Go On

Houston Language College
BOOK TWO Go On
LEVEL II
GO ON METHOD
HOUSTON LANGUAGE COLLEGE1

Houston Language College Go On
Suggestions to the Students
 Se le recomienda al alumno LEER EL VOCABULARIO DE LA LECCIÓN

INDICADO POR EL PROFESOR.
 Siempre REPASAR las lecciones previamente aprobadas antes de tomar el examen de
Review.
 El libro, es solo un indicador del avance del estudiante en el programa. Siempre se debe
CONSULTAR AL PROFESOR EN CASO DE DUDAS o inquietudes que pueda
llegar a tener el estudiante.
 Usar el diccionario en clases ayuda, Adquirir vocabulario mediante la lectura y uso de
medios audiovisuales y sobre todo, no quedarse solo con lo visto en clases,
INVESTIGA.
 De tener dudas, CONSULTA con el profesor previamente antes de entrar a tu clase.
 REPASA el contenido de cada lección en casa, practica y solicita ejercicios al profesor
siempre que te sea posible.
 Las clases de conversación sirven para reforzar la fonética y la correcta pronunciación del
lenguaje, se recomienda escuchar los audios y realizar las actividades del ―Conversation
Booklet‖, necesarias para adquirir la correcta pronunciación y dicción necesaria para
dominar y pronunciar correctamente.
 Las clases de conversación deben fomentar el habla y dominio del idioma, trata en lo
posible de HABLAR DE TEMAS RELEVANTES o relacionados con el sugerido en el
―Conversation Booklet‖
2
Book Content
Content Page
Suggestions to the Students……………………………………………….……………………. 2

UNIT ONE
Lesson One……………………………………………………………………………… 5
 Present Perfect
 Already-Just-Still-Yet
 Review Book One: The Family
Lesson Two …………………………………………………………………………….. 11
 Correspondence
 Letters, Post Cards and emails
 Review Book One: Future (Will/Going To)
Lesson Three…………………………………………………………………………… 17
 Present Perfect Continuous
 For/Since/Ago
 Review Book One: Which/ Indefinite Pronouns (One/Ones)
Lesson Four ……………………………………………………………………………. 22
 Difference between Present Perfect and Past Tense
 Past Tense (Simple Past)
 Enough and Too
 Review Book One: Numbers and directions
Lesson Five …………………………………………………………………………….. 32
 Past Continuous
 Either-Neither
 Relative Pronouns
UNIT TWO
Lesson Six …………………………………………………………………………….... 37
 Past Perfect
 Parts of the Car
 Reflexive Pronouns
 Review Book One: Modal Verbs
Lesson Seven……………………………………………………..…………………….. 46
 Past Perfect Continuous
 Accidents and medicine
 Body Parts
Lesson Eight…………………………………………………….……………………... 48
 Active and Passive Voice
 Do/Make
 Natural disasters
Lesson Nine……………………………………………………….…………………… 55
 Delexical Verbs
 Future Continuous
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 Review: Superlatives and Comparatives

Lesson Ten………………………………………………………………………….….. 61
 Perfect Future
 Review Book One: Prefixes and Suffixes
UNIT THREE
Lesson Eleven………………………………………………………….………….……. 68
 Continuous Perfect Future
 Intensifiers – Mitigators
 Review Book One: Conjunctions
Lesson Twelve………………………………………………………….………….…… 77
 Letters and Sounds/Consonants
 Homophones, Homographs and Homonyms
 Conditionals Sentences
Lesson Thirteen……………………………………………………….……….……….. 86
 Phrasal Verbs
 To Get
 Trip / travel / Journey / Voyage
Lesson Fourteen……………………………………………………….…….…………. 91
 Perfect Modals
 So / Such
 Each / Every
Lesson Fifteen……………………………………………………………….…………. 95
 Sounds and Phonetic Symbols
UNIT FOUR
Lesson Sixteen……………………………………………….………………………… 103
 Commonly Confused Words
 Even - Else
Lesson Seventeen……………………………………………………………………… 107
 Direct and Reported Speech
 Say-Tell
 Go vs. Come
Lesson Eighteen……………………………………………………………………….. 111
 Phrases and Expressions
Lesson Nineteen……………………………………………………………………….. 119
 Slangs
Lesson Twenty………………………………………………………………………… 127
 Main Idea and Secondary Idea
 Each / Every
 Like / As
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………….... 131
 Phrasal List
 Regular and Irregular Verbs
 Exercises
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UNIT ONE
Lesson One First Lesson
Present Perfect
El presente perfecto En general, es una
mezcla entre el presente y el pasado. Lo usamos
para acciones en el pasado que tienen importancia
en el presente.
*Grammatical Rules
Para formar el presente perfecto, se usa el
verbo auxiliar to have en el presente y el participio
pasado del verbo.
Verbo
Sujeto Forma Corta Participio Pasado
auxiliar
I, you, we, I‗ve, you‗ve, we‗ve, Talked, learned,

have
they they‗ve Traveled…
he, she, it has he‗s, she‗s, it‗s

Talked, learned
Nota: No todos los verbos en ingles son regulares. Fíjate en la tabla siguiente con algunos de los
participios pasados irregulares más comunes.
Verbo Pasado Simple Participio pasado
be was/were been
do did done
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go went gone
make made made
see saw seen
Structure
1. Affirmative Sentences
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to have) + participio pasado

Ejemplos:
• I have gone to Europe.
• She has bought something in the market.
• We have won the championship.
• They have finished their homework.
2. Negative Sentences
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to have) + ―not‖ + participio pasado…

Ejemplos:
 I haven‗t talked to Leonard.

 You haven‗t eaten all your veggies.
 We haven‗t been to Europe.

3. Interrogative Sentences
Verbo auxiliar (to have) + sujeto + participio pasado…?

Ejemplos:
• Have you seen that movie?

• Has she tried to invite you to the party?
• Has he driven all night to be here?
• Have they learned Russian?
Uses
Se usa el presente perfecto para acciones que ocurrieron en un tiempo no concreto antes de ahora.
El tiempo específico no es importante. Por lo tanto, no solemos usar expresiones de tiempo específicas
(this morning, yesterday, last year…) con el presente perfecto. Se puede usar el presente perfecto con
expresiones de tiempo no concretas (never, ever, many times, for, since, already, yet…). Este
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conceptode tiempo no específico es bastante difícil de comprender, por este motivo, a continuación
tienes los usos particulares del presente perfecto.
1. Se usa el presente perfecto para describir una experiencia. No

lo usamos para acciones específicas.
Ejemplos:
• I have never flown in a plane.

• He has worked in different places
• We have gone to Río de Janeiro.
2. Se utiliza el presente perfecto para un cambio en el

tiempo.
Ejemplos:
 I have become more timid in my old age.

 Their English has improved a lot this year.
 He has learned to be more patient.

3. Se usa para los éxitos o logros.
Ejemplos:
 Our football team has won the championship three times.

 Dan has finished writing his first novel.
 Scientists have succeeded in curing many illnesses.

4. Usamos el presente perfecto para acciones que todavía no han sucedido. El uso del
presente perfecto en estos casos indica que aún estamos esperando la acción, por eso,
frecuentemente usamos los adverbios yet y still.
Ejemplos
 Our team still hasn‗t won a championship.

 You haven‗t finished your homework yet?
 The plane hasn‗t arrived yet

5. Se utiliza el presente perfecto para hablar sobre acciones en diferentes momentos en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
 We have spoken several times.

