~ Di ffracti on Poi nt DP on Edge e
BETA/'
o
(Diffraction Angle) E2

Figure A-8b. Top View of Diffraction Point Determination.

 174
until it coincides with the plane AO. In the subroutine,

cvlindrical coordinates are defined with the axis aligned

with the edqe. Once ~be two planes coincide, the

diffraction point (DP) is determined to be the intersction

point between a line which includes points A and TEM and the

edge (see Fiqure !-8b). Then the incident anqle (BETA),

which is equal to the diffraction angle, is easily

determined. It should te noted that the plane FP must

rotate in such a way that the angle between the vir~ual

observation point and the antenna location (A) when measured

at the edge is pi and not zero. The outputs from this

sUbroutine are DP and BETA.

Subroutine 'E~DIF

The purposes of the subroutine are to calculate the

sinqly and doubly diffracted ray contribu~ions. Since this

subroutine had been oriqinally intended only for sinqly

diffracted (D) ray calculation, only the blockage alqorithm

for D rays is contained within it. For the other ray types

the blockaqe test is performed before this subroutine is

called. Hence, the sUbroutine serves primarily for ray

amplitude calculations. 1M is desiqnated as an indication
of the type of ray being conside.red. Further, It! is used as

either" input or output. The edqe convention for this

subroutine is that the edge which is located far test away

from the antenna OD a plate under test is considered to be

the diffractinq edqe.

 175
The subroutine starts with the field component (ETSUM.
EPSU~) initilizations. When IM is an input, as mentioned
previously, it contains the type-af-ray information. For

example, if IM is equal to l w the singly diffracted ray is

under consideration and its components are determined; but

if 1M is other than 1, the ray contributions involve double

diffraction and are calculated without a blockaqe test.
The blockaqe alqoritbm for a D ray begins with tests of
line-of-siqht blockaqe from antenna location (ANT) to the

diffracted point (RD), and from ED to the observation point

CFPT) •

Once the singly diffracted ray passes the blockaqe test

its electric field components are determined. First the
incident field impinqinq on RD is obtained. These field

components (ETH, EPHI) are calculated by subroutine SOURCE.

Then subroutine COHVRT is called to convert ETH and EPHI

Ln t o ray fixed components (ETEB, EPER) (see Chapter II

section D). Fo.11owinq subroutine CONVRT, the angles phi,

phi' , and S (see Chapter .II section D) are calculated.

Finally. subroutine CONV5T is called once more to convert

the diffracted ray components in the ray fixed-coordinate

system back to the spherical components (ETDM, EPDM). and 1M

is set to 1. ETD~. EPDM, and I~ are the outputs returned to

the callinq routine. It should be noted that IM is set to 1

at the end of this subroutine to indicate that the ray uDder

consider exists and bas a non-zero contribution.
The blockaqe test can be speeded up if one realizes
 176

that the result obtained from ANT to RD does not depend on

FPT. Therefore, the result from the test in this portion is

coded and stored in JREDI array. For the next obervation

point, codinq in JREDI is recalled to determine blockaqe

from ANT to RD.

For the case where 1M has value 2, which indicates a

ray involvinq double diffracion SP is the distance from ANT

to the first diffraction point (RPPT), and the ray then

travels from RFPT to DP. ETDM and EPDM now become the

incident field components at the second diffracting edge.

Therefore. subroutine SOURCE is not required. All of the

calculation steps after callinq subroutine SOURCE except for

the blockage tests are still needed.

Subroutine TRIPLE
The function of this subroutine is to compute the

scalar triple product of vectors A. B, and C. This

subroutine is called only from routine VEXIST. The result

of the scalar triple product. ixa-c, is stored in the first

component in D.

Subroutine CONVERT
The subroutine converts ray fixed components to

spherical components or vice versa. It is called only froll

subroutine VE!DIF. with an option IO=1, two inputs El and

E2, which are the theta and phi spherical components, are

converted into a perpendicular ETl and parallel ET2

 177
components in ray fixed coordinates. ETl and ET2 are the

outputs of this subroutine. But if 10=-1, El and E2 must be

the perpendicular and parallel components, respectively, in

the r~y fixed coordinates and will be converted to theta and

phi spherical components, and both components are stored in

ET1 and ET2. respectively.

Subroutine VGTD
The functions of this subroutine are to determine the

amplitude AS of the field alonq a diffracted ray, and the

soft (GS) and hard (GH) diffraction coefficients. The

subroutine is called from subroutine VEMDIF only when a ray

involvinq diffraction is determined to exist.

There are two tuilt-in functions, Hand Q, which are

frequently used. The proper values for calculations are

then initilized. ihen qrazinq incidence is considered, it

is necessary to set GD=O.O and GH=O.5. Therefore. a test

for this special case is required. Following this test,

BETAP. BETAN. distance parameter L, AS, arquments for

cotanqent functions and arquments for the transition

function are determined.

Equations (25) and (21a) in Chapter II are used to

determine GS and GH. One is simpler than the other. The

choice depends on the arguments of the transition function

(lRG1. lRG2, lBG3, and ABG4). If all of the arquments are

larqe, as mentioned in Chapter II section C, equation (25)

vhich involves only the cosine term is used. This is the
 178
situation where the observation point is located well
outside transition reqions. However, if iust one of the

arquments of ~he transition function is small (less than

10), equation (29a) is used instead. After GS and GH are

calculated, the values are returned to subroutine VEMDIF.

Subroutine V2DIP

The purpose of this subroutine are to determine two

diffraction points (DP1, DP2) which exist on two different

edqes. This subroutine is called from two subroutines VENGO

and VETDIF durinq DD, RDD, DBD, and DDR ray determinations.
A two-dimensional alqorithm is used but it can be extended

to three dimensions.

The alqorithm beqins with the test of edqe end points.

Here El and E2 (edge e), and E3 and E4 (edge e l

) are the

pairs of points which define two edges. E2(1) and E4(1)

must be qreater than El(l) and E3(1), respectively (X-

components). Points 0 and P are located on edge e and e l

•

similar to subroutine VBETA, points 0 and P must make a

riqht anqle with respect to the antenna location (A) and

observation point (F) , respectively. Since a two-

dimensional alqoritbm is beinq considered, edqe e and e' are

parallel. We introduce a plane PL which includes these

diffractinq edges.

In qeneral 1 and F are not on this plane. Both A and P

are either above or below the plane PL. The basic idea is

to rotate both A with respect to edqe e and F with respect

 179
z
F , ~
\
.".".-~
Antenna Source ~ Fl
Plane Pl ~
A / __ -- -- (Virtual F)
. ~~~

f
t/
----- ! ----- .:>
Edge e'

A1 &rrtual A) Edge e

Figure A-9a. Side View of Double Diffraction Points

Determinati on.

r y El E3

p F
X ~ . -AFl
~
~
Diffraction Point DPl

~
on Edge e ~
~

Diffraction Point DP2

~ on Edge e'
.~
Al ~.
A 0

E2 E4

figure A-9b. Top View of Double Diffraction Points

Determi nati on •
 180
to edqe e' onto the plane Pl. Fiqures A-9a and A-9b depict

the side and top views of the edqe qeometry as well as the

rotational direction of A and P. BV usinq A and F and

rotatinq them, A1 and Fl are now on the plane Pl. Since A1

and F1 and edqe e and edqe e' are located on the plane PL,
the diffraction anqle (BETA) and two diffraction points can

be determined by using simple trigonometry. Referring to

Fiqure B-9b, DPl and DP2 are two diffraction points located

where a line which contains 11 and Fl intersects edqe e and

e'# respectively. It should be noted that the line

direction must include the followinq points in sequence: Al,

DP1, DP2, and Pl. The outputs are DP1, DP2, and BETA.
 181

APPENDIX B
COURSE DEVIATION INDICATION DETERMINATION

In Chapter II, the hiqh frequency techniques to obtain

a relative field at the observation point are discussed.

The Course Deviaticn Indication (CDI) current is directly

related to these relative fields.

The carrier sideband and sideband only signals are the

composite siqnals from the antennas. The carrier sideband

siqnal (Ees) is defined as the complex sum of the products

between the carrier sideband current amplitude and the

relative field associated with each antenna. The sideband

only siqnal (Ess) is defined as the complex sum of the

products of the sideband cn!v currents and the relative

field associated with each antenna. The nominal relative

carrier sideband and sideband only currents for the Null

Reference, Sideband Reference, and Capture Effect systems

are tabulated in Table 4.

As mentioned in Chapter I, the radiated siqnals are

modulated with 90 H2 and 150 Hz audio signal components.

The 90 Hz and 150 Hz siqnals can be determined in terms of

Bes and Ess as;

E1SO = Ees • Ess.

and E90 = Ecs Ess.
The Difference in Depth of Modulation (DOM) is defined by;

DOli = IDa X (E1S0 E90 )/( Ecs ),

 182

where mo is the modulation index, and is 0.4 when applied to

a typical qlide-slope.

Finally, the CDI current in microamperes is obtained

by,

CDI = 2.0 I P X DDM,

where p is 857.1q for the typical qlide slope. The

aformentioned discussion can also be utilized for localizer

CDI determination. The only differences are the mo and p
parameters. For localizer application, mo and pare 0.2 and

967.14. It should be noted that, in general, the Capture

Effect system has an extra current in;ected onto the lower

and upper antennas, and this current is known as the

clearance current. with this current, a receiver in the

space below the desiqned qlide path anqle will receive a

strong fly-up audio tone (150 Hz). However, none of the

Capture Effect systems considered in Chapter IV were

radiat~q with the clearance current. Therefore, the

information needed to model the effect of the clearance

current is not provided bere, but is clearly described in

Reference 32.
 183

Antenna I I
55 cs
Lower 0.0 1.0
Nu II Reference
Upper 1 .0 0.0
Lower -1.0 1.0
Si deband Reference
Upper 1 .0 0.0
Lower -0.5 1.0
Capture Effect Middfe 1.0 -0.5
Upper -0.5 0.0

Table 4. The Nomina I Relative Sideband On Iy (I ) and

55
Carri er Sideband (I ) Currents Used in the
cs
Glide Slope Systems.
 184

APPENDIX C
COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTINGS
 185

Fn~TO~N IV ~ LEVEL 21 '-1A r N l)~TE 91015 12/4')/53

c VnrOOfJIO
c PlJRl>;JSF. VO' noo 7-0
c Val00010
c rn C,\ LCu LA r F c p~ P l F. X E FIE L QS, en ( ') C') r , ESS , EC S , "riD Er.c VDI00040
r. ~L~~G \ PREDETER~{~EO FLIGHT PATH. VOr00050
c Vtll00060
c ~RITTFN BY VICH~TE UNGVICHr~N FOR THE O[SSER~T(n~ (M'RCH,17,1?~L•• VDr01070
c VDIOOO'iO
r. VOIOOOqo
c VDIO()LOO
c *** I "JPUT* •• * VOrOOllO
c THE COMPlE~ ~NTE~N~ CUPRE~TS-ISS,[CS,[CC VDI00120
c THE:\NTEN"J:\ lOC~TrO~-Xp,yp,Zp YOI00130
c THE PL~TE VEQTICE LnCATION5-Xo,Yn,l~ VOI00140
c THE FACILITY OAT'\-F~F.QlJF.'JCy,\!aDUlL\TI,,~~,A~~TIO ynl00150
c THE THEt):JOLITE lDC~TIO~I-XT,YT,ZT VOI00160
c THF P\TTFRN nAT,,-sr~Ul~TED FllTE PATH INFOPMATION VOIOOl10
c VOI00180
c ***OUTPUT.~. VDI001QO
c THF CO~PLEX t FIELDS CORRES~O~DIN~ TO OBSERVFR PTS. ALONG VOI00200
c THE FLITF. P,\TH VOI0021f)
c THE COrJqOPJATE pnSITInM OF TYE n~SERVF.R PTS. VDI00220
c THE ~NGlE-c\LPHA-F~"" THE THEOOOLI TE TO A~ OBSERVER POINT VOlflOJ.10
c THE SITE O~TA-TERqArN,F4ctLITYt~~rEN~A,THEOOOlITE, VOI0024Q
c ~ :'40 0:\ TTE f?N n AT" VOr00250
c VOI00260
c ***RE0UIPED SUqROUTI~ES*** VDI00270
c VOUILS-(FL~T GROUNQ nNLY) VOI00280
c 0ur;"I)-(GTD-VARIOUS TER.RAT~) VDI00290
c SC~T-(DHYSIC~L OPTIC-V~RIOUS TERRAIN. VOrOf)30()
c T~PLf'lT-(PLI)TTI~G ROUTINE) VOI00310
c VOI00120
0'101 I~PlI(IT CQ~PlEX.16(CJ VDI0033()
0i):)2 I' ~ o l r CrT RF "L • 8 ( A, q , 0- r , K, M, n - Z » VDIOJ340
0003 ~Q~~LEX*16 ~TTENU VOI00350
0004 REAL*~ l.\,.... RJA VOI00360
000'\ PE~l«4 X~(~,YMI~,Y.~~X,y~AX,X~XIS(2~2J,YAXTSf2~Z), Vr)(00310
(XLll12) ,XL?( 12) ,Yllf1l) ,YL2(12),Yl3f12),Vl4( 12J,Yl5( lZJ,YL'>( 12), VI)[00380
(YL 1( 12) ,Vl8( l2) ,VLq( l?J ,Vliot 12' VfJI00390
00'16 Pt r ~ G F ~ "1\ KT ~ P, r '( t I Y , I c ON VDI00400
00')7 OIME~S[O~ JHF.40R(lQ),FT(lO),ETPH.\flO) VOI00410
OOJA DIMENSION ISS(40I,P~ISS(40),rCS(40I,~HICS(40J,ICC(40),P~Ir.C(40) VOr00420
()110t) cn~~ON I~I PI,PIIAO VOt00430
1).)IJ C(l.·..·1 fJN IPl ATEl ,(Of 10), YfH 10 I, ZO( 30 J ,~E Vf')t00440
1)1)11 co~~nN IA~TN~AI XP(40I,YP(4Q),ZP(40),K,FREO,N VnI00450
O~12 cnM~O~ IOBSVERI X,Y,Z VOI00460
')01,\ C"\1~~O~1 /wl lr.nN V'lI00410
O~14 r. a;..·.,,'N I ft.~ I C; ( 'i ) ,r: I 6 t 5 » ,~, 0 ~ NT, NWI
c 14 ( &)) ,r. I VOIOO'taO
O~lll) C'1\A"'O~J IAAI JOIR,JREF,JRP,JRI),JPRO,JRIJR VOI004QO
onlb ca~""ON IACI JOIFtJO~tJORI),Jnn,JnDR,JORR voroosoo
0017 CO .... '1:1N ITREEI ~TTF~JU.JrL,'\TF.f'\. ,JcnR 1 (S), Jr.'1~2( c;» VOI00510
00I~ CQ~~ON IQEP11 JPE~I(5~,3),JREnRI~o,1.,NREP.~~ vn[n0520
OOlq 0.\ T1\ XLII' O' , • I • • t S • f • T' , • ~ • , • ~, , • c· , • F' I, xL21 ' ~ • , 'l • , ' P • t 'I-f' , VOI005JO
<'~·I,YLl/·r.·.'D·,'I'I,Yl?I'J·t·I',·F',·F','.',' ','e','O','I'I, VDI00540
<Yl3/'E','T','I'I,Yl4/'E','T't'P','H','\','l'I,Yl~/'E'
, ' T' , ' Z' I, vnIDOCi50
<YL~/'Ft,'r,.·p·,'H·,·A',''-'I,Yl7/·~·,'Ttf'l·l, VnIOO'i60
<Yl~/'Et,'T','P','~','A','3'I,Yl9/'~','C','S'I,VllO/'e
' , ' ~' f ' S ' 1 vor00510
OOlO o'\r·\ rJsr~R/'.t/,~Q~tO/'••• ·1 VI')(005AO
 186

FQRTKAN IV G LFVfL 21 DATE '31011, 12/45/53

c VOIOO'5qf)
C F IJ Nr:TI oN ST ~ TE'1FNTS .\ ~"') I NIT r All! ATIONS VflIOl.l60Q
C VOI00610
0')21 COLX(r,p)=0C~PlX(I~DCOS(P*PI1~O),I*OSIN(?~PIlqnl) VD[f)O~20

0022 A L a'.-1 E R (\ , ~ , 0 • E ».: f)- ( 0- E )*(,\- . I) 37 c; »1 ( J\- A » VOI0063a

0023 'J o 0 E ~ ( A t ~ , () , E) :: 0- ( D- E) * ( t\ ... o ~ 15 »I ( A- R) VO(()0640
0024 CR~SS{~'~tD,f):~-(O-EI*(\t/(~-~) V01006'>0
0025 PH~SE(C»=O~T\~2(DI~~G(C),QRE~l(C))/Pt18u vnl00660
c VOI0067')
C [NITIALIZ~TIO~S VOliJ06RO
C VOI00690
0026 pr=4.JJ*D~TA~(1.~Q) VDI0010a
0027 DP[=2.f)')·PI Vf)I00110
002'3 PI1QO=DI/180.i)0 ViJI00120
onZ Q ~PRtnlJ=O VOI·J0110
0010 ~~ESEr=a VOI00140
0031 PSI=O.OO VOI00150
c VO[0f1160
C STAqr THE lOOP FO~ NEXT SI~ULATIO~. V'JI00770
C vnI00780
0031 1000 CEPSI2=(O.,O.) Vr)I00190
0011 SIG~A.::).!)O vor00800
C VOIOOBIO
r: ClE\? STnRaG~ W~IC~ CO~TAINS THE 9l0CKAGE fRQ~ ~NrE~~~ TO ~~GE VOIOOQ20
C I NF n P '·1 A T I 0 ~ OFT HE 0 IFF R A. C TF n , 0 I f' FR I\C TE f) - REF i.ec T E 1 R 1\YS • VO(OO~30
C VOIOO~4Q
0034 ,.,0 1') f) 2 J 1-= 1 t 1 Vf)(00350
001e; Df) lilJ? J2::1,50 VJI1J086()
0036 J RE1 t ( J 2, J 1 ) ::.) VOI0087tJ
0031 JREOR(J2,Jl)-n VDI00880
003Q 1')07. CO~T Ii,IUE VDlfJ0890
C VOI009IJO
C QEAO HE4JE~ C4QO FOo EACH ~I~Ul~Tln~ VOI00910
C VOI00920
OJ3Q RE~O(5,lOOl)JEgR,JHEAQR VOI009l0
OO~O IJOl FCR~AT(~1,1~\4) VOI0094fJ
1')041 ~qITE(lO,lOOl)JERP,JH~~np VOIOOqc;O
c VOI00960
c tl'!ITIlIl~T(n~c; FOR rus SI'"1Ul~TION. VOIOOQ70
C VDI009Sl0
0042 r..jREP::() VDI()OQQtJ
a043 "fa ANT.::() V'lIOlOOO
0044 PATH=o.no Vr)(0101Q
0'145 wrOTH=O.flO VOIOI021
00,.6 wIDll1=f).DO Vt1101010
0041 W('lH[.::t).I')O VDIOI04n
t)tJ4A NEOfJ=Q VDtOl050
OOItt) ~r.A~::O VOIOI060
0011)0 OO~Ol,)=-l.r>o VOIOI010
OJ51 AlOl 0=0. no VOrOlOf'O
O()'52 OCrlI=88R8. VDIOI09a
OO')l $=A8Q'l. VDI0110t)
0054 ATTFI\~U=(().,J.) VOIOIIIO
Q()'i5 J 0 l.~ T E ( 1 ) :: 1 VOIOIIZO
00'6 J30=O VO(Ol130
c vnro 1140
C REA~ I~PUT n4TA SECT(O~S VDIOl150
C V')IOlt~O
 187

FO?TR~N IV ~ LEVEL 21 ~.\ IN O~ TE 81076 12/45/53

00'51 RE~a(5,2)~PQI0n.lA~El,n~TTE~,P~TTF~ VOIOl170

OOC)B ATTEN=-DATTE~ VO(Oll~O
c VOIOIIQ1)
c READ 4TTEt\lU4Tln~ r~ -01\- VOT0120fJ
c VDI01210
OOI)Q ~TTE~U:CPLxrlO.*.(~TTF.N/20.),-P~TTEN) VfJ{0122Q
01)60 2 FOR '-1 AT("\ 3, 1 l-l t 1, 2 FlO. it ) VOI012l0
0061 IF(NPR[Ou.NE.NP~[D)GO TO 800 VOI01240
OQ62 NEOI)=l VDf01250
0063 8 of) ( F ( .\ T TEN. F ,) • 0 • 00 nil ~ I T F ( 10 , 2 ) ~! PR r on• L,\!1 F.l VI)(0126CJ
0064 I F ( ~ TTE'I • ~: E• a• 0 J ) ~-l Rr TE( 10 , 2 ) 'I P RI fJo , L.!\BEL , DATTEN, P .\ TTE'" VOI0127tl
00",') IF(L4BEL.FQ.0)GO TC 60 VOIOIZ~()
0066 GO TO (lO,lO,)O.4~,SO),LAB~l VDIOIZ90
G VDI01300
C PLATE '1~T.\ VOJ01310
C VOI01320
VOI01330
c VDI01340
c IF ~EIS lES~ TY4~ OR EQU~l TO 1. PSEUOD 3-D TERR~IN I~PUT VDI013S0
c IS RE·')UIREfJ. VOI01360
c VOI01370
aO~A (F(NE.LE.l) J30=1 VOI013.'!O
()O~9 IF(~E.EO.O) GO Tn 1 VOI01390
0\110 11 FOR~~T(l())(, \1-;,C)'(,3FIO.4) VOI01400
00 7 1 ~PITE(10,11)NE,~qAY,ICON \10£01410
0012 RE~D(5,12)(XO(JJtVO(J),10(J),J:l,NE) VDf01420
J07~ 12 FOR'b\TflJX,1F:lO.3) Vf)I0143~
0014 ;oR IT E ( 10, 12) f x 0 ( J », VO ( J) , ZO f J) • J: 1 , 'IE) VOI0144-:)
007C; GI) TO 1 vor01450
c vot01460
c THEOOOllTF 00SITln~ ~\TA, P~TH RFFERE~CE, A~O WIQTH RE~EQ~~CE. \10101410
c VO(014~O
007" 2ry RF~n(5,21)N~lITE.XT,YT,lTtPREF,WREF VDIOllt9Q
0071 21 FOR~~T(lOX,IS,~X,5(FIO.3» VI)I0150'
00ld GO TfJ 1 VOIOlSI0
c VfJI015Z0
c ANTE'.J~1A OAT A VO[01510
c VOI01540
001<:> 30 RE~u(5,31)~~,FREQf~tA,~C150,~OANT VO(01550
O',)~O lC=9.335712DA VDI01560
OORI K=2.06*PI·FREQllC VDIOlS10
')t'~2 l~~30A:2.00·0(/K VOI015$JO
OOd~ CEPSI=0C~PlX«(~~E4l(C~PST2t),(D(~AG(C~PSI2)-~IGMA.l~.13/F~EQ)) vnrolSqo
OI)~4 00 16l=1,N" VDI01600
f)035 REAn(5,32)~ANT,XPfl),VP(l),lP(L) VDIOl~lO
QO~~ ~R(TE(lO,3~)~ANT,1P(lJ,YP(L),lP(L) vnlOl~20
t)O~l RE~O(5,13)ISS(l),P~(SS(L),ICS(L),~HICS(l),(CC(lJ,PH{CCCL) VrJI01610
008B IF(NnA"JT.lF..l) Ii') Tt) 37 VOI01640
c VfJI016S0
c THE F'( r. I TF f) CUQ ~ E ~ r S n~I E ACH El E ~ E NT 0 F Tti E VD(()166~
c ~OR~E~ R~FLEr.TOR AQ~ ASSIGNED ANn THE ~RRAY FACTOR IS ,1~Il~R VOI01670
r. TO FA~ STAN,)A~f'). VOI016~O
c VOI0169t)
OOgq C[4(l)=CPlX(O.~t21.) VOI01700
OlqO CI~(L)=CPl)((l.O,Q.O) VOIOll1Q
OIlQl CI6(lJ~r,Pl~(O.6,2a.) VOI01120
Ol')q1. 37 IF(1\RS(Ir.Cfl.).~T.l.n-6JNC~D.l VOI017']')
OOQ3 16 CONTINUE VO('l1743
 188

F~~TR~N IV G LEVEL 21 Ot\TE 81016 12/45/53

OJQ4 31 FOR" ~ T ( lOX, I s , 5 X, 4 FlO. 3 t t s , 2F 6. J) VDI011S0

OOQ5 32 FOR"AT( lOX, 15,1)'(, IF 10.3» VDI01760
OOQ~ 13 F~Q~Ar(10~,6FIO.3) VDI01770
OOQ7 GO TO 1 VDI011RO
c VOI0179fJ
c vor01800
C VOIOlalo
01)93 40 READ ( 5 t 41 ) NCUT, 'J P , ~IOC \ tc, 'COqS I ,Yf)~S I ,lOB S I VOrOlQZIJ
Ol1q~ IF(~CUT.E~.O) ~CUT=2 VO(()1930
Olao IFf~CUT.EQ.SJ NP:Q4 VDI01~40
0101 41 FOR~AT(IOX,15,I~tt5t~~,1(FI0.1IJ VOI()lR'i()
01n2 WRrTE(lOt41)~CUT,~p,NnC~lc,X08S(,YOBSI,lOBSI VOIOIR60
010"\ PEAO(5t42)X~~SF,Y0qSF,l~~SF VOrOlQ70
0104 42 FOR~1AT(""OX,l(Fl().3) ) vnllJ18RO
Oloe; WRITE(lO,42)X~ijSF,yn~SFtZO~SF V'JIOIQqO
0106 G'1 TO 1 VOIOL900
c VOI01910
c OUTPUT r~NTROL nARAMETERS. VDI019Z0
c VOlfJ1930
0107 1)0 READ(~,51)M4KT4P,r~,Iy,XMAX,X~I~,Y~AX,V~I~.JDIR,JDEF,JRQ,JRO,JRRO,VOT01940
<JRDR,J~[~,Jn~,Jo~~,Jnn,JnOR,J~qQ VDI01950
51 FOPMAT(luX.3CT'i)t5X,~FIO.3,F8.Z,1211) VDIOIQ60
GO TO 1 vor01910
c VOI01980
c START TO PRINT OUT ~lL I~PUT DATA FQR VOIOlqqO
SI~UlATION
c VDI02000
0110 ".) ~4RrTE(6,211)JDJR,JREFtJRR,JP.D,JRRD,JP~R,JOIF,JnR,JnQDtJ~O.JOOR, VOI02010
<JDRR VOI02020
0111 IFCI\4Q·\Y.EQ.'l.OR.'l'l.\Y.fO.2J ;:;0 TO 1)') VOIOZ030
0112 IF(JOlq.GE.1IWQ[TF(6,ghO) vor02040
0113 IF(J~EF.GF.ll~RITE(~t961) Vf')IOZ050
0114 TFfJP,R.GE.IIW QITE(6,16ZJ VOI02060
0111) IF(JRO.~E.l)rlQITF.(~,q~l. VIJ(()Z070
0116 IF(JQoO.GE.l)~RITE(nt864) VOI02080
011 7 IF(J~DP.GE.l)WRtTE(b,865) Vfl102090
0118 TF(JnIF.GE.l)WRtTE(6.86~) vnt02100
0110 IF(JOP..GE.l.~RITE(6tR61) VO[02110
0120 IF(JOP~.GE.1)WRrTE(6t~681 vOt02120
0121 IF(JaD.GE.l)WPITE(~,~b91 VDI02130
Ol~2 tF(JOOD.GF-.IIWRITF(6.~701 vorOZ140
0123 IF(JORR.GF.l)WRITEf6.~71J VOI021'iO
0124 JJJ=JryIR.JREF+JP~+JP~+JqRn+JRDR.Jn(F+JnR+J1RO+JnO+J~Dq VOI02160
01?5 IFfJJJ.EQ.OI WRITF.l6,87'J VOI02170
0126 Fnp.~AT(1Xt'IG~nqEO ~'RECT P~Y.'I VOI02180
0127 FOR~~Tf3X,'(G~CREry ~INGlYREFLfCTFn RAY.') VIJIOZ190
OllP FnR~4T(lXt'rGNOREO onUAlY RE~lECTEO RAY.'. VOI02200
0129 F~q~~T(lXt'tGNOREQ REFLECT~~-otFFqACTEO RAV.', '10102210
0130 FOPJJ ~ T(3X, ' I GNOR ~f') REFt EeT Ef)-R F.FLEC TEO-I) I FFP ACT EO AND ~RR R~YS.') vor02Z10
0131 FOR~ATC3X,·tG~ORFn ~FfLECTEO-~IFFP~CTED-REFLECTED R~Y.·I '10102230
~1)2 FOR~~T(1~,'lGNO~Ery SI~GlY OIrFR4r.TEO RAY.') VO(()Z240
0(1) F0~¥~T(lx,'Ir,~nPEn ntFF~Ar.T~~-~EFlECTED R~Y.tJ VnIO?2~0
0134 FOR~AT(3X,"GN0REn OIFFRftCTEO-REFLECTEO-otFFRACTEO.') '10102260
01\" FnR~~T(lX,'IGNOR~O DOU~lY OIFFRACTED PAY.'. '10102270
01)6 FOR~~T(3X,'rGN~PED QrFfR~r.TE~~tFFRACTE~-~EFLF.CTED~AY.·) '10102280
0117 FO~~\T(3x,tIGNnREO nIFFR~r.TEO-REFLECTfa-REFL~CTEO RAY.') '10102290
f') l'~ FOq~ATC1Xt'~LL t~ p.~YS AQE C~~Slnf~~D'1 VOIOZ300
Ol,q F(']R~~~TC'l' ,1C;X,'THr: INPUT D"T~ FOR THIS SI·.. Ul~TIO~ (S AS FnllOWS:'YOI02310
<,4X,12Il) VOIOZ320
 189

FO~TP~~ IV ~ lEVEL ?l O~TF. :II ~\016 L2/45/53

0140 65 ATTE~P:-PftTTF~ V~(02J}fl

01 ...1 If ( ~J RAY. E., • a ) "R J TE( 6 , } Q 1 » vor0234fl
01 .. 1 2<)7 FORMo\T(")',2X,'F[~lns C~lCUL"TEn w(TH FL4T ~\RTH ','Or')EL'. VOfOZ]'i")
014." I F ( "I r{ AY• E" • 1 • ;\ 'J n • Nn .\ ~ T • FO. 0 »)oJR I TE( (, , 29 q) .\ TTE" , &\ TTF. ..., P VD(n73~O
0144 2q~ FOR~~TC'O.,2~,'FIFlnS C~lCUl~TF~ WITH GTO ,ANTEN~4 IN -X-,, VtJI0237()
<, OIR t ~C \RRAY F'CTO~',' t~[T~ F(R~T PL~TE DR AlTEN', VOI023RO
<FB.2,~~"oH~S~',Fq.2,2~,·Of~REES'1 vnl023Q()
014r; 'F(~RAV.E0.1.\~D.~O~NT.fO.l)~RllE(~,?40)ATTE~,~rrF~p v» (02400
Ol4~ 24 o Fn R~ a\T( '0 I , "2 X t • F r El 0 C; r. ~ LC UL t\ TE ~ wIT H G r f) 9 A'" T F. ~ ~ \ I ~ - v- I • VOI07410
<. JIP , ~O'~~dV F\r.Ttlq", ,wlTti FIPST PL~TE' 0'3 ~TTJ::~', VOlfJ242J
<F3.2,2X,·PHa\SE',~~.2,,~,'DE~Q~FS·' VDla2430
0141 IF(~R~Y.EQ.l.~NO.~~~~T.EQ.2)W~ITF(~,~41J~TTE~,~TTF~P vC)[n2440
J14~ 241 F~Q~4T('O',2X.'F[FLOS ~4l WrTH GTO ,'NTEN~~ IN -X_I, VOI02450
<, OIR , WITH THRJ:F ANTENN~ ,WITH FIRST PLATE I, var0241,O
(' O~ AllEN 2·,F8.2,2X,·PHASF·,F8.~.2X,·OE~~EES') VlJ£02410
Ol"~ rF(~R~Y.EQ.l.~No.~n~Nl.EQ.~)WRITE(h,242)ATTFN.\TTE~P \IDIO?4~O
Ol~O 242 FORf-4 <\ T r ' 0' , 2 x, ' FIE LOS C·\ l ...( TH GTn ,.\ ~l T t N'" A I ~ - Y- I , VOI024Qa
<, DI~ , WITH rH~FE ANTENNA ,WITH FIQST Pl~TE " VO!02500
<, 1~ \TTE~ :·,F3.2,2X,·PH~SE·,Fd.2,2X,'OESQEES') VD[()2'ill)
\111) 1 IFPIRAY.EO.2 )~RITE(6,2qql vaI02520
OlC;2 ~ 99 F 0 Q t., ~ T« ' a' , Z X , ' FIE Lo S t: ALe IJL ~ T E f l wr TH PH Y S r C .\ L "P TIC S ~f) L's l ' J VI)(0253J
015J WRITE«6,3Jl)J~EAO~ VOI02540
0154 301 F8R~L\TC'O',~X,lq(A4») VOlfl25S0
011)5 toIP.ITE(6,212) VOf02SAO
0156 212 FOR~4T(')',2V,'TH~ PLATE D~T~ IS:') Vf)I0251fl
Jt57 I TE ( 6 , 2 1 ~ ) N E
~.J R VOI025Rf)
o 15R, 213 FOR''':\T(' ',SX,'THE NU:'1f)ER f1F EDGES IS',lX,IZ) VDI025QO
01159 WRITE(I),214J VOI02600
016a 214 FOR~~T('O',sX,'?n~ITlnN CF VERTfCES:',5X,'1f(80RD.",17X, VOI02610
<·Y(cn~~o.)·,\1X,'Z(CO~RO.)·) VIJ!026?O
r VI)(02630
C PRINT GNlY WHFN TERRAIN INPUTS ARf 3-0. V'l10264Q
C VOfQ2650
0161 IF(J)~.E1.0)~RtTE(~,21~J(XOIJ),yr(J),lQ(J),J=l,~E) VOI02660
016? 2IS ~lR~~T(' ',29X,F1Q.3,17X,FIO.3,11X,FIQ.]) '11102610
0163 WQITr:{6,21~) VO (/)2680
11164 216 FOR~~T('O',~X,'TYE F~CILITY O~TA IS:') V:JIJ2~9()
Ol"'~ \oJ q I TE ( ~ , 2"30 HI " , FRE'), LA "4 s 0 A t .t04, A, vc 1 c;0 , CE? S I Z. S r ~~1 ~ VOI021fJO
0166 230 FnR~~T(' l,lX,'N~=',I2,~X,'FREO:',FB.l,lX,·lA~~n~=·,FR.3,2X, VDI021l0
<• ,~ = • , Ff>• l, 1x, • \= • , F". 3, t x, • '4C 1 -;0-: , , F ~ • :3, Zx, VOI()27:~O
<'PEl~TIVE PER~(',2Fq.4t/,76X,· CCNOUCTIVITY',FQ.4t VDI0213J
o 167 \-iRITE(6,211) V')(02740
016~ 231 ~nR~4T('O',2X,'THE THFODOllTe DdT~ IS:') VfJIOZ75fJ
016Q ~R(TEr~,~32) VDI02760
017'l 212 FO~~~T(' ·,~x,'X(r.OORO.J·,SX.·V(COOR~.,·,4Xt VnIQ2170
<'l(COO~~.I·,3X,'P~TH REF. A~GlE·.4X, vtJr02190
('WI1TH REF. \~GlF') VO(027QO
0\71 ~RIT~(~,2]3)XT,YT,lT,PREF,WPEF VDI02~OO
t) 11? 233 FO~~~T(' ',3(lX,FIO.1I.Z'lOX,FIO.3)J VOI02810
017) w~ITE(6,234) VO(02~lO
0114 234 F~R~4T('~',2~,'THE ~NTEN~A n~T~ IS:') VO(02~30
017'\ IF(~.L~.1.1G-41 GO TO ~~9 vorO~~40
0176 "Q(Tt:'6,?11J Vr)I028~O
0177 r,n TO ')Oq Vr)IOZB60
017~ ~5q wqlTf. (6t~71) VOIOZ870
017Q 5f)q C Of~T I ~IUE VDI028QO
0180 511 fOR~~Tf'~',~X,'ANTFNN~'.1~,·~fcnO~O.'·.4X,'VfC~ORO.I·,~x, VD(OZ990
<' Z ( COORD. »' , It X, ' C'1Pl X S ~ 0 P WR (w 4 TT S » " it )(, Vrlll)ZQOO
 190

Fn~r~~N IV G LEVEL 21 MAIN DATE = $JI076 12/45/51

('C~PlX C~R. PWR (~4TTS)'t4X,IC~PlX Cl~. PW~ (WArTS)') VOI02910

Olftl 21q FOR'-14TC' '. s x , 11,:t( 3'<, FlO. 3), l( 1'(, Fla. 'i, lX ,F 1tl.l» vnrOZ920
J13? 217 Fn~~~Tc·u·tS'(t·,~rE~N~·t)X,·X(CCQqD.J·t4X,·Y(COORij.)',4X, V~IQ2qlO
<' t(C 00 ~ I) • • ' ,4)(, • I S s ( ., 4 G • J ' , 4 X, • , S S ( PH s , ) , , 4X, ' rc S ( ... ~ r;. ) , , 4 X, VI) r 02 q 40
('ICSC DHS.)', 4'<,' rcr.( -"1t\G.»' ,4X, I ICC (PHS.»') VOI02QSO
Ol~3 on 2?~ J~l,NA VOlOZQ60
019'" \of R I T ~ (",21 J. XP ( s) ( J» , Y P ( J) , Zo ( J) , T SS ( J) , OLf r s S( J », rc S ( J) , DLf r CS( J), VO 102910
<ICr.(J),PHrcr.CJ» VDI029BO
01~S 225 CO~rI\UE VOI02QQO
Ol~6 wRITE(6,21Q) V~I03000
al~7 219 FnR\4t\TC'O',?X,'THE P~TTF'l~ CUT FOR THIS s rx, IS:') VfJIJ3010
018~ Gn Tr.C227,221,224,?932,2Q32,224),NCUT VOI03020
OlSQ 221 ~RIT~(6,2?~.v08Sr,yn~S~tXO~SI VOI03030
\)190 2~O ',~~,'THE aATTFR~ IS \ CONST~NT R~aIUS CUT WITH ALPH~ I~CVOI0304Q
~nR~~T('
<RE~€NTE9 F~O~',lX,FIQ.3,'OE~REFS TO',lX,FIO.3,2X.'OFGRFES·, VOI0305~
</l~X,'THF R40IUS IS',2X,FIO.JI VDI0106Q
OlQl G~ Tn 223 vnl~3010
01<')2 221 ~RIT~(6,222)XnRS[,Y1Rsr,laASt VO[030~O
0191 222 FrJR'1/\TC' ',C)'(,'THJ: ~.\TTER'" IS \ <;TRAIGHT lINE CUT WITH THE 1~:ITI!\LVDI11()qO
<
COnRn(~~TES-',11'(,''(=·,F10.1,2Xt'Y:'tFIU.lt2Xt·l=t,FlO.3) VOI03100
~q IT E ( 6,5 '10) '(0'\ SF, VOC\ SF, ~ SF zn VO I 31l 0 a
soo FrlR,.,\TC'O' ,\7X,'THE FI"J~l COORDI'4t\TES-',11X,'X=',FIO.1,2'<,'Y=', VO!()3120
<Fl~.3,2X,'l=',FlO.3) VOf03130
OlQ6 GO Ta 223 VOl03140
o 19-r 224 APX=lO~SI*prl~O VOI031S0
019Q lI=1SQRT(rxnqSI-XT.**2+(YO~SI-YT)**J.)~DTAN(APXJ+lT VOI03160
019 0 IF='SQ~T((Xn~SF-XTJ**2+(VOgSF-YT).*2J~~T~N(A~X)+lT vnr0317Q
"l\)C) ~RITEC6,22~)lnRSI,xOBSI,YQqSI,lt VDrOllRO
02)1 WRITEC6,50QJXnRSF.V~~SF,lF vnr03190
0202 22(, F()Q·~.\T(· • ,I)~,'THE O~TTEq:\1 (S 4 CO~ST~~JT • ,F5.3,· 'lEGRFF CUT ~ITH VDI03Zf)O
<TH J= I ~, I T I 'L C00 ~ 0 t ,\I~ TE S- , , 1'( , • X:: , , FlO. 3 t 2 '.( t • V=' ,F 1 o, "' , 2 x • • t = • ,F 10 • v 0 I f) 32 10
<3) vnl01220
0201 221 WRITEfS,lJOJ VOI0323ry
02~4 310 F0R~AT('0·.1~X,·TH~ OUTPUT ~ATS IS ~s F1LlOW~:') VOI03240
vnl032S0
PRINT THE OUTPUT /J~Tl\ VDI.J3260
C VOI03210
()ZQ5 2932 ccnr P.lUF VOI01290
OlOf) IF(~CUT.~F.4.hND.~CUT.NE.~)~QITE(~.30?) VDI03290
O}Ol 102 FO~1~T{·1·,4~,·X·,11X.'Y',1~X,'l·.5X9'AlPH~',2Xt'aCor'
, 4X , VDI03100
<• r: 0 I ' t sxt • E T1 • ,5 x, ' F T1 PH l\' ,4 X, • E T2 • , 5 x, ' ET 2 P H ~, , 4 X, t ET3' , '5X, VOI03310
<·ET3PH~',2X,'FCS~Ar.·,4X,'ESS~AG') vnr01120
OZOA IF(~~.LE.251)Gn TQ 6q '10103110
ozoq "RITF(~,6~J '101033"0
0210 68 FOR~4T('O',lJ~,'TER~INAT(O~ ~UE TO ITERATIONS EXCE~nl~G ~5n VOI011CJO
<TO ~E ~ERFnR~En IN nO-LOOP 200') VOI033hO
0211 STn? VDI03370
r: VYlI03lAO
c tNCRE~E~T lOO~S FOR ~ASERVER POSITrON VOI033QO
C Vr)[01400
021l ~q VOl03410
c VOI03420
r: 1~ITI~l(l~ CO~olEX FIEl1S VOI03430
c '1011")1440
Ol13 CE~s:nC~PlXf~.DO,O.~Ol VDI034S0
OZ14 CECS='C~PlX(J.oo,o.onJ VOr03460
0115 ~ECC=D~~PlX(~.OOt1.nO) '10103470
r. VOI014~,)
 191

