CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

Lecture 11

1
 StrainAND
14.1 EXTERNAL WORK Energy
STRAIN ENERGY
Work of a force:
• A force does work when it
undergoes a displacement dx
in same direction as the force.
• Work done is a scalar, defined
as dUe = F dx.
• If total displacement is x, work becomes
x
U e   F dx 14 - 1
0
• As magnitude of F is gradually increased from zero
to limiting value F = P, final displacement of end of
bar becomes .
2
 StrainAND
14.1 EXTERNAL WORK Energy
STRAIN ENERGY
Work of a force:
• For linear-elastic behavior of material,
F = (P/)x. Substitute into Eqn 14-1
1
U e  P 14 - 2
2
• Suppose that P is already applied to the bar and
another force P’ is now applied, so end of bar is
further displaced by an amount ’.
• Work done by P (not P’) is then

U 'e  P' 14 - 3

3
 StrainAND
14.1 EXTERNAL WORK Energy
STRAIN ENERGY
Work of a force:
• When a force P is applied to the bar, followed by
the force P’, total work done by both forces is
represented by the area of the entire triangle in
graph shown.

4
 StrainAND
14.1 EXTERNAL WORK Energy
STRAIN ENERGY
Work of a couple moment:
• A couple moment M does work when it undergoes
a rotational displacement d along its line of action.
• Work done is defined as dUe = Md. If total angle of
rotational displacement is  radians, then work

U e   M d 14 - 4
0
• If the body has linear-elastic behavior, and its
magnitude increases gradually from zero at  = 0
to M at , then work is 1
U e  M 14 - 5
2
5
 StrainAND
14.1 EXTERNAL WORK Energy
STRAIN ENERGY
Work of a couple moment:
• However, if couple moment already applied to the
body and other loadings further rotate the body by
an amount ’, then work done is
U 'e  M '

6
 StrainAND
14.1 EXTERNAL WORK Energy
STRAIN ENERGY
Strain energy:
• When loads are applied to a body and causes
deformation, the external work done by the loads
will be converted into internal work called strain
energy. This is provided no energy is converted
into other forms.
Normal stress
• A volume element subjected to normal
stress z.
• Force created on top and bottom faces is
dFz = z dA = z dx dy.
7
 Strain Energy
14.2 ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF LOADING

Axial load:
• Consider a bar of variable
and slightly tapered
x-section, subjected to
axial load coincident with bar’s centroidal axis.
• Internal axial force at section located from one end
is N.
• If x-sectional area at this section is A, then normal
stress  = N/A.
• Apply Eqn 14-8, we have
 x2 N2
Ui   dV   2
dV
V 2E V 2 EA
8
 Strain Energy
14.2 ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF LOADING

Axial load:
• Choose element or differential slice having volume
dV = Adx, general formula for strain energy in bar is
L N2
Ui   dx 14 - 15
0 2 AE

• For a prismatic bar of constant x-sectional area A,

length L and constant axial load N, integrating Eqn
14-15 gives
N 2L
Ui  14 - 16
2 AE
9
 Strain Energy
14.2 ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF LOADING

Bending moment:
• For the axisymmetric
beam shown.
• Internal moment M,
normal stress acting on element a distance y from
neutral axis is  = My/I.
• If volume of element is dV = dA dx, where dA is
area of exposed face and dx its length, elastic
strain energy in beam is
L M 2  
 dx
Ui  
0 2 EI 2  
2
y dA

A 
10
 Strain Energy
14.2 ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF LOADING

Bending moment:
• Realize that area integral represents the moment
of inertia of beam about neutral axis, thus
M 2 dx
14 -17
L
Ui  
0 2 EI

11
 Strain Energy
14.2 ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF LOADING

Torsional moment:
• Consider slightly tapered shaft.
• Section of shaft taken
distance x from one end
subjected to internal torque T.
• On arbitrary element of length dx and area dA,
stress is  = T/J.
• Strain energy stored in shaft is
L T 2  
 dx
Ui  
0 2GJ 2  
 2
dA

A 
12
 Strain Energy
14.2 ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF LOADING

Torsional moment:
• Since area integral represents the polar moment of
inertia J for shaft at section,
L T 2dx
Ui   14 - 21
2GJ
0
• Most common case occurs when shaft has
constant x-sectional area and applied torque is
constant, integrating
Eqn 14-21 gives

T 2L
Ui  14 - 22
2GJ
13
 Castigliano’s
*14.8 CASTIGLIANO’S Theorem
THEOREM
• This method was discovered in 1879 by Alberto
Castigliano to determine the displacement and
slope at a pt in a body.
• It applies only to bodies that have constant
temperature and material with linear-elastic
behavior.
• His second theorem states that displacement is
equal to the first partial derivative of strain energy
in body w.r.t. a force acting at the pt and in
direction of the displacement.