 Our team has played 2 games so far.
 I love London! I have been there 2 times already and I can‗t wait to go back.
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Already/Just/Still/Yet
Utilizamos los adverbios already, just, still y yet principalmente en el presente perfecto, aunque
podemos usarlos en otros tiempos verbales. Estos adverbios se usan en referencia a tiempo y su posición
dentro de la oración depende de cuál de ellos estemos utilizando
Already
Already se refiere a algo que ha pasado antes o más pronto de lo que se esperaba y es traducido
como ya en español. Generalmente va entre el verbo auxiliar y el verbo.
Ejemplos:
 They have already finished their homework.
 Jacob has already left work.
 The train has already arrived

Just
Just se utiliza para acciones que han ocurrido hace poco tiempo y se traduce como acabar de o justo.
Al igual que con already, just va antes del verbo o entre el auxiliar y el verbo en la frase.
Ejemplos:
 I just ate, but I‗m already hungry again.
 Where‗s Jacob? He‗s just left.
 Beth has just moved to New York.
Still
Usamos still para acciones o acontecimientos que todavía no han ocurrido, sobre todo cuando
esperamos que ya hubieran ocurrido. Se traduce como aún o todavía. Es con frecuencia usado también
con otros tiempos verbales, pero still siempre va antes del verbo, independientemente del tiempo verbal
que utilicemos.
Ejemplos:
 I took two pills, but I still have a headache.
 Is Jacob still working at the hospital?
 They still haven‗t finished their homework.
Yet
Yet es usado para algo que esperabamos que sucediera, pero todavía no ha pasado. Tendemos a
usarlo en frases negativas e interrogativas. En frases negativas puede ser traducido como "aún" o
todavía y en preguntas como ya. En contraste con los otros adverbios de esta lección, yet va al final de
la frase.
Ejemplos:
 I‗m really hungry. I haven‗t eaten yet.
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REVIEW BOOK ONE

The Family and Relatives
Immediate Family
Masculine Feminine
Father mother
Son daughter
Brother sister
Husband wife
When you have children, you are a parent.

If you are a male parent, you are a father.
If you are female parent, you are a mother.
If one of your children is a boy, he is your son.
If one of your children is a girl, she is your daughter.
When a couple gets married, the man is the husband, and the woman is his wife. A
brother and sister both have the same parents. There are exceptions
One collective word to describe brothers and sisters is siblings. However this word is
normally only used in written English, not orally.
Different Generations
Masculine
Feminine
Forefathers
Great-great grandfather Great-great grandmother
Great grandfather Great grandmother
Grandfather Grandmother
Father Mother
Son Daughter
Grandson Granddaughter
Great grandson Great granddaughter
Great-great grandson Great-great granddaughter
Relatives and Extended Family
 Grandparents: the parents of your parents

 Grandfather: the father of your father/mother
 Grandmother: the mother of your father/mother
 Grandchildren: the children of your children
 Grandson: the son of one of your children
 Granddaughter: the daughter of one of your children
 Great grandfather: the father of your grandfather/grandmother
 Great grandmother: the mother of your grandfather/grandmother
 Uncle: the brother (or brother-in-law) of your mother/father
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 Aunt: the sister (or sister-in-law) of your mother/father

 Cousin: the child of your aunt/uncle
 Nephew: the male child of your brother/sister
 Niece: the female child of your brother/sister
The In-Laws
The in-laws are the members of the family of your spouse (the person you are married to)
or via a marriage in your family:
Father-in-law: the father of your spouse

Mother-in-law: the mother of your spouse
Son-in-law: the husband of your daughter
Daughter-in-law: the wife of your son
Brother-in-law: the husband of your sister
Sister-in-law: the wife of your brother
*Note: To refer to more than one brother-in-law or sister-in-law etc. We add S to the
brother/sister part.
Ejemplo: My brothers-in-law are fun.

My sisters-in-laws are crazy
The Family Mix

Nowadays in many countries a person can get married more than once. These are the terms
used to describe the "new" members of the family when someone gets remarried.
"Step-" means that you are related as a result of one parent marrying again
Stepfather: the (new) husband of your mother but not your biological father
Stepmother: the (new) wife of your father but not your biological mother
Stepson: the son of your (new) husband / wife (he is not your biological son)
Stepdaughter: the daughter of your (new) husband / wife (she is not your biological
daughter)
Stepsister: the daughter of your stepmother or stepfather

Stepbrother: the son of your stepmother or stepfather
Sometimes one of your parents gets married again and they have more children.
Half-brother: the brother you have only one parent in common with.
Half-sister: the sister you only have one parent in common with.
Even if your parent didn't get married (and had the child outside of marriage), they are still your
half-brother or half-sister.
However, note that it is common to still call your half-brother or half-sister just your
brother or sister (without adding the half- part).
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LESSON TWO SECOND LESSON
The correspondence
Para escribir una carta formal en inglés es necesario atender a una serie de reglas y de pautas
básicas, que bien pueden utilizarse para la redacción de la mayoría de documentos dirigidos a
instituciones extranjeras tales como universidades, ayuntamientos, empresas o bancos… y cuya
comunicación precisa del lenguaje formal y del uso del idioma inglés.
Al igual que sucede con la carta formal en español, en el idioma inglés tendremos también una
orden en el que colocar los distintos elementos, formando una estructura formada por las siguientes
partes:
1. Heading
2. Date
3. Insideaddress
4. Salutation
5. Introduction
6. Body
7. Complimentaryclose
8. Signature
9. Superscription
Partes de la carta formal:
1 – Heading:
Colocaremos nuestros datos o los datos del remitente. Se coloca habitualmente en la parte
superior derecha, dejando espacio para distinguirse del destinatario, que irá a la izquierda, aunque
podría colocarse en ambas partes indistintamente. Cabe citar en Estados Unidos la tendencia es a
colocarlo en la zona izquierda.
2 – Date:
Una carta formal en inglés debe llevar la fecha correctamente escrita bajo el membrete.
Habitualmente, las fechas anglosajonas son algo distintas de las españolas. En primer lugar aparece el
mes, después el día y por último el año. La primera letra del mes se escribe en mayúscula.
3 – Inside Adress:
Bajo la fecha, pero en la parte contraria al remitente (habitualmente la zona izquierda)
aparecerá el nombre de la persona o los datos de la empresa a la que va dirigida. Habitualmente se
coloca la información en bloque igual que sucedía anteriormente con el membrete.
4 – Salutations:
Se trata de una única frase corta de cortesía con el tratamiento adecuado según la persona a la que haga
referencia. Pudiendo utilizar Sir o Madam en lugar del apellido de manera indistinta.
• Sir,
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• Madam,
• Dear Sir,
• Dear Madam,
• Dear Mr Smith,
• Dear Mrs Harold
Las abreviaciones de cortesía son las siguientes:
• Mr. Para hombres solteros y casados.

• Mrs. Para mujeres casadas.
• Ms. Para mujeres con estado civil desconocido, habitual para las cartas formales.
• Miss para mujeres solteras. Se coloca sin el punto tanto en inglés americano como
inglés británico.
*Nota: Si en el idioma español utilizamos los dos puntos al final de la frase (:), en el idioma inglés
se utiliza una coma (,).
5 – Introduction:
Se trata de una frase idónea para romper el hielo. Si no se domina la lengua, conviene comenzar la
introducción con alguna de las expresiones habituales del lenguaje formal en inglés. La normativa
habitual contiene algunas reglas que conviene recordar, tales como evitar las contracciones. Se
escribirá la palabra entera (I have) en lugar de (I‗ve). Y alguna otra norma respecto al uso del presente,
utilizando el presente continuo I am writing en lugar de I write.
 I am writing to enquire about…

 In reply to your letter of…
 We are pleased to announce…
 We are pleased to inform you…
 We acknowledge receipt of your letter
 We should like to remind you that…
 We have carefully considered your…
 We are pleased to confirm…
 With reference to your letter of…
 I reply to your advertisement for…
 I should like to apply for the job of…
 I am very much obliged to you for…
 Would you please quote for…
 In accordance
 I regret to inform you that…
 In accordance with our agreement…
 Contrary to our agreement…
 We find it necessary to inform you…
 We refer to your…
 We have pleasure in acknowledging the receipt of your …
6 – Body:
Hasta llegar al cuerpo, hemos podido utilizar los recursos anteriormente expuestos sin cometer
errores gramaticales o suficientemente graves como para delatar nuestro bajo nivel de inglés. Ahora
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debemos continuar la carta con aquellos detalles e información necesaria para la correcta lectura. Las
características de una carta formal en español son igualmente válidas a la hora de redactar nuestra carta
en inglés.
Mantendremos un orden de estructura:
• Claridad: Se buscan frases claras que faciliten un único significado.