FORrR\~ IV G lEVFL ?l O~ff ~1(}76 12/4')/53

C SFlECTEn TyPE ~F PATTERN CUT. Vf)(014<}O

e VOI'J'3500
0216 GQ TO(71t1~t1~.l~t7~,lS),N(Ur Vrllf)351'J
c VfJl!)3520
c CONST\NT RA~(US PATT~HN CUT Vf)(035JO
C VO(,)1540
0211 71 THET,=Yn~S[+(J-l.).'YO~SF-V8~S()/(~~-1.1 V()It13~50
OllR R ~~2 THET .\*? r 180 vf')II)3r;~O

021 Q PHI=lO~S(.(J-l)~(lOBSF-ZO~SI)/(~P-l) Vf)[03570

0220 PHIR:PHl*PI190 VOIOJ5RO
O~21 ~=(~1RSI*~r.nS(QAo))*ocnS(PH[~' VOrOJS90
02?2 y=)(nqSI.nr:'1')CRt\OJ VO 1 \13600
0213 12)(1~SI*DS[~(R~OJ VO[03610
0224 ~\~I~N=n~TA~'«Z-ZT)tnS~RT(X-XT).*2.(Y-YrJ**2» VO[fl3620
Ql~~ ~LO~\=RAOI\N/PIIAO VOIO"l6JO
022~ GO TO qO '1010]640
c VOI03650
C Lt"'JFc\R CUT vnl03660
C VQ(()3610
0221 70 X=XORSI+(J-1.)~(XORSF-XORSI)/(NP-1 •• Vf)r036QO
02203 Y=YORSI+(J-1.'*(YJ1SF-Y81SI)/(~P-l.) V'){03690
022Q l=l0qSI.(J-l.)·(lr~SF-lOBSI)/(NP-l.) Vr)f03700
O?JO R~n:OAT~N2(l-lT),OSORT(X-XT'*·7+(V-vT.**?) Vf)[03111J
aZ11 t\LilHt\=Q'fJ/P[ 130 VOI03720
02"37 en TO RQ '1')(03730
c VrJI03740
C HYPE~30L(C CUT WITH CCNSTt\NT OBSERVFD SPACING. VOIOJ750
C VQT03760
O~33 75 .~L~H.\=l(l'lSI V'J(0377f)
O?34 4P=ALPHA*otl~O '111103730
02]5 X=X01SI.(J-l.)*fXnqSF-XOqSI)/(~P-l.) VF)(037QO
OZ16 Yayn~sr+(J-l.)·(YnRSF-VOBst)/(NP-l.) '10103800
0217 tF(~CUT.~F.6) ~o Tn 4111 VDIOJ'\l!l
023.3 (F(J.~E.NP/4) GO Tn 411~ V'lfJ392fJ
0239 F'(n'1~I:~l)qSI VT)(01810
0241) Fvnt\SI=Yr)~SI VOI03·~4')
0241 fY'"1R<; F:: 10000. VOf03Ac;O
J242 fXQqSF=X8qS(+(X~~S~-XOBSI).(Yn~Sr-laonO.J/(Yn~Sl-YaBSFJ VJ I ')3~6()
Q241 NNo;NP/4 VD[03810
02,.. ~J:zJ VDIlJ39'30
I) Z.. Ii GO TrJ /t 11 J VO[013QO
C VOr03tlOO
C HYPF~R~LIC CUT ~ITH cn~~ENTP~rF~ CAlCUL~TIO~ VOI03QlO
C P~I~T FPn~ lOnnQ FEFT TO 1000 FEET. THE ~U~~ER OF CAlCUl'Ttn~ VOI01QZO
C POI~TS ~RE FIXEO TO 8~ • '10(')'1911
C Vf1[1J]940
02~h ft.112 Cn~TINIJE VrJI03QC;O
02~1 F~~~SI;XOqSI+(XORSF-XnRSI).IYn~SI-I0000.)/(YnqSI-VORSFJ '1011')3960
024Q Fync\ST-:IOOOO. Vr)(OlQ70
02l\Q F~01Sf=XD~SF VO(039QO
02S0 FV')!3SF=VOASF '11)103990
021\1 NNP= 3*"JP/4 VOI04000
f)2~Z NJ:aJ-N P/4 Vf)(0401~
(\21\1 '+113 cnNT r ~I'JE vnl04020
0254 x-= FX()R S [ + f ~I J - 1 • ) * f F)( n ~ <; r=- F x1 ~ S t ) I f ~ ~ p- 1• • VDI040]fl
Ol~-; Y.Fvnpsr+(~'J-l.) *fFVORSF-FYIV1<;r )/(~NP-l.» '1010"""40
02~b 4111 r.O".'T I ~JUE VOI040Ci()
OZ~7 1=nS~RT(~-XT)··z+(Y-Yr)··2J·nr~~(APJ+lT V'l(040'-O
 192

FO~Tg4~ TV G LEVEL 21 ~41N DATE:: 81016 l2/45/53

J2~R GO TO ao V~I04010
c vDla40QO
C LEV El RU~ WIT '"f Cf'lN S r A~ T I NC R F. A5 P-IGEL F. Yl\TE04 NGl E W• R• T• VO ( 040 q a
c THfU10LITF. POSITI~~. vor04100
c VOI04110
02~~ 16 IF(J.~E.l) GO TO 78 VOf04120
026n •• 211
~LPH'I=OAraN2«l1~S[-ZT)tD~QRT«XnRS[-Xrl**2+(Ya~SI-YT) VOI041]~
0261 aLPHAF=04T'~1«lnRSf-IT)tOSQRT«(xn~SF-XT).*2+(ynRSF-YT.**211 VOI04140
o Z62 f F ("J cur • NF. • 5» GO TO 987 V0 ( 04 150
0261 ALPHAf=1.0*Pt130 VDf04160
0264 AlPH~F=4.5*?ll~0 V~(04110
0265 937 CONTINUE VOI04180
0266 ~LPHI=~lPH~I/PI1~O VOI04190
~Z61 ~L?HF=~LPHAF/PI13ry VOI042DO
02h~ WRITE(~,650'ZOBST,~LPHI,~LPHF VO[04210
026~ ~50 FOR~~T('0',5Xt'T~E ~ATTFR~ IS A LEVEL ~u~ ~T ALTITUTE',FIO.l, VOI042Z0
<ZX,'WITH INITIAL A~D FINAL ELEVATEO \NGLE',2FIJ.J,2X,'IN aEGREES')VOr04230
0270 WqtTE (6,300) VOI04240
0211 '~QITE(6t302J VOI04250
0272 I~CREt=(ALPH~F-ALPHAI)/(~P-l.) V~I04260
0213 INCRE2=(4LPY~F-ALPHhl)/(NP-61.) VQ[04271
0274 rNCRE3=(AlPHAF-Al~H4[)/(NP-30.) VDI04Z80
c VQ[04ZQO
C SPECI\l C4SE fJNLY FOR THE aRSE~V~Tln", .\ir')VFS ALONG THE R'JN~!AV VOIQ4300
C CENTE~Lr~E E~TENry=O FOR LEVEL RUN WtTH C~~STANT ~~GULA~ VDI04310
C (NCRE·~ENT. VO('J4320
C V~I04330
021~ x=o.na VOI04340
0216 l=lOgSr VOI04350
0277 18 r~cRE=I~C~El VOI04360
0273 en fa 79
IF(~.CUT.~E.5) VO[0431()
0219 IF(J.GT.l) GO TO A7 VOI043QO
0280 ALPHA=oI180 VOI04l90
02~1 GO TO 83 YOr044QO
02~Z 87 INCRE=.l VO[04410
OZR~ TFC4lPHA.GT.l.79. ~~O.AlPH4.LT.2.1q) tNCRE:.02 VOI04420
0294 IF(ALPHA.GT.2.1?A~n.ALPHh.lT.l.tq)[~CRE=.OZ VDI04430
02qS IFCALPHl\.GT.3.1q.~~n. AlPH~.LT.4.1qJ INr.RE=.02 vor04440
0286 AlPH4=(AlPH.\+(NC Q E) * P I I BO · VDI04450
OZ~7 GO Tn 33 VOl04460
OlBR 79 ALPHA:~lPH~t+fJ-l.).'NCRE VOI04410
02~q Bl Y=YT.nSQRT(((lr~St-ZT)/OTA~(~lPHA') •• 2-(XT•• ZJ) VQI044RO
O!QO ~LPH~=~LPH4/prlRn VOI04490
0291 80 cnvr I ~IJE VO104500
C VOI04S10
C START TO CALCUL~TE THE ELECTRIC FIELD FRO~ EACH VOI04520
C ANTE~N4; ~ IS EQUAL TO ANTENNA NUMBERS U~DER VOI04530
C CAlCULATIQN. vor04540
C VO(04~~O
OZQ2 DO 110 N=l,~A VDt045~O
OZQ] IF(J3~.EO.JI GO TO R2 VDI04570
C VOf04580
C THIS IS THE C4LCUl4TEO ~ODfllk~G Pl8.TE5 QOUTINE. VOI04590
C IT IS CALLED ONLY WHE~ THE PSEUDO ~-o C4lCUL4T(O~ VOf04600
C IS ~EQUI~~O. VOI04610
C VOI04h20
02Q4 CALL vrfR~(~) VOI04610
02'1S IFIN.GT.l) GO TO 8'- Vot04640
 193

FQ~TR~~ IV G LtVEl 21 C).\TE ;& 9101fo. 12/4&\/51

O~Q~ WQITE(6 t ? 1 4 ) votQ4650

02'17 WQITE(6,21S)(XrfJ?),VnIJ2),ZOfJ2),J2:1,NE) VOI04660
O!9:~ q? N~='4 VDI04670
OZQ9 NWl=~ VOI04680
c VOI046QO
C IF A-~ATIn IS SET rn lFRn, THE O~TA INPUT FOLLnWING vnr047flO
C F4CH ANTENNA MUST ~~ rC~~lEX POWER I~ WATT. THE VOI04110
C (C'JVERC;In~ R:\TrO IS q:\SED r"J TRUE-L(~E WATT'1ETfR VO(f)4720
C E'JUATIGN. VOrfJ4130
C vnl04740
03 110 IFCA.lT.l.on-4) G~ TO qd75 VDlfJ4150
03Jl crSC;=CPl~((SS(~)tPYIC;5(~» VOI04760
0]01 CICS=r.PlX([rS(~),~HtC5(~») VOI04110
OlJ3 crCC=CPL~(ICC(N),?~ICC(N» VOT041~O
0304 Gf1 T'1 9.916 V()(047QO
030'5 991" r:r)~JTINUE VOr04800
0306 CISS::CPLX(·)50R.T( IC)S(N) )/.Q0215,PHlSS(N)>> VOl04810
J307 crr.<;=CL>lXrr)S~~~T(Ics(~n )*MtO~ICS(N» VOI04Q2Q
tllOQ CICC=CPLX(JSc1RT(tr.r.(N»tPHICC(~» VDI04RJO
f) )l)f) f) Q.1f. CONT I'lUE VDI04840
Olll') [F(·\IQAY.E'1.11GO TO so vn(')48S0
0.311 IF('J~AY.FrJ.2)c;O rn 92 VDI1'J4860
c VC)[Or.810
C CALLI~~ ~ P Q 8 PER SUPROUT[~E TO ClLCUlATE TYE V~I048~O
C H0RIZQNTAlLY POL~PtZE~ ELECT~tC FIELD RAO[AT~S V,)I048q~
C FROM ~I'J A:<-IT E~:NA NU'Hl ~R = 1'1. VDI0490Q
C ~R~Y=l GTO; :~ p~: =0 Gn CALCULATIONS. vnI04910
C VflI04920
0312 C~LL V"UILSfCET.CEPS(1 Vf)(04930
0113 GO ro 91 VO(14940
0314 qa C~Ll v~pnU~(CETt~a4NT,NRFP) VOI04950
1'IS en T" '11 VDI04960
031f) q2 C\Ll SCATtr.~T) VOI04970
" 117 91 Rf) 1= J S1 RT ( ( 'l( - '( 0 rl » ».*2 ...C'( - y ;l ( 1) ) *.. 2" Z*..2 ) VOI(}49AO
Oll Q CJ:OC~PLX(0.~Q,1.~O. VD I O'tqQO
OlI«') C~?=~OEXP(-~J*K·qa() VOlor;ooo
J)21 CTE'1P= CET/CEP VO[05010
0121 E T ( 'I) =CoAR S ( C TEl 1P ) VO(05020
0322 IF (FT r-n , F'"J.O. at) t GO rn 54 vnI05030
0123 EToY~(~)=~H4SE(CT~~P) VDI05040
c '1')105050
C SU~ ESS, Er.S, 4~O er.c F~0~ ALL A~TEN~AS. VDI0506')
C VnIOCl070
0124 54 C~SS=CET*CISS.CES5 VDI05080
OJ."!') ~ECS:C~T·CICS+C~CS VOI05090
0326 Cf'C=C[CS/~ '10105100
0321 CECC:C~T·CICC+CEcr VnTO&\110
C vnr05170
C FIlE10 IS lJSFO rt\lLY F"R A PRor;R.\~ p'1srQUGS VOr0513fJ
c FnQ Fl~r.TR Ir.LY 0URTtJR~Ef) SIMUl~TfCN, FOP E)(~·4PlF, '11')105140
C CUPRE~TS, A-RATIQ, ~-R~rto, ~L~a SEVERAL VnIOS150
C H-P ~LOT (nM~ANOS WHICH ~RE DEscRIQeO (~ TM-~46. VOIO'il6Cl
C Vf>I05110
0123 l1Q ~PfTF(10,4~1)X,'(tl,r.ET vnr0'51Qo
012Q 411 F[lP'1.\T( 3Fl'l. ",,2D20.13) VOIO'i190
0111) IF(r)~~S(CEr.SJ.EQ.O.O~IGQ TO lOS '10(05200
')))1 A~a~ '10[05210
0132 rFr~.l~.1.0~-4) A~al.JO '10[0'5220
 194

FORrRl~ IV G LEVEL 21 '1AIN OAr~ • RI016 12/45151

0133 TEST=OREAl(~4·CfSS/CEr.S) VDI05210

c VOI05240
C T~ST FOR AN A~N~R~'l CASE; ESS ) FCS. vorOS250
c Vf)I05260
01'4 IFCOABSCTESTI.LT.1.00) GO TO qs VDI05210
033'5 IFCTEST.lT.O.nO) ~n~~-2.~O*~ VO(1152'J(l
0336 IFCTEST.GE.O.DQ) nn~·l.OO~~ VOIJ5Z90
OJl1 GO TO 86 VDt0'5300
c VOI0531Q
C THE nOM EQU"Tt('~ WHICH IS EXPRJ:SSED t~, TERMS QF VOI05320
CESS I\'1D Ees. VOI053~O
c VOI05340
QS OO~:2.00.~*~A.nRE~L(CESSICECS) VOIOC;3St)
C vnl05360
C CALCUlO\TE THE CA'3TIJRE CLEARt\"JCE FOR CAPTU~F EFFECT SYSTE'-'. vntoS170
C VD(OS380
033<:) ~6 IFCNCAP.EQ.l)CAlL C~PTfF(~CI50.0n~.CEc,CECCt~.Pst) VOf053QO
0340 U~=OO~*150.001.175QO VOIOS400
0341 I~(WR~F.EO.Q.DO)G~ TO 402 VOIO,410
0347 TCOI=1S.*(OR~F-~L~HA)/(WREF/2.1 Vf)(05420
C vnr05430
C C\lCUl.~TE DIFFE~F.~rTr'\L cor r ocn r t \~(l ~IC~O~~P. VI)T05440
C VOI05450
0141 OCD I =1J4- rent VOIOc;46'l
0344 402 IF(NOCALC.E~.lJGO TO 9200 vnln5470
C VflI054RQ
C lt~EAR INTERpnLATro~ EQUATIONS FOR nEr~R~INI~G ~lIOE VOI054QO
r. ?ATH ~ND WlnTH ANGLES. VOIOS50Q
C VDIO')510
0345 tF«(f)D~OlD.GT •• ~37500).~No.con~.lE•• OR750~1)WIDLO:AlOWER(OO~OLOt VO(05520
<DD~.AlGLO,~LPH~' VOI05530
0346 vn{OS540
IF«(DO~OlO.~T.-.()A75DO).~NO.(~~M.LE.-.087500»WlnHI=UPPEP(1D~OlO,
<DJM,\l~Ln,AL~Hd) vn 10555·1
0341 IFC(~OMOlO.~T.o.n~).'~O.(DD~.lf.O.OO»PATH=CROSS(OD~nlD.10~, Vf)f05'i60
<AlOLf),~lP!-iAJ vor05510
034A AlfllO=AlPl-iA vn[155~O
034~ nD~1() l D=DD ~ VrJIO'i5QO
0350 Q200 ES~~~G=cc,as(r~SS).~A VO(()S600
0351 ECS~~G=COABS(CECS) VDI05~1!)
Ol51 GO T:1 34q VOIJ5620
OJ'53 l l l l5 DO~=O. (H) Vf)I05c')10
01154 01\=(').00 VDfO'i640
0315S IF(~PEF.NE.O.DO)OCOIzO.ryo vor05650
c VOr05!)60
C ~PLnT INITI~LIl~Tto~s VDIOt\610
c Vf)IOS6~O
0156 349 (Fr~~KTAP.E~.f)'G~ TO 35~ vnt056QO
C vnfo5700
C CHOICE nF x-~x,s Tn RE PlnTTf~. VOI05110
c VOI05720
03'57 IF(IX.Eq.l)XAXIS(J)~V VOI05110
OlSP IF((X.EO.Z)~AXIS(JI=ALPHA VDI05740
OJC;q IFCI(.~0.3)XAXrS(J)=-X VTJI057S0
0360 fF(IX.E0.4)XAXIS(J)=X Vr)t05160
f)"3/)1 G~ Tn (900,9~1,902,qOltq04,q05,q06,q07,90399~Q9~qq).rY VIJI05170
0)1)2 ClQn OUA=lj1\ V"U05790
c VOIO-;190
c ~F.VEP s t ~y; THE COt V~LtJES Ff"lR TH~ PlflT WHER E THE V1t05800
 195

FaRT~\N IV G LEVEL 21 12/~C;/C;3

C ~IR~CT CO~PARISlr~ wITH FLIGHT ~F~SURE~F~rs CA~ RE VOf05810

C 'i'\f)E. +Y-!\XrS ON "PlOT OUTPUT C'1R~E<\pn"h) TO so HZ VDIO')32fl
C SrOE ~~ nU-FLIGHf ~F'SURE~ENTS. VOI0583()
C VOI05A4G
036" IF(IX.~E.2)~Ud=-U~ VOI05B50
01"'4 YAXIS(J)=DUA vor05860
0165 Gl TO 3511 VOI05810
OJ6,e, qOt Y~XlSlJ)=QCn( VOf05.'Jao
0367 GtJ TO 3S() vnto')gQO
t)30" Q02 YAXrSlJ)=ET(l) vor059:.JO
03"<; GO Tn 1'50 VQr059l0
011,,) qOJ Y~X[S(JJ=FTPH~(l) VfJIOC;QZO
0311 Gr. Ttl 3"0 VrJI05Q30
0312 Q04 y\xt~(J)=~T(2) VOIOS940
031~ en TIl 150 voraS9C\O
0114 90c; Y~xt~(J)=ETPH\(2J VDloc;Q6iJ
0115 en T,' 350 Vn10'i970
O'7~ 906 y~xtS(J)=F.T(3) VDI05980
0371 G1 Tn 350 VrJIO~qqO
O)7~ 901 VAxtS(J)=~TOH~(1) VOI06000
fJ] 79 GO TO 3'>0 VOI06010
03~O Q08 y~xtS(J)=ECS~~G VDI06020
03CJl GO TO 350 V01060":lO
03~2 qOq yaxtS(J'=ESS~AG VOI06040
03Q) GO Tn 150 vnI06050
03Q4 ~qq Y~XIS(JJ=D~RS(U4) VOI06060
03~~ 350 wRITF.(~t303JX,y,Z,~lPH4,DCDI,UA,ET(lJtETPH~(t),ET(2J,~TPH~(2), VOI06070
<ET(3J,ETPH~{3),FCS~~G,F.SS~AG VO[ObQ~f)
0313" r F ( ~ 1'\ .:; E• 4 ) \J R I TE ((, t 1 c:; 2 ) ET( 4 ) , FTP H'\ ( 4 ) , ET ( '3 ) t ETf> H1\( 5 ) , ET( 1) », VOI06090
<FTOY'(6),ET(7)t~TOH~(1J,ET(A),ETPH~(8) ~Ot06100
352 FOR~AT(lX,6(GIO.],1~,F6.1» VOI0611~
303 FOR14T(' ·t3(FIO.1,lX),F5.),lXtF~.ltlX,F~.I,lX,3rG10.3tlX,F6.1t VOI06120
<1~)t~IO.3,lxtGln.1) VDI06130
03~q ~qIT~fq,347)JtX'X[S(J)tUA VDI\)6140
o 1q\1 347 FQo~'T(r4,2(lX,F10.4») VOI06150
03Ql 200 (O~TI\JIJE VO[06160
o l'l2 t F ( 'J nr:~ L C • E o, 1. oR• '!C U T• E Q. 3. 0 R• NCUT • EfJ• 6 I G'1 TO 15 1 VDI06170
03'13 IF(~~.EQ.l) ~~ T~ 3S1 VOI06130
C VOIOnl~O
C CALCUl~TE PATH ~Iory AND SY~~ETRY 0URING LEVEL FLIGHT VOI0620f)
C ~AEASU~E~ENTS. VOI06210
C VOfOftZ20
OlQ4 IF (." t IJHI • E1').0.00. (iR. WI OLO. EQ. a. 00 J GO TO 5QO VO(06230
Q1QS w.fIOTH=~InHI-wrl)la VDI06240
03Q~ 5QO IF(~tOTH.Eo.o.no.nR.p~TH.EfJ.O.DO)Gn TO 34R VDI06250
01Q7 S=(W(DHI-P~THJ/WIOTH vor06260
01QQ 34d ~RITF(6t2~O)PATHt~'JTHtWlnL~,wtnHI,s vo [0(21 1)
·03QQ 250 Fnp''','\r('O','THE P4TH ANGLE IS',F6.3,3X,'TYE wtilTH ~~r.lE IS',F6.J, VO(062BO
<lX.·T~E LOwER wrOTH IS·,F~.]t3~,ITHE UPPER wtOTH IS', VrJ(06290
(F6.3, 3X, 'C:;Y~''''=TRY IS',F6.]) VOI06101)
f)40() 351 IF(~~KTAP.NE.l)Gn TO 106 VOI06310
c VOt~63l0
e TH'~ IS 4 PR8 PEQ PL~C~ TO tNSET TH~ CdlCO~P RnUTIN~t I~ NEfry. VO(f}1»130
C VOT06340
0401 lOS IF«(~~KTAP.N~.2).~~ry.t~A~TAP.NE.l).~O T~ 210 VOlrlhJ50
C VrJI06360
C r"'PliJT r V'INEr) ~OUTrNF IS INI TILl ZED V"lU~S TO HAVf vnlO1»370
e FfYEQ ~n~NnARY ANn ~PlnT IS EASY T~ ca~PARE ~rTH EACH VOI063f10
 196

FnRTP~~ IV G LEVEL 21 DATE 81076 12/45/53

C OTHER. VOIO"19~
C VOI06400
C ~PlST SU~RaUTI~E VDI06411J
v~')2 Gn TO (92l,Y2Z,9Z1.9?1).IX VDI064l{)
O~Q3 q ~ 1 GO T:l (923, C}? 4 , q ? ') • <) 21) , Q ? 1 , q ~ R, 92 q , <) O},) t Q ') 1 t '13 ~ , q23• t I 'f VOr0643J
04\l4 923 XAXIS(Nr>+l):)(!\X(C)(I)+.JfJOl VOI0644~
,1405 X;\XT S ( '\JP + 2 ) :; X AX I S ( 1 ) - • ~ 10 0 1 Vn(O~4S0
1)41)~ YAXIS(~P+l):lOO. VOI0646~
04J1 Y~XI S(~1~+~).:-lJ\). Vr>I0641')
0411~ C~lL ."'1PLOT(XAX(S,V\XIC;.l\JP.2, 1.XL1,VL 1) VDI06481
t}40 Q GO TO 210 '10106491
,)410 924 CALL ~PLOT(XAX(S,Y~XIS,~P,lt~Ll,YL2) VDI06500
Ott 11 GO TO 210 VOr06511J
0"12 q25 C~LL MOLOT(X~X(S,Y~X(S,NPtl.XL1,YL3) VOI06520
1)-\13 GO Tf) 21fl vn[fl6S10
0414 926 CJlL MPLOr(XAX(S.Y~X[S,~~.1.(Ll.YL4) '10106540
041'5 :;0 Tll 210 VrJI0655iJ
n416 927 ClLL ~PLOT(XAXrS,V\xtS,~P,1,XL1,YLS) VDI06S63
~"11 GO Ta 7.10 '1(1061)10
041R q2q CALL ~PlOT(X~XIStY~~[S,~P,1,XLltYL6) '1010"1)1\0
04tQ G~ TO 210 VO[065~f)
J4Z0 q29 C~LL ~PLOT(X~X(StV~XIS,NPtlt~ll,Yl7) VDI06600
n421 GO TO 210 Vf)IQ661~
04?2 q 3 .) C ~ II >, P LOT( '( ~ xt s, v~ x[ s, ~ P, 1, '( L1 , YL '.U VI)I06620
O~.?3 GO Til 210 vnI06630
0424 931 CALL ~OLOT(XAX[StY~XIS,~Ptl,XLl.Vlq. '10101,640
0425 GQ Ta 210 VOf066Sa
O~26 032 CALL ~PLOT(XAXIS,Y~XIS.~p,l.Xll,VllJt VD19~h60
0427 GO Tn 210 '10106670
04l~ q~2 ~~ Tn (933,q34t93~,Q16,ql1tq38t91q,940,q41tq42tq33),IY '1'1(01)680
0'29 q31 X~XI5(~P+l)=XAXIS(1)+.QOOl VDI066QO
0430 XAxtS(NP+2)=X~XIS(1)-.OOOl VDI06701
041t Y~ x I S ( r-.l P + 1 ) -:: q i) Q• VDI06113
')4 "\2 Y'XI5(~~+2)=-410. Vf)tO~12Q
0413 CALL ~PlOT(XAXIS,Y\xt~t~P+2,1,Xl2,YL1) vor06110
0434 GO T'l 210 '10106140
04115 934 C~lL ~PlnT(X~XIS,Y4XIS,NPtl.Xl2tYl2) '1')106150
04'~ Gn T1 210 Vf)I067()()
t)~'7 ~3S CALL MPlOT(XAXIStV~XISt~~.1,Xl2tYll) '1010617\1
04318 ::;0 TO 210 VD[06780
')41Q 93~ CALL ~~lOT(XAXIStYAXISt~p,1.~l2.Yl4) VOIO~100
0440 GO TO 210 VIJI06QOl)
0441 131 Cl\LL \4PlnT(xt\xrS,Y~'(rSt"p, l,XL2,YLI) VDI06RIO
0442 GO TO 210 VDrOb82!)
044J Qlq C~Ll ~oln.T(XAXIS.Y~XIS,~P.ttXL2tYl6) vnI06R30
04.ft.4 GO Tf) 210 Vf}IJ!»,q4CJ
04~5 Q39 ~ALL MPLQT(X~XIS.YAX(StNP,1.~L2,Yl1) Vt)lOh8';O
0446 GO TO 210 Vflf06Q60
0447 94fl Cz\LL ·1PLaT(X\XI5.Y\~rS.NP,1,Xl2,YL9) VDI06810
044~ GO TO 210 VOI068R~
0449 ':'l4 1 C.\ L L :1? L 'J T ( XA X IS, y 1\X t S • '. P, 1, )(l Z, Y l 9 » '1011)68<10
0450 r;n TO 210 VOI06QnO
04~1 q42 C~LL MPLOT(X~X(StYAXISt~Dtl,Xl2,Yllaa VDI06QIO
045' ~ 10 C0 ~~ T I ~u E '10106920
0415) IF(~~KTAP.~E.4.nR.~AKTAP.NE.1JGn Tn 20Q '10106910
C VOI0694J
C r:~EATE A Pl'lT f ILEl t FOR H-P PlOTTFR ~y ~()UTINE r"'OPl T. VOI06QI)!)
C VO [(}691,<l
 197

Fn~ rR Arl 1 Y G l E VF L 21 '1~ IN OATE= .:: 81016 12/45/C;~

C t\ L L r MO P l T( X \ XIS. YI\ 'C ( S , '(...1'1, Y'-11 ~, X "1\ '( • Ylt'\ X , ~J 0, 0 to, a) vnIO~q.,o
C~lL PLOT (O.,O.tqqql VOI069AO
219 r:ONTI~UE vnIOettQQO
c Vfl(070flO
ceo rJT I ~HJ E' f XECUT InN I F A"lOTHEP nAT .\ S I i~Ul J\ T I 0 ~ I S AVAr l d1l E • yot0701tl
C VDIOI0Z0
IF(~Eon.FO.O)Gr. TO 1000 vor07010
STOP yn107"ItO
E"r~ VOI010C;O
 198

FJRr~~~ IV r, LEVFL 21 vnUILS JA TE 2: ~ l07!) 12/4')/53

00·)1 SU~Q~UTIN~ VOUILS((ET,CEPS[) 'IOI01Jf>O

c '11)101070
C 0URPQSE '1':>1 07~HF)
C TO C\tr.uL~T~ THF GO FLECT~[r. FIEla. vnr o rovo
c \1)10710,..1
c PARA~ErtPS : V110711J
C * ~ • I 'I PUT S •••• '11)107170
C CO~~ON/ 0L~TE I \lGI0713"
crEPS ( : CO"PLEX \')ROUN'l PERA.41 r t VI TV. \/1 (0114.1
C **.~UT~UTS ••• Vr)(07150
C eET : TH~ TCT\L P~[~T SOUqC~ ELcCT~IC FIELO. V')(Q71f,Q
C V1)f0117J
I)"O? I~PlICIT RC'L*R(~,q,n-I'~'~t~-ZI VDI011tlO
O\lJ3 I~PLlctT CO~PLEX~t6(C) '~D 1011 CJO
0004 (()\'P10N /PLl\ TEl XO( ro r, vn (30) .z o: ~'), ~~ VflT01200
t)oo') CO·",nN Inn.svE,Q./ <,V,"!.. Vf)(07210
Q:10!> Cf)\1~'()~ la:'\JT~:'\j£\/ ~O(40t ,Vr"(41) ,lO(4t) ,t(,F~E'1,~ '1')107220
00-)7 '42:: ( lO ( 2 »- ~ n ( 1 ») I ( YO( ?) - YO( l ) ) '1010723')
C vorn724'J
C DETE~~INE THE SlC~c nF THE FIRST PL~TE h~~ T~EN REol~CE qy 'ID I 012CiO
C A P L A'\J E .-i IT H THE s,\'t E
S l Q P f • TH f S P,? n G~ ~... r..V ~ ~ ~ ~J 0 L ~ VDliJ72~f)
C SLOPIMt) Jl~~J~ '''ITHOUr V~oI \r'''N-\lC'JG '(-I)I~~r:TlnN. VOICl727 1)
C V'JIJ72BO
onos ~l=-VO(2)*~2+Z012t VI')IJ7lQf)
JO();::) Y x= { yP ( 'I ) .. ( I 0 ( N ) - ~ 2» * ~2 ) / ( t • ~ I) ... "42" • ~ ) VI) r ·17 30a
0010 l x=vx* '-i2 .. n. 2 V11 ')7310
0011 Y I ='! • 0 a *V X- y !' ( ~ ) VClT0732tJ
0012 1 I = 2 • (' il .. l 'l( - !. P ( ,.U '/1 I 07 330
0013 XI='(P(~J) '11 ( (1341)
0014 CJ=OC~~lX(O.~o,l.ono) '10107350
001S R r N!)= nS Q q T ( ( x- '( f t ** 2 t-( Y- YI ).« 2 + ( Z- l I ) * '* 2 ) '/f)(07360
.1J 16 IF(COAR~((~~St).~a.o.QO) GO Tfl 20 vot f)717'1
)011 A~GI=D\T~N~«Z-l[).OSQRT((X-'l(t)·*~+(V-VI)*·2» VOI0733~
OOlq Cl\°r,IJl-=OC;r'lCA'fGI) VOI073QO
011Q r.!\ Q GU7:: ~ C '-4 P L X( f r) Q ~ "L ( CE PSt )- f) r. 0 S f ~ "G I ) •• 2 I, .) I ...Ar; ( C ~ PSI ) ) '/010741)0
(J07t) AN G = f) ATA~ 2 ( Ct ~.I\ G( r: ~ RGU 2 J , f') ~ s: AL ( C\ RGU? » ) Vf1I()14l'J
v021 JFLA G:f) '101374 70
')O?2 IF(ANG.~T.0.DO) JFL\G=l 'In ('J14)O
0023 CAq~U2::(~SJRT(rAO~U2) '/flT 0744J
0(')24- rF{JFl\~.E~.IJ (~R~U2=-rARGU2 '1r) (,) 7'.')·')
002Ci CRHn p= (CAoGUi -c !\R~tJ7. »1 (C.\~ GU It-C"\P~U 2» V'lIv1460
OJ26 CFR=coHOP*CDFXP(-CJ·K*Rt~D) '10IJ147D
0071 GO TO 30 '10£07480
OlJ2° ?0 rER=-COEXP(-CJ*K*qtNDt/Q['\jD vnr o 14911
0029 30 P n =') S '1RT ( ( x - '( P ( "1) ) ... 2 + ( Y- Vp ( l'f) ) ** :! .. ( Z- ZP( 'I) ) * * 2 ) Val015IJO
0030 CEO=COEXP(-CJ*K$ROJ/oQ VO(07S10
0031 (ET= CEI1t-CER VDla7'iZ1
0012 P.ETIJ~~! "11107530
OOl) END VDIJ154Q
 199

FORTRA~ IV ~ LF.VEL 21 C\PTFF l)~TE = dl')16 IllltS/5J

0001 SUAR lUrr"IE C.\PTEF (~r.150.0f)'4tEC,ECC,'4,PSI) VO[r)155lJ

C'002 *
P" P L t r: I T R F " L 'H \ t R t tl- H ,"f • O-l »,C ~1 '1 P L E){. 16 ( C ) VD[01560
c VI)[07CJI0
c PUR::I]SE VDI0158a
C TO r.'Lr.Ul~TE CLF~R~~(E FnR TH~ r~prURE EFFEr.T SYSTF~. '10101590
C VOI01,stJO
C p~ ~ .\ 't F T E RS : '10(01610
C ·$*(\lPUTC;.*** VO(01~2()
C -c i s : PEQCE~T "r:OUL:\Trc" OF lC)f') HZ ClF..~~A~rF O':LY. '1'1(01610
C DD~ : nLO OD~ (WIG ClEAQ\NCE) VQI01640
C EC, ~Cr. : C\q~IER ,~n Ft~lD STqE~GTH OF CEl~R~NCE ~MPL[TUOES. '1110765(')
C ~ : PF:RCFNT :H"!OUL~TY(1N nF .\IjDIO FRr:OUF.~C t ss , '10101660
C Vn(07610
C ***nUTPUTS*** ,/OI076RO
C aOi'" : )()~ '.olYICH t'JClUI1E" CAPTU~F: l\CTIO'J ( "ORE nET~IL<; RfFEo.ED VfllD1690
C Tn ~Hln U~IV~PSITY E~ ~EPT T~ 5-46). Vr)I07100
C '10107710
00\):\ C~~OlFX~16 FCC.EC '10101720
OJ,)4- I'}=c o It Q S ( Fr.:C/ sc ) '10(071)1)
\l0015 (~fJ=<)1 (1. +() .. *~ VI)(07740
0006 o 1=1r~ vnI07750
\):)') 1 n 2-=. 7 'i *''J D... ? VOI07760
nooq 03=1.?5*Qq~*3 VDT07110
t)00Q ~4=?1'417S~1~·*4 vnl01130
0:110 O~=)1+2.*~?+1 •• ~3+4.~Q4 VOI071QO
\)Q 11 O~=1.-~1-02-0~-D4 vor07800
0012 ~=o~/o') '10101810
n.) l '3 F=(l./Cl.+'J)+R.( 1.-1)/( 1.+'») VOI01R2tJ
OJ1~ G=(t)/( 1 .... '1)-~.( l.-f))/f 1.+'») VDtOl~30
J01S •• ~r150·DcnS(PSI)·~)**2
~15):DSQRT((2.*~+nO~)*F/~ VDI01R40
(+c·.,c 15J*OSI'J(PSI J.G)*~2) '10101850
OJL,'" Mq o : ( 2 ... +- ) ')'''0 ~ F 12 • VDI01360
oo i r on",: ',", 1 c;O-~C)J Vl)I07AI0
JOlq Rt: TUR'" VO[()18~a
001Q E"!D VO[f)7~q(}
 200

