Content: Digital Audio and Visual Technologies

 Audio in Teaching and Learning

 Digital Audio/ Video Media
o Optical Media
o Digital Video Editing
o Internet Audio
o Internet Video
 Internet broadcast
 Live Camera
 Internet Meetings
 Youtube

First Reporter: Joanna T. Garcia

Digital Audio

 Digital Audio is a technology that is used to record, store, manipulate, generate

and reproduce sound using audio signal that have been encoded in digital form.
 It also refers to the sequence of discreet sample that are taken from an analog
audio waveform. Instead of a continuous sinusoidal wave, digital audio is
composed of discreet point which represents the amplitude of the waveform
approximately.

Audio in Teaching and Learning

Audio media can make several unique contributions to the teaching-learning
process:
 Self study for non-readers
 Realistic foreign language practice
 Stories to stimulate the imagination
 Music for physical activity
Advantages:

1. Classroom audio overcomes ambient noise levels and distributes the teacher’s
voice at the same amplified level throughout the classroom.
2. Every child hears the teachers at the same level no matter where the child is
seated.
3. Reduce a child’s sensitivity to distraction.
4. Intelligibility is enhanced.
5. Less need for repeating of instruction and
6. Fewer reminders are needed.

Disadvantages:

1. Students will not learn how to read as effectively (as they listen instead of
practice to read stories, poem, etc).
2. Difficult for the teachers to control devices use in class affects classroom
management and especially time management.
3. Teachers have grown eyes in the back of their heads and when mobile devices
are used in class, the need for continual monitoring and regulation increases.
4. Inability to know how to extract information from text successfully using audio in
teaching and learning.

The following are the examples of audio media:

1. cassette audiotape
Advantages:
 portable (small and light)
 durable and easy to use (no threading)
 can prevent accidental erasing
 requires little storage space

Limitations:

 tape sometimes sticks or tangles

 noise and hiss
  poor fidelity with inexpensive players
 broken tape not easy to repair

2. micro cassettes

Advantages:

 compact and
 portable

Limitations:

 not compatible with other cassettes

 poor fidelity

3. phonograph record (Disc Recording)

Advantages:

 excellent frequency response

 comp ability of records and phonographs
 selections easily cued
 wide variety of selections
 inexpensive

Limitations:

 impractical to prepare locally

 easily scratched
 required much storage space

4. compact disc

Advantages:

 very durable
 high fidelity
  no background noise
 random search

Limitations:

 impractical to prepare locally

 expensive
 initial expense of equipment

5. audio card

Advantages:

 sound with visual

 student can record, response and compare with original designed for
individual use
 participation or involvement

Limitations:

 most cards hold less 15 seconds

 time consuming to prepare
 Audio media has some advantages for teaching-learning process. There are
some audio medias that are useful such as: cassettes, micro cassettes,
phonograph record, CD’s and audio card. Each of audio media has the
advantages and limitations. The use of audio media is limited only by the
imagination of teachers and students. Audio media can be used in all phases of
instruction from introduction of a topic to evaluation of student learning.

Optical Media

 Refers to any data storage device or equipment that is uses optical data storage
and retrieval techniques to read and write data.
 Stores data digitally on the media device and uses a laser to read data from it.
 Optical media is also known as “optical storage”.
Advantages:

 Data capacity
 Longer media device life
 Digital form in circular sectors and written
 Portable and can easily be transported to different system and locations.