• Corrección: Uso gramatical correcto sin faltas de ortografía.
• Sencillez: Utilizar palabras sencillas, muy recomendable si no dominamos el inglés.
• Cortesía: De nuevo utilizaremos frases conocidas y establecidas para el uso formal.
7 –Complementary Close:
Siguiendo la tónica general, buscaremos las frases de despedida más habituales para las
cartas formales. De nuevo se establece el tono cordial y educado que se usa entre personas
desconocidas:
 Thank you for your help

 I look forward to hearing from you
 Please, feel free to contact me if you have any questions
 Yours faithfully
 Yours sincerely
 Yours cordially
 Regards, Kind regards, Best regards
8 – Signature:
Al igual que en otros idiomas, se acostumbra a escribir el nombre y apellido, bajo el cual
aparecerá la firma o rúbrica. Habitualmente a la izquierda o en el centro.
9 – Superscription:
Es el cierre, o el fin de una carta. Muestra respeto, afecto u otro sentimiento. Es correcto
reconocer un parentesco o relación en una carta. En ambos, tanto en el principio como en el final.
Example of a Letter
Dear Mr Smith,
I am writing in connection with the job advertisement for a kitchen porter vacancy published in the “Loot newspaper”
on 2nd January, 2018; I would like to apply for the position.
I believe that the qualifications I hold in the area of cleaning together with the experience I acquired over 10 years in
Durrant’s Hotel would suggest I am suitable for the post on offer.
Please, feel free to contact me if you have any questions
Yours faithfully
Cleant Harrods
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Review Book One
The Future
Hay dos formas principales para expresar el futuro. A veces son intercambiables, pero
a menudo pueden tener significados diferentes.
Future: Will
El futuro Will se usa para expresar acciones que no están pensadas pero se deciden al
momento en que el hablante realiza la acción. Se usa para futuro inmediato. Expresiones
que se deciden al momento de hablar.
Structure
Afirmativo Forma corta Negativo Forma corta

I will I‗ll I will not I won‗t /I‗ll not
you will you‗ll you will not you won‗t /you‗ll not
he will he‗ll he will not he won‗t /he‗ll not
she will she‗ll she will not she won‗t /she‗ll not
it will it‗ll it will not it won‗t /it‗ll not
we will we‗ll we will not we won‗t/we‗ll not
they will they‗ll they will not they won‗t/they‗ll not
Affirmative Sentences
Sujeto + will + verbo principal.
Ejemplos:
 I will [I‗ll] call you tonight.
 She will [She‗ll] arrive late.
 They will be happy to see you.
Negative Sentences
Sujeto + will + not + verbo principal.
Ejemplos:
 I will not [won‗t] call you tonight.
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 She will not [won‗t] arrive late.

 They will not be happy to see you.
Interrogative Sentences
Will+ sujeto + verbo principal?
Ejemplos:
 Will you call me tonight?
 Will she arrive late?
 Will they be happy to see you?
Future: Going to
Going to equivale a ir a‖ en español.
Structure
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + going to + verbo principal.
Ejemplos:
 I am going to call you tonight.
 She is going to arrive late.
 They are going to be happy to see you.
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + not + going to + verbo principal.
Ejemplos:
 I am not going to call you tonight.
 She is not going to arrive late.
Verbo auxiliar (to be) + sujeto + going to + verbo principal?
Ejemplos:
 Are you going to call me tonight?
 Is she going to arrive late?
 Are they going to be happy to see you?
*Nota: Para acciones o eventos inminentes, podemos decir about to (a punto de). La estructura
es la misma de going to
Ejemplos:
 I am about to leave.
 The concert is about to begin.
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Uses
Las formas will y going to se utilizan para expresar el futuro. La diferencia entre going to y
will es el sentido de planificación y probabilidad de que suceda una acción. En general, se usa
going to para planes concretos, cuando estamos seguros de que algo va a suceder.
1. Se usa will con acciones voluntarias.

Ejemplos:
 Will you help me move?
 They will clean their rooms.
 She won‗t work with Paul.
2. Se utiliza will para expresar una promesa.

Ejemplos:
 When I am president, I will lower taxes.
 He promises he will call when he arrives.
3. Se usa going to para planes. Se indica la intención de hacer algo.
Ejemplos:
We are going to have a party tonight.
Are they going to play football later?
4. Se puede usar will o going to para hacer predicciones. Cuando hay evidencia de que
algo va a pasar usamos going to.
Ejemplos:
 It will be a great party. / It is going to be a great party.
 It won‗t rain. / It is not going to rain.
Nota: Existen algunas situaciones en las que usamos el presente continuo o el presente
simple para expresar acciones en el futuro.
1. Se puede usar el presente continuo para acciones seguras en el futuro cercano.

Ejemplos:
 Sarah is arriving tonight.
2. Se usa el presente simple para eventos programados en un futuro próximo y horarios de

tren, vuelos, etc.
Ejemplos:
 The party starts at 9pm.
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Lesson Three Third Lesson
Present Perfect Continuous
El presente perfecto continuo, muchas veces tiene la equivalencia a la traducción haber +

gerundio en español, pero el uso de esta forma es más frecuente en inglés. Se utiliza para acciones
que han empezado en el pasado pero continúan en el presente.
Grammatical Rules
Form
Como en el presente perfecto, usamos el verbo auxiliar to have
además de been (el participio pasado del verbo to be) más el verbo+ing.
Subject Auxiliary Verbo+ing
I, you, we, they have been Talking, studying, waiting…
he, she, it has been Talking, studying, waiting…
Structure
1. Affirmative Sentences.
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to have) + been + verbo+ing.
Ejemplos.:
 They have been talking for three hours.
 She has been studying English since she was 16
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to have) + not + been + verbo+ing.
Ejemplos:
 They haven‗t been talking for more than a few minutes.
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 She hasn‗t been studying English for very long.

 Don‗t worry, I haven‗t been waiting long.
Verbo auxiliar (to have) + sujeto + been + verbo+ing?

Ejemplos:
 Have they been talking for a long time?
 Have you been waiting long?
Uses
Usamos este tiempo cuando queremos expresar el sentido de la continuidad de una acción
que ha comenzado en el pasado y que dura todavía en el presente o que acaba de terminar.
Nos referimos a algo que hemos estado
haciendo en un período de tiempo, por lo tanto, usamos
las preposiciones de tiempo for y since.
Ejemplos:
 John has been working at the bank since 2003.
 We‗ve been planning our vacation for a month.
 Amanda and Tom have been dating since June.
 He hasn‗t been studying enough
 Have you been feeling ok lately?
Excepciones
No todas las acciones pueden expresarse en el presente perfecto continuo. Hay algunos verbos
que solamente admiten la forma continua o la forma perfecta, pero no combinada:
1. Verbos que expresan emociones. Cuando los verbos expresan algunas emociones, no
admiten el uso del tiempo perfecto continuo. Algunos de estos verbos son por ejemplo
believe (creer), love (amar), wish (desear), think (creer). Sin embargo, un mismo verbo
puede tener diversos significados, y en ciertos contextos admite el presente perfecto
continuo.
Como ejemplo de esto podemos mencionar el verbo to think. Si lo usamos en el sentido de creer, sólo
podemos usar las formas perfecta o continua:
 I am thinking you‗re wrong

 I have thought you‗re sincere
Cuando utilizamos to think en el sentido de pensar, reflexionar y crear o recordar ideas, entonces
sí admite el uso del tiempo presente perfecto continuo:
 I have been thinking about our problem

 We have been thinking how to make this homework
Esta excepción contextual se aplica también respecto de algunos verbos sobre los que hay
excepciones a este tiempo verbal.
18
2. Verbos que expresan la acción de los sentidos. Hear, see, feel, smell, taste (oir, ver,
sentir, oler, gustar) son verbos que tampoco admiten el tiempo presente perfecto continuo.
Hay algunas acciones que no son acción de los sentidos, sino actividades que conllevan
utilizar unos de los sentidos. Estas acciones sí admiten el tiempo presente perfecto continuo.
Como ejemplo de esto, podemos mencionar el verbo ver: el en sentido de la acción del
sentido de la vista, see, no admite el presente perfecto continuo. La acción de ver u observar
algo, watch, sí se le puede aplicar el presente perfecto continuo:
 I have been watching you