F~~TRAN IV G LEVEL 21 O~TE 12/4')/53

OOJl SU~ROUTI~~ VECTnR(ln.~t~.~) vnto7qO~

0002 I~?LICIT lF~L.q(\-H.n-l) VOI01QlO
C VOI07q2~
C ?UQPOSE - Ta C\Q~y ON VE~TOR OPfRATra~s VOI0791~
c V~I07~40
C PARA~fTERS VOI07q~O
C ***rNPUTS*** Vf)(fl791,O
C1 ~,B: THREE flE'1E~fT \OR,\VS VrJf07970
C 10 : CPTfCNS VOI0799~
C to=1 C IS THF CQnss p~nOU~T OF ~.B Vnl~79qQ
C ICzl C IS THE Nnp,'1f\LllF.n cvo s s PRODUCT OF 4,~ VOIJQOOJ
C 10=1 C IS THE UNIT VECT~H OfT~q~(NEO BY END POINTS ~,~ VOloeOlO
C l"l=4 C(l)-=THF. onr PRI1JUCT OF .\,~\ • C(2)=C()::O. VOIOfl020
C 1~=5 Ctl) IS THE PR~JcCTln~ OF ~ O~ Q.C(2)-=C(3t=0. VOIO~030
C f'1==6 C::a~-~' VDIOfl04:)
C ***OUTPUTS.** V~t080S0
C C : DETEP~IE~n ~y IQ VOIQ80~O
C IERq=l IF DIVIDE CHFCK , NO nPE~ATln~ ~ADE .OTHERwrSE::o vor08070
C VQI08080
C VDropo~o
0003 Dl~E~SInN A(3).~131.r.13) V~[OAIOO
OJQ4 IE9R=Q varoRIIO
QJ~)c; IF (IO.NE.6) GO T~ 50 VDI08120
0006 00 30 J=l.l vorOA130
OOal 30 C(J)=A(J)-AIJ) VOl1A140
OODS PETlJRN VOIO~150
O·lJQ 50 cn~TI~UE VOID8160
0010 I=I~-3 VOI08110
0011 IF (I) lOO,2JO.3GO VOI081BO
12
llt') 100 C(1)=A(2).~(~)-A(3l*qf7.) VDr~qlqO
0l)l3 C(Z)=A(1)*A(1)-h(1)*Q(3) vnI08~OO
t):)14 C(3)=~ll.*q(~)-1(2).A(1) VDIOQ7.1Q
0015 IF (IC.E1.1) RETU~~ VDrOA~29
00L6 Gn Tn 260 VDI08230
OJL7 lOO ~o 250 J=l.l VOI08241
0,11 ~ 2~0 C(J)=P.fJ)-AIJ) vnr08250
0'11 q ~60 ~=05QPT(C(1).C(1• •((2)*C(2) + C(l).C(~») vnlry82~O
01:'.0 IF (D.EQ.O.) GC Tn 400 VOIO~270
00J.1 00 270 J=1.3 VOI08230
0022 210 CIJ'=C(J'/O VO[092q~
0023 RETURN VOI093no
0')7.4 300 r(l)= \(lJ*RI1) + A(l).~(2) + 4(])*8(1) VDIOB3l0
002e; C(2)=0. VDI08J2~
0026 (1)=0. vorOA330
0021 IF (rn.t=t).4) ~fT'J~~ VOI~A340
OQ2R ~=D5~KT(~(1)*~(1) • 8(Z)*Q'Z) + ~(3)*R(1» VDI19350
f)'l'.Q . IF (~.FO.0.) GO Tn 4~O VOI08360
(1)30 C(l)=C(l)/~ VOIOQJ7a
0011 RETIJP.1'\l Vr}r081BO
),132 400 (ONTI~JE VDIOQJ90
00" ~RITE (6,SOO) le,A,~ vn1084~O
0014 sno FO~"AT(/,"\ax,'EJ:HlnR VECTOR(IO,A,O,CJ'
FQO'" SURRQUTPfE vorOA410
<,/.10x,'ln=·,t2.',~OX,'~~'.3(FIO.5,lX J /]ox,'~ ='t](FIO.5,2X).'JvnI08420
01)1., RETUR~ VOIOA410
0016 f~~ vn(OB44~
 201

FO~TR~~ IV r. lfVEL 21 OATE 81016 12/45/5"3

·,)()11 S II ~ ~ 0 UTI rP:: vGq n\J~ ( C E T • ~J 0 A ~ T , ~ ~ F. p t Vo I 0 ~ 4 5 o

0002 I~PlICIT Q~\l~8('-H,O-lt VnIOq4~O
C V~I08411
C pu~pnSE VOI084BO
C Tn ~CT AS ~UFFEQTHE ~AI~ 0RnGRA~ AND THE GTO
eeTWEFN VOr09490
C r:~lCUl"TIO'l. THE ~FCeSS·\QY f':\T.\ .\RE INITILIZEO. wEIJGE VI110.qSOO
C .V'IGlES t\RE C~lCtJL!\TEn. UNITNt1R:'1Al VECTOR OF EACH PL<\TF VOI08510
C IS nETER~(~ED. Y~I085?O
C VDtOq53~
C P~q4~ETER~ : yrytOA540
C *~.INPUTS.... VDtOA~SO
C ~OA~r : A~TEN"'I\ ~IJMBFR U~H)ER TEST VDI')8561J
C NQEP : REPF-\T ~l~CKAG~ TEST FnR n[FFRACTEO ANJ OR qAYS O~lY. VOI08510
C ALL CO~Mn~ ST,rE~ENTS. V~[08590
C VOI095QO
C ***OUTpIJTc;... vnr oseoo
C C~T : THE TnTAl HnRlllJ~T~L pnl:\RIlEO CO"1PL:X ELECTRIC FrELO. VOIOBl)lO
C VOI086?O
000] Cn~~ON I~I P[,PIIQJ VD[O~630
()t)04 C!)'<4"10~J 1'" IJPlAT('i'J, l) ,Ur-H') ,USC 3) ,NPLATE VOI0<:J6'tO
JJ05 CO~-1~O~J /r)1 DSV(SO,3» ,DS\.J('50,3),FRQ,~JN((JJ,iJSlf3) VnIOQ650
JI106 CO~~O~ IGI FPTS(3),~~Tf1) VDT08660
'J\)n7 Cil'1'!OI'! 1' ..1 ICON VDt08610
0(),)8 cn~~n~ IPLAT~I Xn ( 1 0 ) , VOf 3 0 ) , ZQf ) O) , NE VOI08h80
OOl)Q Ca ~ ~ 0 N / A"J T ~'~J A I X ~ p ( '.0) , Y fl P( 40) , l P P ( 40 t ,.\ Z K, FRE Q , NAN T P V D [ 086 q Q
0·) LO CO~~UN IG~SVfRI ~C1SVR,Yr.RSVR,ZQ~SVR VOI08700
oo t t C0~PLEX*l6 1PE(3 ),ETT(l),ET~( l).ETG~~,EPG~N.ETDT,F.~OT,ETG~, Vryt1R11ry
<E" G~I , ;J r: ( 3 t , r. F: T VDI a 8721
0012 o I .~ F 'I 5 [0 ~j [.~.~ p J ~ " P P f 1 ) , I T .\G r 1 I , I) RS ( 50 , 6 I ,
( 1 ) , I ~ .... P N( 1 ) , Vf) I o~ 1 30
< t E!JG E f 50) ,l)RV 150, '3» ,f)WA (50) , THEr, ( 1) ,tl HS ( 1) ,ET ( 1) .s> ( 1 t , VI) 108740
<Elfl),~2fl),~HP( 1),PHTfl),FIElO(9),PATEqNf6) ,CCPlANf3t VDI08150
<, E 3 ( 1 ) , E 4 f 1 ) ,.\ ( q 0 ) , R ~ ( 3 » ,R "J1 ( ) ) ,0 S 5 r 50 , 6 ) , U ~ T EST « 3 ) V I) I 0 q 160
<,DD1(3),n~2(J),~E~(3),XVZ(~), VDI08110
<X~(3),Y~(lJ,lo«1),POf3),VZ(1),CfNTR(3) Vnl08780
all] 4~ Fn~v~T(2X,102~.lO) VDIOQ1Qry
o ll4 44 F"'l"1AT(' VFR TEXES I\~ E NOT CooL"N~q ~T THE 0L~TJ:', lOX, 110, lOX,' PROGVO( OM~JO
IRA~ WAS 'NT~RQuoT') VDIOaalO
OOlC:; 46 F0Q~AT(lHl,2~,' FIELD POI~T·,5X,]D20.IJ) VOIO~82a
0,)l6 FPTS(l)=XG~~VR vn[o~q3J
~Ol7 FPrS(2)=Y~RSVR VnrOgQ40
(lOl~ FPTS(3)=Z01SVQ VOIO~R5ry
OJlq OQ.S( 1,1) =XP~(~~NTP» VOI038~:J
0020 OQS( 1,?)=yoP(NANTP) V~r08~10
0071 OQS(l,l)=l~~(NANTPt VnIO~B~O
1)012 NP=~E*~ VOI09g9n
002'3 on 41 [=l,N? VOI08~O~
0024 J=([.lJ/2 v~(a8910
0025 ORVII,2)=Y.1(JI V')[O~Q20
0016 ~qV(I,3)=11(J) VOIO~qlO
O()27 DRV(I,lJ=(-ll •• (.(-l).*J.~OO~O. VDIOaQ40
O\)l~ I F ( ( C r; "f • fl). 1 ) '-1 R I T E «6 • 4 s ) nR v( I , 1 » , nQ V« [ , 2 t , DR. V ( J , 3 J , r ,J V0 r 08 q 50
0'29 4q FGR~~T('O·,~X,'ORV(I,1'~9~)=·,~F15.lt·r=',I5,·J=',I~) VotOAq~O
')010 47 CONTINUE vDtoa~10
JOll ~=l VO(089~O
C VOI08qqO
C ~SSrlj~p:D THE lE~:GTH "F THJ: Drp~LE= J\NTE~~A. VOI090 t) O
r. Y~loq11~
00:12 ORS(1,4)=O.1 VOIOQozn
 202

Fn~T~A~ IV ~ L~VFL 21 Vr.ROU~ 17/4'\/'>1

Q'J31 nQS ( 1, 'i) =t , I) vt: [O<')f') V)

0014 OqSl1,!))=0.'J Vfll()9040
,. .,01,\ OPE ( 1 ) :: c.',
P LX ( 1 • , J. ) vnloC)Q'iO
\
0036 11=1 Vf)I()qa~o
0017 [2-=2 VDI09070
co 13 13=3 VOI090'10
00lQ 14=4 VOI09090
J040 ~PlATF=(~E*?-2J/2 V()IO~lno
0041 no 254 l=l,NPLATE VO(u<)110
OJ42 nOO:I/2. VOIOC)120
0043 IFVF\l=f10n vnfOC)130
0044 I F VE ~,:: I EVE ~,. 2 VDIOQ140
1.1,)4') on 255 J-=1,3 Vf)(09150
0046 XP ( J ) = DR V ( II ,J J- ~)R V ( 11, J ) vo r 09160
0:»41 Y o f J ) :: ORV ( r ~ t J ) - DRV t 14, J ) Vf)[Ofl170
0.143 ['3.J)-nI'lV( Il,J)
RN(J )=')QV( V!1[091~O
J")4Q 255 P~Jl(J)=DRV( I4,JJ-I')RV(I2,J) VflI09190
C '10109700
C CALCULATE THE UNIT ~OQ~~l OF EACH Pl'TF.. VDIOQ2l0
C VOIC19220
005t1 IF«(EVE~.N~.r) GO Tn 25~ '10[09230
00S1 C~ll VECTOR(2, P Nl,RN,UN) VDl(}9240
nr)~l C~LL VFCTO~(~,V~tXP,ZO) vnr092SQ
OOSl C~lL VECT~R(4,ZP,UNtXP) VDI'l9260
00'\4 Gil TO 251 '111(09270
005!' 252 caLL VE~TOR(2.Q~,qNt,UNJ VOI092~0
lJOS6 CALL VECTOP(2.X?,V~.~P) VOIlJ9290
. aO'l7 C~LL VECTOR(4,ZO,U~,XP) '10109100
Ot)C\R 251 CONT r~'UE VDI09310
005 Q r F ( r C C'I • EQ. 1 ) ~04 R r Tr: (~ t 4 0 ) (U ~H I r ) • [ r :: 1 , 1 J VOrOQ320
001\0 IF(OA~S(XP(1)-l.~Ol.lT.l.O-t1) GO Tn 41~ VDIOQ310
0061 WRITEfl,,44J I '10109340
OO~7 STOP VorOQ150
OO~l 410 on 256 Ll=l,3 VOI09160
0004 lS6 U~L~r{I,L1)::U~(Ll) VDI09J10
"')~c; Il::ll+2 VOI'J93QO
1Ct~6 I2=I?-+2 V~I09390
QQ!)7 I3=11+? VOlOQ400
a06rJ 14=£4+2 VDI09410
a06Q 254 CO'ITI ~~UE VOIQ942Q
C VOI:JQ41fJ
C CAlCUL~TEQ TYE W~1GE ~~GLES VfJ{OQ44()
C VDIOQ450
0070 O~ 248 rl=l,NPl~TE Vf)1094~()
flGl\ 1'1 24fJ 12=1,3 vor09470
0')72 RN f 12 J =url ~ Till. t 2 J V1)[094AO
0073 2'..9 Q ~~ 1 ( I 2 ) = U P L A r r 11 .. 1 , [ 2 ) vOr0949f)
1074 [F« Il"l).GT.NPl~T':)GO ro 248 '101095')0
0071\ C '\ II VEC T f) R ( 4, Q '! t R ~ 1 , lJ ~I ) vor095l0
0076 DWA( I t 1=( P '-D~RC"~ (IJ'-'( 1 J.) /P [1 '30 VDIOQCilO
0017 r~ll VfCTCQCl,RNl,PN,nalJ VOI09'5]!l
00lf' r F ( I) 01 ( 1 ) •l T• 0 J ~~ ~ ( r 1 ) ::: J 60 • - f') WAf I 1) vor09540
tlorq CO:'~T INUE VOI09SS0
coso ~prST=~PlI\TJ=-l '1010<1560
oo~ 1 no ~Ol J=l,NPQST vDIOQc;70
OO~2 IEDGE(JJ=J·l+~ VOI09c;ao
.')t)qJ CONTI"lUE Vr}(f)QS90
OOcu~ (::J+l vnro<)~oo
 203

FrRTP~N IV ; LFVfl 21 t)'\ TE 31fJ16 ll/45/5~

Of)~c; I FOGcf t»:lQ vnloQ61fJ

OJ~6 ""L F. '! TH : l •• P t , .\ l K V'J[OqI,2~

O()A1 no '>01 1-::: ttl Vr)I()~61!)

Jl1~P REF(I):f). VnlaQ640

OO,~q pn( t )-=nQV( 1, I» VOf09650
O')qO V7.( I )='''RV( 2, I. VOIOi}66tl
OOQl 501 lP([)=IJ'Htl VDlnQ"10
00<)2 C~lL V~~TnRI1,~u,V2.~P) VOIO~6~O
OOQl CALL V~CTnR(l,lPt~~.Yp» VDI0969f')
c VOY091fJf)
r: c O"~ v ER T 50 OR CEO A T &\ ro SEG~ FNT F \I~) P r.I ~ rs VO(09710
c Vlf097l0
JO~4 zzo 00 'VJ I:l.~t VO(091"\?
l)JqS P E ( t ) :: ,1P E ( I ) *,lR S ( 1 , 4 ) I WL ENTH VQ10974-)
,)Oqf, 1 t ST A 'I=QR S ( 1 t 4) /2. voroQ7C;o
JOQl rF(~OANT.EQ.l.a~.~l~NT.EC.)t GO T~ ~31 VDI09160
c VOItJQ71Q
C .\ :'lT f ;4N;\ I S nR I E~ TE") I" x- f') I ~ E': rIo N• vn I ·191RO
C VOIOQ7Qf)
O()9~ X= F) r ST A 'J VrJ10980!)
ooqo y=o. vnt OQ81 ,1
J roo 1=0. VDIOQAlfl
JIOI GG TO 232 VDI09'J30
c VO(Oq~40
C '~T~N~4 IS np[F~rEO (~ Y-DIRFCTIa~. VOI09850
c VnlOQR60
Olaz 231 '(=0. VDIOC)Q10
Jl()1 Y=l1fSTI\l\J VDIOGaBO
JlrJ4 t-o, V,)(()9~9()

0105 232 on 5~4 Jzl .3 VOIOqQOtJ

o 1)6 P ~J ( J ) -= o P v ( 1, J » VOIOQQ10
01,)1 504 CE~TR(J)=OPS(l.J) VDI09920
C VIlI09930
C ~)(ORESS fF"'!TFR CO')Rr)t~JATF r~ :JNPRT'4Ell SYSTE"t vnr0994fJ
C VOIOqqC;O
I) t0~ r) sst " r.
4 »= ( E NT P ( 1 J .. x J L E ~J TH 'W VOIOqqf..Q
J1:)'J OS Sf (t5)=fCENTR(2)"'()/\otLE~TH V!)I09910
0111) ')<)S( r,6)=(CE"lTR(1)+lJ't,.LF."T"i VDI09Q90
Jill fJ5S( l,l)=(r.ENTR( l)-)()/~LFNTH VOI09990
U1t 2 l) S S ( [ , 2 » =(C E ~1 T R ( ") • - 'f ) I WlEN T.... VOl 10000
0113 210 nsc;( I.3)=(CF~TR( ]J-Z )/wtf"!TH VOl110l0
Oll4 DO 2 40 l:z 1 , ~I P VDIlrJ02D
c V'1Il()OlO
C CC~VE~T ~~tT OF LENGTH FR~~ FEET Tn WAVElF~~TH VOIIO'l4fl
C V!J(llJ'lc)O
o t i c; 00 240 J=l,l vnrlfl06fl
0116 2 40f) Sv ( r , J ) at') 0 V ( t ,J ) I '." L f:"~ T... VDll()07~
o 117 250 CONTINUE VOrlOO~O
C VOIIOa90
C INrTIATllN CQ~PlEX FfELOS. VOIlOIOO
C VrJIIOIIO
01 t ~ ETGn~~C~PL~(o •• a.) VrllLfJ120
t) t 1 q EPGflN=C"PL)(<< o, ,0. J vntLol~O
0120 ETnT-=r.~PlX(1.,O.J VOII0140
0121 EPaT=r~PLX(1.tO.) VOllO 1 50
Ol~2 00 ~ :)2 t:: 1 t 3 vnIlOIAO
0123 F~fS(T»=FPTS(tJ/WlE~TH VOII0170
OlZ4 J02 ANT([»=npS«ltl)/Wl~~TH Vfll10190
 204

FOQTR~'I IV " L~VEl 21 f).\ TE :II Q 1 f) If. lll,+e; I 'i 1

Oll&) 1::1 VDII0190

0126 ETr( I )=(ll.,O.) VOl11200
0121 FTP( r i :(0. ,i1.» vnI10210
012Q C~LL Tq~'IS(l,h~T,f~T<;tUS,p~,Tl,Pl) V()( 11)22Q
012C) IF(lcr~.F1.1)~RITE(~,46)(F?r<;(JK)tJK=l,]» VOII0231
C VOIl'J24fJ
C ca~PUT~ G~r~ErRICAl ~rFFRA(T[n~ FIELDS 9Y TWO SUR,nUTI~ES. VOIl075fJ
C 'I011J260
n 1 xn c ~ LL VENGn( !) ~ V t n'.-1 A t 0 S s, P F tTL t p 1 , RAt ETG() N t E p r; f1~o Vrlfl0270
0111 C\LL VFTOIFfIEnGE,n5Vtnw~.nss,PE,Tl,Pl,Rat~TnT,FPnT) VflIIOZQO
c VOILOlqO
C CO~JVEfl T Wl\VS:l f~r.TH T'l "1E TE R ~ votl0300
C vnrlOllO
0132 wlE~=~LENTH·.la4q VDIl0320
01 )1 FT T( [ ) :: F TGO,," FT I) r 'In11') 330
0134 ETP(r)=~pr,~~.FPOT VOf10340
c VOII0350
C FOR HnqIln~T~tLY 00lARfZEO FtElo, ONLY ETP IS USE~. vnl10160
C ETT IS THE VFRTIC~llY pnLhRIZEn FIELQ ~LSO PROVIDED. vnII0310
C Vn110)80
o 1 '~5 CF.T=ETP( I )/WtEN VOII01 QO
o 13~ I'.!R Eo>:: 1 VOII04f)1)
0117 tF(ICO~.EO.O) Gn Tn 300 '10[10410
013d WRIT~(6,41) VDII0420
Ql}Q C~LL VA~PH~(ETT(r),F.TP(I») '10110430
Q140 41 FOR '.• ,\T( I , 2 'X, • THE Tl T.\l FIE III IS" '1011044.0
0141 3ao RF.TU~"J VOIlfJ4'iO
0142 E"'O vorl0460
 205

F"RTg~~j IV G LEVFL 21 VE'~GO lJt\TE = ,1111" 12/45/51

ooo i SUBR0,lITINE VF"'~O(DQv.ni04",or<),~E,THc:rt\~P'1(.R.ETr;Q'4.F~GON) Vf")(lJ471

00\J~ I~~L(CIT REt\l.~(~-H.n-l) ViJrl04 RO
C VOllfJ4QO
C plJ Q 0 n SE - r n en ...olj T E TH f GE0'--' F. T RIC Al n IFF RAeT T(1-" F t F.l '1 S ; VDIIOIlOQ
C DIRECT, PEFlFCTE~, nouqLY-R~FL[CT~r),R~FlECT(o-n(FFRACTEn, VOIIO'110
C REFLECTFO-~~FLECTE~-~IFFRACTFD, REFLECTED-QIFF~~CTED­ vnt 10'520
C REFLECTED, ~Nn T~[PLE REFLECTfO fllEQS. V:"lI105l0
C V')IIOS40
C PAR.\'1ETERS VOr10550
C ***INPUT*·· VOl lOSf-O
C n~v : ~R~~V Cn~T~(NS V~RTEX POSITIONS vot 10510
C f'RS : CONTA INS THE <;OURC~ END POI''4TS
~RRAY VI)II05~O
C 0E : ~R~ \y CO~JT"INS CURRFNTS (CO'1PlEXI VI') 11059')
C THET~,PHt : FfEln POINT A~GLES VfJ{10600
C VOll0610
C ***I1UTPur*·. VflII0620
C ETGO~, EPGn~ : THET4 !NO PHI CO~PlEX FIELD cnMPnME~TS. VOII063f)
C \lOl106ltO
C REQUrqEO SUR~OUTtNF.S \Il)l 10650
C VExtST, VECTOR, I~\~Et V~fRr,E, SOU~r.E, VflII06bO
C VEXIST, VLo~tl, VE~~IF, TRANS, V4~PHA, VRRO, VROR, VORO, VRRR. VO[10670
C VOI10630
ODD) r.n\"~ON IAI UPlAT("Ot31,U~!(3),tJS(3),NPL"TE VOII06Q()
0004 CO~~ON IGI FPTS(1),ANT(3) VDI10100
OOOli C'l'1""N 1'.01 tcrN VOl10110
OOOf- corU1'lN /APtI Jr:>IR,JREFtJRP,JRf),JRRn,JRrH~ vo r 1077.0
0001 cn~~ON IT~EEI \TTENU,JPl~TE(~),JCORl(5),JCO~~(5) V~110130
OO{)~ CO~PLEX.16 ETGO~,EPGON,ETR,FPR,ETn,EPo,ETRR,EPDR,PE(51),ETRO,EPRO,VDII0740
<ETRD(),EPRl")f),ETRRR,EPRRQ,F:TRRO,EPRQD,ETROR,EPQ')~,~TTENtJ '10110750
OtlOQ D[~E~SrCN ORV(~O,3),RSl(1),QS2(~),~R5(5ry,6).RS(3).S~(3)tTE~(J), V~II07S0
<TE~P(1),RSIP(3),RS2P(1»,C(3),R·.(3),R~1(3)tnWA(5~),(EOGf(50),RP(3),V~[1011Q
<E( "'\) , E 1 ( '3) t ~ s i s> ( 3) ,R 52 PP ( )>> ,r)Q ( "3 » ,U1 ( 3 » , S 1 ( 3), s I I ( 31 , RS 1 [ (3) t VI') I 10780
<RS2I(3),RSIlt(3),~S21[(1),:)O().'1F(3),RF1(J) VOII01QO
C '10110800
C I~ITI~LIZE FIELD VALUES TO ZERO "17110810
C '10110820
0010 EPGON=CO.,O.) '1'111083-)
0011 ETr.O'J=(O. ,a.) Vf>110A40
0112 ETR::(').O,o.O) VOIIOqSO
0013 EPq::(O.o,Q.OJ '10110860
Ollilt ETrl=(O.O,Q.Ol VOl io aro
0011\ EPD =(
a •() , 0 • 0 ) Vf')II08RO
0016 ETRP=(Q.O.,').O) VOllfJsqo
0017 EPRQ::(J.O,O.OI VDIlJqoo
OOI~ F.TPO~(O.Otl).OI VOII0910
OOlq EPRf)=(t).O,o.OJ VOI1'J~20
0020 ETRRO=(O.O,O.'l) VOII0930
00?1 EPRctn:(o.o,:J.l}) vnfl094fl
')022 ETPRR=(O.O,o.O) VO I 10qC;tJ
OO?) EPQPQ1I(O.O,O.OI Vr'lIIOq60
0024 FTRl')R=(O.,O.) VOII0910
002'S EPRDR=(O.,O.) VDIIOQ9lJ
0026 fTROO=«().tO.) VO[10~qO
0021 EP~DD=(O.,O.) '1'1111000
C VtJlIIOlQ
C STt\RT ~RINT R4V r.ONTR(RUTIIJNS AT ~IEW P~Gf (~ASY TrJ flEADJ. \If)III ozo
C valllO'\f)
002~ IF(ICON.NF..O) WRITE(6,20Z) VO I 11 ovn
 206

FORr~\N IV G LEVFL 21 VFNGCl DATE 'il (J76 1?/4~/'l1

OOZq 202 FOR'1l\TCIH1) VDlll()50

OulD Otl 100 1= 1 , 1 vnr 11()f,O
00 '1 RS1( I )=aRSr 1 t t. Vr)[1101rJ
vnlllOSlfJ
0012 R 52 f I ) =DR 5 ( 1 • ( .. 1 )
00:\3 3tJO RSf r )=(RS1( I )+RS2fl» )/2.0 VDIII090
C '10111100
C OETE~~INED IF THE ~IRECTEO RAY EXISTS '10[11110
C '10111120
O(,}'4 IF(JDIR.FO.l) GO TO 600 VDIIll)O
003S CALL VlOGIl( t\NTtFPT~9nRV,l,NPLATE,lOK) '1f)(11140
0036 IFClOK.EO.l) ~n TO 600 '10(11150
C '10111160
C CO~OUTE D[~fCT R~Y '10111170
C VOltl180
0011 CALL SOURCEfl,RSl,RS2.THFTA,PHI,PE(1),R,FTD,EPO) VOflllQO
C VOIl120a
C ADDED DIR~CTFD FIELn • '10I1121Q
C '101117-20
003~ EPD= EPO/ATTENU '10111210
OOlQ ETGO~=ETGON+ETD '1')(11240
OO~O EPGO'J:~oGO~~ +EPD '10111250
OO~1 {FCICON.EQ.O) GO TO 600 '10111260
0042 WRITE(6,200) VOl11270
0043 CAll V~MPHAfETO,EPOI VDl11290
C VDIl1290
C THt SIS THE M &\ I N lOOP THA TOE Al ~~ [ TH REFl EC TEO, 0 01fJ~ l E- '10111300
C REFLECTEO, REFLECT-OIFFR~CTE~ , QRD FIELDS. VOIll110
C '10111320
0044 6QO no 301 LP:l,~Pl&\T~ V~ll1330
00411) IF(ICON.EQ.l)WRITEC6,205) LP '10(11341)
OO~6 205 FOR~4T(' START TO CAlCUl~TEO THE RAYS FRO~ PlATE·t5X.(t~) '111111150
C '10111160
C OETER~INED IF REFLECTED pn(~T EXISTS VOI11310
C vnrl13RO
0041 lP2=lP*2+2 VOI11390
004'1 lPO=LP 'lor 11400
004tQ r.All VEXIST(4NT,DRV,lPO,2,OO,US,IC) va [11410
C VOI11420
C DOES THE I~AGE POINT LIE qElnW THE I~~ING ?L~NE ? VDI11430
C IF ~nT CONSIDER THE ~EXT Pl4TE • '10111440
C V01114')0
0050 IFCIC.EQ.-1.4NO.LPD.EQ.1) GO TO 601 VOl11460
0051 IFCIC.E~.-l) GO TO 601 VOl1147Q
C VOl11480
C CHECK 3l0CK FRO~ A~TENNA TO PLATE LP. '10111490
C '10111500
0052 NPRE=lP-l VDIll'510
OOS] (FfNPPE.LT.l) GO TO 412 VI') r 11520
00')4 CAll VlOGllfANT,nQ,nRV,l,NPRE,lOKJ VOl11530
001)1) IF(lOK.EQ.IJ GO TO 601 '10111540
C VOl11550
C CHFCK BLOCK FROM THE ~F.ST QF THE PLATE '10111560
C VDI11510
005~ 412 lX=lP+l Vr)[11580
00';1 'F(l~.GT.NPlATEJ Gn Tn 405 '10[11590
OO~A CAll VlOGIl fn'),FPTs,ORV,lX,~IPl."TE,lOK) VDI11600
0059 IF(LO~.EQ.l) GO TO 601 VOl11610
0060 4(1) DO 400 J2=1,3 VOl1L620
 207

FORrQA~ IV G LEVEL 21 VENGO r:>ATE • ~101" 12/4';/&:)3

0061 TE~P(J2)=DRV(LP2,J2) VOlll~30

0062 400 UN(J2)=lJPLAT(l?,J2) Vfltllh40
0063 CALL I~AGf(RS,TE~P,UN,SM) VOIll~5a
C VOl11660
C COM?UTEO RFFLECTED FIFLO • Vflll1670
C V111I16'JO
0064 CALL TR~NS(ltSM,FPTS.RM,R2.TETh.PHII. vntl161Q
0065 IF((CON.EQ.l)WRITF.f6.1011 ~~,OQ VOlIt700
0066 CALL I~AGF(RS1,TF~P,U~,RSIP» VOl11710
0067 CALL I~AGE(RS2,TE~P,UN,RS2°) VDtlt12,)
0068 IF(J~EF.EQ.1) GO TO 601 VOl11110
006Q CALL SrnJPCEf1,RS2P,RSIP,TF.TA,PHTI,PEf1.,Rl,ETR,EPR) VOIl1140
C ONLY THE PLATE SDECIFIFD (JPl\TEC ••• ) GOT ~TTENUATIn~. VOl111Sfl
0070 IFIJPlATE(1).EC.LP) EPP2EPR/~TTENU VDtl17~O
c VOl1111Q
c AD~En SI~GLY REFLECTFO FIFLO FRO~ PLATE lP. VOI11790
c VOl11190
0071 E TG0 N=ETGa "I+ F= TR VOl rt soo
0072 EPGQN:EPGON+EPR Vf)111810
0073 'IF(ICON.EQ.11 GO TO 601 VDI11920
0014 WR I T F ( I) , 211» L ? '10(11830
001~ CALL V~~PHA(ETR,EOR) VDIll840
c Vf)(11fJ50
c CHECKED DOU~lE-R~FLECTED aNn REFLECTED-DIFFRACTEO RAYS VOl11860
C '10111810
0076 601 DO 413 J2:1,3 Vfll118AO
0011 TEM~(J2)=DRV(LP~,Jl) VDI118QO
007Q UNIJ2)=UPlATIL?,J2) VDIl1qOO
007Q 413 CO!'lTIF\.IUE VOlll<}lO
OaRO CALL I~~GE(A~TtT~~~,U~,SI) VOl11920
OORI fALL I~~GE(~Sl.TF.~P,UN,RS11) VOl11910
0082 CALL I·1~GE(RS2,TE·""P,UN,RSJ.IJ VOl11940
OOR3 IF(rCON.EO.l)W~ITF(6t215)(S[(J2)tJ2=1,3),lP VOI119')l)
()O~4 21'5 FnR~AT(2X,'SI=·,~D2Q.IO,TIO. VOI11Q60
C VOll1910
C FI~O THE SECONn RFFLECTE~ PLATE FOP POSSIRLE OF VOl119RO
C OOU3L~ ~EFLECTE~ RAY. VOlllqqO
C VOl12000
C LP ~AS THE FIRST ReFLE~TEO PLATE ~o. V0112:J10
C VOI12fJ20
C THIS IS THE ~AI~ LOOD F~~ D~U~LE REFLECTED FIELD. VOl12030
C VOl12040
oose; 00 414 LN=LPt~PlATE VOl12050
00.96 IF(l~.EQ.LP) GO TO 414 VOl12060
Otl~7 lN2=lN~2+2 VDI12010
OOaq on 4 15 J 7: 1 ,3 VOl120ao
OJ89 TFMP(J2)=~RV(lN2,J2J V01120Qf)
OOqO 415 TEM(J2)=UPLATflN,J2) VOl12100
OOQl C~LL I~~GEIS(,TE~p,TEM.SII) VOl12110
OOQ2 IF(tCO~.EQ.l)~RtT[(6.~16)(SllfJ2)tJl=I.J),LM V!l112120
t10Q3 216 FOR~' " T ( 2)( , 'S 1 I = I , 3 f")2 o, 10, t 10) '10112130
OOQ4 fALL [~~GE(RSll,TF~P,TE~,PS111) VOl12140
l)Of'}') CAll I~AGE(RS2(,TF.~PtTEM,PS21') VOl12l50
O()Q6 IF(J~R~.EO.O. Chll VRPD(SltlPt~tl.LN,RSl[r,RS211,D~V,PE(1),OW4t VO(12160
<ETPRO,EPRRQ) VOl12170
ETGO~~=fTGON+ETRRO Vr')1121~O
EPGON=EPGnN+FPRQD "0(12190
C Vf)112200
 208

fORTRA~ IV I'; L~VEl 21 O\TF :I ~l076 1r/4«;/51

c V()I1221fJ
C VDI12l2fJ
009 0 r ALL VEe TOR (6. S ( ,S t I, Ufl ) Vf)(12~30

\l100 C:\LL VECTO~ C4,IJC\,TE-",OO) '10112240

01(11 IF(O~(1).LE.O.1 ~O TO 414 VDI122S0
OlOZ CAll VECT~R(3,Srl,FPTS,URI '10[12260
0101 lNN=lN VOl12270
01\)4 I F ( I Crl 'J. Ec, 1 I ',.IR r TE C" , 2 1 1 ) ( U8 ( J 2 ) ,J Z'2 1 , 1) ,L ~! ~ VDI12280
o l\)~ 211 F n R'4 c\ T( 2 x, 'u R:: • , JO2 Q. 10, r 1 0) VDI12290
0106 CALL Vf.X(STCSII,ORV,l~N,ltCQ,UR,fr.) vo[ 12100
C vnI12310
C CHECK REFLECTING ~CINT nQ EXI~TI~G ON PL~TF L~. Vf1[12320
C VOI12330
01('7 IFCL"'I~.EQ.l."NO.(r..EO.l) GO TrJ 414 Vf)112 340
01 \)l.l IffICON.EQ.llwPITE(6,212)(OQIJ2l,J2=1,),LN VOI12350
o 1 ~lq 712 FORMATf2x,·not,102~.lo,tl~) VIJ112360
oi t o IFfle.EQ.-i) GQ TO ~14 'lor 12310
C VOl123RtJ
C CHEC?< REFlECTEI") POINT wtTHI~ RF:FLECTEO Plc\TF: • VDI123QO
C VfJI124flO
0111 CAll VECTnQ(3,O~,S(,U~) VOI12410
0112 LPP=LP VD11~420
0113 C~ll VFxISTcn1,ORVtLPp,1,~p,Uq,rc) VDI12410
011.4 tF(LPP.F0.1.A~O.IC.EO.l' GO TO 414 VOIL2440
\)115 IF{Ir.ON.EQ.l) WRTTf(6,213)(~P(J2),J2=l,),LP VOl12450
0116 213 FOR~~T(2X,'Qp',3n2Q.Io,tlO) '10 Il~4~O
oi i t IFCle.EO.-I) GO TO 414 VDI12470
C VOI12480
C CHECK BLOCKED FQO~ PLATE LN TO THE lc\ST PL~TE NPL~TE. VOI124QO
C VOl12500
0118 IST\~T=LN+l VDI12c;lO
0119 IF(ISTART.GT.NPl~TE) GO TO 421 VDI12520
0120 CALL VLOGI1(OO,FPTS,ORV,IST~RT,NPLATE,LaK) VDI12530
0121 IF(lCK.EO.l) GO Tn 414 V01125&tO
C VOl12S50
C CHFCK qlOCK~D F~~~ 4NTt~NA TO FIRST ~EFLF.CT[NG ~aINT (RP). vn 112')60
C VOl12510
0122 421 I S T)~=L P-l VOI125"O
Oll} rFCISTOP.LT.l) GO TO 423 VDI1259')
012'; C~lL VLOGI1(RP.c\NT,O~V,1,tSTOP,lOKJ VfJI126')t)
012S IF(L~K.f1.1) G~ TO 414 Vrll1261r')
C VDIllb20
C CH~CK RL~CKEn qeTWFEN THOSE TWO PlATFS lD, LN • VI)I12630
C VD I 1264")
O12~ 423 IF(r~AS(LP-l~).NE.l) Gn TO 425 VOl12650
0127 CALL V~E~~H(OQtRPtl~,lP,n~V,LnK) VI) I 126flO
01'Q IFCl8K.EO.11 G~ Tn 414 V!)[12670
012Q GO Tn 418 vn I 12~·qO
OllO 425 ISTART=LP+l VOI126QO
0131 ISTnp=l~-1 VOl 12700
0112 CALL VLnG[l(RP,On,QRV,IST~RT,ISTop,LnK) Vn(12710
0133 IF(LOK.F.Q.l) GO TO 414 vnl12120
C VOI12730
C CAlCUL4TED OOU~LF.-REFlECTEO fIELD V0112740
C VOI121C;O
0134 41H IF(JR~.EO.l) Gn TO 414 VDI11760
Ol)!' C~lL T~ANS( 1, SI t ,Ff'TS,lJS,R2, TET.\,PHI [) Vfl(12111)
01J6 CALL SCURCE(1.~Sllt,RS2II,TF.T~,PHtt,PE(1).RZ,FTR~,EPRR) VOl12180
 209