Common forms of optical media devices:

 CD
 DVD
 Blu-ray

Second Reporter: Jan Eric Ayalin

Digital Video Editing

 Is software that allows you to use your computer to edit video and audio usually
via a standard or modified computer keyboard and mouse.
 It can also be software that is incorporated into a turnkey video editing system
that consists of custom, dedicated computer for editing.
 Digital video editing software allows you to upload your video footage into a
computer in a process called video capture. The video and audio that you
capture is generally stored on the computer hard drive and then is accessed as
needed during the video editing process. This differs remarkably from old-
fashioned linear video editing in that the video can be randomly accessed. That
is, the computer can go to any hard drive location very rapidly and pull up any
section of video and audio that you want and use it to edit.
 There is no need to change videocassettes or reels of videotape and to wind
through the tape to locate a shot before you edit it in. Video clips can be dragged
and dropped and moved around at will and manipulated in many ways with very
little effort. Generally, these clips are laid down on what is called a timeline which
is displayed on the computer screen. You can place clips on a particular point on
 the timeline, insert a clip between two existing clips, shuffle clips around, etc. You
can also store clips in "bins" or files and name them.
 In many video editing software programs special effect can be "rendered"
digitally, titles can be created digitally, and so on. What you can do is largely
determined by what is written into the video editing program, the speed and
power of your computer and the size of your hard drive.

Examples of video editing software:

 Final cut
 Avid
 Vegas video
 Adobe premiere
 Pinnele studio

Internet Audio

 Audio service transmitted via internet.

 It is generally used to communicate and easily spread messages through the
form of talk. It is distributed through a wireless communication network
connected to a switch packet network (the internet) via a disclosed source.
 The first Internet radio service was launched in 1993. As of 2017, the most
popular internet radio platforms and applications in the world includes (but are
not limited to) TuneIn Radio, iHeartRadio,and Sirius XM.
 Internet audio involves streaming media, presenting listeners with a continuous
stream of audio that typically cannot be paused or replayed, much like traditional
broadcast media; in this respect, it is distinct from on-demand file serving.
 It is also distinct from podcasting, which involves downloading rather than
streaming.
Podcast- is a digital audio file made available on the internet for downloading to a
computer or mobile device, typically available as a series, new installments of
which can be received by subscribers automatically.
Internet Video/Online
 The general field that deals with the transmission of video over the internet.
 Online video streaming was only made possible with advances in data
compression, due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of
uncompressed video. Raw digital video requires a bandwidth of 168 Mbps for SD
video, and over 1 Gbps for FHD video.
 The most important compression technique that enabled practical video
streaming is the discrete cosine transform (DCT), a form of lossy compression
first proposed in 1972 by Nasir Ahmed, who then developed the algorithm with T.
Natarajan and K. R. Rao at the University of Texas in 1973. The DCT algorithm
is the basis for the first practical video coding format, H.261, in 1988,[4] and all
the MPEG video formats from 1991 onwards.
 Internet video exists in several formats, the most notable being:
 MPEG-4 AVC - (Advanced Video Coding) is the most widely used video coding
format on the Internet. It was developed in 2003 by a number of organizations,
with patents primarily from Panasonic, Godo Kaisha IP Bridge and LG
Electronics. It uses a discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm with higher
compression ratio than the preceding MPEG-2 Video format. It is the format used
by video streaming services such as YouTube, Netflix, Vimeo, and iTunes Store.
 AVCHD - (Advanced Video Coding High Definition), uses one of the more
efficient video coding formats. It was announced in May 2006 and since then has
grown into a high-quality video format that can compete with other professional
forms of media. The AVCHD is geared towards consumer shooters; this is largely
because the AVCHD format capitalizes on the H.264/MPEG-4 video that is able
to compress video to smaller sizes in order to allow more video to be stored in
the same storage capacity.
 FLV (Flash Video) - is encoded video by Adobe Flash software in order to play
within the Adobe Flash Player. It is the most common sharing format on the
internet today. It is estimated that 99% of users have flash installed on their
 browser. The majority of video-sharing websites stream videos in Flash, most
notably YouTube.
 MPEG-4 is known as a sharing format for the internet. In recent years an
increasing number of camcorder and cameras began employ it. Moreover,
YouTube recommends using the MP4 Format (Although it accepts multiple
formats, YouTube either converts them to .flv or .mp4 files). Apple is another
company that has backed MP4 by using it in its QuickTime player.