 Your son has been watching TV all day long
3. Verbos que expresan posesión: own, belong, have, posses.
4. Verbos que expresan un estado o modo de ser: to be, to seem, need, care, exist, want.
For/Since
Utilizamos for y since para expresar una relación al tiempo. Los utilizamos con tiempos
verbales diferentes. Usamos for y since‖ en respuesta a la pregunta de ¿Cuánto tiempo…?
For
For indica duración o un periodo de tiempo, así se puede traducir como durante en español. No
se puede utilizar como todo, en el sentido de todo el día o todo el tiempo. Podemos utilizar for con
todos los tiempos verbales. For expresa la duración del tiempo deseado.
- One minute, a few hours, two weeks, five months, 12 years, a long time…
Ejemplos:
 Heather will be practicing the piano for a couple of hours this afternoon.
 He has been studying English for a long time.
 Jane had only been working at the factory for three months when it closed.
Nota: Ten en cuenta que durante también puede ser traducido como during, sin embargo
during es una preposición de tiempo que significa en el transcurso de una acción o evento.
Since
Since se utiliza para indicar el principio de un período de tiempo que sigue al presente. Como tal,
puede ser traducido como desde en español y se usa como un punto de tiempo específico en el pasado.
Como este período de tiempo sigue al presente, solemos utilizar since con los tiempos perfectos. Since
requiere de cálculo matemático para indicar la duración del tiempo indicado.
- 10 o‗clock, Monday, March, 2005, this morning, the beginning of the year, you called.
19
Ejemplos:
They have been studying English since last year.
We have been waiting for you since 3 o‗clock.
Nota: Ten en cuenta que ―for‖ y ―since‖ también tienen otros significados no
relacionados con el tiempo.
Review Book One

Which
Cuando las opciones para contestar son limitadas, usamos la partícula interrogativa which para
preguntar ¿Cuál…? o ¿Cuáles...?
Ejemplos:
 Which ball is under the table?
 Which glasses are in the sink?
 Which pencils are on the table?
Usamos Which cuando preguntamos ¿Cuál/cuáles de los…? Es decir, cuando hay un número
limitado de opciones como respuesta.
* Which… on…?:
 Which pencil is on the table?

 Which books are on the shelf?
* Which… in…?:
Which letter is in the envelope?

Which boss is in the meeting room?
*Which… under…?:
Which cat is under the car?

Which girl is under the umbrella?
1. One y ones
One es un pronombre que se utiliza para sustituir a un
nombre contable en singular evitando así la repetición
innecesaria del mismo.
20
 I've bought these two lipsticks.

 I like both but the purple one is gorgeous.
En cambio, utilizaremos ones cuando este sustituya

nombres contables en plural.
 Whose are these socks?

 The big ones are mine.
3. ¿Cómo se utilizan one y ones?

Estas partículas se utilizan siguiendo unas estructuras concretas:
WHICH ONE
Which one do you want?
WHICH ONES
Which ones do you want?
THIS / THAT ONE

 This one is blue and that one is red
THESE / THOSE ONES
 These ones are blue and those ones are red
THE ONE
 The one on the left is more expensive
THE ONES
 The ones on the right are more expensive
THE + ADJECTIVE + ONE
 The big one is a Dane and the small one is a Puli
THE + ADJECTIVE + ONES
 Which gloves do you like best, the white ones or
the red ones?
A/AN + ADJECTIVE + ONE
 His car is very old. He needs a new one.
21
Lesson Four Fourth Lesson
Diferencia entre Perfect Present

Y Simple Past
Se utiliza el pasado simple para acciones que

han terminado en el pasado, incluso si han
ocurrido en un pasado reciente. Con el presente
perfecto la acción está relacionada con el
presente.
Ejemplos:
P.S
 Did you eat breakfast this morning?
 I had three exams this week.
P.P
 Have you eaten breakfast yet this morning?
 I have had three exams already this week.
Recuerda también que usamos el presente perfecto para acciones en un tiempo en el pasado no
específico. Si quieres limitar el tiempo de las acciones en un período, podemos usar expresiones de
tiempo como last year.
Ejemplos:
P.S
 I went to Cuba last year.
 They saw a movie yesterday.
P.P
 I have been to Cuba in the last year.
 They have seen a movie.
*Nota: Fíjate en la diferencia entre los dos primeros ejemplos. En ambos, se usa la expresión de
tiempo last year, pero en el segundo ejemplo añadimos la preposición in. En este caso, last year significa
dentro de un período de tiempo en que la acción ocurrió, no es un tiempo específico. Sin la preposición in,
last year implica un tiempo específico.
22
Review Book One
Simple Past
Hay muchas maneras de hablar del pasado en inglés, pero el pasado simple es la forma más común.
El pasado simple en inglés es equivalente al pretérito imperfecto y pretérito indefinido del español.
Usamos el pasado simple para acciones completas en el pasado.
Grammatical Rules
Form
Para formar el pasado simple con verbos regulares, usamos el infinitivo y añadimos la terminación ed.
La forma es la misma para todas las personas (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).
Ejemplos:
 want →wanted
 learn →learned
 stay →stayed
 walk →walked
 show →showed
Excepciones:
1. Para verbos que terminan en una e, sólo añadimos -d.
Ejemplos:
 change →changed
 believe →believed
2. Si el verbo termina en una vocal corta y una consonante (excepto y o w), doblamos la
consonante final.
Ejemplos:
 stop →stopped
 commit →committed
3. Con verbos que terminan en una consonante y una y, se cambia la y por una i y agregamos ed.
Ejemplos:
 study →studied
 try →tried
*Nota: Hay muchos verbos irregulares en inglés. Desafortunadamente, no hay una norma
establecida para formarlos.
23
Verb Past simple
be was (I, he, she, it)

were (you, we, they)
do did
have had
Pronunciation
Pronunciamos la terminación -ed de forma diferente dependiendo de la letra que va al final del
infinitivo. En general la e es muda.
1. Con los infinitivos que terminan en p, f, k o s (consonantes sordas, excepto t)

pronunciamos la terminación -ed como una t.
Ejemplos:
 looked[lukt]
 kissed[kisst]
2. Con los infinitivos que terminan en b, g, l, m, n, v, z (consonantes sonoras, excepto d) o

una vocal, pronunciamos sólo la d.
Ejemplos:
 yelled[jeld]
 cleaned[klind]
3. Con los infinitivos que terminan en d o t, pronunciamos la e como una i.
Ejemplos:
 ended[endid]
 waited[weitid]
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Structure
Sujeto + verbo principal (past tense)…
Ejemplos:
 She was a doctor.
 The keys were in the drawer.
 I wanted to dance.
 They learned English.
 We believed him.
 I bought a blue car.
To be
Sujeto + to be+ ―not…
Ejemplos:
 She wasn‗t a doctor.
 The keys weren‗t in the drawer.
*Nota: El verbo to have got, que en el presente simple sigue las mismas reglas que el verbo to
be no puede ser utilizado en el pasado. Para indicar la posesión en el pasado, usamos el verbo to
have
Todos los demás verbos
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (Did) + not + verbo principal (en infinitivo)…

Ejemplos:
 I didn‗t want to dance.
 They didn‗t learn English.
 We didn‗t believe him.
*Nota: En frases negativas, el verbo auxiliar va en pasado (did) y el verbo principal se queda en el
infinitivo.
To be
To be + sujeto…?
Ejemplos:
Was she a doctor?
25
Were the keys in the drawer?
Todos los demás verbos

Verbo auxiliar (to do) + sujeto + verbo principal (en infinitivo)…?
Ejemplos
Did you want to dance?
Did they learn English?
*Nota: Al igual que en las frases negativas, el verbo auxiliar va en pasado (did) y el verbo principal se queda
en el infinitivo
Uses
1. El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de una acción concreta que comenzó y
acabó en el pasado. Generalmente, lo usamos con adverbios de tiempo como last
year, yesterday, last night…
2. Se usa el pasado simple para una serie de acciones en el pasado.