Fn~TRA~ rv G LEVEL 71 D4.TE 2 RI016 12/45/53

c V'J I 1271)1)
r vnft2 QOO
c VOIIZ310
01.11 f TG'l:\J::E Tr,o ,~ • F TR R V011?82fJ
0138 EPGnN=EPcn~.fPQR Vr)(12830
or i» If ( (C o N• F. 0 • :)) GOT 0 4 14 VDIIZ'i40
Ol:'\) WR t T E ( 6,210) I. P, l ~ VDflZ95Q
0141 C~ll VA~PHA'ETRP,EpqR. VOl12A60
0147 210 ~nR~\T(ZX,'OEFLECTED FPOM PL\TE',14,'X,'TO Pl~TF',(4,2X, VDI 12~1l)
<'FIF.LD IS') Vr>112890
O14l 414 CO~TINUE VOllZQQl')
C VOl12900
C CHECK PfFlECTEn-nIFF~ACTEO R4.V VDI12 Q I O
C V'lIlZqZ£l
Ol~4 900 IF(~PlATE.lf.2) Gn TO 426 vntlzQ30
C Vf)[11Q40
C THIS [S T.... E lOOP Fr'R REFLECTEO-OIFFRACTED R4.Y. VOrlZ9')O
C Var12960
C IF ONE W~NTS Tn HAVE THE ~~CK-W~Rn Rn FIELD t VDI12Q70
C O~E ~~LJST C~":-'IGE : LM=L=>,'1PlATE rn L'1,::2t~~Pll,TE (AND lIlY?). VOl12QgO
0145 on 426 l~=l~,NPl'Tf VOI12990
0146 IF((LP+1).EQ.L~.1Q.LP.eQ.l~) GO TO 426 VO I 13000
0141 £'0 421 J2=1,3 VDI13010
il14~ E(J?)=~~V(L~·2,J2) Vnl13020
~14q El(J~)=l:'f{vr (L".7)-l,J2) VOI13030
0150 UN(JJ)=UPl~T(lP,J2J VI)I13Q4fl
0151 TE~P(J2)=ORV(LP*2,J2) VOl13050
0152 421 TEMtJ2)=UPL\T(lM,J2) VOIIl061J
C VOIIJf)10
r FIND DIFFQ~CTlr~ P~I~T ( RP ) • VOl13080
C VOl13090
015:\ C\LL V~ET\(SI,FPTS.E,El,QP,~ETAO) VrJIl~100
C 426 IS THE lOOP FOR ROR RAY CAlCIJLt\TInN. VOII3l1"
C VflI131l0
C CHECK THE REFLECTION POINT A4UST !3E ()~ THE PLATE lP VOIl3l3t)
C IF NOT NF.XT EDr,E IS C0NSIOEREO. VIJI11140
C Vfll13150
'11"4 r.~Ll V~CT~~(3.SI,p~,PM) vnI1316iJ
'J1Cic; LPP=lP Vfl11311{)
011)6 C~LL VEXIST( 1,PF1,o'1, rr ur i
St,~PV,L?~, Vf)I131~O
0157 IF(loo.~Q.l.hNn.tr.UT.EC.l)G~ TO 42~ VJI13191J
015~ tF«(CUT.EO.-l) GO TQ 426 VDT13?1)1)
C VIJI13210
C ons s '1IFFRACTEO P'lI"IT LIE IJPPER Ht\lF-oL.~NE nF flP) VOl132JO
C VO [ 13 ~lO
I) 1 ~q C~LL I~AGEfRP,TE~P,UNtR~) VOl 11240
J160 CAll VECTOP(~,~PtR~,RM1) VO(1~250
0161 C~LL VECTOP(4tR~1,U~,RM) VOI1326il
0162 IF(~~(l).l(.Q.) Gn T~ 416 VOI13210
c VrJI112aa
C CHECK AlOCKEQ FRn~ PREV'~US PLATES. V1J113290
C VDI13300
0161 lPP:lP-l VO113310
Ol~4 IF(lPP.lT.l) GO Tn 431 VOI13320
0165 CALL VlaGrl(~NT,RF1,QQV,I,LPP,lOK) Vnl11330
Oll,~ IF(L~K.E~.l) GO T~ ~2~ VOl11340
c VI)(13350
c CHFCK ALnC~EO QETWEEN REFLECTED Pl~TE 4~O OIFFR~CTEO EDGE. VDIIJ3~O
 210

FORT0 ~ 'I (V,:; L f VF'- ?1 12/4')/53

V;)(13"\1'l
0\61 431 fAll VECT~~(l.RP,~Fl.o~) Vn[ll~Qf)

016A IF(LP.~T.L~) Gn TP 413 vo r t s ss»

Ol~q IF(I~1S(l"1-l{')."~F.2J GO TO 428 Vfll13410
0110 CAll V~~RGH(~F1.RP,lP.L~-1,aqV,lOK) VDlll410
0171 IF(LCK.F.0.1) G~ T~ 416 VOll]4~r}

0112 GO TO 43n VOl13430

0171 428 r.\lL VlOG(l(~Fl,RP.aRV,lP~l.l~-?,LnK) Vf')11344f)
0114 IFCLOK.El.l) GO TO 426 V01134<iO
011'5 GO ro t.. lO vnl13460
0116 431 IF(I"B5(LP-L~).~lE.L) GO Tf"' 416 VOl13410
0\11 (ALL V~tQGH(RF1,~D,lp,L~,ORv,Ln~) Vf')Il1490
o i rs IFfLOK.EQ.l) GO TO 4~6 VOf134 QO
011Q GO TO 430 VOl13500
nl~n 436 C~LL VLOG(l(~Fl,~D,noV,L~+l,L~-l,lOK) vntl~510
Ol~l tF(LOK.f~.l) Gr. TO 426 vnI13~7.0
C VOI13C)]O
C CHErK RLOCKEO ~Fyn~~ THF E9G~ • VOl13540
C VDI13550
Ol~? 430 ISTA~T-=l~+l VO(1351)n
Ol~) IF([ST'RT.GT.NPL~TF) GO TO 432 VOl13Ci70
OlQ4 C\LL VlnGrl(QP,FPTS,n~v,tST~RT,~PLATE,l1KJ VDI13C)AQ
01~C; IC(lO~.f.~.l) ~G TQ 4ZQ Vf)[13SQO
C Vf)[l1600
C EVEN ~ITH R~ R~Y W\S ~lQCKE1 Fqn~ THIS TEST, ROO A~Q ROq Vf)(13~lO
C RAYS ~RE STIll POSSI~lE TO EXIST. Vf)113!'~O
C CALCJl~TED qFFLECTE~-~IFF~~CTEQ RAY. VOl1363\l
C VOl13640
Olq~ 432 IF(JRG.EQ.l) GO Tn 42q VO[13650
01~1 r~ll TR~~S(1,R~,FDr~,us,R2,r1E,~QEJ VOl11660
al~R MJ=.J VOI13~7()
01~9 C~Ll Vf~OIF(FPT5,F~T~,SI.E,El,~52I,Q~1[,~E(1),aw~(l~-1),T1E.PQ~,VDflll,aO
<R2,ETP~,FpqntO~V,RP,~ETAO,~J,L~,l~) . VOl13690
IF(1J.~Q.O) ~n Tn 42~ VO[l17Q.J
c VOlll110
c AonEO REFlF.CTED-OIF~P~CTEO FIELD. VIJI13120
c VOl1371Q
01Ql ET~fJ\J=~TGt1l>..J+ET~n Vr)I1314t)
0192 EI" G8 'J= EPGO~·I"E p~ l)
a
VD(111CiQ
OlQ3 IF(ICC~.E1.0) GO TO 429 vnr1316G
0194 LEr:J~~-:::l"*2 VD[ll71fJ
Olqc; ~RITE(6,2l~)LP,lFOGE VOI137BfJ
OlQ6 C~ll Vh~PH'(FTRD,~D~a) VOl11190
c VDII1Rf)()
C C.t\lCUl\TE REFLECTEo-f)IFFP~CTEO-qFt:Lr:r:TE'lFIELrJ. VDI13Q10
C VOl13920
429 rF{J~OR.~~.O)C~ll V~DR(FPTS,St,E,El,R~11,RS21.~E(1),~W'fl~-1), VrJ[13.-l30
<ETP.O~,EP~O~tC~V,L?,lM) V01IJ84a
ETGO~=ETGO~.ET~nR VOIllB5Q
EPG~~=[PGON+EPPDq Vr)I13Q60
c V0111~70
C C~lCUL\TE qfFLECTE~-nIFFQ~CTFD-ryIF~R~CTEn FIEL~. VOlll'P3(}
C Vr)(13890
0200 IF(JRO~.E().O) Cc\LL VRf)D(FPTS,S[,F..El,~Sll,PS2[,~~( 1) A,
,I) \.I VOII1QOO
<ET~~O,EPp~~,nRV.lP,l~) VO 113q11
0201 ETGQ~=ETGON+ETROD VrJ[13920
0202 EOGn~'=fPGn,,+ FPR 00 VO(13Q30
C VDI1lo40
 211

flATE = ~1(}7h 12/45/51

c ETGO" I\NO EPGO'4 APE THE S(J~ nF rHRECT, R R~. s o , Ron. 'J'1f139')f)
c Rf) R, Roo , '\ ~: ') RRR ~ Aye [l NTR I ~ UTI n ~ s • V0111'J61
C Vf)II1Ql0
020) 4?6 CC'JT HJIJE VO'13Q80
C VrJI11QQa
C Cn~RI~~T'ONS.V0114000
C VrJI14010
0204 301 CONTINUE VDI14020
C VOr14lJ30
C C\LCUl'\Tr:: TqIPlE-~FFlECTEO FIELD. '10114040
C '10(14050
C NnTE : Jct~n E~JCOf)EI) Fn~ TRIPLE-REFlfCTED FlEta C~lCUlAT(N(j '10114:)60
C OPTI~~. '10114010
C VOl140RO
0201) IF(JRR~.E1.1)CALl VRRR(apV,RSl,RS2,PE(lJ,ET~RR,EPR~R) VDI140QO
02\.)6 ETGrV'!= ETGn~ .. ETR p ~ VOIl'tl'10
02:)7 EPr;O~l=EP G':1N +f=0RR Q VQI14110
()ZO~ IF(rcr~.GT.O)~RrTE(6,2J4) '10114120
OZ;)t'l IF(ICG~.GT.O) CALL VA~PHA(f=TGn~,FPGCN) '10114131)
0210 218 FOR·\1AT(lX.'QFFlECTEI1 FRn~ PL\TE' ,r4,'!}(,'TO EDGE',I4, V~114140
<, FIFLf) IS') Vr)114150
ozi i 101 FOR ~~ AT( 15 X, ~ nt s • tt ) '10114160
0212 200 Fn~~~T(2X,'****ntRECT FIELD .') '10114110
0213 2) 1 FOR\L~T(2X, 'QI=FLECTEO FRn~ PL~TF', 14J '10114180
0214 204 FOR~~T(/.7.X,·THF. FIELQ r.C~TqIRUTEO F~n~ Ot~ECT. R.', '10114190
<tR~, oq, ~~~, nQR, RDO, ANa RR~ APE') Vfll1420fJ
0215 RETURN '10[14210
021~ Er-JO 'lor 1't220
 212

FORTR!~ IV ~ lEVFL 21 ATG~] 04TE ~ 10 7':. 12/45/53

0001 FUNCTI8N ~TGN2(~tY) VDI14230

0002 I~PLIr.IT RE~L.~(A-Htc-l. VOl14240
c VOl1425lJ
c PURP~SE - TO SET AT4N2(X,YI:u.O WHEN X:O.,V:O. V011426f)
c VOIl 1t 2 10
0\103 IF(~.NF.O.DO.~Na.V.~E.O.CO) GO TO 3 VrlI142dO
001)4 ATG:'-42=(). VOl14290
oooe; RETUQ"! VDI14300
~OOf, 3 ~TG~2:D4T\N2(X,y) VOI14310
0007 END VOl14320
 213

FORT~AN IV ~ LEVEL 21 CSQR 01\TE 91016 12/45/51

0001 CQ.... ?LE'< FtJ"~CT(aN CSO~(X) vnl14130

0001 IMPLICIT RE~L.A(A-H,n-W)tCn~PLEx.16 (X) vo r 14340
c VDI143S0
c ~URP'lSf VOl 14~60
c TO FORCE ~TG~2 V~LUE TO ~E ~FTWEE~ -~[ AND +PI. VOl14310
c VOl14J90
c P l\ R A '~ ETER : VrJIl41QO
c **.[~PlJr<;.· •• VOl14400
c X : C~~PlEX 4RGU~E~T. vor14410
c VOl14420
OI)O~ CO~M~N IAI DI,PI130 VDIl4430
OI)()4 C~~G=OSORT(C~ABS(X» VOf1444()
ooo~ CPH~SEs~TG~2(~IM~G(X),RE~L(X» VOI 14450
Ot')~)b IF(CPH4SE.GT.PII CPH~SE=C?H~SE-pr vnI14460
0007 CSQR=C~4G.~C~Plx(nCOS(CPHASE/2.),DSrN(C~HASE/2.)J VOt 14410
OOOft QETURN VOl14480
O~OQ ENO VOl144QO
 214

FORTRAN IV 'J LEVEL 21 COT OATE :: 31076 12/4'5/51 ... ~',c

OOni FUNC TT 11N CflT(X) '10114500

0002 I"tPlrC[T REAl·~(A-H,n-ll VOt14510
r. VOl 1452(1
C PljR01SE VOl14530
C TO CAlCUl~TE THE r.f1rA~GENT V"LU~ FOR A ~IVEN ~RGU~ENT VOI14£)40
C VOl14550
C P~qt\~F:TF.R : VOl14560
C ···INPUT~*.*. VOl14570
C X : .\RGU~ENT ("I R·\OIA~. VDI14580
C VOl14SQO
0003 cxx:)cns(x) VO[14600
000,. S~ X= I) S [ N( X) VOl14610
0005 COT=l.nso VOl14620
0006 IF (n~RS(S~XJ.GT.l.O-Sry) COT:zC'()(/S~X val14630
0007 RETUR~ VOl14640
0008 E'Jr) VrJI146')r)
 215

FO~TR~N IV G L~VEl 21 F rl.\TE 81076 12/r.S/53

aUOl CO~PLEX FUNCTIO~ F.lhrX) VDI14~~~

oooz I~PLICIT REAL.~(A-~,o-y).COM?lEX.l~(l) VOI1461n
C VOl146AO
C TRA~S(TI~~ FUNCTln~ FIX' FnR D(FFRACTIn~ COEFFICIENT VDI146Qa
C VDI14700
C F(X) [S cn'4PUTE') RV FPfS'IEL P'fTEGRAL VT)114710
C FOP X>~.,QR X<.2, F(X)~ IS EVt\lUI\TF.D BY APPROX[M"TIO~ VDlt4721
C ERROR ny ~PPROX[~ATION IS WITHI~ 1~ VDI1411~
C SUBPOUTINE REQ~JIREn CSXfC. S,X) VI)I 14140
C Vn[1475~
0003 I "I p r , PJ 1 qf)
CO~,I~O~ VOl 147&0
OOO't IF (X-9.) 20.20,10 V011411!l
C VOl14180
C LAR~E ARGU~f~T !?P~OXI~ATla~ V~t141qO
C VOI14~OO
OOl1S 10 X2=X*X vorl4810
00')6 X3=X2*X VOl14R20
0007 X4=X2~X2 VDI14830
OOOR F=DC~PLXfl.-3./(4•• X2)+15./(16.*X4),1./(2 •• X)-15./fA •• X3)) VDI14R40
ooag RETUR~ VOl14850
QO io 20 IF (X-.2) 40t30,~0 VDI14g6J
C VOl14810
( EXACT EXPRESSTO~ vnr1488~
C VDI14390
0011 30 PQ=OSQRTfPt*Z.OO) VDI1490~
OOlZ ZX=O(~PLX(~.Da,~) VOI14QIJ
001 <~ CALL CSX(C,S,X) VDI14920
0014 Cl=.5-~ VDI14qJ~
0011) S 1-= • 5- S V0 [ 14 q vo
I')Ol~ F~~S~RT(X)*CDE~Orl~).PQ.OC~PlX(Sl,Cl) VOl149S0
0011 RETUKN vnr149~a
C V0114q1~
C SMA LL d R GU ~ EN TAP PROX[ ,.." T t O~ VD ( 149 80
C VOl149 QO
40 PI4=PI/4.DO VJI15000
l=0SQRT(PI*~)-2•• X.CDE~P(~C~PLX(O.10.?14»)-2
• • X.~*CDEX3(nCMPlX(a.DVDI1501~
<O,-P(4»/3. VDI150l0
0021 F=l.CDEXP(DC~Plxro.oo,PI4+~)) VOI1501~
0021 RETURN VDIl~04~
0 1)22 ENO VDI150S0
 216

FORTR~~ IV G lFVfl 21 SG~ O~TE A 1076 12/45/53

0001 FUNC T to ~ SGN ( X » vnt15060

0002 I~PlICIT ~EAL.R(\-H,n-l) '10(15010
C vnl15080
C PURPOSE - TO Grv~ ~INU~ SIG~ IF X IS ~EGATIVE OR VICE VERSA vDllsaqo
C VDI15100
OOJ3 IF (X) 1.2,1 '1011')110
oao~ SGN=-l. '10115120
00015 ~ETl)RN VDI1511{)
OOOb 2 SGN=I'). VD11'>140
0001 RETURN Vf)[1515J
OJO~ J SG~/= 1. VD[15160
OOOq QFTUQf\j '10115170
0010 F:NO '10115130
 217

FORTRAN IV G LEVEL 21 TRc\"IS O~TE a qlOl~ 12/4')/53

0001 SUBROUTINE TRA~S(tO?,c\tA,E.~~~.TH,~H» VOl151QO

OOO? (~PlICIT qE~l.~(A-H,n-l» VDI15100
c VrJI15210
C PURPOSE V011522f)
C VOll'llJ')
C PA~A:"1ETF.~S vnILS240
C .**tNP.JT'; •••• VOl15250
C 10? i TR~~F~R~c\TIO~ CPTlrNS. VOIlS260
C Ifl0-:l ; CI\LClJlATEfJ RAf)tAl,
THET.\. AND PHI C(i,";lO~F.NTS VO[15270
C 100=2 ; VECTURS c\ 4NO A
C~LrUL~T~n vot152~O
C E ; THE UNIT VECTOq FRO~ 1\ Tn B VOflSZqO
C vnt15300
00')3 CO~~ON /AI Pt,Pll~O VOl153l0
0004- o I'~F. ~S [n~ ;.\« 3 ) , cq 3» , E( ~~) t E 1( 1» ,F 2 r] t t f) ( ~ ) VOf15320
00011\ GO TO (lO,lO.,IOP VOl15330
On06 10 CALL VECTCQ(),A,q,E) VOI1534Q
0007 C\LL VF.crO~(~,A,3,Q) VOI1S350
OOnq C~Ll VECTORC5,D,n,E2) Vfll15360
C VDl15370
r: TRJ\~SFI]RM RECTI\NGlJL\R COOQOINATE TO SPf-iE~rCAl COOPDlfi.\TE. VOI153~O
C VOl15390
OOOQ Rc\rJ:J:2( 1) VDI15400
0010 QO=O(1)~O(1.+Of2).~(2) VDI15410
0011 Q0 L =~) S.)RT ( f) D) VO(154~O
DOll IF(D(1).~E.).nO) GO TO 1 VDIl'i4l0
1)013 (F(~(?).lT.~.Dn. DH:QO. VOll5440
0014 IF(9f2).GE.o.no) PH2 9 0 . VOl15450
OOlS GO Tn 2 VOI15460
001.~ 1 PH=J\TG~J2(O(2),O(1)/~[180 VOll5410
0011 2 TH~4TG~2IQOltn(1»)/Pt190 VOl 154130
a01A RETURN Vnl154QO
c VDI1SI)OO
c TRANSFnR~ SPHERICAL COOROINATE TO ~~CT~NGUlAR CnO~~IN~TE. VOIlS510
C VOl15520
01)1 0 20 THR=TH*PI130 VOl1S530
0020 PHP.=PH*PIIQa VOl15540
0021 A(l)=RA~*OSI~(TH~I*OCOStPHR) VOf1S550
01J?2 8(2):RAD·OSI~(TH~)*OSIN(P~R) VOf15560
0021 B(3)=Q~O*~CaSCTH~t VOl15510
0024 CALL VECT~~f~,~.q,F.l) vnr15580
0025 CAll VECTOR(~tEl,~l,EZ) vnl15590
0026 RAOzE2(1) VfJI15600
0027 CALL VECTOR(l,A,~,E) VOJ15f)lO
0023 TH=O~PCOS(E(3»)/PI180 VO (15620
OOZ9 PH=O~PCOSCE(1»/PI180 VOI15630
0030 QETUQN VOI15640
0031 F~O VO (15650
 218

FORTRA~' IV G lEVEL 21 VRnR D.\ TE :: 8 1 0 76 12/45/53

OOOl S U~ p OUT JI"J E von ~ ( F P TS , S1 , f , E1, ~ Sit , R S 2 I , PU, f) W, E TS '.I~ • E P SUM , f) RV, VrJI156hll
<LP,L~) VDllS(,70
0001 I~PlrCIT RE~l.~(h-HtO-Z) VDI15680
C VOf15690
C PU~Pr)St Vf)[1510fl
C TO CAlCIJl4TE REFLECTE')-f)[fFQ~CTci)-REFLECTED FIlEOS. VDll'i110
C VOl15120
C ?ARA"'ETERS : VOIl'i130
C ***INDurs**·· VOl15140
C FPTS : FIELD DOt~T Vf)I15150
C SI : [,'~AGE SOUqCE POINT VOI15160
C E, El : TWO END Pot~T OF THE QtFFK~CTI~G EDGE. VOI15170
C RSlI, QS21 : TWO E~O ~Ol~TS OF 1'~hGE &\~TE~I~A. V~t15130
C PU : SouRCE INPUT C!J~QE~T. VO[15190
C D~ : W~QGE A~GlE WHERE T~E EDGE IS BElnNGE~. VDI15lJOO
C I)RV : PLATE n~T~ VD[lr;~10
C DP : DIFFPA(TI~G PQ(~T ON T~E E~GE V!)[158ZtJ
C ~ET~O : f\IFFR.\CTtNG A~IGlE. VOI15~3()
C L?, LM : TwO RE~lECING Pl~TES. VO I 15840
C VDI158liO
C ***OUTPUTS*** VO(lS860
C ETSU~, EPSU~ : THET~ ANO PHI COMPLEX ROR FIElO COMPONE~TS. VfJI15810
C VDI158CJO
OO~) cn~MnN IAI UOLAT(50,1),UN(3),US(3),~~LATE VOI15~qO
OOCl4 Cn'~\AnN IWI I CON VDI15900
OOO~ CO~PLEX*16 ETRnRtfP~DR.ETSU~.EPSU~,Pu VOI15910
0006 DIME~SInN FPTS(3)tFPTTf3t,DRV(50.31,Gl(3J,02(3),q~(3),E(3), VOI1S9Z0
<Elf 3 » ,F 2 ( ) » ,R F 1 f 3 ) • S I (":l» ,R SIt (3 ) ,P S 2 I ( 3 ) ,DP ( 3 ) Vf)[lc;930
on07 ETSlJ~=10.,O.) VOI1SQ40
oooa EPSU'4=(O. ,0.) vnl15950
coo» IST~RT=L\1"'l VrJI1S960
0010 IF(ISTA~T.GT.N?LATE) RETUQN VQI1SQ70
c VOIlSqBO
C START CHECKING ALL REFLECTING PLATE FOR ?OSSI9LE ROR Ravs. VOltS9QQ
C Vfll16000
0011 00 400 ld::ISTdRT,~PLATE V'll 16010
0012 ETR'1R=(O.,().) VOl16020
OOll EPROR=(O.'O.) '10[16030
()'J14 no 401 J 2= 1,3 VOIL6040
Dale; UN(J2)=ljPL·\Tfld,J2J 'lot 16050
OOl~ 401 E2(J2)=DRVClA$7.,JZ) VOl 16060
0017 CAll 1~~GE(FOTStF2,U~,FPTI) '10116070
C VOl160AQ
C CHFCK P·A~ tNG F t ~lf) PO I NT II F. S AELOW Pll\NE LA. VOr160QO
C VDI16100
0018 CALL VfCTGR'6,FPTS,FPTf,Ol) '10116110
001Q CALL VECTn~14,Ol,UN,D2) '10116120
0020 IF(n2'l'.LE.O.) ~~ TO 400 VO ( 161]0
C '10116140
C CALCULATE nIFFRACTr~G por~T fDP), RETAO. vn1161 so
C VOl16160
0021 VOl16110
C vnI161RO
C Fr~D REFLECTION ?~INT CRFIJ vnllh190
C VOl16200
OOl2 r,~LL vcr.TOP(3tOP,FPTltU~) vnt16210
0\]21 IST=lA VOllf\?20
oo~ .. CALL VE'<ISTfFPTf,nov, 1ST, It~Fl,U~, Ir.UTJ VDllhl)f)
 219

FORTRl~ IV ~ lEVFL ?l YROR. DATE s 91016 12/4')/')3

002~, IF(t<;T.EO.l."~O.tCtJT.Ea.l) GO TO 4:)0 VO 116740

0026 IF((CUT.EQ.-la GO Tn 400 VOl1625(1
c VOl16260
c vnt 16210
c vnt162~O
aO.?l IFfl~RS(l~-L~).NE.l) GO TO 4~1 Vrl116Z9')
OOl~ C~lL V~EPGH(nOtRFttl~tl~.ORVtl~K) V'JJ16300
OO,q IF(lnK.E~.I) GO TO 4~O VflIlb310
00)\) Gn Til 405 VOl 16320
OOll 403 (~Ll VLn~[lfOPtQFltn~v.l~.l~,ln~a VOl16JJfJ
OOl? IFCLlJK.EQ.1a GO TO 400 V'l11h340
C VOl16350
C (YECl( f1LCCKt\GE RET'rlEE~1 PLATE l~ rn NPl\TF.. VOl16360
C VOl16310
0013 405 lAl-=lA+l VOllh380
00'4 'F(lAl.GT.~PL~TF) GO TO 404 VOl161qO
001'i CALL VLOG[1(RF1.FPTStnpVtLAltNPl4TE.lr.~1 VOl16400
00)6 IfllOK.EQ.l) GO TO 400 VDI16410
c VrJ(16420
c C"Lr.lJl~TE RDR FIFLf). VOl16430
C VOl 16441J
OO)"? 4()4 ~~LL TRANS(1,~PtFPT(tUStR2tTQEt~QE) VO ( 1 h4S,1
003~ ~J:O V01164611
003 0 CAll VEMOtF(FPTltFPTltSt,EtEl.RSlltRS2(tPUt~WtT~~tPQE, VDl16410
<Q2,ETRORtEPROR.ORVtDP,~EThOt~J,LP,L~) VDI16480
0040 IF(~J.NE.l) GO Tn 400 VDI164QO
0)4.1 ET~U~:ETSU~+ETROR VOr1650()
0042' EP5U~:EPSU~·~PRDR VOI16510
OJ4?<: IF(tCO~.EQ.O) GO TO 400 VI)I16520
0')441- t EOG E=L·<1*2 VD116'i30
004'50 WRITEI~t20n)lP.tEOGE,lA VDI16540
0046 CALL VhMPH\(FTRJRt~PR~R) VOl 1655:)
0047 200 FnR~~T(2X,'qF.FlECTEO FRO~ Pl~TE'tt4t2X,'TO fDG~'t[4,2X, VOl 16')60
<'PFFlECTED FRn1 Pl~TE'tI41 VOl16510
\)043 4()Q cnNTl~tJE vot165~O
004Q RETUR~ VOI16'iQa
005!) E~D VDI16600
 220

FO~TR~"4 IV ~ LEVEL 21 VRflO f')4TE :II 81076 lZ/4Ci/lil

0001 su~~ourINE VRDD(fPTS,Sf,El,E2,RS1,RS1,PE,OW~tETSU~,EPSU~, '10116610

<OR", l~tl~» Vf)(lb67.0
0002 (~PltC(T REAl.~(~-Htn-l) "0116610
C '10116640
C PlJ~Pl1SE : VOl 16650
C '10116660
C TO C~lr.Ul~rE THE REFlECTEo-~(FFR~CTEO-DIFFRACTEO RAvS. VOl166T()
c 'In ( 1"6~f)
r vor166Qo
c P:\R~"fTEPS : vnr 167JO
c ··-INPUT ••• '10116710
c FPTS : O~SFRV4TtO~ DOINT '10116720
c ~I : (MAGE OF ANTENN~ W.R.T. Pl~TE LP. vot1b130
c RSl, RS2 : 1~~GE OF ANTE~~~ TWO E~D °OI~TS ~.~.T. PLATE LP. VOll6140
c El,F2 : TWO E~O POINTS nEFI~F FIRST QIF~RACTI~G EDGF. '10116750
c D,.,A : ~qR.\Y CO~rA['JS "EIJGE i\~GlES. '10(16760
c lP : RFFLECING PlAT~. 'lor 16710
c L~ : Pl~TE WHERE EDGE (El. EZ) IS aElONGEO (RElAT(O~ EOGE alM*ZJVOII6180
c DRV : A~R4Y CONr~INS V~RTFX POSITlnNS VD1161~O
c PE : SOURCE t~?UT CUR~ENT (CO~PlEX. '10116800
c VOl16AI0
c - •• ·lUTPUT~*. '10116820
c ETSU~. EPSU1 : THETA ~N~ PHI CO~~lEX F(EL~ CO~PQ~E~TS. 'lor 1')830
c '10116341)
c RE~UI~ED SUqRQUTT~ES '101168';0
c V2DIF, VlO~I1, VlOGt2, TR~NS, VE~D(F, V~~DHA '10[16860
c '10116810
0"1)] C Q'4 "40N ,0,/ 'J P L A T ( 50 , 3 • tUN ( 3 ) , IJ S ( 1 ) , NPL .\ T E vnI16880
0004 CO"'-10~1 /WI ICON VOl168QO
OOO~ CO'''Pl FX*16 ETSU .... EPSU~, ETROD, EPROD, PE vnr16900
OQI)6 O(~~~S(ON FPTS(3),SI(1),RSl(3),RS2r3),DW~(50)tDRV(50,J), VOI1/,910
<F: 1 ( 3» ,f l ( ]) t E3 ( 1) , E4 ( 1 J ,01 (3 ) t 1')2(3 ) VO I 16920
0001 ETSU~=(O.,o.) VrJI16930
0003 EPSU'i=(O.,I).) '10116940
C VDI16QSO
C EXCLUDE THE LAST EDGE. '10116961
C VDI16Q70
0009 NSI=l~+Z Vr)(16QaO
0010 IF(~SI.~T.~PL~rE) RETUR~ Vrll16QQQ
0011 ET R0 J= ( 0 • , o • J '10117000
0012 FPRn!)=(o.,O.1 VDII1010
C '10117020
C C~LCUL\Tf CQ~~rN~T(ONS OF R~~ R~Y. '10111030
C '10117040
0013 00 5~0 lR=NSI,NPLATE '1')111050
001" LR":LR*2 VDII1060
C '10111070
C seTUP SFcnNnARY FOGE (E3,E41. '10111080
C '101 17Q90
0015 00 \. Q 1 J 2 =1 • 1 vnlt1100
001~ E](Jlt=nRV(LQ2,JZ) '10111110
0011 4t11 E4(J2)=QRV(LRZ-l,J21 '10111120
C '10(11130
C CAlClJl..\TE OIFFR4CT(n~ Pt]t~TS (01, 02) VO117140
C '10111150
OJIR vot17160
C '10117110
C CHF.CK AlOCK~GE FRn~ 01 TO Q2. V!)111130
 221

FOR. T~ ~N IV G IF.VEl 21 VROO O~TF • Q1076 12/45/53

C TE: THf: 3l n CK~ GF TEST r ~ SEC r rn« F R'1"1

~ 11 &\ ~ T~ ~,~ 4Tn f) 1 VQI111Ql)
C WAS ~E~FrR~EO IN SUq~OUT[Nf VFNGO (Gena O~LY 2-0 C45E). VOl172ao
C VDl172l0
OQIQ t ST.\ RT,::l~"1 VOl17220
0020 ISTtJP-LR-2 Vf)117230
C IF((ST~Rr.LT.IST~P) GO TO ~ln V'1117240
C IST,\~r=rC:;Tf)D Vtll17250
C ISTnp:L'i+L VOl11260
C VD[11l70
C CHFCK ~lOC~~GE IN RETWEEN T~~ E~GES. VDl172AO
C VD1112Q()
0021 'ilt> C~ll VLOGr2(Cl.o~,O~V,IST\~T.rsTrp,LOK) VDI11l0tl
002l IF(lCK.EC.lJ en T~ 5ao '10111310
C Vr)117320
C CHECK llnCK~GE F~a~ 02 TO nRSERV~T[r~ ?OI~T FPTS. VO[11330
c VOl17340
002) IST"~T=lR"l VOl17350
C ViJ1173'>O
C ~o TF:IJSEq --t U s T ~1.\ KE SUR '7 TH 4 T F ~R EST ED GE (S l 0 ..E~ THAN V!)117370
C THE PREVlnus EDGE. VD[17390
C VOl17390
0024 IF(IST\RT.GT.NPL~TE) GO TQ ~20 V!J(1740lJ
0025 CAll VlOGIlf~?,F?TStnRV,IsTART,NPL~TE,LOK) VOl17411J
0026 'F(lJK.E~.l) GO TO 500 vnl11420
Ot)21 '520 "J::O VOl11430
002Q C~lL T~t\~S(1,f)ltQ2,lJStRtTHS,PHIS) VOl17440
c Vf)[17450
C C~l~Ul~TE FIELD t~ctDENT ON FIRST OIFFqACTING EDGE. VDI11460
C VO[17470
C4l L VJ:., D r F ( Q2 • ~ 2 t S T, E1 , E? , e S 1 , Q S2 , P E , I) II 1\( L "1- 1 ) t r H S • py IS, VD1174~O
<RtET~~DtE?R~n,~RVtOlt~ET\,MJtlM,l~t VD[174CJO
0030 IF ( ·1J. ~~. 1) GO rn 500 VIJ111c;OO
c VD[17510
C CllCUl\TE FIELD DIFFRACTED FQO~ 01 TO 02, ~NO TO FPT5. vnIl1520
C V~117530
OO.J 1 C~ll TR~NS( ltl)2,FPTS,US,R,THStP~'S' Vr'l[17540
1)032 ~J=2 'lor 115-;0
00\3 CALL VC.~~'F(FPTS,~lt~1,F3,E4tRSl,qS2,PE,Ow~(lR-l),THS,PHlSt VOl11560
<RtETRn~,EPR~DtnRV,~2,BETA,~JtlRtlR) Vf)[17570
0034 IF(~J.~E.t) GO TO sao VO 1171:\80
c VOl175QO
C ADDEO REFltCTfO-DIFF~ACTED-OIFFR~CTEO FIELD. '10[11600
C '10117610
OJ1~ ETSU ' '2 ETSlJ'-1+F.TRQO '10[11620
0036 EPS;J~:FPsu« +F.PROD vnl17630
0037 tF([CC~.lE.O) r,O TO 500 '10111640
OJ1~ l~2=l~·l v~r1765f)
0,1)<) wRITC(o,200) lOtl~2tlR2 Vr>11166')
0041) 200 FnR~AT(2x,'PFFLFCTEO FRO~ Pl~TE','4,2X,'TO E~GE', vnr17670
<14,2X,'l\:-.J1) TO FOGE', 14) '10117680
aO~l CALL VA~PYA(ETR~~,~PRDO. VOI116QO
nOlt2 l500 Cr~T[NUE VOf117QO
00lt3 RETU'~N 'In( 177 to
c OE~Ur. l~tT(FPT~,sr.El,E2,RS1,RS2,lPtL~,QlfQ2t~Erl,El,E4t '1011117.0
C <lUK,ISTI\RT,IS1QPI '10117730
00,.4 E~O VDI17140
 222

VRRO O~TE :: RI016 12/45/'>3

0001 SUBRUUTINE V~RO(SI,lP,Srr,lN.Q~lII,RS~I[,JRV,PEtOWAtETSU~,EPSU~» VO I t 1750

0002 I~PlrCIT ~E~L.8(\-Htn-l) VOI17760
C VOl11770
C PURPOSE VDI11780
C TO C~lCULATE ~FFlECTEn-REFlECTE~-D(fFRACTED FIELDS. VDI17790
c VOI17800
C PAR4~ETER5 : VOl11810
C ••• tNPUTS•••• vnr11820
C 51: SQURCE (~~GF porNT W.R.T. Pl4TE LP vnl17R30
C srI: s r (H.\GE W.R.T. ~lATE IN VDI17R40
C LP, LN : TWO REFlECT[~G PlATFS. VDI1785fJ
C RSlll,QS2II: T~O fN~ °01NT5 OF T~(CE I~4GE snURCE A~T(~~~ VfJ(l7860
C DRV : PL4TE DATA \/0117870
C PE : 50URC~ t~OUT CU~RF~T VOI11380
C V'J1118QO
C •• ~GUT?UTS••• VI)II 7900
C ETSU~, EPSU~ : THETA A~D PHI COMPLEX RRD FIELD ca~PUNENTS. VOl11QlO
c VDII79l0
0001 CC...... ON IAI U?L"T(l\O,3),'1""(1),USf3),~PLATE VOl119JO
QOu~ Co~~o~ /GI FPTS(,),A~T(l) VOl1194ll
Qooe; ca~~ON 1'.-4/ t C IN VOI119C;f)
00,16 CO~PLEX*16 ETR~O,ErRRn,ET~U~,EPSU"'tPE VDI11Qf,O
00111 ION
I) I .~ E'J S o 1 f II , o>(
3 ) , o ;\ f 3 », R P f 3) , ~ 1( 3» , E2 ( 3 I , S [ ( 3 ) • SIt I 3 ) , VD I 17q 70
<DRV(50,3).EL~(J).ELPr3),QQlfl),C02(3),RSlII(3),RS2II(3)tDW~(50J VflI179QO
00')8 ETSU'-'=( o•• 0.) VO I 17qq()
OOOQ EPsu~=ro.,o.) VOI18000
onl') ~EXT=l'\l+2 VOI18010
0011. tF(~EXT.GT.~~LATE) RETURN VOl180ll)
DOl2 o~ 100 LA=~F.XTtNPL~TE Vr){18010
0013 ETRR 0== ( 0 • , o. » VOI18040
Otll"- EPq~r)=(O.tO.) VDl18050
0015 rF(LA.EQ.lN.n~.lA.EQ.rLN+l) Gn T~ t00 VOIIR()60
0016 lEilGEl=L,\*Z VD I 1ao 70
01117 lEOGE2=(LA*Zt-l VOl18090
c VOIl~f)90
C SETUP EnGES (NFnp~~TlnNS TH~T ~RE REln~G TO PL~TE L~ VDII8100
C AND ITS UNIT NORM~l VECTOR. VDI181l0
C VOl13120
0013 00 101 J 2-=1 , , VOT18130
001Q ElfJ2)=OPvrLEDGE1.J2) VOl13140
OOZJ E2(J2)=ORVfLEDGE2,J2) VDI1B150
0021 U~(J2)=UPLAT(LN,J2) VlJI18160
0022 ELN(J2)=D~VfL~·Z,Jl) VOl13110
0023 EL~(J?)=DqVfLP·?,J2) VDrlRl~()
Ofl24 10 1 CO"JT [~~UE VO ( 1 R 190
f)OZIi CALL V~ET~(Slr.FPTs,El,E2,RP,BETAO. vn I l~ 7.00
c V01182U)
C DOES -~?- lOC~TEO IN THE UPP~R H~LF-Pl~NE OF A Pl~TE LN 1 VD11822'l
C V011821')
OQZ"- C~LL 1~~GE(qP.FLN,UN.nl) VOll824f)
01)27 CALL V~CTOR(6,RP.~1,02) VD'182~O
tJ02'! CALL VECTnRf4,UN,02.n3) VOIIQ260
00?1 fF(03'l).lE.O.) G~ TO 100 VOll~27t)
C VOl18290
C CHEC~ REFlECTIO~ Pot~T IS WITHI~ THE FIRST REFLFCTEn PLATE LP 1 VDIIQ290
C VDIIA300
OJ10 LPP:lD \/0118310
0031 CALL VECTn~(~.A~T,~"n3) VOf18320
 223