Third Reporter: Lory Ann O. Pelera

Internet Broadcasting

 IB is a provider of websites, content and advertising revenue solution to the

largest and most successful media companies in the world.
 IB hosts over 70 local stations' sites and co-produced NBCOlympics.com for the
2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece and the 2006 Winter Olympics in
Torino, Italy.
 The company is headquartered in Saint Paul, Minnesota with offices in New
York City, Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.

Live Camera

 A cam, homecam, or webcam is a video camera, usually attached directly to a

computer, whose current or latest image is requestable from a website.
 A live camera is one that is continually providing new images that are transmitted
in rapid succession or, in some cases in streaming video.

Examples:

 Messenger
 Skype
 ManyCam
 YouCam
Internet meeting/Web Conferencing

 Maybe used as an umbrella term for various types of online collaboration

services including web seminars, webcasts and peer-level web meeting.
 It may also be used in a more narrow sense to refer only to the peer-level web
meeting context, in an attempt to disambiguate it from the other types of
collaborative sessions.
 Terminology related to these technologies is inexact, and no generally agreed
upon source or standards organization exists to provide an established usage
reference.
 In general, web conferencing is made possible by Internet technologies,
particularly on TCP/IP connections. Services may allow real-time point-to-point
communications as well as multicast communications from one sender to many
receivers. It offers data streams of text-based messages, voice and video chat to
be shared simultaneously, across geographically dispersed locations.
 Applications for web conferencing include meetings, training events, lectures, or
presentations from a web-connected computer to other web-connected
computers.

Youtube

 YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno,

California.
 Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim created the service in February
2005.
 Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion;
 YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries.
 YouTube allows users to upload, view, rate, share, add to playlists, report,
comment on videos, and subscribe to other users. It offers a wide variety of user-
generated and corporate media videos. Available content includes video clips,
TV show clips, music videos, short and documentary films, audio recordings,
 movie trailers, live streams, and other content such as video blogging, short
original videos, and educational videos.
 YouTube has faced criticism over aspects of its operations, including its handling
of copyrighted content contained within uploaded videos, its recommendation
algorithms perpetuating videos that promote conspiracy theories and falsehoods,
hosting videos ostensibly targeting children but containing violent and/or sexually
suggestive content involving popular characters, videos of minors attracting
pedophilic activities in their comment sections, and fluctuating policies on the
types of content that is eligible to be monetized with advertising.

Conclusion:

In the fast moving technology, we the teachers together with the students we apply
different media sources in our daily life in school. Technology serves not just a tool but
also a bridge to connect people around the world and make things more convenient. It
is made for human to be more productive and rational. With the help of those media
sources such as digital audio, optical media, digital editing, internet audio, and internet
broadcasting our job as a facilitator of the class is become easier. There are
advantages and disadvantages of using media sources. Advantages like reduce a
child’s sensitivity to distraction and less need for repeating of instruction. Disadvantages
are inability to know how to extract information from text successfully using audio in
teaching and learning and the students will not learn how to read as effectively.
Technology can only be productive if we’re going to use it on educational purposes or
something that we can benefit and gain.
References:

1. InnerFidelity (2012). "Teaching in a Digital Age." Powered by Pressbooks.

https://opentextbc.ca/teachinginadigitalage/chapter/9-5-2-audio/
2. Ratih Wijayanti (2016). "Instructional Technology: Audio Media". Templates.
http://pascapbi-3a.blogspot.com/2016/12/audio-media.html?m=1
3. MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang (2016). "Leading the Web to its full potential: Audio
and Video". W3C. https://www.w3.org/standards/webdesign/audiovideo
4. Techopedia (2019). "Optical Media." Techopedia Inc.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5309/optical-media
5. Garry Hood (2004). "What is Digital Video Editing Software?" .
http://www.signvideo.com/dig-ed-softwr-rtcl.htm
6. Vangie Beal (2019). "Internet Radio." Webopedia.
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Internet_radio.html