Ejemplos:
 I received the good news and immediately called my husband.
3. También lo usamos para acciones repetidas o habituales en el pasado, como se usa

el pretérito imperfecto español.
Ejemplos:
 We always traveled to Cancun for vacation when we were young.
 He walked 5 kilometers every day to work
4. Lo usamos para narraciones o acciones de períodos de largo tiempo en el pasado,

como el pretérito imperfecto español.
Ejemplos:
 I worked for many years in a museum.
 She didn‗t eat meat for years.
5. Se utiliza para hablar de generalidades o hechos del pasado.
Ejemplos:
 The Aztec lived in Mexico.
 I played the guitar when I was a child.
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Enough and Too
Enough y too se utilizan como calificadores con adjetivos, adverbios y nombres para
indicar un grado de cantidad.
Enough
Enough es un adjetivo que se usa para indicar

que es suficiente o igual que lo necesario. Se puede
utilizar con otros adjetivos, adverbios o nombres.
1. Con adjetivos y adverbios:

Adjetivo/adverbio + enough
Ejemplos:
 Heather is old enough now to make her own decisions.
 Victor doesn‗t speak English well enough to be in book two.
 The apartment is big enough for three people.
 Ben runs fast enough to win the race.
 We aren‗t working hard enough! We are never going to finish this project.
2. Con nombres:
enough + nombre
Ejemplos:
 I don‗t have enough time to finish all this work!
 Is there enough wine for everyone to try?
*Nota: Podemos reemplazar enough por the para indicar la misma cosa. Compare los ejemplos
de arriba y abajo.
Ejemplos:
 I don‗t have the time to finish all this work!
 Don‗t worry, they have the space for all of us.
Ejemplos:
 Would you like some more coffee? No, I‗ve had enough, thank you.
 Do you have enough to pay for this?
27
3. Podemos usar enough con un adjetivo y un nombre, pero el sentido de la frase cambia
con la posición de enough.
Ejemplos:
 Is there enough hot water?
 Is there hot enough water?
4. Enough of
Enough of + determinante [articulo o pronombre]
Ejemplos:
 I‗ve been in enough of these situations to know better!
 We‗ve had enough of your complaints. Don‗t you have anything positive to say?
Too
Too es un adverbio que indica que hay una cantidad más que suficiente.
1. Con un adjetivo o un adverbio:

too + adjetivo/adverbio
Ejemplos:
 You are too young to understand.
 Clara is too irresponsible to have a dog.
 It‗s too early to go to bed.
Nota: Podemos usar enough en una frase negativa para indicar que algo no es
suficiente. Compara los ejemplos de arriba con los de abajo.
Ejemplos:
 You are not old enough to understand
 Clara is not responsible enough to have a dog.
2. Cuando usamos too con nombres, utilizamos las expresiones too many o too
much.
too many + nombre contable
too much + nombre incontable
Ejemplos:
 There are too many students in the classroom.
 Is there too much sugar in your coffee?
 My daughter has too many shoes, she doesn‗t need any more!
 There is too much work for just one person!
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3. Too much of o Too many of

too many of + determiante + nombre contable
too much of + determinante + nombre incontable
Ejemplos:
 His problem is that he spends too much of his time playing video games!
 That‗s enough. You have already eaten too many of the chocolates!
Review Book One

NUMBERS AND DIRECTIONS
A Cardinal Number is a number that says how many of something there are, such as one, two, three,
four, five.
An Ordinal Number is a number that tells the position of something in a list, such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd,
4th, 5th etc.
Most ordinal numbers end in "th" except for:
 one ⇒ first (1st)
 two ⇒ second (2nd)
 three ⇒ third (3rd)
Cardinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers
Números Inglés Números Inglés
1 One 1st first
2 Two 2nd second
3 Three 3rd third
4 Four 4th fourth
5 Five 5th fifth
6 Six 6th sixth
7 Seven 7th seventh
8 Eight 8th eighth
9 Nine 9thth ninth
10 Ten 10 tenth
11 Eleven 11th eleventh
12 Twelve 12th twelfth
13 Thirteen 13th thirteenth
14 Fourteen 14th fourteenth
15 Fifteen 15th fifteenth
16 Sixteen 16th sixteenth
17 Seventeen 17th seventeenth
18 Eighteen 18th eighteenth
19 Nineteen 19th nineteenth
20 Twenty 20th twentieth
21 Twenty one 21st twenty-first
22 Twenty two 22nd twenty-second
30 Thirty 30th thirtieth
40 Forty 40th fortieth
50 Fifty 50th fiftieth
60 Sixty 60th Sixtieth
70 Seventy 70th Seventieth
80 Eighty 80th Eightieth
90 Ninety 90th Ninetieth
100 One Hundred 100th hundredth
101 Onehundred and one 101st hundred and first
200 Two hundred 200th two hundredth
29
1,000 One Thousand 1,000th thousandth

Giving Directions
¿Qué pasa cuando alguien te pide una direccion? No es momento para dudar o charlar. Solo usa
frases concretas y sencillas. Siempre trata de hacerlo lo mejor que puedas.
 Preguntas mas comunes:

 How do I get to Bolivar Square?
 Where is the closest gas station?
 Can you tell me where is Venezuela Bank?
 I‗m looking for Mariño Street.
 Are you from around here?
 Si sabes el camino…
Trata de ser lo más claro posible, usa frases cortas pues son mejores. Habla despacio y trata de
pronunciar correctamente, deletrea si es necesario.
 The easiest way is to…

 The quickest way is to…
 The best way is to…
 go + direction (right, left, down, up, through)
 take + road name
 turn + right/left
 stay on + road name for + distance or time
Ejemplos:
 The easiest way is to go right on Bolivar Avenue.
 The quickest way is to take Road Number 1.
 The best way is to turn right on Main Street.
 Stay on Route 1 for about ten minutes.
 Usa Transiciones
Separa cada parte de la ruta con transiciones.
 after that
 then
 next
 when you get to…go…
 finally
 Ofrece distancias estimadas

Las personas se sienten mejor sabiendo cuanto les toma ir dela A a la B.
 It‗s just around the corner (not far).

 It‗s not far.
 It‗s a bit of a way. (it takes a while)
 It‗s about a five minute walk.
 It‗s about a twenty minute bus ride.
 Usa puntos de referencia
30
Dile a la gente lo que debe mirar para orientarse

 You will see a large clock on the right.
 You will pass a gas station.
 It‗s across from the blue church.
Lenguaje util
 It‗s on + street name
 It‗s across from
 It‗s opposite
 It‗s near
 It‗s around the corner from
 Ofrece advertencias
 Stay in the right lane.
 It‗s a very busy road.
 It‗s a big hill. (Si va en bicicleta)
 There might be construction.
 If you pass the … you went too far.
 There‗s no parking.
 Repite si hace falta

Si repites la direccion, la otra persona se sentirá más confiada. Repite detalles importantes
incluyendo nombres de Calles y giros.Puedes incluso pedirle a la otra persona que te repita la direccion
 Aclara
Asegurate de que la otra persona entendio las indicaciones. Di: ―¿entendiste todo?‖
 Si no conoces el camino…
No adivines, solo di que desconoces la direccion o usa una de estas frases:
  I‗m sorry, I‗m not from here.
  I‗m afraid I can‗t help you.
 Sorry I don‗t know my way around here.
31
Lesson Five Fifth Lesson
Past Continuous
El pasado continuo se utiliza para acciones que estaban

pasando en un momento específico en el pasado. Como el presente
continuo, se forma con el verbo auxiliar to be y el verbo+ing.
Grammatical Rules
Form
Para formar el pasado continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar to be y el verbo+ing. El verbo
auxiliar to be está en el pasado simple, pero ten en cuenta que to be es un verbo irregular.
Sujeto Auxiliar (to be) Verb+ing
I, he, she, itwas talking, eating, learning, doing, going…

you, we, they were talking, eating, learning, doing, going…
Structure
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + verbo+ing.
Ejemplos:
 I was talking.
 He was eating.
 They were learning.
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + ―not‖ + verbo+ing.
Ejemplos:
 I was not [wasn‗t] talking.
 He was not [wasn‗t] eating.
 They were not [weren‗t] learning.
Verbo auxiliar (to be) + sujeto + verbo+ing?
Ejemplos:
 Were you talking?
 Was he eating?
 Were they learning?
32
Uses
1. El pasado continuo se usa para una acción en desarrollo en el pasado cuando otra acción la
interrumpe. La acción que interrumpe está en el pasado simple. When y while señalan el uso
del pasado simple y continuo.
Ejemplos:
 Jose called while I was watching the news.
 He was walking to work when he fell.
Se usa el pasado continuo para hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo específico en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
 Paula wasn‗t living in Spain in 2005.
 We were still working at 10 o‗clock last night.
2. Se usa el pasado continuo para dos acciones que estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo en el
pasado.
Ejemplos:
 My son was reading while I was cooking.
 They were talking very loudly while we were trying to watch the movie
Either & Neither