FORTRA~ IV r, LEVEL 2t VRRO DATE 8107h L2/4£)/51

Oll32 C~lL VFXIST(~~T.n1v,LPp,1,nQ1,03,rCJ vnr i a 3 30

0031 IF(LPP.EQ.t.~ND.(C.EQ.l) RETURN VOI18340
0034 IF((C.EQ.-li RETUR~ VDIIQ150
c Vf)II~360
c CHECK REFLECTlrN POI~T IS ~tTH(~ THE SECO~D REFLECTING PLATE IN ? VDI18310
c VDl18J80
0035 lNN=LN VOt183QO
0036 CALL VE(TQR(1,SII,QP,03) VO (19401)
0031 CALL V~XtST(SI(,ORV,LNN.1,002,D],[C) vn118410
001n IF(L~N.EO.l.A~D.(C.EO.l) GO Tn 1no VOI184Za
003Y IF(IC.~Q.-lt GO TO 100 VOl18431J
C VOIIQ44Q
C CYF~K ~LOCK BETWE~N FIRST PFFLECT~n P~INT -001- TO ~NTENNA (A~T) • VO (L945()
C VOI18460
0040 IF(LP.lF..ll GO TO t11 Vl)rl~47()
0041 CALL VLOGI1(~~T,nQl,ORv,1,LP-1,LnK) V1J1194R~
0042 IFCL~K.EQ.l' Gn Tn 100 VDIl8490
C VDIIRSO()
C C~ECK 3lnCK ~FTWEEN PL~TE lP,LN • VOIIQSl1J
C VDI195ltl
0043 111 IF([~BS(LN-LP).GT.l) GO TO 114 vnt 18 'i3Q
0044 C1\Ll V~., ERG H( 0 Q 1 , 002, LP, L""', 0 Q. V, L0 K J VOI1854()
0045 IF(LOK.E~.l) GO TO 100 VI1I18550
0046 GO Tn 104 VfJIIA560
0041 114 IF(LP.GT.lN) GO TO 110 VDll~570
004~ (ST\RT=LP+l VDI18580
004Q ISTOP=LN-l VOf18S9!)
0050 GO TO 111 VOI18600
0051 110 1ST \ ~ T= L1\/ + 1 VaI18610
00';2 IS T'J?-=L=>-l VOI186ZG
0053 11 t CALL VLOGII(QQ1,nQ2,DRV,rST~RT,ISTOP,LO~) VDI18630
0054 IFfLOK.EO.l) GO TO 100 VOl 1 A644J
C Vf)'18~50
C CHECK BLOCK qETWEE~ DtFFRACTI~~ por~T TO FIELD POINT. vnl18660
C VI)llR670
')0-;5 104 IF«LA+l).GT.NPLATE) GO TO 102 VDIIR680
0056 C~ll VlOGIl(gp,FPTS,ORV,LA+l,~PlATE,LOK) VD(19~qO
O()S7 [FfLJK.E~.l) GO TO 100 VO[lB700
OOSq IF«L~-2).I.T.11 GO TO 102 VOl18110
oosq C~LL VlOGrl(RP,F~TS,ORV,1.lA-2,lOK) VI) [18120
006') IFfl8K.EQ.l) r,n TO 100 VDr 18730
C VDIl~740
C CHECK 3LOCK BETwEEN REFlFCTED PLATE LN TO DrFFRACTI~N POINT (RP) VOl181SQ
C VDI1916Q
0061 102 IF (LrJ. r,T• Lf\) GO TO 10"3 vor 18710
0062 (F([A~S(lA-L~'.NE.2J G~ TO 112 vOtl~7~O
006~ CALL V~ERGH(CQZ,RP,L~,l~-l,ORV,LOK) V()IIA790
0064 fF(Ln~.EO.l) GO TO 100 Vn(l~~OO
OO~I) GO TO 115 VDIIAQlfl
0066 112 (All VLOGllrCQ2,RP,DRV,lN+l,LA-2,lnK) VOIIR8Z0
0)67 IFfLDK.EQ.l) GO TO 100 VIJ(18310
0~6q GO TO 115 VDtl~iJltO
OO~q 103 IF(I~eS(l~l-lA).~E.l) GO TO 116 VOl198S0
0010 CALL V~E~r,H(G02,QP,lN,lA,~RV,lOKJ VDI13~6tl
0011 IFflOK.EQ.l) GO TO 100 VOl18R10
()012 GO TO 115 VDI UHJ~O
0013 116 CALL VlOG(1(~Q2tR~,O~VtlA+l,L~-1,LaK) VOIl~390
0014 IfflOK.EQ.IJ Gn T~ lao V3118Qaa
 224

FORTP~~ IV ~ LFVFl 21 VRRn DATE ~ (01b 12/45/53

00'75 115 '1J=O Vl111S910

C Vf)(1992IJ
C C~LCUL~TF PRO FIELD. VOl18930
C vor 1~q41)
0016 CALL T~~'IS( I,PO,FPTS,f)I,R,THS,PHIS) Vf)IIRq5~
0077 CAll VE~nIF(FPTS,FPTStSlr,El,E2,RSllr,~SZIr,PE,D~A(LA-lJt VOtlc\9bO
<THS,~H(~,q,ETR~D,F~QRO,nRV,RP,RFT~O,MJ,LN,lA. VOIlA910
00113 I F( ~ J • NE• t) .; a Tall) 0 VOIlS9RO
007fl ETSU~:ETSU~+ETRRO VOl 18<)90
0080 FPSU~=~PSU~+fPRQn VOl190flO
OOql JF(lcn~.EQ.O) G8 Tn 100 VDI19010
OOQ2 wRIT~(6,210)l?,lN.L~DGEl VrJ11902'J
OOQ3 CALL V'~PH4(ETRRO,EPQRO) 'lor 1'1030
0084 roo CO~T lr-l'JE VOl19040
0085 2ao FORU~T(2Xt'QEFlECTI~G For~ PlATF·,14,2X.·T~ PlATE',14,2X, '10119050 .
<'A~~ OlFFRACT1NG OFF EOG~',14) VOIIQ06Q
OQaf. C)ETU~N VOII q() 70
OOA1 E"lO VOI 1<)080
 225

FORTRAN IV G LEVEL 21 OATE = 'JI016 l2/45/53

OOOl SURRCUTI~E V~~RIOQV9RS2,RS1,P\,ETSUM,FPSU~) VOllqOqO

OOO? 1~;>lIC(T REAl*q IA-H,O-7J VD1191·10
C VOlL9110
C PURPnSE : VOI19lZ0
C TO C~lCUl~TE THE T~[PlE RFFlfCTED FIELD. VOllqlla
C VD119l4~
C P~R~~ETERS : VOrlQ150
C •• *tNPlIT**«* VOI19160
C Vnr19170
C DRV : PL~T~ n~T~ VDI191QO
c RSI. RS2 : TWO E'IO o"I~TS CF SOURCE VOl19190
C P.\ : SOURCE I N~UT r.U~RE='l T VO [19200
C VnI19210
C ••• OUTPUT*.. VOI19Z?O
C VOl19Z30
C ET~U~, EPSU~ : THEATA A~O PHI cn~PlEX RRR FIELD COMPONE~TS. VOI19Z40
C VDI19ZSry
C ~E'~UfREO suqRnUTI~JES : VOl1Q260
t: vi oc rt , VEr:rnq, VEXIST, 1'4~GE, SOU~CE, VME~GE, V.\~PH~ VDTl'1210
C Vnr19280
C NOTE; RS2,RSl --REVf~SE OROE~ FOR PHASE REVERSAL. VDIIQZ90
C VDI19300
0003 CO~~O~ IAI UPLATf50,~),U~(3),US(]),NPL4TE VDI19310
0004 CO~'4CN IGI FPTSf),ANT'3) VrJIPl32fJ
0005 r.O~~O'l I~I tCO~ VDI19J30
OOOf, CO~~lEX.1~ ETSU~,EP~U~,ETRRR,EP~RR,PA VOl19140
0001 DI ~ E ~I ~ ra1'! R S 1 ( 3 ) ,Q S 2 ( 3 ) , s r ( J », S I I ( 3 J ,S I I I ( J J , UL P ( 3) , UL'J ( 3 ) ,lJ l R ( 3 ) , 'I f) I 1 9 3 5 0
<F.l?(1J,fl1{ll,ElQ(l),OL(]),nZf3J,O]()),QLP(]',Ql11]), VDI19360
<OLO(3),Cl(11,C2(3),QSlIlrf]),RS2II[(3),DRVI50,3) VDI19370
C VOI19380
C INrTI~LIlATTnNS VDI193QO
C VOltQ400
OJO~ ETStJ'4:::{C).,o.) VDI19410
0009 EDS~J'1=fO. ,0.» vot 19420
0010 DO 5 lP=lt~Pl\TF VOl19430
0011 on 60 J?:::1,3 V~t19440
0012 UlPfJ2)=UPl4TfLP,J2) VOIlq4~O
0013 60 FlofJ7):DPVfl o.Z,JZ) VOl 19460
0014 CALL (~\GEI~~T,ELo.Ul~,SI) VOI19410
001C) C\lL VECT~R(f,AMTt~t,Ol) V~Ilq4AO
0016 CAll VECTOQ(4,Dl,UlP,~Z) VOIIQ490
0011 IF(~2fl).LE.~.) Gn TO ~ VDI19500
0018 CALL I"'~GEfPSl,F.LP,tJlPt~SlI[') VDIlq~lO
OOlq C'Ll I~AGE{RS2tELp,ULp,RS2111) vn119~20
007.0 DO 4 L~Lp,~PlATF V0119~30
0021 l~lQ.En.LPt GO TO ~ V0119540
O'lZ?, on ~1 J2=1,1 VDIIQ550
0023 ULQ(J2)=UPL4Tfl1,JZ) VOIlQ560
0024 61 FlQ(J2)=D~V(lQ.2tJ2t votlQ570
0025 CAll J'1AGFfSr,F.lO,UlQ,SIIt VDI19580
0026 C.:\ll VECrtlP c f...S 1,51 t ,01) VOIIQ590
0027 CALL VECTnR(4,Dl,UlQ,OZJ VDIIQ6QO
0028 1~()2(1).lE.O.t ~o TO 4 VOl19610
onz') CALL r..,c\t;E(R<il I It ,ElC,'JltJ,C1J VOllq6~O
0'>30 ChLl I'1AGEfRS?III,F.:lC,UlO.C2J VOIIQ630
003l 00 3 lR:L~tNPl\TE VOl19640
()Q32 IFflR.EQ.LO' GO TQ 3 vntlq6~O
0013 ETR~~a(O.,O.) VOIIQ660
 226

FOR TP .\ 'J I V I; lEV!: l 21 rJ4TE

00',. EPRR~=IO.,O.) VDIIQ67e)

Or')3S no ~2 J2=1, l vnIlqo~O
OOlfl Ul ~ I J2 J -::IJPl ~ T u, ~ ,Jl) vor lQ690
0037 62 ElRCJ2J=npVIlR~!,J?) VfJllt)700
OOJq C~lL T~~GE(Slt.ElR,ULq,S(r() V() I 1q 110
0019 CALL VECT(1P(~,Sf(.SI(I,nl) VDr 19720
0040 CAll V~CTn~r49Dl,Ul~,D2) VOIl9730
0041 fF(u2(1).lE.O.) GO Tn 3 VDIIQ140
00"'2 CALL I~~GE(Cl,EL~.UlR,RSlt'[) vn r 1(751)
0041 C~ll 1~~GE(C~.FlR,ULR.RS2(T[) vot 19160
C VDI19170
C CHEr.~ THE RAY ~ITS ) °LATES • VDr 1975t)
C VOl 19 7QO
0044 CALL V~CTQR(l,Srlr,FPTS,nl) VOl 19'100
0045 LRR==LR VOI19S10
OU46 c 4 Ll VE)( 1ST ( 5 I r I • 0 ~ v, LRR , 1 .'1 LR , 0 1, Ie) YrJl198za
0047 IF(IC.~q.-l.,~n.lRR.EO.l) GO TO 3 VDI198JO
0043 [Flle.EO.-i) GO Tn 3 VO I 19840
004Q C~LL V~CTO~(),511,~lR,ry2) VOl19R50
OO'lO lCQ~lO VOl1QQ60
OO'll CALL VEXISTfSII,ORV,LQQ,l,OLO,D2,IC) VOl19810
00'52 r~fIC.EQ.-l.'~O.l10.EQ.lJ GO TO 3 VDIlqSSJ()
0053 IFIIC.EQ.-1) GO TO 3 VOr198QO
0054 C~LL VFCTQR(3,SI,0LQ,n3) VDllqqOO
0055 lP"~lP VDI19910
00S6 CALL VEXfST(SI.DRVtLp~,1,QlP,03,rCJ VDIL Q 9 2 0
00S7 IF(tC.cQ.-l.'NO.LPP.E~.l) G~ TO 1 VO[19930
0011::3 IF([C.EQ.-l) GO Tn 3 VfJIl9940
c VOI19950
C CHECK 9L~CKAGE FRn~ ~~TE~~~ TO FIRST REFLECTED POINT OLP. VOI1qQ~O
r. VOl19910
0059 IFflP.EC.l) r,~ Tn so VOIlqq90
0060 C~Ll VLOGIICANT,t1l n,ORV,1,LP-1,U1K) VOI1qqqO
0061 IF(lOK.EQ.1)~RtTFf6.201) VD£ZOOOO
0067 IFflJK.EO.l) GO Tn 3 VOIZOIJ10
0063 rF(L~+l.GT.~PL\T~J GO TO 50 Y012'1020
aDA,., C~lL VlrGIl(~NT.DlP,Q~V.lP+l,~PL~TE,LOK) VDI20030
0065 IF(lOK.FQ.l) GO rr. J VO[Z0040
c YOl20050
r. CHECK ~LnCK4GE FRO~THE THIRn REFLECTED PQI~T QlR Tn FPTS. Vf)120060
c VO I 200 70
006~ 50 I F ( l q +-1 • GT • 't P l ArE» \; n TO 5 1 VDI20080
0067 CAll Vl1Grl(0l~,F~T~.nRv,lR+lt~Pl\TE,laK) VOIZ0090
0068 IF(L')'<.FQ.1 )',o1RITE(6,20Z) VO[ZOlOO
OQ6Q IFflu~.EQ.l) GO Tn 3 VDfZOllO
0010 IFfLQ.F.Q.1) GO TO Sl VOI~012()
0071 CAL l VLnG r 1 ( ~~ l ~ , F 0 T S , lJRV, 1 , L ~ - 1 • Lf) K ) VDI20l]D
0072 IF(LnK.F~.1) Gn TO 3 VD[20140
c VOI20150
C CHFCK ~lOCKAGE F~OM QlP TO QlQ. VOI20160
C VDI20170
0073 51 IF(I~8S(LQ-lP).NE.l) GO T~ ~2 VDI201.9f)
0014 C~ll VVERGH'~lo,~l~,lP,lc,nRV,LnK) VfllZ0190
001'; IFflOK.EC.l) r.n TO 3 VOl20200
007~ GO Trl 'is VOl2021Q
0011 ~2 IFfl D.GT.L0) ~o Tn 53 VOI2Q770
00lA calL VLOGllf1lP,QlQ,ORV,LP+l,l0-1,lCK) VDI20230
007Q IF(LOK.EO.1)WRITEf6,203) V01202,.0
 227

VRRR 12/4S/'-'3

oo~o IFfl"K.E·}.l) GO T~ 3 '10120250

OO~1 GO TO "" VOI20lf,O
OOq? 53 Ci\Ll VlOGIlfCLO,'lLP,CRV,ll1t-l,lp-l.LnK) VOIZ0270
OOiJ IFflqK.E~.l' WRtTE(~,203. VD120 7,Qr)
OQR4 IFflQ~.EO.l' uO T~ 1 VfJI202QO
C CHECK ~LOCKAGE FRn~ -OlQ- TO -OlR- • '10(21)]0')
oo~" ~5 tF(t~~S(L1-L~).NE.l) GO TO S6 '10 I 20310
0080 CAll VYE~G~(CL~tQl~.l~,lP,OqV,lOK. '10(20370
OO~l IFflO~.EQ.l) GO Tn 1 VrJI20110
O\lR3 GO Tfl S-1 VDI20J40
oa~Q 56 (F(lQ.~T.LR) GO TO 57 vnt20350
OOQO call Vl0GrlICLQ,QLR,~RV,LOt-l,lR-l,LOK) VOl20160
OQql l~fLr.K.E~.ll w~tT~(b,?04. VOI 2037a
aoq? IFfL01<..F.!}.11 GO T" 1 vot20380
OOQ3 GO TO 'i~ VOI203QO
OOQ"- 51 C\lL VlOGtlCQLR,QL1,ORV,lRt-t.LQ-ltLCK) '10120401)
OOqS (F(l~K.FC.l) WRITE(~,204) VrJI20410
OOq~ IF(L~K.EO.l) GO TO ] VD(204~()
C '10120411)
e TH~ TRIPLE ~FFl~eTEO RAY PASS ALL THE LOGIC TEST. '10120440
c VDI20450
c caLCUL\TFD lYE ELECTRIC FIELD. '1012041,0
OOQ7 58 C'LL T~a~Sfl,~(I(,F~TS,US,R,TETA,PHI) '10120470
004~ C~LL S~URCEtltRS'I[I,RSllrl,lETA,P~(,PA,qtETR~R,EPRRR) VOI204RO
009 0 ETSJ ;J: ~T SIJ'4 +ETRRR VOI204QO
010,) F~SJv:~~SU~+FoRRR '1017.051)0
01111 tF(TCr~.EQ.O) GO r~ 1 VOl20510
0102 wRITE(A,?10)lP,LQ,l~ VDI20520
01u1 C'LL V1~PH~(F.TRRRtE?RRR. '10120530
0104 3 co NT t'I'JE '10[20540
Olfl'i 4 r.O\JT I N;JE VDI20SS0
0106 'i Ca~T IP>.JUE VD[20'560
01J1 20n FnR~ATf2X.'TRIPlE REFlECTE~ FIELD FRa~ Pl~TE',I5t2~,tTO PLATE', '10120510
<['5,2'(,'TO PLATF' ,I';) VI11205RO
Oll')~ 201 Fn~~ATf!Xt'~EEO HIGHER ~nDE FIELD -nR~~-') VOl20SQO
JIOY aoz Ft'JcP'dTf2Xt'~:FEn HIGHER ~CnE FIELD -RPRO-') '10(20600
011 '.l ~,)3 Ff"R·~.'\r(2~, '~EEO HIGHER '1nnE FIELn -ROR~-'» VOI2061il
0111 204 F~Q~AT(2~t'NFEO HrG~FR ~nD~ FIELQ -RROR-') '10120620
0112 ~ETuR~ '10120630
011 J f'Hl VOI~Q640
 228

FO~ r~.\·" [" lcV~l ?1 12/4'>/51

SU~RJUTr~E V~FR~H(PltP2.Ll.L?,lRVtLn~) V')(Z0650

I'1 PLICIT ~~\l·q(A-H,O-l) VOI?06'l'l
c VOIZfJ67f)
C PUR?OSE VO(2f)6~O
C TO nETER~I~E WHFTHFR TH~ EnGE FnR~EO AY ~ERGING PLATES VOlZu6QO
C 8l0CXS THE R~Y. VOIZ0100
C VOlZfJ710
C P~R~U(TERS : VOl20720
C ••• I~~urs •••• VDIZ0130
C VDI20140
C Pi : po,,,r n~ Pl~TE II VI)I~0750
C °2 : P~INT nN Pl~TE L7. VOI207f,()
e l l , l2 : qEFlECTr~~ PL4TES VOIZ'J170
C DRV : PLATE nAT~ vOIia1~()
c VOl207QO
c .~*I)UTPurc;.\\. VOI20800
C LOK : CoryE~ FOR ~Lnr.K~r.E. VOIZORiO
C lOI< ;z -1 f~tlT 8l0CI(): ~ 1 (~LnCK). VOIZ0820
C VOIZOQ10
0003 n I '.. F. 'I S ( O"J ctF F ( 1 ) • I') 1 r ) » , '12 ( 3 ) • P 1 , 3 ) , P 2 ( J ) , Q ( 3 ) • 0 RV( 50 , 3 ) , V0120,Q40
<EOGEl'\),ElGE2()J VOIZO~50
000.,. REF( 1):0. VOl ?O~6'1
OflOC; REFfZ)=L. VDIZ0810
OOO~ ~J:Ff"3 )='1. VDI20RRO
OJ'J1 C'LL VF.CT~R(1,Pl.?2,Dl) VD[ZOaQO
OOO~ lOK=-l VOf209'JO
OJOQ IF'll.~T.L2) GO TO 100 V[}[Z09l0
0010 nn 1 J2=I,1 VDl20Q20
0011 EOGEl(J2)=~RV(L2·~,J2) vor zos to
0012 EQGE2(J2)=~RV(l2·?)-l,J2) vnI 2·1Q40
0011 GO TO c;J VIJIZl'}q.,J
0014 100 DO 2 J2=l,3 VOTZ0960
001C; enGE1(J2)=ORV'Ll*Z,JZ) VflrZOq7()
0016 2 EDGE2(J2)=ORV«(ll*?)-l,JZ) V012()Q80
nOI1 50 CALL l~rRSr.(E'Gel,REF,Pl,Ol.0,tr.) VOIZOqQQ
OOlR t F ( (C. EO. 1» ~ ~ TU~ N VOIZIOOO
OOtq IFf1().LE.EDGElfl» LOK:l VDI21010
0112') RETUR"l VOl21020
OOll E~f) VOl21030
 229

FORTPA~ tv '. IF:VFl 21 VFPlfF t)~TE = Q1016

0001 s UR R0 tJ T t 'J F VET n r F tiE flG F , DRV t DWl\ t nR c; , n P E , TH C;, PHI S, q , r T'J r , EO0 T ) VDIZlfJ40
OOOl t~PLIClr ~E~l.q(4-~.0-l) \lDIZ1050
C VDI21060
C PUR~nSE : Tn ~~lCUl~TE TH~ TOT4l n[FF~4eTEQ FIELD VOl21070
C VDT210AQ
C P d RA .~ E T ERS : VDIl10QO
C ·**[NPlJTS*** Vr)[ZllOa
r IfOGE : 'RR~Y TO Ir")E~TIFY DrFFP~CT~O EOGES \10121110
c: nw~ 'PD~Y t WEnG~ ~N~l=S VOl21120
C ORV PLATE nATA VOl21130
C Q~S ~~RAY CO~TAt~s I\~TENN~ TWO END AND CENTER POI~TS VOl21140
C DPF SOURCE INPUT CUP~ENT '1012l1';0
C THS, PHIS, R: THFTA ~~n PHI ANGLES lV'It) r')IST~"lCE vorZt16o
C '1EASUREfl F~f)'i I\Nfr.\lNt\ i ocvr m» r o f)~SERVAITnN pnr~JT Vf1121170
C VO[21180
C ···QUTPurs*** VO[21190
C ETOT, ~Pr")T : THETA ~ND PHI CO~PlEX FIELD COMPONE~TS \10121200
C VOl21210
c PE0Ut~EO SUARnUT'~~S : VfJI2122fJ
r. I~~GE, TR~~S, VA~PH~t "qFTAt VORR, VECTnp, V~~~(F, VOl21230
c VEXIST, VL~Grl. VLOGI2, V2DIF. VOl21240
c VO[21250
0003 r; 'J'1 ...,) N /1/ I , "3» ,U N( 1) , USC ) t ~ P l aTE
JP l AT r Ci a VDI 2 1 2 60
0004 CL~~Q~ I\CI JDtF,JDQ,JORC,JOO,JOOR,J0RR VOl21270
OOOS CO"1".O'J IGI FPTS(3)t~NT(31 \10(21280
0006 cn~~u~ I~I ICON vnI21290
0007 CQ~~ON IRf~ll JREDI(50,3),JREQR(5f)t]J,~REP,NW \lD121300
0003 CO~PLEX.1~ ~TOTtEP~TtSU~T,SUMP,ETDR,EP0RtOPE(50),ETno,EP'O,ETORD,V3121110
<Eo oR [l, E TDO:~ t F. TOP R , E P f') ~ P t F=,> 0 f) R \I 0 I 2 1 3? Q
0009 Or"'E'ISIlJN Ul(3),U7(3),OQV(C)O,3),DWt\(50),f)RSrC;O,6),DPTr~»t \10121330
<UQ ( "3 ) t ~ S 1 ( 1) t R S ~ ( J J , R" ( ] » ,R~ 1 ( 3) t 1 EOGE ( 5') ) t C r 3) tel ( 3 ) , VO (21340
<OO(),1Pl(1),QPZ(l).El(1"E2()t,E3(),E4C3) \10121350
C '10121360
C INtTI ~ll!~Trr1NS \l01Z1370
C '1:)(21330
0010 SUM T:: , !) • ~ , :) • 0) V~(213qo
001 t su»P =( f) • 0 ,1. 0 J \lr")[21400
0012 ETQT=().,O.) '10121410
001) EPDT:'O.,O.) VI)121420
0014 ETDR=(O.,O.) VOl21430
0015 E?OQ=(O.,o.) VOl21440
OOlf, (TOD=(O.,O.) VO[~1450
I)Q17 EPOO= (11. , 0. ) VOl21460
0019 EToqn=(l).,O.J VDI21470
0019 FPOQO=fO.,'J.) VD[214~0
0020 ET"JDR=(O. ,0.) \10121490
0021 E°r)'1R=(O.,O.1 VOl21500
0022 ETORQ=(O.,O.) VO[21510
0023 EPORQ=(l).,u.) vnl21520
C '10121530
C ~ETUP 1~TE~N4 LCCATI~N. '10121540
C VOI21SC)O
0024 no ]117 J: 1, J \10[21560
0025 RS1( J)=f)~S( I,J) '10121570
0026 RS7( JJ=nDsr 1,J+lt vnrZ1580
0')21 302 conr I NU~ Vf')121590
C VDI21600
C THIS T~ THE -,t'\IN leap FOP OIFF~4r.TF.O FIElO AND "0[21610
 230

FORTR~N IV G LEVEL 21 VETDIF O~TE = AI076 12/45/51

c ~LSO Cr.~BtN~Tln~5 OF QIFFR~CTt'-RFFLECTE0 FIELD. V0121~2Q

c '10121630
002f3 V0121f)40
c '10121650
c E~GE CK2) a~o Dl~TE ClP) REl~TIC~. vnt2166()
C '10121670
002Q K2=L P*2 V01216~O
0030 IF(tEOGE(L~-l).EQ.a) GO TO 3qJ VOl216QO
0031 00 30 t J 1:: 1 • ) VOJ21700
0012 RM(J2)=nRV(K~.J7) '10[21110
OJ33 ]0 1 Q~1(J?=ORV(K2-1,J2) Vr,t21120
C \10121110
C ll~1 ~EFINEn A WEDGE ~Nn ~N ~~GF. RET~EE~ THOSE \lnI21140
C TwO WERE THE ONE TH~r ~EFINEO ~ DIFfRACTED POINT. \lOIZ11Sll
C VOt~1760
001" lIM1=L?-1 VOI21710
003'; IF(J11~.E~.1) GO TO 306 '10(21180
OO'3~ CALL VBFT~(~~T.FDTStQ~.RUltOPT,BET~) vnI21790
0037 CALL TR~NS(l.nPTtFPTS,U~.~,TH).p~IS) VO[218QQ
003~ MJ=l VOl21810
0\)39 ITE .... p=O VOI21320
c VOl21830
C CAL CUL :\ T ~ 0 S I ~I GL V- 0 t F FRAe TEn F I st o VrJIZ1840
C (~lnCKA:;E TESTS .\RE PE~FCS:P~Efl IN SU~RCUTINE VE'1'JIF). VOl218CiO
C VOl21860
Ofl4Q C4Ll VE~OIF(fPTS.FPTS,AMT,p~.R~1,~Sl,PS2,OPE(1),aWA(LP-l),THS. VOl2l810
<PHtS,P,ETQT.EPOT,ORV.DDT,BET~,~JtITE~P,LP) '10121890
0041 [ F C" J • "U: • 1) GO rn 3 a6 VOI21gqO
c VOI21900
c AOOEO DIFFRACTED FIELD. VOI21Q10
c VO[21q~a
0042 SU~T=5U"'T+FT!)T VOI21Q1Q
01)43
SU"1P::<;U~P"r:POT Vf)I21Q40
0044 IFClcrN.LF.oa r,O TO 306 VOl21Q50
()045 "RITE(~t200' '(2 VDI21Q60
0046 CALL VA~PHACETOT,EPOT) VO(ZlQ11
c VOI?1980
r. THIS IS THE ~~lN lon~ FOR otFF~ACTF.o-REFLECTED FIELO • VOI21gqO
c IF O~IE- Wl\~TS TJ H~VE B4CK-WJ\~n OR FtElO , VO(22000
c ONE ~UST CHA~GE ; lJ:LPt~PlATE TO LJsl,~PL~TE. VOl22010
C V[l(22020
OOltl 306 IST=lP+l VOl22030
0048 IF(IST.GT.NPl~TE) GO TO 300 VOl~2040
OQ4Q 00 304 LJ:IST,N?LATE VOI22050
001i0 00 J 05 J 2= 1, 3 VOl2206Q
0/')51 U1 (J 2» =tjPL 1 T CLJ ~ J2) vnI22Q70
0')');- U2(J?»~nRVCLJ·2,J11 Vni220~O
OOS3 30S CONT [NIJf VOl220QO
C VOl22100
C THE tiPRI\Y OF .JRF.fll'.,.' CONT~ 1"S THE lnGIC INFO~~4T(tJ~ VOl22110
C ~HETYFR THE ntFF~ACTF~ RAY'S POSSIRLE. VOl2Z1Z0
C JREOIC*,*) 2 0 ~o ~E'NING VOI22130
C = 1 ~~y ~E EXISr~~ Vf)12Z140
C a -1 ~OT POSSIBLE T~ EXIST. Vf)12~150
C '10122160
0054 tF(J~F.d[tLP-lt~W).~Q.-l' GO TO 304 VOl22110
C VDJ221~O
C IMAGE FIELD POINT TO THE ~Ef-PlATF (lJI ~NO CHEr.K .HETHER Vf)[Z21QO
 231

FORTR~~ IV ~ LEVEL 21 VETnlF DATF. ;:: 81011) 12/45/'53

C TH\T POt~T llFS RELOW A PLANE CONTAI~S °LATF lJ. val22200

C VDI22210
0055 C\LL I~AGECFPTStU2tUl,Uq) VO{22220
OOSh C~LL VECTQ~C6,F~TS,UR.Cl) VQl2223n
0057 C\LL VECTOR(4,Cl,U1,C) VDI22240
OOS~ IF(CC1).LE.O.) GO T~ )16 VOl22250
0059 C~LL V~FT~('NT,UR,q~,~~l,DDT,~F.T\O) Vryl22260
006') CALL TRA~S(ltD~T,UR,IJS,R,THSt~HrS) VOl2?270
C VDI222AO
C CHECK [~AG1NG OF A OIFFR~CTtON POINT (DOT) LIES BElO~ THE PLA~E LJ.VDI222Qa
c vaI22300
0061 CALL t~~Gf(DPT,U2,U1tOO) VOl22JIO
0062 C~LL VECTn~(6.coT,OO,C1) VOl22320
0063 CALL VFCTnR(4,Cl,Ul,C) vn122310
0064 IF(CC1).LE.~.) GO Tn 304 vot22340
0')6'5 CALL VEr.T~~(J.OPT,UR,Cl) VOl22350
c VDt~2360
C CHECK THE RF.FlECTEO POI~T ec) WITHI~ r~E REFLECTED 0lhTE LJ. VDI22370
C VOl223QO
0066 J22:lJ VOI22JqO
0067 CALL VF.X[ST'OPT,O~V,J22.1,C,Cl,IC) VDI22400
OJ6R IF(tCC~.EQ.1)WRtTF.(6,210) LJtICt(C(J?),J~=l,l) VDI22410
006Q 210 FO~~~T(' REF PlATF',tln,' CUT 1',[5,' INTEqSECT AT',3020.l0) VDI22420
001fl IF(J22.EQ.l.ANO.IC.E0.l) ~o TO 316 vnI224l0
0011 IF(IC.FQ.-1J GO TO 316 VOI22440
C VOI22450
C CHECK qlOC~AGE BETWEEN OPT TO C. VD122460
C VOI22410
0012 tF(J0~.EQ.1) GO TO J16 vnI22480
0:)13 IFlt~BS(LJ-lP).~~.lJ GO TO 310 VOI224QO
0074 CALL V~EPGH(OPTtCtlP,lJtnRV,L~K) VOI22500
0015 IF(LOK.EQ.l) GO TO 316 VOI22510
0076 GO TQ 308 VOf225?O
0011 ]10 CALL VLOGtl(OPT,r.,ORV,lP+1,LJ-l,LOK) VDI22530
0078 IF(LOK.EQ.l) GO TO 316 VOl22540
0019 3~8 lSTA~T~LJ+l VOI22550
OORO IF(tSThRT.GT.~PL~TE) GO TO 313 VOI22560
C VDI22570
C CHECK 3lClC·\KGE F~OM C TO FIELD POINT FPTS. VDI22580
C VOI22SQO
OO~l ChlL VlCr,Il(C,FPTS,~RV,IST~RT,NPlaTE,LaK) VOI27600
OO~2 IF(LOK.EQ.l) GO TO 316 VOI226l0
00A3 313 lST~~=l~-2 VOl2262a
0084 IFCIsrnp.lT.l) GO TO 314 VDI22630
C VOI2?640
C CHFCK BLJCKAGE FR~~ ~NTENNA TO OIFF~ACTION POINT (OPT). VDI226S0
C VDI226hO
00.15 C~Ll VLOGI1(DOT,A~T,O~V,1,ISTOPtLOK) VOl22610
0086 IFllOK.EO.l) GO TO 31~ vor22680
ooa7 314 ~J=~ VOI226QO
0088 CALL V~~DIFIUR,FPTS,~~T,P.M,R~ltRS2tPSl,~Pf(1.9Dw~tLP-1},THS,PHIS, VOI221JQ
<R.ET~q,EPOR,D~v,nPT,8ETAO,~J,lJ,LPJ VOl22710
IF(~J.~E.l) GO TO 116 VDt221?O
C VOl22130
C AonEO C[FFRACTEO-REFlECTEn FIEl~ • VOl2274Q
C VOI22750
OOqO SU~T=SU~T+ETnR VOl22160
0091 SU~P:SIJ~P"EPO~ VOl2217fJ
 232

VETot~ O~TE ::z RI01b 12/45/';3

OOQ2 tF((Cr.~~.LE.O) GO rn 116 VOl227fiO

009) WRITE(A,2·11) K2,lJ VOI217QO
00<14 C~LL V~~PH'tFTOR,EPOq, V~122800
OOqS 116 Ifr~PlATE.lT.~) GO TO lJ4 Vf){228l0
C VOI22A20
C CAlC~L~TE ORR FIELDS RY RauTt~E VORP.. V0122~10
C VOI22Q4Q
OOC)6 IFrJDR~.EQ.l) GO T~ 3\7 VOI22~50
00<)1 C\LL VDRRC0RV,RSl,RS2.~PE(1),DW~(LP-1J,LP,LJ.ETn~R, VlJI22860
<E P a R. 9 ) VI)(22870
OQqq 5 U'A r = SU\4 T + E T 0 Q R VDI22830
009<1 5U'1t>=$IJ .... P+E~ORR VOl22S90
0100 317 JST.\RT==LJ+Z V~I22900
0101 IF(J5T~RT.GT.~PlATE.nq.JnQO.EQ.l) GO TO 304 VOIZ2910
c VOl22920
c THIS 15 TH~ ~~IN lOOP FnR ~tFFR~CTEO-oEFlF.CTED-DIFFRACTEO VOIZ2930
c FI~lD CALCUl4TtON. NO t~TE~SIO~ TO HAVE 8ACKWhRO FtElD OR VOI22940
c HA~OlE TIlTE~ PLATES. VOI2Z950
c VDI22Q60
OL02 DO SOO lR:JSThRT,NPl\TE VDI22910
0103 IF(JQfDtILP-l.NW) 500,506,506 VrJI7.Z<1SlJ
0104 LI ~4.: L~-1 vor'-Z990
OlOS L I ,~c:; =l R VOI23000
Ol(}6 LR2=LQ*2 VDI23010
0101 LP3=LR2-l VrJI23020
C VOI23030
C 5ET-UO SECO~~ OtFFR~CTEO FOGE INFOR~ATION • VIJI23040
C VOI230S0
0109 00 51)1 J2=1,3 VOJ2301l0
0109 E3(J2):QRVILR2,J2) VOl23010
0110 501 E4(J2)=~RVILR3,J2) VOl2JORO
0111 C~lL t~\GErEltU2.UltEl) VfJI2J090
0112 CALL t~~GEIE4tU7tUl.E2) VDI23100
c vnl2311Q
C CHECK SECr-NO OtFFQ~CTEO EDGE MUST LOC~TE ~BOVE THE VIJI23120
C ~EcL~r.TI~G °LATE LJ • VDI2313/)
C VOI23140
0113 C~ll V~CTaR(6,F'.EltCl) VOl23150
0114 CALL VECTQR(4,Cl,tJl,ct VOI21160
o l15 IFIC(I).lE.O.) Gn TO 500 VOIlJ170
C vnlZ3180
C F I '10 ') IFF RAe T ION POI ~! T 5 I n. P 1, no 2 ) • VDI231QO
C VOIZ3200
011 S CALL V2fJIFCANT,IJR,R..... R.. 1.El,E2,OP1,OP2,9ETA) VOI23210
C VDIl322fl
C CHECK THE REFlECTI~G 00I~T WHICH ~UST AE LOCATED WITH t~ THE VOIZ323()
C REFLECTING PLATE lJ. VOI2J240
C VO[23250
1111 CALL VECTOP(3.~Pl.OP2,no) VOIZ3260
0118 LJJ=lJ VOl23270
011 q C~lL VEXISTCOP1,ORV,LJJ,1,OPT.nO,IC) VO{212~O
QIZO If(LJJ.EQ.l.~~n.IC.FQ.l) GO TO 500 Vr')(23290
0121 IF'IC.~0.-1) GO TO ~OO VOl23300
()172 CALL t~AGE(OP2,U~,Ul,Cl) VDI21JIO
0123 IF(I~RSCLJ-lPt.E~.l) GO TO ~02 VOl23320
C VOIZ3330
C CHEC( BLOCKAGE FRO~ FIRST ~tFFRACTEn POINT T~ REFLECTING PLATE LJ. VflIZ3340
C VOl233S0
 233