14
 Castigliano’s
*14.8 CASTIGLIANO’S Theorem
THEOREM
• Consider a body of arbitrary shape subjected to a
series of n forces P1, P2, … Pn.
• Since external work done by forces is equal to
internal strain energy stored in body, by
conservation of energy, Ue = Ui.
• However, external work is a
function of external loads
Ue = ∑ ∫ P dx.

15
 Castigliano’s
*14.8 CASTIGLIANO’S Theorem
THEOREM
• So, internal work is also a function of the external
loads. Thus Ui  U e  f P1, P2 ,..., Pn  14 - 44
• Now, if any one of the external forces say Pj is
increased by a differential amount dPj. Internal
work increases, so strain energy becomes
U i
U i  dUi  U i  dPj 14 - 45
Pj
• Further application of the loads cause dPj to move
through displacement Δj, so strain energy
becomes U  dU  U  dP 
i j i j i 14 - 46

16
 Castigliano’s
*14.8 CASTIGLIANO’S Theorem
THEOREM
• dUj = dPjΔi is the additional strain energy caused
by dPj.
• In summary, Eqn 14-45 represents the strain
energy in the body determined by first applying the
loads P1, P2, …, Pn, then dPj.
• Eqn 14-46 represents the strain energy determined
by first applying dPj, then the loads P1, P2, …, Pn.
• Since theses two eqns are equal, we require
U i
i  14 - 47 
Pj

17
 Castigliano’s
*14.8 CASTIGLIANO’S Theorem
THEOREM
• Note that Eqn 14-47 is a statement regarding the
body’s compatibility requirements, since it’s related
to displacement.
• The derivation requires that only conservative
forces be considered for analysis.

18
EXAMPLE 14.20Castigliano’s Theorem
Determine the slope at pt B of the beam shown. EI is
a constant.

19
EXAMPLE 14.20Castigliano’s
(SOLN) Theorem
External couple moment M’.
Since slope at pt B is to be determined, an external
couple moment M’ is placed on the beam at this pt.
Internal moments M.
Two coordinates x1 and x2 is used to determine the
internal moments within beam since there is a
discontinuity, M’ at B. x1 ranges from A to B, and x2
ranges from B to C.

20
 Castigliano’s
EXAMPLE 14.20 (SOLN) Theorem
Internal moments M.
Using method of sections, internal
moments and partial derivatives
are determined.
For x1,
  M NA  0;  M1  Px1  0
M1   Px1
 M1
0
 M'

21
 Castigliano’s
EXAMPLE 14.20 (SOLN) Theorem
Internal moments M.
For x2,
  M NA  0;  M 2  M ' P  x2   0
 L
2 
 L 
M 2  M ' P  x2 
2 
 M2
1
 M'

22
EXAMPLE 14.20Castigliano’s
(SOLN) Theorem
Castigliano’s second theorem.
Setting M’ = 0 and applying Eqn 14-50, we have,
L   M  dx
B   M  
0   M '  EI
L / 2  Px1 0 dx1 L / 2  P L / 2   x2 dx2
 
0 EI 0 EI
3PL2

8EI
Negative sign indicates that B is opposite to
direction of couple moment M’.

23
EXAMPLE 14.21Castigliano’s Theorem
Determine the vertical displacement of pt C of the
steel beam shown.
Take Est = 200 GPa, I = 125(10-6) m4.

24
EXAMPLE 14.21 Castigliano’s
(SOLN) Theorem
External force P.
A vertical force P is applied at pt C. Later this force
will be set equal to the fixed value of 5 kN.

25
 Castigliano’s
EXAMPLE 14.21 (SOLN) Theorem
Internal moments M.
Two x coordinates are needed for
the integration since the load is
discontinuous at C. Using method
of sections, the internal moments
and partial derivatives are
determined as follows.

26
 Castigliano’s
EXAMPLE 14.21 (SOLN) Theorem
Internal moments M.
For x1,
1 2  x1 
  M NA  0; M1  x1    9  0.4 P x1  0
3 3
1 3
M1  9  0.4 P x1  x1
9
 M1
 0.4 x1
P

27
 Castigliano’s
EXAMPLE 14.21 (SOLN) Theorem
Internal moments M.
For x2,

  M NA  0;  M 2  18  3  0.6 P x2  0
M 2  18  3  0.6 P x2
 M2
 0.6 x2
P

28
 Castigliano’s
EXAMPLE 14.21 (SOLN) Theorem
Catigliano’s second theorem.
Setting P = 5 kN and applying Eqn 14-49, we have
L   M  dx
 Cv   M  
0   P  EI
11x  1 x3 0.4 x  dx
6 1 1

1 1 4 18  6 x2 0.6 x2  dx2
 9 
0 EI 0 EI
410.9 kN  m3

200106 kN/m2 125106  m4
 0.0164 m  16.4 mm
29
Thanks

30