Podemos utilizar either y neither como pronombres, determinantes o adverbios.
Either
Either implica una elección entre dos posibles opciones. Ten en cuenta que la preposición or
se utiliza entre estas dos opciones.
Ejemplos:
 We can go to either the beach or the swimming pool.
 Either we wait for the rain to stop or we must change our plans.
Neither
Neither indica el acuerdo entre dos ideas negativas. Con neither, las dos ideas están separadas
por la preposición nor.
Ejemplos:
 Neither Henry nor Chris want to go to the beach.

 Neither the school nor the parents want to take responsibility for the problem.
Nota: Cuando queremos indicar un acuerdo entre dos ideas afirmativas, utilizamos both.
Ejemplos:
 Both my parents work at the hospital.
 Both teams are preparing for the championship.
33
Grammatical Rules
En función de pronombre
Cuando utilicemos either o neither como pronombre, se traducen como o/ni
cualquier/ninguno o como también. En inglés, cuando se usan como pronombres van seguidos por
la preposición of más un sustantivo
Ejemplos:
 Neither of the students studied very hard.
 Either of my assistants can do it. Who do you prefer?
En función de adverbio
Cuando se utilizan either y neither como adverbios, se pueden traducir como tampoco o
también. Así funcionan como conectores en frases negativas. Fíjate en las diferencias estructurales
entre ambas.
Ejemplos:
 Greg can‗t eat fish because he is allergic and neither can I.
 Greg can‗t eat fish because he is allergic and I can‗t
either.
En función de determinante
Como determinantes, either y neither se encuentran
directamente antes del sustantivo y se pueden traducir como
cualquier o ninguno.
Ejemplos:
 I don‗t know, neither color really suits you.
 Either job could be interesting.
Nota: Hay bastante confusión con el uso del singular y plural con
estas palabras. Como regla, si las dos partes están en singular,
utilizaremos el singular y si una de las dos está en plural,
utilizaremos el plural
Ejemplos:
 Either my sister or my brother is going to get their own bedroom, but I have to share.
 Neither the dress nor the shoes are appropriate for the party.
Relative Pronouns
Utilizamos los pronombres relativos para referirnos a un sustantivo (una persona

o una cosa) mencionado antes y al que queremos agregar más información o modificar.
Los pronombres relativos pueden referirse a algo o alguien en singular o plural. Algunos
pronombres relativos se pueden usar sólo con personas, otros sólo con cosas y algunos con
ambos.
34
Pronombre Persona Cosa
that x x
which x
who x
whom x
whose x x
Grammatical Rule
El pronombre relativo se encuentra en lugar de un sustantivo. Este sustantivo suele
aparecer anteriormente en la oración.
That
That es el pronombre relativo más utilizado en el inglés hablado, ya que se puede
utilizar tanto con personas como con cosas. Se utiliza para sustituir which, who o whom en
cláusulas que definen el sustantivo.
Ejemplos:
 This is the book that won the Pulitzer prize last year.
 This is the restaurant that received the excellent reviews in the newspaper.
Which
Which sólo se puede utilizar con las cosas.
Ejemplos:
 My new job, which I only started last week, is already very stressful.
 The house which we lived in when we were children burnt down last week.
Who
Solo se puede utilizar who con personas.
Ejemplos:
 My sister, who just moved in with me, is looking for a job.
 I never met someone who didn‗t like music.
Whom
Whom se utiliza para hacer referencia al objeto indirecto del verbo, pero no lo utilizamos
mucho en inglés coloquial. Más a menudo utilizamos who en vez de whom.
Ejemplos:
 The woman with whom I was talking to was my cousin.
 This is Peter, whom I met at the party last week.
Whose
El uso de whose indica posesión, tanto para las personas como para las cosas.
Ejemplos:
 That is the girl whose parents got divorced last year.
 Paul, whose wife just had a baby, will not be at work for a few weeks.
35
When and where and why

Estos adverbios relativos a veces se utilizan en lugar de un pronombre relativo para hacer la
frase más fácil de entender. Estos adverbios se refieren a expresiones de tiempo, lugares o motivos.
Ejemplos:
 The university where I teach is an excellent school.
 Can you tell me when is the best time to call?
Nota: Puede omitirse el pronombre relativo cuando es el objeto de la frase.
Ejemplos:
The exam [that] I took this morning won‗t be corrected and returned until next week.
The woman [who] I‗m dating is a teacher.
Relative Clauses
Se utilizan los pronombres relativos para unir dos o más cláusulas, formando así lo que
llamamos cláusulas relativas. Hay dos tipos de cláusulas relativas: las que añaden información
adicional y aquellas que modifican (o definen) el sujeto de la oración.
Non-defining Relative Clauses

Estas cláusulas agregan información adicional. Se utilizan comas para separar la cláusula
relativa del resto de la oración. No se puede utilizar that en lugar de which o who en este tipo de
cláusula.
Ejemplos:
 My friend Tony, who is an excellent writer, is helping me with my English paper.
 The report, which my boss asked me to write last week, still isn‗t finished.
Defining Relative Clauses

Estas cláusulas definen el sustantivo e identifican a qué cosa o persona nos referimos. No se
usan comas con este tipo de cláusula.
Ejemplos:
 I wrote the report that you asked for.
 She never met the man who saved her father‗s life.
Ejemplos:
 The employees who worked long hours completed their projects on time.
Nota: Sólo los que trabajaron muchas horas terminaron los proyectos a tiempo.
 The employees, who worked long hours, completed their projects on time.
Nota: Todos los empleados terminaron los proyectos a tiempo.
36
UNIT TWO
Lesson Six Sixth Lesson
Past Perfect
El pasado perfecto en inglés corresponde al

pluscuamperfecto de español. En general, lo usamos para acciones
que ocurrieron antes de otra acción en el pasado.
Grammatical Rules
Form
Igual que en el presente perfecto, se forma el pasado
perfecto con el verbo auxiliar to have y el participio pasado. El verbo auxiliar estará en pasado.
Verbo
Sujeto Forma Corta Participio Pasado
Auxiliar
I, you, he, she, I‗d, you‗d, he‗d, she‗d, studied, visited,

had
it, we, they it‗d, we‗d, they‗d worked…
Nota: Ten cuidado porque la contracción ‗d también se utiliza con el verbo modal would para formar el
condicional. Como tal, la forma corta I‗d puede tener dos significados diferentes. Podemos distinguir entre
estos dos significados por la forma del verbo principal que les sigue.
Structure
Sujeto + had + participio pasado…
Ejemplos:
 I had visited the Louvre before, so I knew where the Mona Lisa was.
 They had studied English before they went to London.
 Henry changed careers because he had worked as an accountant for many years
and was bored.
37
Sujeto + had + not + participio pasado…
Ejemplos:
 I had not visited the Louvre before so I didn‗t know where the Mona Lisa was.
 They had not studied English before they went to London.
 Henry changed careers even though he had not [hadn‗t] worked as an accountant
for long.
Had + sujeto + participio pasado…?
Ejemplos:
 How did you know where the Mona Lisa was? Had you visited the Louvre before?
 Had they studied English before they went to London?
Uses
1. Usamos el pasado perfecto para referirnos a una acción o evento que comenzó en el pasado y
que es anterior a otra acción también en el pasado. La acción que ocurrió primero es en pasado
perfecto y la que sigue en pasado simple.
Ejemplos:
 I‗d read the book before I saw the movie.
 Donna had just left when you called.
 Had you ever flown before the trip to France?
2. Se usa para acciones que ocurrieron antes de un tiempo específico en el pasado.
3. También, como en el presente perfecto, con algunos verbos usamos el pasado perfecto para
situaciones que empezaron en el pasado y que siguieron hasta un punto específico en el pasado
Ejemplos:
 She had only owned one car before she bought her new BMW.
 I‗d been depressed for a long time before I changed jobs.
Parts of the car