FORTR\~ IV G LEVEL 21 VETOIF D~TE 31076 lZ/45/53

012" l I \·127.=LP+ 1 VOl23360

0125 IFCL(~?Z.GT.N~l~TF) GO TO c;Ql vnl21370
( \lllh CALL VlnGI1(C~1.nf'Ttnqv,lt"1?l,LJ-1,lOl<» VfJI233QO
0127 IF(L~K.FQ.l) GO TO ~aa V0123310
Ol28 502 IF([~BSCLI~4-lJ).F~.1. GO T1 ~Ol VO[23400
( C Vfll7.3410
C CHEC~ RL0CK~GE FRn~ REFLECTl~G PLATE lJ TO SEf.ONn VOl23420
C nIFFRACTlr~ pat~T. VOl23430
( C VDI23440
012Q LJ1=LJ+1 VOf2345Q
01]0 IF(LJl.GT.~PL'TE' GO TO ~OJ VDI2146·')
( 0131 CAL L V LOG ( 1 f 0;) T, C1 , nRV• l J 1 , L I '14- 1 , L0 K » vnrZ3410
0\37 IFCLOK.EQ.l) Gn Tn c;oo VOl234QO
r. vnlZ3490
C CHECK ~L~CK~GE FRO~ SECnNO OIFFR\CTION POINT TO FIELD POr~T. Vot23~OO
C VOI23510
0111 503 1ST ART::: L( \~ 'i to 1 VflI235ZQ
vI) .. IFfISTART.GT.~~t~TF.) GO Tn 514 vaI2353')
011'i C~lL VlnG(lfCl.FPTSt~RVt(~TARTtNPL~TF,LOK) V012354f}
0136 IF(LOK.EO.l) GC TO 500 VOI23550
0137 IFCL~.LE.7) GO TO 504 VOl2J5bO
OllQ CALL VlnGl\(CltFPTStDRV,1,L~-2tlOK) VDI23510
0139 IFfLOK.EQ.l) GO Ta 500 VOI2l5RO
C vor235QO
C CHECK BLOCK~GE FR~~ THE FTRST arFFPACTI~N POI~T TO ANTEN~~. VDI23600
C VDI236l0
0140 504 ISfOP:LP-2 VDIZ3620
0141 IF(ISTO~.lT.l.QR.JREOI(lP-lt~Wl.F.~.l)GO TO 505 vnl23630
0\42 C~Ll VlOGll(~NT,OPltnRVtl.(STCPtLC~) VOI23640
1143 IF(LOK.EC.l) GO TO ~oa VOI23650
o 144 505 ~J=O VOI23660
C VOI23610
C C~LCUL:\TE T~'F D~I) FllEOS. vnI23680
C V01236<}O
014~ CALL TRANS(ltOPltnDT,UStR,T~S,PH[S) VOl21100
0146 C~LL VE~~IF(~P2.0P2,~NTt~M,R~1.RS2tRSltOPErl)90W~(LP-l).THS,PHIS, VOI23110
<RtET)RQ.E?ORo,ORVtnpltaET~.~JtLPtLP) VDI237Z0
0147 IF(~J.~E.lt GO TO SOO VOl23710
J14'3 CALL TR ~ "I S « 1 9 C 1 • F P TS , US, R t THS , P", IS) vnT23140
01'.<1 CALL r~aGE(DPltU2,Ult'1' VOI23150
OlCit) CALL I~AGF.«~NT,U2tUltC) VDI21760
0151 MJ=2 VOI2377()
11152 C~lL Vf~OtF{FPTStr.tOOtEl.E4,PS1,RSZtDPE(1)tO:~A(LR-l).THS,oHIS, VOI23180
<qtETQRO,EP~RDtOPV,C1t~ETAt~J.lR,lR) VDT231QO
01C\3 [F(~J.~F.1) GO TQ ~oo VOI238-JO
01'54 Su~ T= SU '01 T + F TOR 0 VOI23810
J155 SU~P= SU...P +F. oO~ 0 VOI23A20
0156 IF(tCn~.lE.O) GO TO sao VOr23R30
0157 WRITEC6 t l 0 Q ) K2,lJ,lRl VOl23840
0158 CALL VA~PH~(ETORntFPORD) vot23850
015Q sao cnvr I ~~UE VDI23R60
0160 30t\ CO~TrNUE VOl23870
0161 312 tF(~~LATE.lT.4) GO TO 3~O vnrZ3880
C VOI23AqO
r: THIS IS THF. '4AIN lOOP FO~ OflUglV-O(FFR&\CTEO FIELO. V01239C10
c VOIZ3910
fl16Z NST=LPtoZ Vn[23QZ0
0163 IF(~ST.GT.~Pl~TE) GO TO 100 VflI23Q30
 234

FORTR~N IV LEVFL 21 VETon; 12/4')/'53

01~4 0., .. " 0 L,. '2 '11)T• ~ p l ~ TF VO(23940

o 1"5 1Ft L '4. E;}• L I U 1 • a ~ • L't • F.Q. f l"" 1 )) GOT a 400 VD[23950
016~ IF(L~.EC.lD.O~.JREnr(LP-l.~W).fQ.-l)~o TO ~oo VOl23960
0161 l P~'::l \4-1 VOIZ3970
0163 ll~4:l~ VDI23QRO
c VOIZ39QO
c SET-UP EOG':S r~FOR~~Trn~s • Vf)(24000
c VDI24010
0169 LP2~LP·2 VOI24020
0110 l'1l:l~·2 VOI24030
o 111 DO ~0 1 J 2-= 1 • 3 VOI24040
0112 ElfJ~)=DRV(lP2tJ2) VfJI24050
0113 E2(J2)=DRV(LP}-ltJ~' VDl24060
011 .. F)(J?):~RV'l~ltJ2t vnf24010
0175 f4(J2)~ORV(L~2-1tJ2) VOl240AO
0116 4J 1 C!JNTINtJF Vr)[24090
C V0124l0()
C FtN~ ~rFF~~CT1NG ~OI~TS ON 8QTH FOGES DEFINED qy cnR~ERS VOI241l0
C (El&E2 ; E1E:E4). VO[24120
C VDI24130
0177 C~lL V~D(~(ANT,F~TStEl.E~.EJt~4,n?1,~P2,BET~) VOl24140
0118 lPP1lLo-2 VOl2415fl
0119 IffLP~.LT.l.GR.JRE"I(LO-lt~W).EQ.l)GO TO 402 VD124L60
c VOl24110
c CHEC~ BLOCKAGE FRO~ PL~TE O~E TO lPP. VO(241RO
c VOI241qO
CALL VLOGtlra~TtOPltDRV,ltLPP,LOK) VOl24200
rFfLOK.E~.l) GO TO 400 Vr:>I24210
c V"f24220
r. CHECK RlOCKAGE ~~rHEE~ THE TWr) E'JGES. VOl24230
c VOl24240
01~2 4tl2 tFrta8S(L~-LP).GT.2) GO TO 404 VOI24250
01'31 C~LL V~ERJH(OPlt~P2.lP.LH-l,aRVtLr.K) VrJI24260
01q4 IffLOK.EC.l) GO Ta 400 VOJ24210
013'5 G'1 TO 403 VOI24280
01el" 404 C~LL Vlo~tl'OP1,OP2,DPVtLP+l,L~-2,LnK) VDl24290
0191 IF(LaK.EQ.l) GO TO 400 Vf)(24300
o1QQ 403 IST\RT=L"+l VOl243l0
01 ~q IF(tST~RT.~T.~PL~TF) GO TO ~~6 vot24320
1)190 IFfJ~D.E1.1) GO TO 401 VOl24330
C VDI24340
C r.H=CK ~LOCK~r.F FRn~ THE SfCOND OIFFRACTED EDGE TO THE VOI24350
C LAST PLATE (~PlATE). VDI24360
C VDI24",7'l
0191 C~lL VLOGI1(np2tFPTS,ORVttST\RT,NPl~TE,LOK) VDI24380
Ol<?l IFfLnK.EO.1) GO Tn 605 VOl243QO
0193 4-06 "J~a Vr')124400
0lt'~4 C~lL TR~NS(1,~Pl,~P2,US,R,THStOHIS) VDI24410
c VOl24420
c CALCULATf OnUBlY-DIFFR4CTfO FIELD. VDt24430
c VOl24440
CAL L VE ~r') IF ( OP2, OP;Z t A~T, E1 t EZ, RS1 ,P S2, DPE( 1 ) ,O'rlfd L P-l ) t THS, vnl24450
<PHtStPtETDntEPnOtn~V.OP1,~ErA,~JtLPtLPI V')(Z4460
0196 IF(~.J.NE.l) GO TO 400 VDI24410
01Q7 CALL rR~rjS( 1 ,I')P2.FIJTS,US.R.THS,PHIS) VO[244~O
Olq~ MJ·Z VOl244QO
Olqq C~ll VF~DtF(FPTS,'~T,OD1,~3tE4tRSlt~S2,nPE(1ItDW~(L~-1).THSt VOl24500
(PHIStR,ETOOtFO~~,ry~VtDPZtqET~,MJtL~tl~1 VO[24510
 235

FORTP"~ rv G LEVEL 21 V~TOIF r)ATE ~1l)76 12/45/51

0200 1Ft 'A J • '4E • 1 ) GO TO 400 vnl24520

C VOll4530
C a.r)t) ED nOURLY-OIFFR~CTE~ FIFl!). VO(24540
C VDI2lt550
0201 SU'1 T~ SU~ T-s rno VD124'i6Q
0202 SU~P=SUMP+':POO VI)124510
01.(1) IFttC(1~.lE.·') GO Tn 407 VDl24S80
0204 WRITE(A,2J4) l P 2, L~42 VOl24590
02015 CALL V~'1PH~(F.TCDt~~OOa Vf)(24600
0206 407 CO/l..TIN~E VOI24610
0207 605 IF(~Plt\TE.LT.C;) fiO TO 4QO V'1i"2462Q
020A MST::l·Y+l VOf24610
020Q IF ( ...ST. G T• ~Pl ~ TI:. OR. J'lOR. E Q. 1» GO TO 400 VOl24640
C VQI~46S0
C THIS IS THE ~~I~ LOOP FOR ~[FFR~r.TFn-OIFFRACTEo-REFlECTEO VrlI24660
C (OOR) FrEL!). VOI24610
C N~TE; SEVEHAl 9l0CKAGE TESTS 4~E PERFOR~EO IN DO RAY TEST. VDT246~O
C Vfll24690
OZ 10 on ~00 LS=~ST,MPlATE VOl24100
0211 IFCJ~Enl(lP-t,N~).EQ.-l) GO TO ~OO V0124710
0212 LS2::LS~2+2 VDI24720
021~ 00 ~ 11 1 J 2== 1 , 3 VOl24730
0214 U1CJ2)=UPlAfflS,J2l VO I 241'.0
0215 601 U2(J2)=D~V(lS2,J2' VOl24750
C VDI24760
C FIEl~ pot~T CFPTSJ AND SEca~D DIFFR~CT(~G GOINT (np2) MUST VDI24170
C LIE O~ THE ~QS(TtVE HALF PL4NE WHICH INCLUDES PLATE LS. VO(2478Q
C VOI247QO
021A CALL PotAGE( FPTStU2.Ul,U~) VDI24800
0211 CALL VECTo~r6,FPTStUR,C\) VDI2481iJ
021 ~ C!\ll VEC T"R(4,Cl,Ul,C) VDI24820
021Q IF(CCl).lF.O.' GO TO 600 VO(24830
Olza CALL V20JFr~NT,URtEl,F2,El,E4tOPL.OP2tBET~) VOl24840
0221 CALL I~~GE(~P2,U2,Ul,~O) VDI24850
0222 C~lL VECT0~(6,OP~,10,Cl) VOI24860
0223 CALL VECT0R(4,Cl,U1,C) VDI24870
O~~1t 1f=(C(l).lE.I).) GO TO "00 Vfll248RO
0225 CALL V~CTnR(l,CP2tUR,Cl) VOl24FJQO
C VOI24900
C THE ~EFLECTEO POI~T Ie) ~UST LIE O~ THE REFLECTING VOl24910
C PL~TE lS. VOf24920
C V'JI24930
0226 J22=LS VDI24940
02?7 CALL VFXIST(DP2,ORV,J2Z,l,C,Cl,Ir.) vor24950
022CJ IF(J22.EC.l.~Nn.IC.F.Q.l) GO TO 600 VO 12',.960
0229 IFfIC.F-O.-l) ~o TO 600 VO[24910
c VrJI24980
C CHECK ~LnCKAr.~ FRO~ OP2 TO REFlECTIN~ POI~T C. VOI249Qa
C VOI25000
0230 IF(lS-L~.LE.l) GO Tn 602 VOl25010
0231 ISTt\~T=~ST VOl25020
0232 ISTOP=Lc;-l V1112'i030
0233 CALL VLQGIl(OD,-,CtnRv,tsTART,(ST~P,LOK) VOl 25(l40
023/t IFIL~K.EQ.l) GO TO 600 VOl250S0
C VOl25060
C CHFCK ~lOCK4GE FROM REFLECTING ?OI~T TO FIELD POI~T. VOl25070
C VOl2'iOBO
023'5 602 IST~QT=LS+l VD1250~1J
 236

FO~TOAN IV G lEVFl 21 VETOIF O~TE :: ~l01& 12/45/53

()23~ (F(IST\RT.~T.NPl~TE. GO TO 6Jl VnIZ'iIOa

0237 ~4Ll Vl~~tl(C.FPT~.ORV.tST~RT.~Pl~TE,l~K) Vrl(25110
0239 IF(lrK.E~.1) GO TO 6~O VOI25120
0219 (F(LS.EQ.tl CO Tn 603 V012511f)
024 4
'
CALL VlnGI1(C.FoTS,ORV.l,LS-l,lO~) VOl25140
0241 IFILOK.EQ.l) GO TO 600 '101251'>0
0242 61)) CALL TR~NS(1.OP2,U~,US,~,THS.P~IS) '10125160
C VOl25170
C CALCULATE ODR flEln. V012'i180
C V0125190
Ol4) ~J:O '10125200
02 .. 4 C~lL Tq~NS(1,nPl,np2,us,R,TH~,OHIS) VOl252lQ
0245 C~ll VE~nIF(np?,np~,~NT.El,E2,RS2.RS1.JPE(1),~WA(LP-l),THS, VOI21)Z20
<PHtS,PtETDOR.~oOOR,nRV,OP1,~ETA,MJ,lP,Ln) VOI25230
024" IF(·~J.'JE.l) GO TO bOO VOl25240
0247 "J~2 '10125250
02\~ CALL VESnIF(UR,ANT,nol,El,F4,RS1,RS2,DPE(1),OWA(l~-1),THS,PHIS, V0125?60
<R,ErJnR,EPnn~.OQV,OP2,PETAt~J.LS,L~) '10125270
0249 IF(~J.~E.l) ~o Tn 600 Vf)(25280
c '10[25290
C AOOE',) rot' FtElO. VDI251t)Q
C VOl25"1l'J
02'50 SUUT::SU'1T +ET"10Q VOl2532Q
02'51 su~p-=su~P..t°I)OI:t VOI25330
02';2 IFfIr.ON.lE.OI GO TO 60G VOl25340
0253 WRITE(6t211~ LPZ,l~?LS VOf25350
0254 CALL V\~~H~(~TOnR,FPOOQ) '10125360
025'; 600 CC~T I ~'UE VOI25310
0256 4flO CONTl\JUF. '10125180
0251 300 CONT£NlJE VOl25390
02C;~ 303 ETr)T= SU"',r V012C;400
02SQ EOOT=SIJ'~P VOI?5410
026/) IF(Ir.GN.LE.n) en TO 301 VO[25420
0261 ,... RITE(6,2021 VOl25430
OZ62 C~ll V~~PH~(ETCTtEPOT) VOl25440
0263 301 CO~JT I ~JUE VOI?5450
02~4 ZOO FOR~~T(2X,'1tFFRACTF~ CFF EnGE',14) VrJI25460
0265 202 Fnq~~T(/,2Xt'TH~ FIELD CONTRI~UTtn~S FROM ~, o~, ORO, 00,', VOl25410
<, OQR, ~NO OR~ aRE'. VOl254BO
02f,1-- 2fJ3 FOR~~T(2X,·OIFFRAr.TEO ~FF EDGt',14,2X,'TO ~lAT~',(4) vnI254C)i)
')2.67 lIJ4 FnR~AT(2X,'QIFFRACTEO OFF EOGE',I4,2X,'TO EOGE',lX,(4J VDI25500
026~ l09 F~R~~T(2X,'~IFFRACTEn ~FF ED~E',14,2X.'TO ~LATE',14, VOI25510
<2Xt'~lFF~ACTEOOFF EDGE',14) VOf25520
211 FCR~Ar(2x,'OtFFR~CTEO OFF EDGE',I4,2X,'TO EOGE',t4, VDIl553iJ
<2X,t~EFlECTEO F~O~ Pl~TE',t4) VDI25540
027') RETUQN V012'i550
0271 ENr> '10125560
 237
(
F('l~TQ\~~ IV f).\TE :: 13101~ 12/45/53
(.
O'JO 1 SU~R:lUrrNE V~RR(ORV,~Sl.RS2t!l~,OW,LfJ,lJtETSU-".EP<;U"') V0121lS10
JOJ2 I~PLIC[T R~AL.8(A-H,O-l) 'J01255QO
( c vnl25SQO
r. ?URl>qSE '101251,00
c TO C~LCJL'T~ ~tFF~~crED-~EFL~r.TEn-REFlECTEO FlflOS. '10125610
( c Vf)125620
C P\RA~ETF.QS : '10125630
C •• *lNPUTS •••• VOl25640
"
C '10125650
C QRV : O\T4
PLAT~ VDI25660
C RS1,~S2 : ~~URC~ E~O POI~TS. '10125670
C 0e : SQURCE I~OUT CUQRENT VDI25680
C OW : WEDGE ANGLE VOl256QO
C lO, LJ : ~EFLFCTl"IG t)l~TES. o~·rF IS REFLECTED PLATE VDI2510a
C THE OTHFR IS THE PLATE T~ OEfl~E EDGE. YOl25710
C '10125120
C .**1UTPUTS ••• VOl25730
C ETSU."4. EPSU"t : THETA ANn PHI OPR CO~~PLEX FIELlJ CO'1PONENTS. '10125140
C VOIZI)7S0
000' co~~n~ /BI UPLAr(5a,)),U~(3),US()),~?L4TE YOl25160
OJ'J .. en'1 ~ '1"4 I GI F P T S( 3 ) , .\ NT ( J ) VDI25170
O~J5 CQ.'4"'ON I'~I ICON VOI25180
0006 cn~PlE~.16 ETDRR,~PO~R.ETSU~,EPSU~,PE '10125190
ooor O(~::NsrON O~V( so , 1) ,Ul?( J) ,UlJ(]) ,ULT( 3) ,ElT(1) ,ElP(3) ,EL P l ( 3 ) , '10125800
<F:L J ( 3) ,F I ( \» ,F I I (3 ) ,01 () ) , O~ ( 3) ,03 ( '3 ) , OP r ( 3 I ,RL J f 3) , ~l T f 1 ) , VOl2SQlO
(RS1(3),RSZ(1) '10125820
c VOIZ5830
c cn~PLE'( FILEi') I~ITIltIATlnf'tS. VOl25840
C \/O[2585fJ
0008 FTSU~=(O.,O.) '10125360
aOJQ EDSU~=(O.t:~. ) VOl25810
"~11 ') NEXT=LJ+-l VDI25880
0011 'F('IF.'(T.r,T.~tPlATE) RETU~N VOl25890
c VOl2591)0
C SETUP ~RR~VS. VDI2SQ10
C VDl25920
00\2 lP2:I.F'*2 Vf')[25930
1)0\) on 60 J2:1,1 VDI25Q40
I'}014 UlP(J2)=UPL~T(LP,J2) VOI259S0
1)011) ELP(J2):ORVtLP2,J2) VOl25Q60
Ot)16 ELP1(J2)=,QVrL P 2- 1, J 2 ) VrJI2S970
0')11 UlJ(J2)=lJPl~T(lJ,J2) VDI2SQaO
f)Ol~ ELJ(J2):l)RVCLJ$l,J2) V1)I2SQQO
JOlq 60 CIJNTINUE VrJ[26000
;)0')0 on 55 LT=~EXT.~PL~TE VDI26010
0021 Err,~~=(o •• o.) \/fJI260Z0
0022 FPflPR=(O.,O.) VOl26030
11021 00 1 J2=1,J '10126040
0024 UlTfJ2):UPL:\T(LT,J2) VOl26050
OOZ'5 ELTfJ2.=nRV(lT*2,J2) VDI26060
002~ CONTINUE '10126010
0027 C~Ll I~AGE(FPrS,ElT,UlT,FI} VO(260BO
c VDI26090
C CHECK 1~~GE POINT (FPTS) LIES BELOW THE REFLECTED Pl~TE IT • VOI26100
C \/0126110
CALL VECTOR(6,FOTS,FI,Ol) vnl26120
C~lL VF.CTnR(4,Ol,ULT,OZJ VOl26130
IF(~?(l).LE.O.) ~n TO 5S VOl2h140
 238

FQRTRAN IV G LEVE-l 21 Vf)PR ~ l01" 12/4£)/53

C VD(26150
C I~AGE -FI- W.R.T PL~TE lJ • VOl16160
C VOl26110
0031 CALL I~~GE(FI.F.lJ,UlJtFrl' V')1261~O
C VrlI261QO
C CHECK I~AGrN~ POINT (FIll LIES BELOW THE REFLECTED PLATE LJ • VOIZ6200
C V012621f)
0012 CALL VECTO~(6,Ft,Fltt~lt VOl262Z0
flO33 CALL VE":TOR(4,fll,ULJ,r')2) VOIZ6230
t)1)34 IFC02(1).lF..O.) GO TO 55 Vfll26240
·')035 CALL VBETA(\~T,Ftl,Elp,ElPl,DPT,RETAO) VOl26250
C YOl26260
C CHECK THE otFFRACTtn~ POINT llFS ON THE UPPER HALF-PLANE VOl26210
C OF PLATE lJ • V0126Z130
C VOI26290
0036 CALL I~AGEIDPT,FlJ,UlJtO)t VOI26300
JJ37 r~Ll VECTn~(~tO~Tt~l,Ol) VOI26310
0039 CAll VECT0R(4,Ol,ULJ,nz) VDI26320
0039 IF(12(1).l~.O.t ~ETURN VDIZ6330
C VOI?6340
C FI~~ THE REFlECTIO~ POINT ON PLATE LJ. VOl26350
C VOl26160
0040 CALL VECT~R(l,OPT,Frl,Dl) VOI26310
0041 LJJ==LJ VOl26380
0)42 CALL VEXISTCOPT,ORV,lJJ,I,RLJ,nl,rC) VOI26390
0043 IF(LJJ.EQ.l.ANO.(C.EQ.l) GO TO S5 VOl26400
0044 IF(IC.EQ.-l) GO TO 55 VOI26410
C vor26420
C FI~~ THE REFlECTEn POINT ON PL~TE LT. VDI26430
C Vf)(26440
0045 CALL VECTO~(J,~LJ,FI,Dl) V0126't50
0046 LTT=LT VOI26460
0047 C~LL VEXISTCRlJ,JPV,lTT,I,PLT,Ol,IC) VI)[26470
0048 IF(LTT.EQ.l.~Nn.tC.EQ.l) GO TO 55 VOl26480
0049 IF(IC.EO.-l) en T0 55 VOI26490
C VDI26500
C CHECK ~L~CKAGE F~O~ ~NTENNA TO DIFFRACTION POINT (DPT). VD121J510
C VDI26520
00')0 IF((LP-2).lT.1I GO TO 300 Vf)(26530
OOS;l CALL VLnGllrA~T,OPTt~RV,ltLP-2,l~K) vor26540
0(1)2 (FCLOK.EQ.l) GO TO ~5 V1)126550
C VDI26560
C CHECK ~LCC~~GE FRO~ SFco~n R~FlECTI~G PLATE LT TO FIELO POI~T. VDI?6570
C VDI2'J5f\O
0051 )00 IF(ILT.l).GT.~DLATE) GO Tn 302 V1)12659f)
0054 C~lL VLOGIlrrlT,FPTS,OQVtlT+ltN~l~TE,LOKt VOI26600
0055 IF(LOK.EO.l) GO Tn 55 VOl26610
C VOl26620
C CHE~K BL0CKAGE aETWEEN nIFF~~CTrON POINT COPT) ~~n FIRST VrJt26630
C REFLECTI~G POI~T (RlJ). VOl26640
C VIJI26650
00136 3')Z IF(I~BS(LP-LJ).~E.l) GO TO 305 VOJ26660
00'57 C\Ll V~ERGHCDPT,qlJtlP.LJ.ORv,LaK) Vfll26670
005~ IF(lnK.F.O.lt r,~ TQ 5~ VfllZ6680
0059 GrJ TO 306 VDt266Qf)
0060 305 CALL VLOGIICnPT,RLJ,DRV,lP+l,lJ-l,LOKt VIJ126100
OO!,l IF(LOK.EO.l) GO TO 5~ VOI2f>710
C VOl26120
 239

VOR~ DATE :II 81076 12/4';/53

C CHE~K BLnC~~GE ~FTWEE~ FIRST REFL[CrIO~ pnt~T (qLJ) TO SfCONO VrJfZ6710

C REFLECTIO~ POINT (QLT). VOl26740
C Vr}126150
OQ6l lOh IfCI\RSCLJ-LT).NE.1J GO TO lOR VO(2616fl
0061 C4LL V~ERGHCRLJ.RlT.lJ.lT,ORV,LOK) VOl26170
OO~4 IFflnK.EO.L) r,O Tn 5S VOI267~O
0065 GO TO 310 VOl26190
0066 30R C~LL VLOGIl(RLJ,RLT,D~VtlJ.l.lT-l,LO~) VOI26~OO
0061 IFfLOK.EQ.l) GO Tn 5~ \1012"910
c VOl26820
c ST~RT TO CALCUl~TE OqR FIELO. VOl26830
C VOI7.6S340
0069 110 MJ:O VOl26850
OO~9 C:\LL TRANSI1,DPT,FII,US,R.THS,PHIS) VOI26860
0070 C~LL VE~~[F(FfI.FII.&~TtFlP.ELPl,QS1,~S2,PE,DW,THS,PHIS. VDI26810
<R,~TnR~,F.PQRR.ORV,OPT,RETAO.~J,LJ,lP) VDI26880
0071 [F(~J.NE.l) GO TO ~~ VDI26~qO
c Vl')126QOO
C VDI26910
C VDI26920
0017 F.TC\IJ '..=ET SUM +E Tf)~~ VDI26930
0073 EPSU'1=F:?SlJ'1+fPORR VDI26940
01)74 tFftCO~.EQ.O) GO TO 55 V0126'J50
0015 Kl=l :'>*2 VOI26Q60
0f)7~ ~RtTF.(6.200)K~,LJ,lT VOl26910
0071 C~LL V'MP~A(ETORR,EPOR~) VDI269ao
0018 S'i CG"IT'~IJE VOl269QO
007Q 210 FnR~aT(2x,'OIFFRACTED OFF EOGE',I4,2X,'TO Pl~TE',14, VOI21000
CZX,'REFlECTEQ FPO~ PLATE',14) VOl21010
0090 ~ETIJR"I VOl27020
OOgl E~O VDI27030
 240

fO~TRA~ r~ G LFVFl II r.Sl( D\rE ': ~10rb 12/4')/53

0001 ~uoqnUTt~f CSX(r..~.~) VDI27D40

ouoz I~Ol(rIT ~EAL*A(~-H.o-l) VD12705n
C VOl27060
C PURPnSE VOl27070
C CO~PUTES THF FRE~~fl tNTEGQALS. VDI27080
C VOI270QO
C DESCRIPTION OF P\RA~FTfRS VQI21100
C C THE RESULT~NT ~UTPUT OF CIX) V0121110
C S THF RFSULT~~T OUTPUT nF SeX) VOl27120
r X ARGU"ENT VO [ 2113,)
C VOl21140
C FROM Stl~~"'UTI~lF CSfC,S,X) nF 19"'1'S SCIENTIJ=[C SUBROUTH~E PACKA::;VOI21150
0003 l:nh~SIX) VO[~1160
0004 2 IF (l-4.) 3,3,4 VOI27110
C V~I21180
~ IF (l.LE.4.) VDI211Qa
C V~(27200
000" 3 C:QSQ~T(Z) VryI21210
OOQ~ s:z~c V0127?20
0001 l=(4.-Z)*(4.+Z) VD127?30
OQ')~ C=C*«(((((5.100785E-ll*Z.S.2442Q7E-9)*Z.S.451182E-7)*Z VDI21240
(.3.21~30BE-~)*l+1.02041RE-l)*Z+1.102544E-2)*Z+1.340q~5E-l) VOl27250
OOOQ S=S*(((((6.6776RIE-IO*l+5.Aa31~nF.-3t*l+S.O~l141E-6).l VDI21260
(+2.441~16E-4)*l+6.1~1)2J~-1)*l+A.0264qQF-2) V0121270
0010 PETUR~ VDI21?80
C VOl27290
C IF (l.GT.4.) VOI27300
C VDT2731a
0011 4 O~DCnS(l) VryI21320
0012 S:OSt~(l) VDI21310
0013 l:4.ll VOI21J40
0014 A:«((((((q.76925~E-4*1-4.16q289E-3)~1+7.q70~43E-3).l-6.7Ql801E-3)VO[21350
<.~-3.0q5341E-4)*Z+5.q721~lE-3)*l-1.6Q6428E-5)*I-~.493322
c -2 1 * Z VOI21360
(-4.444n91E-q VOl21370
0015 R=(((((-~.6339?6E-4*Z+'.40140qF.-')*Z-7.2116qOE-31*Z+7.42q246E-3)VOI27380
<.Z-~.02714~~-4).'-9.31~910F-3)*l-1.2Q1q9~E-6)*1+1.994111E-l VOl21390
00l~ Z=OSQRTIll VOl27400
0011 r=.~.Z*(O.A+~*~) VOI21410
')018 S=.5.l*(S*~-Q*B) VOI27420
OOl~ RETURN VOIZ1430
0020 E~O VOI2144~
 241

FORTQ..\'J IV '; LE'IFL ?l tNTRSr: 0\ TE .~ 10'" 12/4'5/Lil

\.loa 1 SU1~llUTI"~J: I~TRSC(O"4tUNtr()tlJ.f1Q.(ER~) '1'1121450

0002 I~PlICIT RE~L.q(~-H.~l) VOl21460
C vnI21470
C PURPOSE - TO CO~PUTE THE INTFRSECT,n~ OF ~ PL~~E (OETEP~I~ED ~y VOl274RO
C 1)~E ~nI ~T \NO I TS ~OR"4\l. UN'T Vf.C feR) .t\~n ~ l [~F (DETER'" INEO ~YVI)1214-90
C \ P~I~f ~~J ITS OIRECTto~) V~127500
C '10121«;10
C °AR-\"'4ETERS '11)121520
C ···t'H)IJTS~·· '10121530
C rV1 T H ~ FEE' l E'!EN T .\ R Q :\ Y Tf') NET HE PrJ 1'I T a ~ THE P L A ~ f=
0 t:T F ~ ~ [ VDI21540
C U~ THqE~ ElE~ENT ARR~Y t Nn~~~L U~IT VECTOR OF THE PLANE '11)[27550
C OP THREE flE"4ENT ~RRAY 00SITIC"I f1F " POI~T ON THE LINE '10127560
C U THqEE ElE~ENT ~qR\Y UNIT VECTOR I~ O(RECT(O~ nF THE LINEvnI27510
C '10127580
C ··*QUTPUTS··. VfJ127S9f)
C QQ : THqEE ElE~E~T ARRAY , I~TERSECTrON ~O(~T '10127600
C I~PR =1 IF THE LINE IS P\R~LLEl TO THE PLA~E,OTHEP.WISE o VDI27610
C VOl2762Q
C RE1UIRED SUqRQUTINE : VECTOR VOl27630
C V'JI2764f)
0003 ~ t ~E 'IS [ON '1'111). np (1) 9 (1Q ( 3) ,UN C3 ) ,U (3)> • p ~ C1) ,C ( 3) '10121650
0004 IFQ.R =1 '10121660
0005 no 5 1=1,3 VOl2761Q
OtlO6 5 P~( ( )::f)Pt [)-C~( I) VOI276~0
0007 C~LL VECTr.~ (~tP~,UN,() '10121690
OOClP C(-=Cel) '10(27100
OOOq C·\Ll VS:CTORC ~,U9U'J.C) '1')127110
J010 IFCDARS(CC1».LT.l.O-8) RETUR~ '11)[21720
0011 T:-CC/Cfl) '19(21730
0012 on 10 (=l.l '10127140
0013 10 0':)( I )=i)?C I) +T*U( t I VOl2175a
0014 IE~R:O VD121160
0011:\ RETUQ"'! '10121770
0016 E'JO '10127180
 242
FnRTQ.\~ rv J lEVEL 21 VfxtST !'l:\ TE ~l016 12/4';/51

OO:\l SU8Rr)LJTr~E VE'(tST(OSt)('~tIO,"t1,'l.(C' V'1271C)O

O111Z I~PlICIT RF\l.~(\-YtC-Z) V:l (279
1)0

C vor27310
C PUR~1S~ - TO D~TE~~INF IF DI~~CT R\V OR REFLECTED R\V EXISTS VflI27820
C VOI27830
C P r\ R t\ ~1 F TE q S VOr27Q40
C ··*I~PUT ••• VD1278S')
C OC; : TH~EE ElE"-f.~T ARq~V , POSITIC'I OF THE SO'JRCE VOl27960
C X : ~Rq~y TO OETER~tNF. TH~ pnSION OF VEPTICES Vfll2187fJ
C " : THE "U'1RE~ 0F ~ Pl:\TF TH~T rNTEPESTEO VOl27A80
C t~ : OPTIONS ; 1 FOR ~IR~r.TEn RAV VDI27890
C 2 Fn~ ~~~L~CTEO RAY V012190'J
C 1 FOR SO~RCE TO INTRSC PTS SET UP V012191f)
C U : TH~~E ElE~ENT ARRay , U~Ir VECTOR ALONG SCATTfRFD OlqECT. VOI21920
c ···OUTPUT··. Vf)[279l0
r. Ie:1 P\Y reCURS , If=-l ~n R~Y VOl21940
c I1t) : INTEPSECTrnN pn~NT I1F PL!\TE ~J VDI219S0
c vn121960
c PElut~ED SUq~OUTI~ES : VDI27Q10
c VECTtlR. I~~GF. [~rRSC, TRIPLE VOl219AO
C VOl27990
0\)\11 CO'1"'QN 10/ lJPlAT(;l),]).lJ:\H3),US(3),t\JPlATE VOl28000
0'104 CO~~,~ IGI ~~TS(1)t'NT(3) VOI?8010
DonS cn.. . '4"~
/wl ICa~ VDI28020
000" O[~EN~trN nS(11.Xf~~t3),U~(1).U(]),TEMP1(3),TF~P2(3)tOR(1', VOI28030
<00(]),Cl(3),C2(1) '10128040
00t}7 IC': 1 VOrZi3050
O,)Q~ IFl~Gs() VDI28060
OOQQ d=N/2. VOIZ9010
0110 I A=l\ VOI28080
00 II la=I~*2 VDI2'J090
OOl'- IF ( I A• EO....I) IF l AG:a1 VOl28100
OJl3 ll~=N·2+2 VDI28110
00\4 on LO J2=1.J VDI2~120
001" OQ(J2):rO. VDI28130
0016 U~(J2):UPL\T(N,J2) VDI28140
1)111 t U~(J2':UPlAT(~,J~) VDI?3150
OJ\q La TE~Pl(J2)=~ILI~tJ?) VOI28160
OOll1 CAL L t .., AGE ( 0 S , TE'-' P 1, U4 , 0 ~ I vorZ8110
O'),~ ) IF(IFL\G.E~.n) GO TO 10 VOl28180
C VOIZ8190
C REVE~SE THE UNIT ~1~~4l FO~ EV~RY EVEN PLATE NUMBER. VOI28200
C VOI2~210
002l 00 71 J2: \,3 VDI2A2Z0
1):)72 1L U ~ C J 2 ) :-lJ \ ( J 2 ) VOI28230
002"\ 70 GO rn(20,21.22),11 VDI28240
C VDI2~2c;O
c CHECK THE EXISTINCE ~F THE p~Y. VDI2R260
c VIJI29210
0024 20 C~LL '~TR~C(TE~Pl,U~,os,u,aQ,IER1) VDI28280
007'; IF(tF.~l.~IE.l) en TfJ 72 VDI28290
C VOIZ8300
C cnOI~G FeR NOT aleCK ; N:l. IC=I. VQl2Q310
C VDI28320
0026 le==1 Vf)[Z8330
0027 N= 1 Vf)[ZA340
cozs Rt::TUQN V"l12R350
OOlQ 72 Dr) C\J 1=1,4 VDI28360
 243
F"RTR4~ tv \~ lEVEL 11 VExlsr '1"Tf z ~l07'- 12/4')/53

11~)30 Il:all"""I-l VOI?831Q

0;) \ 1 13 2 [ 1 - 1 VOl23330
0:)17 IF([\.;T.lt~) [12Lt~-1 Vf)(233QO
01133 ~ f1 0\0 J:)" 1• l Vn(2~4t')()
00'\4 TF~~IIJ2)·~(tl.J')-X(tl.J2) VOl2R410
00)') TE," {)2 • J 2 ».11 I) 0 ( J 2 ) - '(. t :3 t J l » VOl28420
0i.l3~ 40 CI"1~T I ~1UE VOl28430
J()31 CALL T~lolEITE~~l,TEMOZtU"D' VOI78440
OJ38 IF(n.GT.O.) GO TO ~O VDI2~'.50
OOJq IC:-1 Vf)[28460
0040 N:O VOl28410
0041 RET'J~~! VDt28480
OO,.? 50 CONT (~!UE VOl284QO
OtJ41 N:J VDI2R500
0044 qETUR~ VD12~510
c V0128C;20
C CHECK IF AN [~AGE lIE ~ELOW THE I~AGtNG PlA~E. vnt28530
C VD128C;40
004&) 21 CALL VECTORI6.0S,~R,Cl) VOf28550
O~l"f\ C~lL V~r.TORI4,Cl.U~,C2' VDI28560
Q041 IFICltl).GT.O.) GO TO no VOl28510
c VDI28580
C· COO t 'JG FI)R ~IO r MAGE. vnt28590
C VDI28600
0048 ~"l Vf)I2~610
004Q 'C=-1 V0128~20
00')0 RETUR~1 Vfll23630
QllC\l dO (4ll VECTORC3,OR,FPTS,Cl) Vn(2~640
00&)2 CAll I~TRSC(TE~Pl,U~,nR,Cl,DQ,tER2» VOl28650
0053 fFI(~R2.~E.l) GO TO 72 VOI28660
c VOI281,10
C COOIN~ OF THE ~EFLECTfD Rav DOES NOT EXIST. VOl28680
C VDI28690
0 ') '54 IC=-1 VDI28700
00*)'5 "'=-1 VOl28110
005~ PETUR~ VOl28120
0057 22 CAll I~TRSC(TE~Ol,u~,nS,u,OQ,IER1) VOI28130
OQSR tFlrE~l.NF.l) Gn TO 12 VOl28140
O,)c;q N= 1 VI)128750
OObO RETU~N VOI28160
OO~l E'IQ VOI28110
 244

ff)R T~ .\~ IV ' .. LEVEL 21 SOURCE O~TE = '3101~ 12/45/'))

JOI)l SU:1Q1UTI~JE SI'U~CE( IOP,RS1,RSZ,TH,PH(,PE,R,ETH,EPHf. V01281~O

0002 I~PlIC[T RE~l.~('-H,a-Z. VOIZ31QO
C VOl28800
C VDI28BIO
C PURPiJSJ= V!)IZ3R20
C TO COMPUTE THETA 4~D ~HI cn~PONENTS OF SHORT OIpnlE 4NTE~~A V012~810
C V01281340
c P~R..4 ~ETERS vnlZ8R50
r. VOl2A860
c ·**INPUT*~· VOl28810
c tOP CONTROL NU~qEqS VO[2 cHJQO
c to?=l : COMPUTF I~CIDFNT FIELD IE-T,E-P) ~T OIFF. P~TS. VDI29QQO
c on I~T '~E VOI2R<)f)()
c TO?=2 : co~purF F~R,FIELO nF EIT4ER SOURCF ~R IMAGF Vr)l?8910
c RS1=(Xl,Vl,'1) cnOROI~~TES OF SOURCE (IMAGE) porNT PI VOIZ~q20
c RS2=(X?,V?,lZ. r.OfJROfNATES OF St]URCE (I~AGE) ~fjtNT P2 YO 128q 10
c ~OTE** T~E SnUqCE (IMAGE) VECTO~ IS DIRECTED FRO~ PI TO PZ V012~940
c TH= ?OLAR ~NGLF. THFTA (DEGREES) AT XS,VS,ZS VOl23Qc;O
c PHI=?nLAQ ~MGLE PHI COEGPEES) ~T XS,VS,lS VOl28960
r: PE = ELECTRIC nlPOLf ~O~~~T I*OL VOIZ8910
c PE:(l.~,O.O) FOR OELT~ FUNCTIO~ SOURCE VOl289ao
c PE=[eXS,VS,ZS)*Ol FnR FINITE SO~RCE YOIZ99QO
C R OIST4NCE FRO~ snU~CE TO QRSFRVATION POINT Y0129000
C lOP: t ~ IS THE DISTANCE S' FRO~ S~URCE ~T (X',Y',Z') VOIZ9010
C TO DIFFRACTION POINT OE hT (XO,VD,ZOI VOIZQ020
C In? : , R~(X,Y,Z) R~D'Al O[ST4~CE (FA~ FIELO) YOIZQ030
C VOI29040
C *=*l")UTP~T*•• VOIZ9050
C tOP=l F;TH=E-THET~,EPH[:E-PHI,THESPHERIC~L CO~PONETS OF THE VOIZ9060
C I~ct~ENT FIELD \T OE VOIZ9010
C IOP-=2 : THE 5.,HF.R ICAl CO,",PONENT OF EI THER THE snlJRCE r:'R t"tAGE VOIZQ080
C ~T THE FhR FIEL~ IN SChTTEREQ DIRECTION VOIZ9090
OJ03 CC~~ON I~I PI~?1180 VOIZ9100
O'l04 CO~PlEX.16 J,CO,ES,PE,ETH,EoHI VOIZ9110
0005 o I '~F: ~,J SION ~ S1 ( 1) ,R S2 ( '3) , P S( 3 ) ,UR S( 3 ) vnI29120
(lui)!> Gv(X,Y,Z,TH,PHr)=X.OSIN(TH)~nCOS(PHl)+Y*OSt~(TH).DSIN(PHtJ+l* VOIZ9130
<nCOSCTH) VOI Zq 140
0007 8(TH,PHI,C~,r.R,~G):nCOS(TH).(C~*OCQS(OHI)+c~*nSIN(PHI)J VOIZ9150
(-OSI 'HTH)*r:G VDI291bO
O()O~ G(CA,Cq,PHI}=Cq*ocaS(PHI)-CA*OSIM(PHI) VOl29110
C VOl29lQO
C VOIZ91QO
C VOI29200
OO:lq J:(O.O,l.'l) VOl29Z10
DOlO PII=2.*PT VD12~220
co u CO=~C~PLX(O.DO.-6J.O·PI) VO 129 230
0012 IF(IOP.EO.]) GO TO 1 VDI29Z40
C VOIZ9ZS0
C CHANGE a~Gl~ TO RAOt&~S. VOIZ9260
C VOl29270
')011 Tl=TH*PI180 VOIZ9280
0014 T2=PHl*PI tao VOIZ9Z90
0015 IF(IOP.EO.2) GO TO 100 VO(Z9300
1)016 ES=CO*PE*COEXP(-J*PII*RI/R VOIZ9310
C Vnl?9320
C CO~PUTE UNIT VECTO~ IN OIRECTIQN nF SOURCE. VOIZQ330
C V0129340
0017 VOl29350
 245

