1.) What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction
 offspring that is produced possess new characters other than parents.
 Process of creating individual using two parent organisms
 2 parents = offspring genetically different
Asexual Reproduction
 offspring that is produced is identical to the parent.
 Process of creating individual using one parent organisms
 1 parent = offspring genetically identical

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

requires 2 parents
two parents contribute genetic
information to produce offspring
used by animals, flowering plants, some
fungi
offspring are different from parents
provides genetic variation, but time-
consuming
requires 1 parent
single organism makes an exact copy of
itself
bacteria, some plants and fungi, few
animals (sponges)
offspring are identical to parent
fast and easy, but no genetic variation

2.) What are the different plant organs responsible for sexual reproduction? For
asexual reproduction?

3.) What is the importance of the stamen? Of the carpel?

 The stamen is a very important part of the flower because it contains the
male reproductive organs. The stamen is comprised of the filament, which is
the long, slender stalk, and the anther, which is at the top of the filament and
is where pollen grains are produced.
 The carpels are female reproductive structures that produce egg cells and
protect a developing baby plant, or embryo.
4.) Describe the process of pollination.
 In the pollination process, a pollinator visits a flower to get nectar and pollen.
On the flower, they have to get inside and dig into the nectary (a deep
chamber usually in the inside of the flower) for the nectar. As it gets nectar
from the nectary, pollen grains from the flower will rub onto the pollinator
 and stick to its body. As the pollinator moves from flower to flower, its body
collects more pollen. As the pollinator continues to visit more flowers, its
body rubbed off against the female part of the flower, and pollen is
deposited on the stigma for fertilization to occur.

(continuation of number 4)
How it plays a role in sexual reproduction in plants?
 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants involves the production of male and
female gametes, the transfer of the male gametes to the female ovules in a
process called pollination. After pollination occurs, fertilization happens and
the ovules grow into seeds within a fruit.
5.) What are the different types of pollination?
- the different types of pollinations are self-pollination and cross-pollination.

Self Pollination
- is the more basic type of pollination because it only involves one flower. This
type of pollination occurs when pollen grains from the anther fall directly
onto the stigma of the same flower. Although this type of pollination is
simple and quick, it does result in a reduction in genetic diversity because the
sperm and egg cells of the same flower share genetic information.
-
Cross Pollination
 - is a more complex type of pollination that involves the transfer of pollen
from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a different flower. This type of
pollination results in an increase in genetic diversity because the different
flowers are sharing and mixing their genetic information to create unique
offspring.
How is one advantageous over the other method?
 In self pollination, the plants stamen sheds pollen directly onto its own
stigma. Cross pollination is advantageous because it allows for diversity in
the species, as the genetic information of different plants are combined.
However, it relies on the existence of pollinators that will travel from plant to
plant.
Advantages of Self Pollination:
 Less chance of failure of pollination, less wastage of pollen grains.
Advantages of Cross Pollination:
 Healthy and strong offspring, new varieties with useful characters formed.

6.) What are the two types of pollinating agents?

- Biotic agents and Abiotic agents.

7.) How are pollinators are adapted together with the plant they pollinate?
- Plants have adapted many traits to attract pollinators. Bright colored
blossoms attract bees, flies, butterflies, and moths inside to collect nectar
and pollen. ... In turn, moving from blossom to blossom, collecting nectar,
the insects spread the plants' pollen to other blossoms on that plant and
others nearby.

8.) What is double fertilization?

 - Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants.
This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte with two male
gametes.
9.) Identify/illustrate the process of gametophyte production, pollination, double
fertilization and seed production.
Process of Gametophyte Production
- They are haploid cells that are produced by meiosis in sporophytes. Upon
germination, the haploid spores undergo mitosis to form multicellular
gametophyte structure. The mature haploid gametophyte then produces
gametes by mitosis. This process differs from what is seen in animal
organisms.
Process of Pollination
(answer in number 4)
Process of Double Fertilization
 After pollen is deposited on the stigma, it must germinate and grow through
the style to reach the ovule. The microspores, or the pollen, contain two cells:
the pollen tube cell and the generative cell. The pollen tube cell grows into a
pollen tube through which the generative cell travels. The germination of the
pollen tube requires water, oxygen, and certain chemical signals. As it travels
through the style to reach the embryo sac, the pollen tube’s growth is
supported by the tissues of the style. During this process, if the generative
cell has not already split into two cells, it now divides to form two sperm cells.
The pollen tube is guided by the chemicals secreted by the synergids present
in the embryo sac; it enters the ovule sac through the micropyle. Of the two
sperm cells, one sperm fertilizes the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote; the
other sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that
develops into the endosperm. Together, these two fertilization events in
angiosperms are known as double fertilization. After fertilization is complete,
no other sperm can enter. The fertilized ovule forms the seed, whereas the
tissues of the ovary become the fruit, usually enveloping the seed.
10.) What are the different types of asexual reproduction?
- Binary fission, Budding, Fragmentation and Parthenogenesis

Binary Fission
- Single parent cell doubles its DNA, then divides into two cells. Usually occurs
in bacteria.
Budding
- Small growth on surface of parent breaks off, resulting in the formation of
two individuals. Occurs in yeast and some animals (like the hydra below).

Fragmentation
- Organisms break into two or more fragments that develop into a new
individual. Occurs in many plants, as well as some animals (like coral, sponges,
and starfish).
Parthenogenesis
- An embryo develops from an unfertilized cell. Occurs in invertebrates, as well
as in some fish, amphibians, and reptiles.

11.) Why and how is asexual reproduction possible?

 Asexual reproduction occurs when an organism makes more of itself without
exchanging genetic information with another organism through sex. In
sexually reproducing organisms, the genomes of two parents are combined
to create offspring with unique genetic profiles.
12.) How does the ability of a plant to asexually reproduced help farmers in the
propagation of their crops?
 Asexual reproduction produces individuals that are genetically identical to
the parent. Roots such as corms, stem tubers, rhizomes, and stolon undergo
vegetative reproduction. Some plants can produce seeds without fertilization
via apoximis where the ovule or ovary gives rise to new seeds.
13.) If there is a drought, how does one’s knowledge of plant reproduction
determine crop yield.
 In their natural habitats adapt to drought stress in the environment through
a variety of mechanisms, ranging from transient responses to low soil
moisture to major survival mechanisms of escape by early flowering in
absence of seasonal rainfall. However, crop plants selected by humans to
yield products such as grain, vegetable, or fruit in favorable environments
with high inputs of water and fertilizer are expected to yield an economic
product in response to inputs.