 Steering wheel
You use this to steer the car (control its direction). In the midle of the steering wheel, we
often find the Horn. You press (or honk) the horn to make a loud sound used to alert other
drivers.
 Speedometer
The speedometer shows how fast you are driving. The big white numbers are
miles per hour (MPH) – and there are also smaller numbers with kilometers per hour.
 Fuel Gauge
Fuel Gauge this shows you how much gas you have in your tank.
38
 Temperature Gauge
this shows you how hot the engine is.
 Seat belt
The car has two types of seats, the front seat and the back seat. When you put
on your seat belt, you can use the verb fasten or buckle.
 Gear shift
You use this to change the gears of the car‗s engine. There are two types of cars:
manual transmission and automatic transmission. You use the gear shift to change the
power of the car‗s engine.
 Windshield
The big window in the front of the car is called the windshield.
 Windshield wipers
The things used to clean water, dirt, or snow off the windshield in bad weather
are called windshield wipers.
 Headlights
The headlights are on the front of the car.Turn
on the headlights when driving at night or in the rain,
snow, or fog.
 Tail lights / Turn signal;
The lights on the back of the car are called tail
lights.. We also have an orange or yellow light called a
turn signal.
 Hood / Engine
Open the hood to see the engine.The front part of the car that opens is called the hood.
Inside, you can see the engine.
 Trunk
The back part of the car that opens is called the trunk. It is an empty space used to hold
equipment, luggage, etc.
 License plate
Is a piece of white color with numbers and letters on it. Every car must have a license plate
for identification.
 Bumper stickers
These are decorations you can put on your car.
 Wheel / Tire
Every car has four wheels. The black part of the wheel, which is made out of rubber with
air inside, is called a tire
 Flat tire
39
If you‗re really unlucky, you might get a flat tire – when the air leaves the tire. In this case,
you need to change the tire. Most cars have a spare (extra) tire in the trunk
Reflexive Pronouns
Los pronombres reflexivos se usan cuando el sujeto y el complemento del verbo son lo
mismo. El sujeto hace la acción a sí mismo.
Pronombres reflexivos:
 myself
 yourself
 himself
 herself
 itself
 ourselves
 yourselves
 themselves
Grammatical Rules
1. Podemos utilizar pronombres reflexivos con la mayoría de verbos transitivos, pero los más
comunes son los siguientes:
blame, cut, enjoy, help, hurt introduce, prepare, teach…
Ejemplos:
 How did he hurt himself?
 We really enjoyed ourselves while on holiday.
 I blame myself.

2. Cuando queremos enfatizar el sujeto, podemos usar pronombres reflexivos. En estos
casos, es más común colocar el pronombre al final de la oración en lugar de después del
verbo
Ejemplos:
 We painted the house ourselves.
 What a great party! Did you prepare everything yourself?

3. Usamos by + el pronombre reflexivo para indicar solo.
Ejemplos:
 I often prefer to be by myself.
 She learned to read all by herself.

4. El uso del pronombre reflexivo con algunos verbos puede cambiar el significado.
Ejemplos:
 Help yourself to some coffee.
40
 We found ourselves in the middle of a very complicated situation.


5. No utilizamos pronombres reflexivos para acciones que la gente suele hacer a sí misma.
Ejemplo:
 I have to shave every other day.
 I have to shave myself every other day.

6. Utilizamos pronombres reflexivos en algunas expresiones.

Ejemplo:
 Behave yourselves!
 Help yourself
Reciprocal Pronouns
Los pronombres recíprocos se forman con las partículas each other. Esta forma no es
reflexiva sino es una forma recíproca. A diferencia del reflexivo, tenemos dos sujetos diferentes
que hablan el uno al otro.
 John and Peter speak to each other every day.
Review Book One
Modal verbs
Los verbos modales son verbos auxiliares que no pueden funcionar como un verbo
principal, a diferencia de los verbos auxiliares be, do y have que sí pueden funcionar como un verbo
principal. Los verbos modales expresan modalidad, habilidad, posibilidad, necesidad u otra
condición. Los utilizamos para el futuro y el condicional.
Como verbos complementarios que son, los verbos modales no funcionan sin otro verbo.
Este otro verbo siempre va después del verbo modal y está en la forma base (el infinitivo sin ―to‖). No
se conjugan los verbos modales y no tienen tiempo.
Uses
Can
Can indica habilidad o posibilidad. En estos casos puede ser traducido como poder en español.
Ejemplos:
 I can speak five languages.
 We can work late tonight if you need us.
41
 Bill and Tom can‗t help you.

 The restaurant can be expensive if you drink a lot of wine.
 It can be dangerous to drive if you are tired.
En frases interrogativas, el uso de can puede solicitar permiso o preguntar sobre posibilidades.
Ejemplos:
 Can I have a glass of water?
 Can you help me?
 Can they work late tonight?
Could
Could indica posibilidad o habilidad en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
 Joe could speak Spanish when he was young.
 I couldn‗t sleep last night.
 Could you play an instrument when you were a child?
También se puede usar could para posibilidades en el futuro.
Ejemplos:
 You could pass the test if you studied
 I think it could rain later.
Como can, en frases interrogativas could puede solicitar permiso o preguntar sobre las
posibilidades, pero es más formal.
Ejemplos:
 Could you pass the salt please?
 Could you help me?
 Could I be wrong?
Nota: Se usa could en frases condicionales.
May
Como could, se usa may para indicar posibilidades en el futuro.
Ejemplos:
 I would bring an umbrella, it may rain later.
 It may be better to finish this now, rather than wait until tomorrow.
También se puede utilizar para dar permisos o instrucciones.
42
Ejemplos:
 You may leave if you like.
 You may use your cell phones now.
En frases interrogativas, el uso de may es más educado que can o could.

Ejemplos:
 May I have a glass of water?
 May I leave now?
Might
Se usa might para indicar posibilidades en el presente o el futuro. En estos casos, es un
sinónimo de may.
Ejemplos:
 I would bring an umbrella, it might rain later.
 It might be better to finish this now, rather than wait until tomorrow.
También se puede usar al igual que may, para pedir permisos o hacer peticiones corteses,
aunque este uso es mucho más común en el Reino Unido que en los Estados Unidos.
Will
Como veremos en lecciones posteriores, se utiliza will para formar el tiempo futuro. También el
uso de will significa voluntad o determinación.
Ejemplos:
 I will help you.
 We will learn English.
Se utiliza will en frases interrogativas para pedir información, un favor o sobre opciones.
Ejemplos:
 Will they find a cure for cancer?
 Will you help me move?
 Will he go to Paris by car or train?
Shall
Se usa shall como will‖ para formar el tiempo futuro. El uso de shall es mucho más común en el
Reino Unido y en general es más educado.
Ejemplos:
 Chris shall be happy to see you.
 I‗ll take the 3 o‗clock train.
Nota: Las formas cortas de will y shall son lo mismo. Entonces I‗ll en el ejemplo anterior puede
significar I will o I shall.
43
También se puede utilizar shall para ofertas y sugerencias o para preguntar sobre opciones o
preferencias.
Ejemplos:
 Shall we meet at 10pm?
 Shall we go to the movies or a museum?
Should
Should indica una obligación o recomendación. Refleja una opinión sobre lo que es correcto. Se
traduce como el condicional de deber en español.
Ejemplos:
 I should call my parents more often.
 You shouldn‗t work so hard.
 They should practice more if they want to win the championship.
Se utiliza should en frases interrogativas para preguntar si existe una obligación o para pedir una
recomendación.
Ejemplos:
 Should we leave a tip?
 Should I have the steak or the chicken?
 Where should they meet you?
Ought to
Ought to es un sinónimo de should aunque es menos común.
Ejemplos:
 She ought to quit smoking.
 I ought to call my parents more often.
 They ought to work less.
Note: Nunca se usa ought to en frases interrogativas en inglés americano.
Must
Must indica una obligación, prohibición o necesidad. También puede emplearse have to (tener que)
en frases afirmativas.
Ejemplos:
 You must [have to] read this book, it‗s fantastic.
 You must [have to] brush your teeth two times a day.
44
 We must [have to] leave now or we will be late.