FOR TRA:-" IV .... LEVEL

.J 21 snU~CE O~TE 81016 12/45/53

OOl~ ETH=Q(Tl,T2,URStl),URS(Z),URS()))*ES Vt')IZQ360

OOlq EPHI :G(URS( 1) ,URS(Z) .T2).ES VOl2Q310
OQ?O CALL V~RQY IETH,EPHI,T1,T2) VOt29380
0021 RETURP-J VOI293QO
C VOl2Q400
C CO~PUTE F~R-FIEln FOR EITHER SOUqCE OR I~AGE VOIZ9410
C AND CO~?UTE XS,YS,ZS. VOIZ9420
C VOI2Q430
OO?2 100 00 200 1=1,3 VOll9440
0023 RS( 1)= (RSl (I» t-RS2 (I) 1/2.0 VOl29450
0024 200 CONTINUE VaI29460
C VfllZ9470
C o IS THE PROJ(RS) ON TO UNIT VECTOR R VOI29480
C VDI29490
0025 O=~O(PS(1),~S(1)9~S(1),Tt,T2) VOIZ9500
002~ ES=CO~DF*r.OFXP(J.PII·O)/R VDIZ9510
C VOl29520
C UNIT VEf.TOR IN DIRECTION OF SOU~CE. VDIZ9530
C Vfll29540
0021 CALL VECrn Q(1,RSl.PS2,URS) VO(2 Q5S0
0028 *
ETH= 13 ( T 1 , T 2, URS ( 1) ,UR S ( 2) ,UR. S ( 3) ) F S VfJI29560
002e; EPHI=f,(IJPS(1),UPS(ZI,T2)*E'i VOIZ9S70
OOlO CALL V~KRY (ETH,~PHI,Tl,T'.) VOl295RO
0031 RETURN VOl29590
0032 TH=PI/2. VDt291)OQ
0033 PHI==PI/2. VDIZ96l0
1)034 URS ( 1 ):::1. VDIZQb20
003c; URS(2)=O. VfJ(Z9630
0036 URS(3)=O. VD(29640
0037 ES=EPHI/(r.O*PE*G(URSfl),URS(Z),PHI)) VDI29650
OOlA ~N:QE~L(ES) VrJI29660
003Q A'~=:\IM"G(ES) VDIZ1670
Q041'l Af\J:-ATGN2 (~~'9 ~N) vntZ96RO
Of)41 R-=B~II P I I VOl29690
0042 R:~r.OS(DrI*R)/~N VrJI29700
0043 IF (q • LT. I).) q':lr-~ VOIZ9710
0044 ALP=RSl(3)-R~2()) V~I2972Q
01)45 ~L= RSl(2)-~S2(2) VOI297]O
O\)4~ ALP~=ATG~2f~lP,AL) VDI29740
0047 ~ S2 C1 ) =R S 1 ( 1 ) VDI29150
0148 PS2(2)=RS1(?)-R*OCOS(~LPAI VD12971,0
004Q RS2(3)=~SlIJ)-R·OSI~f4LP~) VOI29170
005~ RETURN VOI29780
00'51 E'JO VOIZ9190
 246

FnRTQ~~ IV,. LEVEL 21 Q.\TE: 31076 \2/4')/53

ouo 1 sun~ouTtNE V~~PH~(CTtCP) VO I 2<).800

0002 I~PlICIT RE~l.A(4-R.O-E,P),COMPLEX*1~(C) votzqqlO
c VDt29BlO
C PURPQSE VOIZ9830
C TO CO~VERT CC"4PLE'( OUAt~T ITY ''''ITO AMPL[ rUQE .~N,) PHASE. VO[Z9840
c VOl2Q850
c PI.\~''''FTERS vnt29860
c •• *l~purs.*•• VOIZQ870
C VOIZ98RO
C CT .CP : T~O CO~PLE~ QUANTITIES VOTZQR90
C VOfZ9900
C •••UUTPUTS ••• VOIZ99l0
C ~UTQ~AT(C~lLV ~~ITE O~ OUTPUT FILE VOl29QZO
C VOIZ9930
Ovo' cn"'~')~! /4/ ~I ,PI t vo VfJlZQQ40
0004 ~T:CJAqS(CT) VOIZ9950
O)J" PT:~TG~2(Dt~\G(CT)tnREAl(CT»/ot180 VOI29960
aJt1~ 4~-=C nA~ s ( Ciol) VDI29Q70
Ou07 PP=ATGN2(CI~'G(CP),OREJL(CPJ)/PI130 VOl29980
0008 W~[TE(~.?n~)AT.PT,\P,PP VOl2QQ90
aOJq 200 FnR~~T{lOX,4n1S.8) vnllOOOQ
0010 RETURN '10130010
0011 E~!O VDI30020
 247

LEVEL 21 V&\~RY DATE 81016 12/45/I)J

0001 SUqROUTl~E VftR~V(CTtCE,TR.PP' VrJI30010

Ot)O~ I~~lICIT (a4°lfX.t6(C),RE~l.~rp-T) Vfll30Q40
C '10130050
C PURPQSE VOl30060
C TO CQ~oUTF THE ~RP~V F~CT~q AND ~ULTI?lY WITH VOl30Q10
C THE I rl n I VI nU!\ l 04 TTE qN • (P ~ T T E~ N .Iet ULT ( LIe ~ T (o N)
C) VOI300RO
C \10130090
C PAP'.,\,"4FTER<; : VOl30100
C .*.[~PUTS···· VI) r 30110
C VOI30120
C CE : (n~~LE~ EL~CTqtC FIFln. VOl30130
C TQ t ?~ : THfT~ ~NO P~[ ANGLES I~ RAO(A~ VOl30140
C VOI30150
C VOl30160
C '10130110
C CT : ELECTI~lC FtFLO WITH A~RAY PATTER~ VOI301~0
C '10130190
J003 C~~~O~ IA\/ CI4(5)tCt~I~),Ct6(S),Nn~~T,~w VOl30200
0004 cn~~nN I ~I PltPlt~n VOl30210
OOO&) IF("J!)A~T.LF.l) RETlJR~ '10130220
OOOt, r.ll=CI4(N',o/) VDI30230
oa01 Ct2=CIS('JW) VOI30240
OJ;)3 C I 3 =C I ~ r ~h4 ) VOI302S0
OQJQ P<;ll:!)SI~(tJq) VDI30260
001~ P$I1:::-~SI1 VDl30270
0011 CSI1:rC~PLX(O.DOtPS[1) VOl30280
OOt2 CSI)z~C~PL~(O.OO,P<;t3) VOI302Ql)
001"' CE= t c t z-c t 1*COE'(O(r.SI1)+(I3*CDF'(P(CSI3»)* VOl30300
«~C~S((Pt/?)*OSTN(~q»/OCQS(PR»*CE VOl30310
0014 CT:r:T* O~~S(QCOS(O.1*r)St~(TR»-·)COS(O.3.DCOSrTR))) VOl30320
0015 RE T'J~ ~ '10130330
OJ16 F~~D VO[30340
 248

fnR TR ~". IV
r-
~ LEVEL 21 'JlOGI1 !lATE = 81076 lZ/45/53

0')01 SU~ROUTI~E Vl~Gtl(SPTtE~T,ORV,LST~~T,LSTnp,LCHECK) VOI10150

OOO? I~PLICIT RF~L*8C~-H10-l) '10130160
C '10130310
C PURPQSE : '11)130380
C '11)110390
C TO OET~R~I~E ~HETHEq THE (~TERSECTtn~ pnlNT LIE BETWEE~ SPT ~ EPT VDI30400
C AND IT IS RLCCKEO OR NOT. '10110410
C '10130420
C pa~\"'ETERS : VOl30430
C *·*I\JPIJT***'4I '10130440
C '10130451)
C SPT POSIT(O~ OF 4 STARTI~G pnlNT '10130460
C EPT : POSITtn~ nF E~O POI~T '10130410
C n~v : PLATF ~\TA VOl30480
C DU'" : INTERSECTION POINT or~ THE PLATE VOl30490
C LST>\RT, lSTO~ : STl\~TING ANi) STOP PL~TES U~DE~ TEST '10110500
C '10130'510
C ***CHJTflur*.* VOl30520
C LCHECK : E~CCOING FOR ~LOCKINr" -1 NOT RlOCK, 1 ~LOCK. '10130530
C VDI30540
C Rt~UIREn SU9ROUTINES : VOI30S')O
C VECTOR, VEXIST '10130560
C VOl3051a
0013 caM~~N /RI UPlAT(SO,l),UM(,l,USC3),NPl4TF VDI30S$JO
OOll4 DI4E~SI0N Dt~ECT(3),ORV(~O,3),SPT(3),EPT(3),OU~(~),Cr3),Cl(3) VOl305QO
0001) Lf:HFCK=-1 '10130600
OOO~ IF(LSTAPT.GT.NPL\TE.OR.LSTOP.GT.NPlATE) GO TO 400 '10130610
00.)7 CALL VECTaR(1,S~T,EPT,DIRECT) '10130620
Ol'l-l~ 00 l~a K~:lST~RTtlSTnp VIJ130630
OO·)q K~'~:KP1 '111130640
0010 C~l L VE'( t ST ( SP T , O~ V , K t' ~ , 1 , OUM, 0 t ~ ECT , L C ) '10130650
c '10110660
C TEST P~PALLEL R~Y. '10130670
C VDI30680
0011 IF(~~~.EQ.l.ANO.LC.EO.1) GO TO 3no VDI30690
Otlll IF(LC.~Q.-l) GO TO 300 '10130700
c '10130 ri o
C TEST RAY CUT PLATE. '10130120
C '10(30710
0013 CALL VECTO~(3,SPT,OUM,C) '11)[30140
0014 C~LL V=CTO~(l.EPT,DU~tCl' V013tJ150
001e; CALL VECTnR(4,Cl,C,Cl) '10130760
0016 IFfCICIJ.GT.O.) G~ TO 300 '10130110
a017 lCHECK=l '10130190
OOlQ RETUR~J VOI107QO
0019 4JO WRITF.(~,200' lSTART,lSTOP VOl30800
0020 ~oo FOR~4Tr2X,' ERROR FRO~ VleGll , LST4RT :',(10,' lSTOP :',110,') VOl308l0
002l RETURN '10130820
0022 300 CONTINUE VOl30Q30
007.3 RETlJR~ VOl30340
0024 E~I~ VOI30A50
 249

FORTR~" IV " lEVEL 11 t~AGE DATE 81076 12/45153

0001 SUf::\ ~ I) UTI ~ E 1""~ GE( 0 S• 0"4 t UN , f) ~ » '10130860

0~02 t~PL[CtT REAl.S(~-H,C-Z) '10 I 3-0610
c '10130890
C ?UR~OSE - Tn DETE~~INE THF 1~~r,F. OF A POINT THROUGH A ?l4NE 'lor 30890
C VOl30900
C P~~·\'1ETE~S VOl30Q10
C ••• INPUTS ••• VDI30920
C OS : T~REE ELE~~NT ~RR~Y, POSITION OF SOURCE POINT VOl30Q30
C O~ : THQEF. FlE~FNT ~RRAY, POSITIG~ OF ~ POINT ON THE PLANE VD130<)40
C UN : THqEE ElE~~T ARRAY , ~nRMAL UNIT VECTOQ OF THE PLANE '10130950
C .*.0UTPUT~.* VOI30Q60
C OR : TH~FE ELE~~~T ~QR~Y , POSITION OF THE IM~GE VOl 30Q 10
C '10130<)80
C REQUI~EO SUBROUTINE : VECTOR VOl30QQO
C VOl31000
0003 O[~ENS[ON OS(1),O~(3),OR(3),C('3),SMC3),U~(3' '10(31010
0\)Q4 DO '5 I: 1,3 VOI3l020
Ou05 5 S'4(1)20S(I)-C~(I) VOl31030
0006 CALL VECTOR (4,S~,U",C) '10131040
0007 15 00 10 f = 1 , '3 vnl31fJ50
OOOR 100RCI)=nS(I'-2.*CI1)*UNCl) VOI31060
OOOq RETURN VOI31070
0010 END VD[31080
 250

FO~TQt\N IV I'
\.I LEVEL 21 V~ETA DATE = 81016 12/45/53

000\ suq~nUTl~E VRET~CAtF.El.F.2,Op,~ETA) VO(]1090

OOt'l2 I~Pl(CIT RE'l.8(~-H,n-l) vnll1100
C '10131110
C PURPOSE : '10131120
C TO DETERMINE THE OtFFQ~CT(n~ POINT AND AN ~NGLE VOl31130
C BET~O WHICH AlW~VS EXIST FOR 2-0 PRCBLE~ • '10131140
C VOl31150
C PARAt"'ETERS : '10131160
C '10131170
C .**INPUT·.·· '10131180
C VOl311QO
C A : SOURCE ~OlNr • '10131200
C F : 08SERVATI~~ pnl~T • '10131210
C El.~2 : ARF THE VERTICES OEFINEO A~ EDGE. '10131220
C '10131230
C VOl31240
C '10131250
C O? : OlfFRACTION POI~T • VOl31260
C OEr~ : aNGLE TO ~hrCH T~E PHASE ,r OP IN DEGREE. VOl31210
C VOI312~0
C REQUIREO SU8ROUTt~F : VECTOR '10131290
C '10131300
0003 OI~ENStON A(3)tFf3).El(1),E2(3),OP(3),TE~(3),Dl().OZfJJt03(3)9 '10131310
<EIZflJ,Of),P(]) '10131320
OO()4 CQ~MON IAI Pt.Pt130 '10(31330
0005 CO'·''''ON '''''' I C'JN VDI31340
c VO[31350
C FORCE THE EDGE POINTS. '10131360
C VOl31310
0006 IFfE2fl).Gf.Elf1» GO TO 1 VO(313~0
0001 00 2 J2 z 1 . 3 VD[31390
OOOA 0IfJ2)=E2(J2) '10131400
000<) E2fJ2)=E1(J2) '10131410
0010 2 E1fJ21=OlfJZ) '10131420
C VOl31430
C SET UP THE REFERE~CE POINTS nN EDGE 1-2. '10131440
C '10131450
0011 1 n(l)=Afl) VOl31460
0012 O(2)zFlfl) '10131470
0013 O(]):El(]) '10[31480
OOl4t PIl):F(1) '10131490
'.)015 P(2):E112) VOl31S00
0016 P()=E11]) '10131510
c VOl31520
C FINO l~GLE W.R.T. XZ PLANE. VOl31530
C '10131540
0011 AOZ~OABS(OI3)-A(3)' '10131550
001 A AOYzOARSIO(1)-AC?)1 VOl31S60
001C) AlR1=O~TA~2(AOZ,~OY) VO[31';10
01120 CAll VECTORI6,P,F,Ol) VOl31580
OOll (All VFCTOR(~,OI,OI.02) '10131590
0022 R=02(1) VOl31600
C VOl31610
C TPANSFORM' F • OOw~ TO A PLANE WHICH I~CLUOES LINE A-O • '10131620
C '10131630
0013 TEMIl)=Flll '10131640
0024 Fl=R*OStN(ALR1) '10131650
0025 FY=R·f)COS(~lRll '10131660
 251

FORTRAN IV G LEVEL 21 Vi3ET.\ 04TE ::'81016 12/45/53

C VOl31610
C QUAORA~T 4. VOl31680
C VOI31690
0020 IF((~(2).G~.O(2.a.A~O.(O(3).GT.A(3.»)GO TO 402 VOl31100
c VOl31110
C QUADR~NT 3. VOl31710
C VDI31130
0017 IF((O(2).GT.4(Z».~No.(n(J).GE.A())))GO TO 401 VOl31740
c VOl3115Q
c QUADR\NT 2. VOl311bO
c VOI31170
QOZA IF((O(ZJ.GF..A(2»).\ND.(AI3J.GT.OI3»)) GO TO 400 VOI31180
c VOl31190
c QUADRA~T 1. VOl31800
c VOI31810
002Q TE~(2)=P(2)-FY V'l(31820
0030 T~~(1):P(1)-Fl VOl31830
0'131 GO TO 500 VOI31840
0032 400 TEA.1(2)=P{Z)+FY VOt31~50
0033 TE'1(3)=P()-Fl VDI31860
a034 GO Tn 500 VOIJl~70
0035 401 TEM(21:P(Z)+FY VDl31880
0036 TEM(1)=P()J"FZ Vnl318QO
0037 GO TO 500 VDI31900
0038 402 TE ,~ ( 2 ) = p ( 2 J - F Y VOl31910
003<) TE'~( 3)=P(3)+Fl VOl31Q20
0040 500 CaNTI~UE VOIJ1930
C V1131940
C FI~D BET~O • VOl319S0 .
C VDI31960
0041 CALL VE~TOR(3,El,E2,EI2) VOl31970
0042 CAll VE~TOR(3,~,T~~,n3) VD1319~O
0043 (ALL VECTOR(4.0l,F.12,02J VTll31990
0044 BET~=nARCOS(Dl(1»)/P(180 VDI32000
004') CALL VF.CTOR(3,El.~,02) VOl32010
0046 C~LL VECTOR(4.C2,03,Dl) VOl32020
fl047 4LR3:D~RCOS(nl(1) VOI32030
0048 CALL VECTOR(h,A,El,Dl) VOl32Q40
004Q CALL VECTOR(S,Ol,Ol,DZ) VOl32050
0050 AEl=r)2( 1) VDI32060
0051 E18:~El*OSI~(ALRJ)/nSIN(qET4*PIlRO) VDl32010
c VDI32080
c FINO DIFFR~CTION pnI~T • VOI320QO
c VOl311QO
0052 DOCl)=El(l)+ElQ VOl32110
0053 QPCl)=El(ZI VOI32110
0054 OP{)=EIC) VOl32130
01155 IFCICC~.EQ.1)WRrTEC6,202)COPCt),I:l,3) VOt32140
0056 IF(9~TA.GT.~O.t A~TAalAO.-~ETA VDI32150
001)1 CALL VECTCR(~,CP,A,Ol) VO(32160
aOSA CALL VE~TO~(4,nl.E12tO?) VOl32170
005Q BET=nARr.OSC02(1)/P[1~O vOt32180
0060 IF(QET.GT.90.) ~eT.180.-BET VOl321QO
0061 CALL VFCTOR(l,OP,F,Ol) Vnl32200
0067. CALL VECTOR(4,Ol,E12,D2) VOl32210
0063 ~ETT=OhRCOS(Ol(l)./Ptl~' VO(3~210
0064 IF(~ETT.GT.qO.) OFTT~l~O.-qETT VO(32Z30
00"-; rr r rcori , E'J.l) WRITEf6,20]) ~ETTtRET V'JtJ2240
 252

FORTRA~ IV G LEVEL 21 V!\ETA 12/45/SJ

0066 IF(ryaRS(BETT-RET).~~.O.~O\)~RlrE(6,204)~ETT,~ET VOl32250

OOb7 202 FOR~~T(2Xt'ntF~q~CTtON ~O[NT·.2X,3020.~t VOl32260
0063 203 FQR~AT(2Xt·r.HECK qET~·,2X,2'20.~) VOl1221fJ
006<) 204 FOR ~ ~ T( 7 )(t • ER~ 0 R FOR M S' J~ ~ nUT[ ~ E V9 FTA, F I ~I D RET~ 0 1', 2 x t 2 02 'J. 8 • VDI32280
a070 RETURN VOl322QO
Oll11 E'JO VOI-J2300
 253

FnRTR"~ IV ,; lEVEL II "l~TF "2 81016 l2/45/53

0001 SI '''R nUT I NE V f '4') IFf FP Tt RF PT, l\NT ,R"', R ~ 1 ,R S 1 t R S 2.t PE , 'riA, THS t PHS, R, Vr)13l110
<ETO~,EP~~.nTE~.~a.~ET~o.t~.N~,tN) VfJI32320
oon2 I~PLI[IT REAl.R(~-H.O-l) VOl32330
C VOl32340
C PURPOSE - TO CO~oUTE THE DIFFQACTEO FIELO FROM A~ EDGE VOI3~3'50
C VOl32360
C PI\R.\'4ET~~S: VOI32310
VOI323~O
C ···t~PUT···
C VDI32390
C F~T : nqSF.~VATt0~ POI~T • V0132400
C ~~T : snUPCE ~Ot~T • \1013241 1
]

C ~r) : f'IFFRACTtn~ POI~T • \10132420

C BET\n : ANGLE TO ~~Tr.H PH\SE AT RO • \10132430
C R~.R""l : ~R~ \YS • END PO (~TS nF THE EDGE \11)(32440
C RSl,RS2 : 'RQ~V~ • ENO pnl~T~ nF THE SOURCE "0132450
C W~ : wEDGE ANGLE VOI32460
C PE : nueEl NPUT
<) CU0 RE~ T \10132470
C TH S• PHS : F t F l. n P fH NT ~ NGL E S VO[32480
C R : nu~~Y RADIAL otSTANrE VOl32490
C NN : DU~MV tNTF~GER FrR FUTU~E PRaGRA~ EXPANSION VOI1250{)
C t~, I~-l : ARE THE PLATES FOR~ THE WEOGE • VOl32510
C tN*2 : ~~FI~E ~N enGE Nu~qER • Vf)(32'5~<)
C I~ =1 : R~Y EXIST. VOl12530
C •• *ouT0 U T *...: VDI3254tJ
C F.TD.... ,fPO~ : r.O'1PlEX ~U~AE~S , THETA ~f\JD PHI cc~pa~lENTS VOl32550
C \10112560
C ~~Q~IP~~ SU~ROUTl~ES: VOl32510
C VF.CTOR. sn'JR.CE, CO~VRTt vi.oc t t VOl32580
C '10132590
0003 c~~~aN /~I °1,Ptl~O VOl32600
0004 Cn~ ~ 0 N 1 ~ 1 IJ P l ~ T ( "1 , 11 , U,. ( J ) ,u S ( 3) • N? L .\ T E VOt32~1f)
C CO''''''''N Ir:./ IPLA~:E«5f)>> VOl3262fJ
O()O~ en:..~" ... /WI I CO" '10132630
0001) COM~1N ITQEF/ ~TTF.~U,J~lATF(5),Jr.nRl(~),JC~R2(5) '10112640
0001 CO~~~N /PEPll J~~~I(~ut3),JREaR("0,J).~REP.NW \10132650
OQI1R CC~PlEX.16 J,PE,~TO~,F~~~.ErH,EPHt,EPER,EPAR,OS,C4.Eo~0,FPEn,AT,VOl32660
( AP • I) H , C T0 Q • E;>DR, ~ TTENU \10[32670
Ot)Oq OI~E~SIn~ R~(J)t~~1(1)tRS1(~)tQS2«3)tRO(3)tC(1) '10132680
<, R ~ Q ( "3 ) , R \11 o ( 1 ) t U C t 1 ) t I J 1= ~ ( 3 », C 1 ( '\) , unc:; ( 3 ) VOI326QO
<t q F P T( ,) ,C 2 ( 1) ,C 1( 3» ,')TE ~( "0, ) , c\~T ( ) ,F P T( 3) VOI12100
e VOI32110
c EOGE CQ~~VENT ION. VOI32720
c V!)I32130
aGto 'F(Q~fl».~T.~~l(l») GO Tt) 4 \10132140
0011 00 5 J2=1,J VO[32750
0012 C ( J 2) =R~ ( J 2 ) \10132160
0013 R~(J2):z~~1(J2) '10132110
0014 5 R"lCJ2)=CIJZI VOl32180
001c; 4 Plt=Pt*2. VOl12790
0016 J~«O.O,l.O) VOI32dOO
C VOl32810
c INITI\lllE FIELO Tn ZEPn VOl32Q20
c \11)[32830
0011 1F( t "1. EfJ. 2 » GO TO \ \10[32840
OOIA f Tn '4 :: «0 • ') , 0 • 0 ) \10132850
0019 fDO"=(O.Q.u.rl) \10132860
oo~o F.TOQ=(O.,I).) VOl32810
0021 EPDR=(O •• n.) VOl328RO
 254

FO~TRA~ IV ~ LEVEL 21 VE"40tF DATE x 8107" 12/45/53

0022 IF(I~.GT.~Pl~TE) ~ETUPN VDI32390

c IN TE R=( P l .\ \j F C I N- 1 ) VDI12900
0023 CALL VECT~PfltQ~,R~l,UE~) VOl32910
00?4 C \ Ll VEC T""R C3 t "'I rtF P T t UC I VDI32920
002'; IFfI~.~l~.l) GO TO 30' VOl3Z930
002~ (~=5 VOl1294fJ
C VOI32950
C CHECK p..\Y BLOCKS FRn,.. -y Dt~ECT(n'l VOl32960
C VOI32910
0027 I N2= I '!-1 VOI3298()
OJ2R IF(JRE~(((~2t~".1 qqqtl01tl~5 VOl 3299fJ
002Q 31)1 NPRE=IN-2 vnI33000
OQ30 J REf) ( ( ("~? ~ W) :z 1 VDI33010
003 L IF ( ~P) Q. F .t, T • 1) r; 0 TO "3 oI) VOl330Z0
0032 CALL VLOGI1(RDtANTtDTE~,1.NPREtl~K) VD131030
0031 IF(LOK.Nf.l) GO Tn 305 VOl33040
0034 J R E r') I ( [ N2 • '-'w ) a-I VfJI33050
003') QETUQ"~ '10133060
c VDI33010
c CHEC~ p~y BLnC~ES F~n~ THF ~EST OF THE PLATE • VDI33080
C '10131090
0036 l05 INl= P'H'l '10[3]100
0031 IF(I~l.GT.~OLATF. GO TO 302 VDI331LO
0033 C~ll VlCGll(RO,FPT.QTE~,I~l,NPLATEtLOK) '10133120
003Q IF(l~K.EC.l) ~ETUR~ VD1331]0
0040 IF(I~.Lf..2) GO TO 302 '10131140
0041 CALL VLOGI1(Q~.FPTtnTE~tl.I~-2tlnK) '10[33150
0042 [F(l1K.EO.l) ~ETUR~ VOl33160
c '10133170
c CO~PJTf THETA ,PHI tS-PRI~E (~P) ,FRO~ SOURCE TO RO • '/0133130
C vnI331QO
004~ 302 VDI33200
C '10133210
C FOQ T~E SPF.Cl~L CASE ,DOUBLE ~IFFQ~CTED FIELD. '10133220
C VOl33230
OfJ44 IF(I~.NE.2) GO Tn 2 VDI3324Q
0045 C4ll VE~T1R(6,RFDT,4NT.Cl) vnf33250
0046 CAll VFCTa~(StCltCl,C) VOl33260
1)047 sp=sp...rr 1) VDI33210
004~ ETH=~Tr')'" VD1332~O
004Q EOH[= EO!) .... VD113?90
00511 GO TO 3 '11)133300
c VOl3l310
c CO~PUTE JNCIDF~T FIELO ~T OIFFRACTION POINT Rn VDI33320
C Vfl[33330
0051 2 C1\II Sau ReF. ( 1 t RS 1, RS z , TAt P t\ , PEt SPtE TH, EPHI » VOl33340
0052 IF(I~.~E.5.nR.(IN.21.NF.4) GO Tn 3 VOl333ljO
0053 ETH= ETYI ATT E~U VDl33360
0054 EPHI=~oHt/\TTENU vnt33310
1)055 1 IF(lcn"!.EO.l) WRfTEf6,20Z) ETH,F.PHI VDI33380
C VOI333QO
C REFED VE~T[CES RM,R-"l TO COOROINATE SVSTE,.... AT THE SOURCE vot33400
C VOl33410
0056 C"ll VECTnR(6t\~r,R'4,Rt1P) VOl33420
0051 CALL VECT~~(6tA~TtQ~l,R"'lP) VOl33430
c VOl31440
c cr~VERT F[ElD co~pnNENTS R~Y fIXED COORDINATE SYSTEM VOl31450
c VOl334bO
 255

FnRTRA~ IV G LEVEL 21 DATE :a ~1076 11/4'5/')1

0058 Vr)(33 1. 7 0
C VOJ3l4~O
C co~purF PHI-~RI~E IN OEGQEF.S VDI334QO
C VDI33500
OOliQ NSET=['l-l VDtl1510
OObO DO 314 J j): 1 t J Vfll33520
006\ UN(J2):UPlAT(~SETtJ2l VOl33530
OOhZ 314 CONr[NU~ Vnl3J540
OOb) CALL V~CTnR(ltA~T.qO,UOS' VOl3J550
0064 CALL vErTr.~(ltUf~tUOS.C2l VOl33560
0061\ C4Ll VECT~~(1,C2tU~,Cl. VOl13510
a06f- CALL VECTOR(4tC~,U~.C) VOf335AO
OOf\l PHIP=O'TAN2(Cl(1),Cll»/PI13J VOl335QO
onbS IF(PHf~.LT.O.) 0H[~~PHfP.360. VOl33600
006Q IF(PHI~.SE.18J.) ~ETUQN VDI33610
c V0133620
C CO~PUTf PHI IN DfGREES VOI33630
C VOl33640
0010 CALL VEcrO~(3tRO,F?TtllDS) VDIJ3650
0011 CALL VECTn~(ltUDStUEMtC2) VOI31660
001Z CALL VECTnRCltC2.U~,Cl) VOl33670
0·)11 C~lL VECTO~(4.C2.U~tCI VDI33680
0074 PHI=nlT~N2(Cl(1)tC(l»/Ptl~O VOl33690
0015 IF(PYI.LT.O.) PHI~PHI+360. VOl33100
0076 r~(rr.O~.GT.l»wR[TF.(~t21q) PHttPHIP.~~ vnI13710
0011 219 FOR~~T(5X.·PHr·.1~.Dl~.6.·PHlp·,lXtOl~.6,'WA'.lX.018.6) VOI33720
~07~ IF(361.-~~).lT.PHtt RETUq~ VDl33130
c VI)133740
C CCf-1PU rs s VOI13150
C VOI3J1~O
007Q C\LL VCCT1Q(6,ROtF~TtCIJ VOl3J770
0090 C\LL VECTORf5,Cl,r1,C) VDI33780
01)81 S=C( l) VOI31190
"'t)~2 IF( Icc'r.e:q.ln~RlrE(6,211) S,SP,WA VOI33QOfJ
0033 217 FOR~\r(~x.·S·,tX,n1q.~ttSP'.1~.Ol~.6,·WA·,lX,018.6) VrJI33RIO
Qa~4 CALL VuTo(OH[,PHtP.R~ThOt~tSP,WAtO.t~S,J,os.nH,u~,US) VDI31820
OOqC; IF ( 1Cr~. r-u:. 1» r;n TO 313 VO()3830
ooq~ WRIrE(~,210) f\S VOll1840
0031 wRITEf6.211) OS VOI31850
oo~~ WR r T E (6.212 J OH VO[33860
OflQ9 31 J CONT I ~JUE VOl33810
0]90 C4=CDEXP(-J·~tl·SJ Vn()38S30
oOql EP~o=-nS·AS·~4·FPAR VOl33890
OOqz FPED=-OH.~S*C4.FoER VOl13900
C VDI33910
C CCNVERT TO SOHERIChl COOROINhTE VOl13920
C VDI33930
0093 CALL CONV~T(THS,PHS,R~.~~l,-l,EPEo,EPAn,AT,AP. VOl33Q40
0094 ETD'-1:AT Vn133q~0
0095 EPQ"::AP VOl13960
O'lq~ IM::l VOl33Q10
OOQ7 202 FOR~~T(2x,tJNCtOFNT FIELD 4T DtFF~ACTFO pnINT·.1~X,6070.R) VDI339ao
)t)~g 210 FGRMAT(2Xt'A~PltTUOE ~lC~G THE nIFF',11X,020.Q) VOll39Q"
OOqq 211 FnRMAT(~Xt'snfT OIFFR~CTtON cnEFFtCIEMT't3~,'020.A) VDI34000
010') 217 FnR~AT(2~.'HARO OIFFP4CTIO~ cnEFFICIE~T·t3X.2D20.8) VOf340l0
-1101 <)9<) PETlJRN VOI14020
Ol02 ENO VOl34030
 256

FnRTRAN IV G LEVEL 21 TRIPLE Oo\TE 81076 12/45/53

0001 SU~ROUTtNE TRIPLE (4t~,C,O) VI)I14040

· 0002 I~PlICIT QE\L.q(~-HtC-l) VOI34050
C VOl34060
C PURPose - Te CO~PUTE THE SC1\LAR TRIPLE PRODUCT OF VECTnRS A,~,C Vfll34010
C (t\ X " • r.) VOl340AO
C Vfll340QO
C P~~A"'ETERS VOl341JO
C VOl34110
C *·"I~PUTS.·. VOI34120
(, \, B, C : THqEE VECTr.~S '1')134130
C "··OUTPUT""· VOl34140
C o : RES'JlT OF T~(DlE P~OOUCT ~
VOI34150
C V0134160
C REQUIRED SU~RaUTI~E : VFrTr~ VOI34170
0003 n (''£":NS 1 n~~ 4 ( 1) , !3 ( "\» • C ( :;\) ,E ( 1) , F ( 3) VOI141RO
0004 CAll V~CT()R Il.~,Fl.F) VOI34190
OOOS C~LL VECTr~ (4.E.r.,F) VOI34200
0016 O=F ( 1) VOI34210
0007 RETU~~! VDI34220
0008 ENO VOl34230
 257

Fnr:lTRAp.l IV G L!:VEL 21 OATE = 9l07b 12/45/53

0001 SU~Rf)tJTI"F cnNV~r ITHfT4,?HI,'("',X"41,IO,5=1,E2,FTl,ET2) VoI34240

Ol)02 I~PLICIT RFAl.~(\-H,a-l) vor34250
c VDI34l60
c PURPOSE - TO CC~VERT FRn~ R4Y-FIXEO COOQOI~Arf5 TO '10114210
c SPHE~IC~L COORDI~~TES OR VICE VERSA V~134280
c VOl 3429t')
c VOl343fJO
c VDI3431fJ
c .... [NPur* •• '10134320
c THfTA ~~o PHI : A~Gl~S I~ DEGREES r~ DfTE~~I~F. THE Drp~CTION VOl34330
c OF THE R~Y (I~ SPHF~ICAl cnCRnI~AT~SJ '11')134340
c X...,X~l : THREE FlE'4f~T' ARR.\YS T'l OETER'1INE THE POSITIG~S OF VOI34350
c VFRTICES OF ~rFFRACT[~G FDGE Vf)I34160
c to = 1 CCNVF~T FRO~ SPHE~ICAL COaRn(~ATE TO ~AY FIXED, VDI34310
c 1'1-=-1 Vrc E Vr:R S l\ vor34380
C t 1 , E2 : THETA \ NO o HIe c ~1 P 0 ~ e: NTS (I n =1 ) VOl343QQ
C OR PEROEl'!OICULAR .\~O P~RAllEL CO~P(1NENTS f{n=-l) '10[34400
C ***0UT p urs*· · VOI34410
C ETl,FT2 : PER~FNotCUl~R A~J PAP~LLFl CO~PONE~rs rIO=IJ VOI144?0
C OR THETA A~O PHI COMPONENTS (10=-1) '10134410
C VOl34440
C REQJI~EI) sugqnUTI"'F.S : VECTnp., TR.IPLE '10134450
C '10134460
1)003 cn~~n~ I~I PI,PltRO '10134410
0004 CO~PL~X*l6 ~1,E2,ET1,FT~ '10134480
JOQ~ DI~~~SI0~ X~(1),~~1(3),UTHErh(3),U(J).UF~(3)tUPHI(3),V(3) val 34491)
tlO:)A TH~TAS=THET~*PtlqO VDI3450fJ
0007 PHI')=p.,..t*PI18Q '10134510
01)03 CSST=QcnS(THET~S) '10134520
00')9 srNT=OSI~(TH~T~S) '10134530
OOlO COSP:r)COS(t>HIS) '10134540
0011 SI "J P-= C'S ( ~ ( PHI S ) '10[3455"
c '10134560
c UNIT VECTOPS [~ SPHERICAL cnnROI~ATE SYSTE~ '10134510
c VOI345RO
1)')12 UTHET~(l)=C~ST·cns~ VDI345QO
0013 UTHETA(2)=cnST·st~P VOI34601
0014 UTHfTA()) =-C;(~T '11)134610
0015 Uf I):: S INT*COS? Vr')[34620
0016 U( 2 ) =S 1'" T• SIN P VD134~3,)
0117 U()=('tlST '1')134640
C '10134650
c CO~PUTE CCST~E 4~D SINE OF ANGLE OF RnT~rION VOl34660
C VOl34610
0013 C~ll VECTnR(3,X~,X~1,UF.~) VOl34680
OOl9 IF (I8.EQ.-t) CAll VECTOR(2,UE~tU ,UDHl) vnr34f,QO
oo~n IF (1(l.E').l ) r.\ll \lFr.To~r2,1J ,UF'~,UPHI) VDI34700
1)0ll CALL TRIPlE(UTHET\,UPHI,U ,SINPSrl '10114110
0022 SIl'.I;>S I :: In. c; ( NPSI '10134120
1023 CALL VECTOR (4,UT~ET~tUPH(,VJ V011473:>
;1024 CfJSPSI:V(l) VOl34740
c Vr)[347C;O
C T R. A'I S F '1 P '4 ~ T tON '10134160
C VOl34170
0025 ETl=r.0~PSI.El • St~PS'.E2 Vfll14180
0016 ET2=-SPJPSI~=1 + CClSPSI*EZ '1013479')
0027 PFTljQN VDI34QOO
OOlQ F.NO VOl34810
 258

FO~TRh~ IV G LEVEL 21 VGTO DATE = ~lQ16 12/451')]

0001 SUBR (11JT r"! F VGrn ( p \ It t PH [ P, ~ ET ~ 0 • St 5p t ~ A, S L , 1\C;, r l a? ,os, r) H, U~ t US) vn 1349?(}

OOO? I~PL(CIT ~F.Al.q(~-HIC-I» VD(34.q~O
c VlJ(14-340
C P\J~POSE - r n CO'-'PIJTE I){FF~l\CT[ON COEFFICIENrs as,DH Vr)(14850
C VDI34860
C P.\~A\iETE~S VDI34870
C VOl14RRO
C * l¢r. I '1 PUT * *• VOl34S90
C PHI OIFFR~CTEO ~NGLE VD(34900
C PHIP : (~CI1E~T AN~LE AT THE EnG~ '10(34910
C qEThQ: \N~lE q~rWEEN THE (~C(DE~T RAY THE T~NGENr Tn THE E9GE vnl34920
C S Olsr'NCE FRO~ FIELa POINT Tn THE FQGE AlO~G THE VDI34Q3Q
C OIFFR~CTEO RAY ~~T~ VrlI34940
C SP ;) t S T.\ ~ r.E FRf' "4 THE satJReF. P a INT TnT HE soGE Al o NG THE VO(34950
C INr.IOE~T ~AY VrlI34960
C It'lA \~ff)Gr "~GLE VDI34910
C <il 1rST~~CE ~ARa~ErER WHEN ~XT~RN~lLY PRnVf~ED (WHE~ ILDP=4V1134930
C IlC? CtJNT~'lL NU-1~ER : V1134QQO
C flOP:l PlANE-~1~VF tNCrr')E~~CE VOI3500lJ
C tLnp~2 : CYLI~nR'C4L W'VE INCI~~NCE VDI350l0
C Iln~23 : S~HFRIC\L OR CnNI(~L-W~VE r~CID~~CE VD13'i020
C tL~~24 : OIST~NCE ~~RA~FTER IS EXTEQ~~LLY PROVIOE3 V~t3S030
C UN : UN[T ~O~~Al OF [llU~l~ATING Pl'TE VOI3504(}
c VOl3S050
c ***IlUTPur·*. Vf)135060
r; AS ~~Pl(T~0E OF THE FIELD 4l0NG nIFFR4CTE~ R'Y (NOT VO(35070
c ~PPlrCA~LF. ~HEN rLO~=4) VI)[350RO
c : SOFT n(FFRAr.T[O~ COEFFICIENT VOI3'i090
c : HA~O OIFFRACTIGN C~EFFICIENT VDI3S1')O
c VIJT35110
OOD3 cOM~n~ Idl Plt~[lqO VDf3S120
00114 C n '.,,~ ') N I') IDS v ( "", 1) I :> S wr S;I) t , ) t F Rf) t U ~JI ( 3 » , US r ( 3 J VIJ[35130
000'5 CO~'-1j)N ,.,., t C'J"'I VD13514()
c VOf35150
c RE~UIPE~ ~UNCTIO~~ r~ANSITlnN FU~CTIO~ F(X) aND SIG~ FU~CT[ON VOl35160
C Sr,N(XJ VDIJ5170
c Vr)T351QO
r. R ~ FER FNeE: ~ u ~ I F r:'~ >' GE (P~E T ~ I C4 L THE 0 ~ Y OF 0 IFF q ACT r 'IN F a ~ ~~ EOGEVf)I35190
c t~ A PFRFFCTlY COI'I'JUCTI~G SU~FACE ; BY R.G.KOUYOU'4JI~~ A~O p.H. VD[~52QO
c P~TY~K ; PRQC. OF IEEE , VOL 62 NOV. 1914 VOI15210
C VDI35220
c VOl35230
Of')()ft CO~PLEX.l~ F,~J.r.O,Cl,C2,C3,C4,nS.OH,FASE,H VDI35240
O()01 PEAL*q L,Kl,l() VOl352511
(lOOS O(~E~SION U~(J),US(J» vnl3S260
OOOlJ H(EPS,"M.l,P')~W~*COEXP(OC~OlX(o.no,p[/4.)*(2.*Pt.OSORT(L).~G~ YDl35210
<fEPS)-4 •• PI·~PS.l*r.QEXP(QC~PlX(O.)O.ot/4.»)) V013l:iZ80
0010 Q(T,WN,N)22.n·OCOSfPt·WN.N-T/2.~»**~ VOI3S290
c VOl35JIJQ
c CO~PUTE ~ECESS~RY r.n~STA~rs VnlJ5JIO
c Vf)(35320
0011 Pll=2.rJO*OI VD13'5310
0012 PI4=oI/4.I)O VOIJ5340
0013 4J=t: ·~PLX(O •• 1. J VDT35150
0014 ~=C;'1. VOl35360
001C; GS=I. V:J135310
O()l~ GH=l. VDI15J.qO
C '1D[35390
 259

FnRTR~~ IV ~ lEVEL 21 VGTO Dc\TE : Ql01b 12/4'5/51

C TE~T FOR GLAllNG I~CtnENT • VDI35400

c VDI35410
00\7 IF(PHIP.GT.1.O-3J G~ TO 151 VDI35420
0013 GS~O.() VOl35430
OOlq GH=O.5 VOl35440
0020 151 WG=360.-wa VOl35450
OOll EPSI=O.OOI VQ1J5460
c VDI35470
C co~purE '~GLES RETA-ZF.RntOF.TA-PostT[VE,BEfA-~EGATIVE vnl35480
c VDI35490
OO:'.~ W~J=W';/ u~ o, VDI3SS00
0023 BET~p=(PHr.PHIP)·PllgO VnlJ5S10
0024 RET~~=(PHI-PHIP)·~1180 V013'i520
c Vfll35530
c CHOnSF. ~ISTA~CE PARA~ETER FnR TYPE OF EGnE IllU~IN~Tln~ VOl3554Q
C vnI35550
OOle; IF (Tl1P.EQ.l) l=S*DSr~(~F.T~O.PI19a)**2 vnI35560
fJ026 IF (IL8~.~1.2) L=S*SP/(S.SO) VOll'5510
0021 IF (tLOP.E~.3) L=S*SP/(S+SP)*OSIN(BETAO*PI18aJ.*2 VDI355RO
0028 IF (ILO?EQ.4) L=SL VDI3559(}
c VOl35600
e e O"~ Pu TEA ( S t SO) T~ E ~ ~~ Pl t TU0 E n F THE F I ELD AL0 ~ G THE 0 IFF Q ACT '= 0 VOl35610
r: RAY. VOI3'5620
e Vr}135630
002Q IF ([lOP.EO.l) AS=l.O/lJSQRT( 51 Vf)[1'i640
3010 IF (tlO?E1.2) ~S=1.OlnSORT(S.OSrN(8ETAO*PI1~OJ) vnl35650
ooi 1 IF r n n P • E'J • 3) AS=f) S QRT ( So/ ( S. ( S. S p ) ) J VOl35660
0032 IF ([LOp.EQ.4) AS=l.1) vnl35670
c VDI35680
ceo."" PUT f A~I r; lJ l AR c\Q GlJ 1ENT S FaR COTANG ENT FUNC TION VDI3S6QO
e VOI35700
!lOll ~~Gl=(PI+1ETA~)/(?1·W~) VOl15710
0034 A~G2~(Or-RETAN)/(?O·W~) vnl35120
OolS A~G3=(~T+~ErAP)/r2.0*~N. vor35730
OOlA A~G4=(~t-~FT~P)/(2.0·WN) VDI35741J
c V!Jt35750
C C~LCULATE ~+ A~D N- VOl3571,O
C vnl35710
0t131 NO~~«O(+~ETAN)/(P[I*w~).n.5nO) V01351J10
f)f)18 NNN=«q~T\N-'I)/(Plt·WN).O.~1n) vru 35790
003Q NPp=(r~(+~F.T~P)/(~II.w~)+O.SOO) VDI35RQO
0040 N~P=«1ET~P-?IJ/(P(I·wN)+O.500) VOl1581Q
c VOI35820
c co~purE ARGU~ENTS OF TRANS[TIO~ FU~CTION FIX) X~KL~ VOIJ5810
C VOl3S840
OQ41 ARGlzPII·L·Q(BET~NtW~.~PNI VOl35A50
0042 AR G2::: PI I * L* 0 ( 1 r: TAN. W~ t N~I ~ ) VOlJSR60
0043 A~G3=Plr·l~QCnETAP,WN,~PDI VOl35870
0')44 ARG4=Plr*t*Q(qETAP,WN,NNPI VOl358AO
c VOl358QO
e DS aN~ ~H CALCULATED BY K~LLE~'S FO~~ ~HE~ FIELO pnl~T IS ~nT [~ VOIJl5t}OO
C TRANSITION PEGIONS V013c;Q10
C vnl35920
C VOl15Q30
004!\ IF(ICn~.Eq.l)~R[T~(6,11Z)~ET4J,RETAP,~ETANtltASt\NGl,~N~l,~NG1,A~ V01JS940
<r,4,~Rr,1,~QG2,ARGJt~~r,4 V'r}135Q50
004,. liZ FOR~~T(2X,'BETAO',D~O.lO,'~ET~P·"20.1n,'~~TaN',~20.10t VOI3SQ~O
<·l·,~21.10,·AS',02a.lOt/,' ANG1',OlO.lO,'ANGZ',020.10,'ANG3', V013r;910
 260

FORTR~~ IV G L€VFl 21 VGTn (lATE = gi07" 12/45/53

<020.10,' lNG4',DlO.IO,I,' ~RGl·,Q2J.la,' 4RG2',~20.10,· ARG3', VDI35QaO

<020.10,' 4QG4·,02Q.IO) VnI3c;QQO
0047 IFf ICC"I.EQ.l IWRtTE(6, 11')~P~I,~N~,"lPP,~~~P,WN VDI36000
OO/.R 11 3 Fa R" A T( 2'( t ' ~ P \J' ttl O. ' ~ NN • , I 10, • ~ t> P' , I 11, ' ,~ NP , , I 10,' WN', '120. 101 VOl36010
004Q t~ (~QGl.LE.WI G~ TO 50 VDI36020
oOS) IF fARG~.lE.W) GO TO 50 V013f>030
00S1 IF r~RG1.LF.W) Gn TO 50 vnl36040
0011)2 IF ('R~4.LE.W) Gn TO ~o VDI36050
ooc;3 co=nSI~(~I/hN).CO~XP(-4J.PI\./(WN*PII*~SIN(BET40.PILq~)J VI)[36060
0054 =
K 1 1 • 01 ( DCns ( p , II..I~! J- DCos ( ~ ETA ~II W~. ) VOI36070
0055 Kl=l.a/(OCOS(PI/~~)-nCOS(qET~P/WN)1 VOl36QQO
OO'i6 r)S=GS*CO*(K1-!('. VOl36090
OOS7 OH=GH*CO*(i(1+K2. '10136100
OOSCJ (F(IC~N.E0.1. ~RtTE(6,114) C~,Kl,K2 '10136110
Qac;q 114 F0R~4T(7x,·ra',~t0.4,·Kl',D11.4,'K2',OlO.~. VOl3b120
0060 RETURN VOI1613G
r. V013614:)
C C~l(Ul4Tf THE Fnu~ TE~~S OF THE ~IFFRACTION rOEFFICIET VDI36l'iO
C VDI3b160
0061 5 a c J=- CDF X 0 J *? I 4 ) I ( 2. 0 *~., Nif? It. f') S r ~H ~ F TAO. P 11 q 0 , •
( - :\ VDI36170
0062 *
TF (I) A8 S « "~I G1- p t ~ p '! ) • GT• E PSI) GO TO 100 VDI161S30
0063 fPS=(AN~1-?r*~p~)·2.*W~ VOI361Q'l
0064 Cl=HfE~S,W~tl,PI) VOl36200
OO~'5 IF([Cr~.E~.1)WRlrE(6,lll) Cl VOl36210
0066 123 FGRMAT(lX,' (Cl) S~~LL EPSI',ln20.101 VOl3b220
QO~1 GO T'1 1511 VD1362)O
OJ~H lOu C1 = C0T(A~~1).F(A~Gl) V013624f)
006Q 150 IF (D~BS(~NG2.?[*~N~).~T.EPSI) GO TO ?o~ VOI16250
0010 EPS=(A~G2+PI.~~~)$?.W~ VOI16260
O()71 C2=H(EPS,W~,l,PI) VOI36270
0072 IF(lcr~.EO.1)~R[TE(6,124) C2 vnI36280
01113 12~ FOR~~T(lX,' (CZ) S~~lL EPsr',2D20.10J '10136290
\)074 GO ToJ 2'50 VOIJ6300
0115 20a r~ = CJT(~~G2).~(A~G2) VfJI16310
OJ16 250 IF (Oft~S(~~G]-PI.~PP).GT.EPSI) GO TO JOO vot36120
'1077 EPS=(ANG3-pr·~?O)*2 •• wN VlJI36330
001:1 C3=H(~~S,~~tl,PI) VOl36340
007 0 C3
tF(ICO~.E~.1)~RITE(6t12~) VDI3~J50
OIl:jO 125 lX,' t c n SMAll EPSr',21J20.10)
Fl1~;;44T( Vf)(36360
0081 GO TO 350 '10[36370
00i37 300 C3 = C~T(~~~3)*F(~RG3. V01363~O
0033 350 I~ (~41S(~~G4.~I*N~P).r,T.EPSl) GO TO 4JO VOI36390
Of)~4 EPS=(4NG4.PI·N~PI.?·W~ VD[36400
oons C4=H(F~S,W~,l,?r) VDI36410
0086 IF(Icn~.EQ.l. WRITE(6,l26) C4 VOI36420
Q():J7 126 FOR~4T(LX,' (C4) ~MAll EOSI·,2~20.10) VDI36430
ooa~ GO Tn 450 VDI36440
OOQ9 40~ C4 = r.OT(~~G41*F(ARG41 vnl36450
OO~O 450 CO"T t ":UF VOI3~4!)O
C VOl16470
C CO'4PIJT E OS ,A~JO OH VOl36480
C '10136490
C VO(36500
OQql 1~(I~GN.N~.l) GO TO SOO VOI36C;lO
ooq? FI1SE=F(I\RGl) VOI3ft520
OOQ3 BB:CtJT(~NGll V0136530
O\JQ4 wPITE(~tlllJ~RtF~SEtCl '10136'540
OOQC; FftSE=FfARG2) vor3b550
 261

FnRTR!~ IV G LEVEL 21 VGTO 81076 12/45/53

OOQ6 BIl=COT( .\NG?» VtJI36S60

nOQ7 WRITE(~,111)~B,FA~E,C2 VOl36570
OJqq Fl\S~=F("RG) VDl36580
~Oqq Bf3=COT(.\~G3) VDI36590
0100 WRIT~(~,lll»~~,F~SE,Cl VDI36600
0101 FA SE= F C,\ RG4 » Vt1136610
0102 BB=COTCA\lG4) VD136f,20
0103 ~RITF(6,111)~A,F\~EtC4 VDI36630
~l04 lIt FnR~~T(lXt' COT',020.10,' FE~NEL',2020.10,' RESUlT',2D20.10» Vfll36640
'lI05 ~RITE(~,122)GH,GStCO VOf3665fJ
0106 122 Fnp~t\T(lXt' GH't020.10,' GS',D20.10,' CO·,21120.10) VOI36660
0107 500 CO~T I ~'JE VOl36670
0108 ~H=GH~~O*(Cl+C2.C3+C4) VOl36680
{llOG OS=GS*CO*CC1+C2-Cl-C4) VOl366QO
0110 RF.TU~N V'll 361()()
0111 ENfJ VOl36110
 262

FORTR~~ IV G LEVEL ZI V20tF DATE = .31076 12/4'i/53

0001 SU~Q'lUrl'JE V2111FI \,F.El,E'2.E3,E4,OP1,OP2,AETJ\t VDI36720

0002 VtPllCIT REJ\L.~(\-H,o-Z) vnl3673IJ
C VDIl6140
C PUR?OSF '10136150
C TO DETER~(~E TWO DIFF~ACTlnN POI~TS O~ TWO EO~ES. '10136160
r. VDI36110
C PA~~~fT~R$ : VDl36780
C ***tNPUTS* ••• VOl361QO
C '101 36'J'l0
C .\ : Sau R eEL o CAT t (1 ~~ '10136310
C F : OgSFRVATIQ~ ~OI~T VOl363Z0
C El. E~ : TWO FNO por~TS CF rYE FI~ST ~~~E V'lI36330
C E3, E4 : TWO E~O pnlNTS nF THE SfCONO EDGE '11)136840
C VOl368S0
C ·~*~UTPUTS* •• VDt36~6J
C vnr36810
C O P t , OP2 : T"O QtFFR~CTIO~ POINTS '10136331)
C gETA : THE ~IFFR~CTt~G INCIDENT ANGLE VDI36390
C V')136QOO
C RE~UIP.~D SU9Rourt~F.S : VDI36QlO
C V~CTOq, VRET~ VDl36920
C vaI36930
0003 or :'1S:": s ION 1\( 1) • F f 3) • ~ 1f 3' , F 1f 3» , P ( 3) t IJ( ] ) tOP 1 f 3 ) ,0 P 2 f l) , I) 1 r 3 ) , '10136941)
<02(1) ,:13() ,E1(1) ,E2(),F3(lt,E4(3J V'11369S0
0<)04 cn~~o~ IAI PI,PIIR~ VIJI36960
0005 CO~'''ON /'.4/ ICJ~ \/013697')
0006 IFIE2(1).GT.Elfl)) ~a TO 2 Vf)1369~0
;')007 DO 1 J 2= 1, 3 vnr369QO
0008 Ol(JZ)=Ei!(J2) VOI37()03
00119 E2( J2)=f.l(J2) '11)13 7')10
GOIO 1 ElfJ2)=DlfJ2t '10137020
OOll 2 fFIE4(1).r,T.El(1t) GO Tn 3 VOI]1')]/)
0012 no 4 J2=t,3 VD131040
0013 IJlfJ2)=E3(J2) VlJI37J5J
0014 E3(J7.)=E4fJ?) '/OI37'l60
0015 4 E4(J~)=OI(J2) VOI31070
C Vf)I310~0
C POINT a ~.R.T. EDGE 1-2 '11')137090
C V'J1311'JO
0016 3 Oflt=A(l) '10131110
0017 O(Z)=E2(Z) '10131120
0018 O(3)=E~f3) '11)131130
c '10137140
C POINT P W.R.T. EDGE 3-4 VOl31150
C VD.137160
001Q P(1)=f'flJ V1J11117')
0020 P(~)=E4(Z) '10(37180
0021 P()=E4(]) Vl)[3119tl
0022 E4l=OAASIE2(])-E4(lll '10131200
1)023 E4Y=l)A~S(E2(Z)-F4f2J) VOl1721Cl
c '11)131220
C FINO SLnp~ OF THE PLANE 'Pl' nEFI~fO BY EDGE 1-2,3-~ VO[37230
C '10131240
0024 ALRlsnAT~~2(E4Z,E4VI VOll1250
0025 ALQPaALRI/P(l~O VOI3126'}
t)()2~ IF(lCC~.EO.l)WRITF(6.201J4LRP VDI31Z10
0027 201 FCR~~T(?X,'~LP1 .'.nl~.At V01117.9Q
0013 CALL VF.crnR(6.A,O.Ola Vtll3729J
 263

FORTRAN IV u LEVEL 21 V2DIF DATE ~ 91016 12/45/53

002Q C~lL VECTCR('),Ot,Ol,ryZ) vnt37300

OJ30 Rl=D~(l) vnl31310
C VOI11320
C TR\NSFOR~ P~INTS ~ ONTO PLANE PL. VOl31330
C VD(17340
0031 CALL V~CTORC6,F,P,Jl) V013715f)
0032 CALL VECTO~(5,019~1,n2) VO(31360
0::>13 p l=112 ( 1 ) vnt31370
0014 IF:d~2*OSIN( '\lR 1) VDI37380
003c; VF=R2*'lcns (Al~l) VDll13Qf)
0036 =
l A il 1 * ~ C; U" ( t\ L q 1 ) vnI3140f)
\l031 = ~ 1* JCOS ( 1\LR1 )
't " I VOf31410
OO,q l\lfll=t\fl) VOI31420
O'J39 Fl(1)=FC1) VrJI37430
0040 GO
IF((F4f2).~~.E2r2».ANO.(F2(3).GT.E4()J)J TD 402 VDI3744()
0041 (FffE2(Z).GT.f4fZ».\ND.fE2(3).Gf.E4C3J» ~O TO ~Ol VDI3745J
0042 IFCCF2(2).G~.E4(2»).~~O.(E4(3).GT.E2f3»)) ~O TO 400 VOI31460
0043 Al(Z)=IJ(Z)-VA VOf37411J
0044 :\l(1)=Q(3)-lA V!l1314RO
0045 Flf?)=PfZ)+VF VOf37490
0046 Fl(3)=of3)+lF VDI31SfJO
0047 Gn Tt') sao VOlJ7510
1)048 400 ~1(2)=f)(?)+Yh VOl37520
0040 Al(3)=11(3)-l~ VDI31530
0050 Fl(2J=P(Z)-yr: vor37540
00&;1 Fl(3)=O(3)+lF V3117550
00&;2 GO Ttl 5')0 VOI315r,Q
0053 401 ~1(2)=n(Z)+Y~ VOI)7c;7Q
00'>4 Al(3)=O(3J+ZA VOI11580
005~ Fl(2)=P{Z)-YF vnr37C;90
00"6 Fl(3)=P(3)-lF VOI37flOO
0051 GO TO sao VOT37610
QO&;~ 402 t\l(?)=()(Z)-VA VDI37620
OOSQ Al r'3 ) =:l( 3) +Z.A VI")I31630
0060 Fl(Z)=P(Z)+YF VDI1764()
OQ~l Flf])=?(3)-lF VOI116'i()
0062 SOO CONT I~JUE VOI37660
0063 CALL VgET~(Al,Fl,~ltE~t~Pl,BfTA) VrJI37670
006~ CALL VAET~(Al,Fl,E3,E4,np2,p.ETA) VD(376~O
006') CALL VFCTnR(3,F2.El,OlJ VDI316~O
0066 CALL VECT~~(3,A,OPl,02) VOI31700
0067 CALL VFCTOR(4,Ol,n2,03) VOl31110
006~ Bl=DARCOSfOl(l»/PllBO vnl11720
0069 IF(31.GT.QO.) Bl:lAO.-Rl '10131730
0070 C~lL VECTOR(].F,n?2,DZJ vnl31140
1)011 CALL V~CTOR(4,CltO~tOl) VOl11150
0012 ~2=)APCOS(03(lJ)/P(13J '10131760
0013 TF(q2.~T.q~.) q2a180.-~2 VOll1770
fJ014 IF(ICON.EQ.l)WRITF(~"O~) ~1,~2 vnI31780
00115 IF(~A8~(Al-~2).GT.O.001)~RITE(6,204)~1,B2 VDI37790
01)1" 2'l4 FCP~AT(2x,'ERRn~ F~n~ SUqROUTI~E V2DIF, FI~n BETAO 1',lX,Z020.10) vo r 31800
0011 200 FnqM~T(2X,ICHE~K 2-nl~ RFTA :·,lX,2020.1QI VOI318lr)
001A QETUP.!\f VIJ131820
007Q F.:~O vOt31830
 264

FnRTRA~ IV G LEVFL 21 VLOG 12 OA TE 81076 12/45/53

0001 SURqnUTI~E VLOGIZ(SPT,EPT,1V,ll,I2,LOK) VO(37~4D

0002 I ~. P LIe I T REAL • '\ ( ~ - H. 0- Z ) vnI37350
C '10137860
C PlJ~P~SE : '10[31870
C V0131~80
C Tn DFTER~[~f WHF.THF.R THE D4r~ FRQ~ O(FFR~CT[ON POINT VOI31890
C TO q~SERVATTO~ ?nI~IT CR SOURCE POINT :.-4AS NOT PfJSSIALE • VOl37QOO
C VOl37Q10
C P~R:\'''ETERS : VOr31Q20
C **~I~PUT**** VOl31Q30
C VDI3794Q
C SPT, EPT : T~O E~O POINTS O~ ~ LINE UNDER TEST '10131950
C OV : PLl\TE Ot\TA '/'1137960
C 11. [Z : E~COOEO EDGES U~~DE~ ~LOC~~GE TEST '10(31910
C VOI37980
C *• *0 ~J TP'JT** * VrJ(37QQO
C VDI~8000
C lOK = 1 ~EhNS : P~TH was NOT pnSSr~LE • VDI3ROIO
C -1 ~EANS : P6TH WAS POSSI~LE. VOI3R020
C '111138030
C REQU r P ED SUARnu r I '1ES : VEe Tn R, p~ AGE VDI313040
C VOI3~050
C APP~"ACH VD[38060
C VOI18070
C FINa THE PLANE DEFINED BY I1t[~ Vf)I380aJ
C F (~f) U'! I T '10 0 Mt\ L T!1 THE PLA'" E • VDT3130QO
C I~~GE \LL THE ~OG~S AFTWEEN 11 & 12 W.R.T. r~IS PL~~E • vor38100
C TEST I~~GI~G P~t~TS WHETHE~ THEY ~lL LIE ~~OVF THE PLaNE. VD(38110
C IF THEY ARE NOT, THE P~TH WAS NnT POSSIBLE. VDI]81~O
C VO[38130
000) CC1M"40N IWI ICO~ V013~140
0004 DI"'~~SI(lN
OVf5rJ,3),PlI3),P2(3),P)(1),lJN(3J,')1(3),02(]), '11)138150
<03(3),SPT(3J,EPT(1) Vf)T3B160
00115 LOK= 1 '10138111')
0006 Tl1=11*2 '19138180
0007 122=12*2+2 VOI381<}'J
OOQR Pl(l)=SPT(l)+lono. VIJI382IJ{)
OOOq Pl(Z)=SPT(?) V'.)(1R210
0010 Pl(1)=S~T(3) VDIJ3221
0011 P2(lJ=EPT(1t+luOO. VDI38230
001Z P2fZ)=fPT(Z) VO(3324Q
0013 P2(3)~EPTf3) VDT38251J
0014 ~AlL VECTOR(6,Pl,F?T,rylJ VOl38260
0015 C~lL V~CTOR(6,Pl,SPT,02J VOI1QZ10
0016 CALL VECTn~(ltOl.O?,IJ!'.J) Vr)(382RO
'011 IF(U~(l).lE.O.1 GO TO 4 V!J118Z90
0018 Of) S J2~1,3 '10138300
0019 ') UN eJ 2 ) =- U N f J 2 J VOl38310
OOZO 4 00 A Jl=lll.I22,2 '10138320
rJ021 00 q J2=1,3 VOf18330
0072 q 03(JZ)=!JVfJl tJ2) vnI3R340
0023 CALL I~AGFf03.SPTtU~,Ol) VDI38350
002~ CALL VECTnR(~t~l,~ltn2) VDI3Q360
0025 CALL VECTOR(4t02,U~.P3) VOl38310
1')026 IF([CC~.~E.l) GO TO 10 VOl 383q()
c VOIJ8390
c ICON EQ 1 WRITE THE FOll~Wr~G. VDI1~400
c vnl38410
 265

FOqT~~N IV G LF.VEL 21 VLO'jI2 DATE q 10 76 12/45/51

0027 ,,.,RITE(f),201) 111.122 VOT38420

0028 .:!Ol FOR-"Af(1X,' IlI.I22 ·.~X,2Il(» VOIJlJ4JO
Oozq wR(TE(6.?OJ)(SPTrJl),J1=1,1) VDIJ8440
0030 WRITE(6,~OO)(E~TIJ1)tJl=t,3) VOr3R450
D031 ~RIT~(o,21~)( U~(J]).J3=1,3t VDI38460
0032 WQtTE(6,200)( Dl(J3J,J3=1,1) Vr)[18470
0013 WQITF.(6,?OQJ( Ol(Jl),JJ=1,3) VOl184QO
0034 wRITE(&,lJ2) ~3(1) VOI38490
0035 10 IF(Pl(ll.GE.O.) RETURN VOl38500
0036 8 CONTINUE V,.,[]qc;llJ
C VDI38520
C SET LDK FOR NQ LINE-OF-SIGHT ~lOCKAGF. V013~510
C V!J[38540
')037 1l1:<::-1 Vf)13~550
0038 QETURN VOI385f,O
003 Q 20a F()R·~AT(~)("'021'}.lO) VOl3QS70
0040 202 F~~~~T(2X.'P3(1)·,~20.10) V[)(3358n
0041 E'IO VDIJ8S90
 266

FORTRAN IV G LEVEL 21 VTERR r)ATE 81076 12/45/53

0001 SURRnUTINE VTE~RIN~I vor38600

C VDI3R610
C PUR~OSE VOI3~610
C lI~EAP tNTFRPOLATIO~ TFRRAI~ ELEV~TTO~S. VO(38630
C VOI3Q640
C P A q A ~1 ETERS : V013865f)
C ~**INPlJTSt:~** vOr3A660
C PSEUDO 3-~ TFRPAIN DATA FRO~ FILFOEF 14. VOI)A670
c ***'lUTPUTS*** VrJI386AO
c NEW PROFILE ALONG ~ LINE OR[GINATEO Fq8~ ANT Tn QASFRVATION vnt386QO
c POI·~T. ASSIGNED IN CO~'10N/ PILATEI vnI3B7~O
c Vnt18110
0002 I~PLI([T RE~L$9(A-q,D-H,K,C-Z) VOI38720
OOt)] ca.~MOrJ /PL ATEI xn (30 J, YD(30 t, znr 30 I, NF: Vnr38110
0004 CO~~ON I~NTNNAI X?(4f),YP(40t,lP(40J,K,FREO,N VOI]3740
0005 CO~~ON I01SVERI X,Y,l VOl38150
Q006 COM'10N /W/lr.eN VOl 3876·)
0007 OI~E~SIO~ Al(3),~2(3)tA())tTl(3J,T~(1),D(3J,Ulf3),U2(31,UN(3) VOI1R770
0009 T 1 ( 1 ) : X0 ( ~"J) VOI381RO
0009 T 1 (2) =yp ( N~n VO 138 790
0010 T 1 ( ~ J = t P ("J~) VOI3SJ800
001~ T2fl)::,( VO[38810
0012 T2fZ)=Y VOl38820
0013 T2(?\)::l VOI38B3fl
0014 UlII)::'). VDI3Sl340
0015 Ul(?)::O. VOI3R850
0016 IJ 1 ( 3 J::- 1.0 Vl113SQ60
0017 CALL VFCTOQ(6,Tl,T2,D) VOl38910
0018 (~LL VEr.TOR(7.,Ul,O,UN) Vr)I1q8~O
0019 p E ~\ ') ( 14, 100 ) ~ , N VO (3~P390
0020 NF="" VDI3QQOO
0021 IIJi) Fn~'1AT(215) vnr3Q91o
C vnl38920
C IT IS NECEssaqy TO INPUT 42fl) > ~l(l). VnI38<)30
C VrJI3A940
0022 00 20 I=l,~ VOI3RQC;O
0023 IFl\G=fJ VDI3A96'l
0024 REA1(14,lOI)(AlfL),l=l,31 VO(]8Q70
r: VOllQQQ'.)
C ~F.E~~HE~ THf. CqS~RVTIO~ P~INT IS lOC~TEO IN CLOSED DISTANCE. '1rl138QQa
C E1U[VllENCE TS SET TH~ TERR4I~ PROFILE ELEVATIO~ TO 0.0 , Vf")13QOOO
C FOR THE 9AC~ SCATTERING. VOl39010
C Vf)(1Q020
0025 YfJ ( I J:.\ 1 ( 2 J VO 13QO 30
0026 Zo ( I ) =I) • 0 VOl19040
0027 101 FOPMAT(3FIO.3J VOI19050
0028 Of) 21 J=2,'" vnl39060
002Q READ(14,lOl'(A2fl),l=l,3) VDI39070
c VDI39080
c DO ~OT ~nOIFJED TERR41N 04Th 4T THE FIRST 00INT. Vr}1390QO
c VOI39100
0030 fFfI.EQ.l) GO TO 21 VO(39110
c -YO11q i zo
c CREAT \ PLAN, .THAT CONTAI~S 4NTENNA ~NO ORERVATlnN POINT vnl39110
c ANO THE Z-AXIS. THE Pl~NE r.IJT THE PSEUQO l-r> TERRAIN VDI3Ql40
c IN WHIC~ PR~~ll~ IS r)ETf~~I~Fn FR~M THESE tNTE~SF~TIONS. Vl1I19lS0
c VOl3916Q
0031 IF(IFlAG.EO.ll GO TO 21 Vr}I39l10
 '267

FORro~~ IV G LEVEL 21 VTEQR DATE RI016 17/45/51

0032 C'Ll VECTOR(3t~1,'2,A) VOl19190

0011 CALL t~TRSC(Tl,lJ'J,~l.A,Ot (ERR) VOl3Cl190
0014 XO( I ) =i')( 1. VOI39200
ll03~ I F ( '( ~l ( I ) • r.T • l\ 2 ( 1 ) • OR. xn ( T ) • LT. A1 ( 1 ). Go TO 2 2 VOI19210
003~ YO( I )-=o( 2» VfJIJ922fJ
0011 ZO (I ) =0 (3) VOI3QZ30
OQ3R IFl~G=1 VO(3924'J
003Q GO TO 21 VO I 39250
0040 22 ~ 1 ( 1 ) = 1\2 ( 1 ) vatlQz60
0041 ,~1(2).:t\2(2) VDI1927J
004? Al(3)=A2f]) VDt392~f)
0043 21 CGNT P·.UE VOI19Z(}O
('044 20 CC~TINUE VOl39100
0045 R E'.~ r ~O 14 VDl39310
0046 D.C:TUQ~I VDI39320
0041 EP\IO VDI39310
FOR TRA"! IV G LEVEL 21 TMOPLT DaTE:: Ql076 12/45/51

0)'11 vnr 39 ]'+0

C Vr)139350
C PURPOSf VD13931,()
C TO CRE\T ~ H-P PLOT FILE ON FILE DEFIN[Tla~ 11. V'11 3q 3 70
C VO(391~O
C PAQA\1ETERS V!)I39190
C ***I"JPUTS**** VDI39400
C TYPES OF PlQTS possr~LE WITH THIS SUAROllTINE ·'\RE AS FOLLO'M<;: Vf){19410
C ITYPE==~: LI~E PLOT- NO SMOOTHING VDI39420
C ITyoE=l: L(~E PLQT- S~OOTHI~G Vf)()9410
C ITYPE=2: SY~ROL PLOT- NO CONNECTI~G lr~E VI1139441")
C ITYPE=1: SY190L PL"T- lI~E CONNECTING DATA pnrNTS V0139450
C ITY~E=4: <;y~qOl PLOT- S~OOTH~D lINF CONNECTS DATA PQI~TS VO[]946Q
C ITYPE=S: ~~QOTHEO n,SHED lr~ES vnl19470
C I~P9S INDICATES THE ~UV.qF.R OF pnrNT<i qETWEEI\I SY'1~nLS vnI3C)480
C ISY'·' IS TH~ INTEGEP EQUIVALENT OF THE sy,,~nL rn BE USED VD1394C)O
C [~ THE PLOT. IT ~UST AF WITYI~ rHE RANGE OF o-13,I~ClUS{VE. VO(19'500
C FOR DASHED LI~F.S ISY~ IS THE TYP~ OF O~SH LrNEFRO~ 1 TO 4 VDI39510
C FOR ITYPE=O ~~n [SY~.NE.O ~~SHED LINES ALsn PRODUCED VOI3C)c;20
C VDI3Qc;30
C ***QUTPUTc;*** VlJI3Q54fJ
C ~ PLrJT FILE. Vf)1395c;(}
C VDI3Q560
C suq~'lUTI~ES USFO HEqE A~~ THE IB',", CANNED ROUTlf',JES. VO(39570
C VDI39530
0002 (O~~O~/1ASHFX/Ix,tY VfJI3 0.,90
0003 D[~ENSInN X(252),V(252),XPlT(252),YPlT(252),~UF(5100) VOf39600
0004 C~lL Dl'TS(~UF,7.0000,11' VfJI1C)SlO
00(')5 1=0 VD[3Q620
0006 XF~CT=l':;. VOl39630
0007 YFACT=liJ. VD13')640
0009 IF(IX.~~.2) GO TO 40 VOl39651
OOtJq IFfIY.GE.3) GO Tn 50 VDI3Q660
C VDI39670
C PATTJ=P,\'-A COl VS nIST~'JCE WITH T..~n FOLLOWING NflR'-1\LIZED F\CTQRS. VOI396a·)
C '/0 r 3969n
OOIO <FACT=R.2 VlJI39700
0011 YF ..,C T=!). 12 VOl 3q 11'1
0012 GO Tn ~O 'IDI39720
0013 40 [F(IV.GE.3) GO Tn 41 VOl39710
C '10(39740
C PATTER~-B COl VS ANGLE WITH THE FClLOWIN~ NOR~~lIZEO FACTORS. '10[39150
C VO[)9760
0014 )tF"CT=6.28 vnI39170
0015 YF~CT-=7.91 VOI3<)780
00l~ GO TO c;O '10139790
c VDI39800
C A,,",PLITIJ1E v« 4NGlE WITH THE FnLLCWING NOR~AlrZED F'\CTiJRS. Vrl(3981il
C VOI39A20
OOL7 41 XFACT=q.? Vnl3q~lO
OOlJ3 YFACT='5.0 Vf)[3<)B40
0019 5Cl CnNTI~UE VI)13Q950
0020 XyqATn=rXFACT/15.)/fYF~CT/lO.) '10139860
nOll JDASH=v '10139970
n022 4 J= 1 VOl39880
!lOll 5 CO'~T (NUE VOl39a90
0024 1= I" l Vf)I3qq()~

OOlS IF(I.Gr.~) ~Q TO 20 V01]QQlO

 -269

FOqTR ,~N IV G LFVEl 21 n40Pl T DATE = 81076 12/4.5/53

0026 IF«(X(I).LT.X~I~).nR.(X(I).GT.X~~X» GO Tn 20 Vf)[39Q20

0027 IFf ( Y( I ) • LT. YYIN» • fl R• ( Y( I ) • .; T• Y'1'\ )( • ) GO fO 20 VOI3QQ10
OOl8 ~PLT(J)=(Xf 1)-X'11N)*15./(X~~X-X~(~) VOt39940
OO?9 YPl T( J) =( v f ( »-v '41'~ ) * 10.1 (Y~A x- Y'"Pit V113QQ5G
003fJ J=J+1 VOl39960
OOJ 1 GO TO 5 VOl39Q70
003? 20 CQ~JT I NUE VOl19980
0033 (F( I.GT.N."~".J.lJ:.l) GO TO 7 VDI39QQO
')034 rF~ J.lE.2) GO TO 4 VDI400IJO
0035 NPTS=J-l VOl40010
D03A X~Lr(NPTS"'lJ=O. VOl40020
0037 YPLTfNPTSf-l)=O. VOl40030
0033 XOLT(NPTS+2J=1. VOI40040
0039 YPLTfNPTS+2)=I. VOl4a050
0040 i<.TYP=O VOl40060
0041 IF( ITYC>E.EQ.l J ~IPT<;=-NPTS VO[4f)f)70
0042 fF((TYPE.fO.21 KTVP=-NP8S VOI400AO
0043 IFfITYPE.EQ.31 KTYP=NPJ3S VD r 400QO
0044 [FIITYPE.Ef).4. KTyo=NPR S VOl401fJO
0045 IFf(TyoE.EQ.41 ~!PTS=-NPTS VOl4011fJ
0046 IFf (TYPE.EO.'l) NPTS=-~PTS VOI401Z0
0047 IFfITYPE.FQ.S) JDt\SH=ISY:.4 vnI 401 30
0048 IF r r TYPE.F'1.0) JDASH=(SY~ VOl40140
0049 caLL FrJASH (J~~SH,O.,O.,XYRATO) Vf1140150
0050 C~Ll FSY'1R(.23) VDI40160
0051 C4lL FlINEIXPlT,YPLT,NPTS,l,KTYP,lSYM) VOl40110
0052 IFf r .GT .~I) GO TO 1 VOI4eJ180
0053 Gfl Tn 4 VO(40l90
0054 7 CO~ T r ~tUE VOl40200
00'55 Rr:TIJRN VO[40210
onS6 E~'J VOl40220