 You must not drink and drive.
 When must we meet you?
También se puede usar must para indicar probabilidad o asumir algo.

Ejemplos:
 John‗s not here. He must be sick because he never misses class.
 It must be difficult to learn a new language as an adult.
Es posible también usar must para preguntas retóricas.

Ejemplos:
 Must you always be late?
 Must she talk so much?
Would
Se usa would para declarar una preferencia y para preguntar por algo educadamente.
Ejemplos:
 She would like to go to New York someday
 I would like a beer and my wife would like a glass of wine please
 Would you like some coffee?
 Would you help me please?
 When would you like to go to the movies?
Nota: Se usa would en frases condicionales.
45
Lesson Seven Seventh Lesson
Continuous Perfect Past
El pasado perfecto continuo en inglés

corresponde al pluscuamperfecto de español en
el que se usa el indicativo del verbo estar y el
verbo ing. En general, lo usamos para acciones
en proceso de realización en el pasado antes de
otra acción ocurrida.
Grammatical Rules
Form
Como en el presente perfecto continuo, se forma el pasado perfecto continuo con el

verbo auxiliar to have, been y el verbo+ing.
Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo+ing
studying, working,
I, you, he, she, it, we, they had been
traveling…
Structure
1.Affirmative Sentences
Sujeto + had + been + verbo+ing…
Ejemplos
 I had [I‗d] been studying English for 2 years when I went to London.
 Lindsay had been working at the store since 2005 when it closed.
Sujeto + had + not + been + verbo+ing…
46
Ejemplos:
 I had not [hadn‗t] been studying English long when I went to London.
 Lindsay had not [hadn‗t] been working at the store for long when it closed.
 They had not [hadn‗t] been traveling long before they had their first problem.
Had + sujeto + been + verbo+ing?
Ejemplos:
 Had you been studying English for a long time before you went to London?
 Had Lindsay been working at the store for a long time when it closed?
 Had they been traveling for a long time when the airline lost their luggage?
Uses (Usos)
1. Usamos el pasado perfecto continuo para referirnos a algo que habíamos estado
haciendo cuando otra acción lo interrumpió. El pasado perfecto continuo se utiliza para la
acción en proceso y el pasado simple para la acción que interrumpe.
Ejemplos:
 I‗d been working for hours when I fell asleep at my desk.
 Frank bought a new car. He‗d been looking for one since last year.
 We‗d been arguing for days when Elizabeth found a resolution.
2. Se utiliza para demostrar causa y efecto en el pasado.

Ejemplos:
 She was tired because she‗d been working too much.
 They were angry because they‗d been waiting for me for hours
Review Book One

Accidents, Medicine and Body Parts Vocabulary
Appendix
47
Lesson Eight Eighth Lesson
The Passive Voice

Usamos la voz pasiva cuando queremos dar más
importancia a la acción y no a quien la ha realizado
Ejemplos:
 He ate all of the cookies.
 All of the cookies were eaten.
Grammatical Rules
Se forma la voz pasiva con el verbo auxiliar to be y el participio pasado del verbo.
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + participio pasado…
Ejemplos:
 The speech is written for the president.
 The house was built in 1975.
 My wallet has been stolen.
 The room will be cleaned while we are out.
Para transformar una oración activa a pasiva tenemos en cuenta los siguientes puntos:
1. El objeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva.
2. El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar ―to be‖, en su mismo tiempo, junto al
verbo principal en participio.
3. El sujeto de la oración principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva.
4. Si hacemos mención en la oración del sujeto que realiza la acción (sujeto agente), este
irá normalmente precedido por la preposición by.
Ejemplos:
La voz activa
 Mark Twain wrote the book.
La voz pasiva
 The book was written by Mark Twain.
Uses
1. Usamos la voz pasiva cuando no sabemos quien ha realizado la acción.

Ejemplos:
 A civilian has been killed.
 The car was stolen.
48
2. Usamos la voz pasiva cuando queremos dar más importancia a lo que pasó, que a
quién realizó la acción o cuando no queremos decir quien la realizó.
Ejemplos:
 The letter was delivered yesterday.
 A mistake was made.
3. Los verbos transitivos tienen tanto forma active como forma pasiva:
Active passive
The hunter killed the lion. >> The lion was killed by the hunter.
Someone has cleaned the windows >> The windows have been cleaned
4. La voz pasiva se forma con verbos en past participle:
Be + past participle
 English is spoken all over the world

 The windows have been cleaned
 Lunch was being served
 The work will be finished soon
 They might have been invited to the party
5. A veces usamos el verbo Get para formar la voz

pasiva:
 Be careful with the glass. It might get broken.
 Peter got hurt in a crash.
6. Si queremos mostrar al sujeto usamos By:
 She was attacked by a dangerous dog.

 The money was stolen by her husband.
7. Podemos usar al objeto indirecto para formar la voz pasiva:
Active Passive
• I gave him a book for his birthday >> Hewas given a book for his birthday.
• Someone sent her a cheque for a thousand euros >> She was sent a cheque for a thousand euros.
8. Podemos usar phrasal verbs en la voz pasiva:

Active Passiv
 They called off the meeting. >> The meeting was called off.
His grandmother looked after

 him. >> He was looked after by her
49
9. Some verbs very frequently used in the passive are followed by the to-infinitive:
 be supposed to
 be scheduled to
 be expected to
 be asked to
 be allowed to
 be told to
Oraciones en voz pasiva con dos objetos

Escribir una oración activa con dos sujetos en voz pasiva implica que uno de los objetos
se vuelve sujeto, mientras el otro sigue siendo objeto. El objeto que será el sujeto,
dependerá del enfoque de la oración.
Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.
Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.
Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.
Voz Pasiva personal e impersonal

Voz pasiva personal simplemente quiere decir que el objeto se vuelve sujeto y
vioceversa, eso indica que necesitamos un verbo transitivo para formar la voz pasiva.
Ejemplo: They build houses. – Houses are built.
Verbos sin objetos (intransitive verb) normalmente no forman voz pasiva pues no tienen un
objeto que pueda volverse el sujeto. Ese tipo de oraciones son Impersonal Passive.
Ejemplo: he says – it is said
Do / Make
Do y make son dos verbos que se confunden

frecuentemente en inglés. Ambos se pueden traducir
como hacer, pero hay algunas diferencias en su
significado. En general, do considera más la acción,
mientras que utilizando make nos referimos más al
resultado de la acción.
50
Do
Se usa do para acciones, actividades y trabajos. Se utiliza en un sentido amplio, como de realizar.
Engeneral, estas acciones y actividades no producen un objeto físico.
Ejemplos:
 do homework
 do a job
 do the dishes
 do housework
 do exercise
Se utiliza do cuando hablamos de cosas en general, cuando no especificamos la actividad. En

este sentido, se utiliza mucho con los pronombres indefinidos como something,anything,
nothing, etc.
Ejemplos:
 What are you doing today? I‗m not doing anything.
 He‗s always doing nice things for his girlfriend.
 Are you doing anything important right now?
Expresiones
 do justice
 do good  do research
 do right  do harm
 do wrong  do business
 do damage  do one‗s hair
 do one‗s best  do wonders
 do a favor
Make
Se utiliza make en el sentido de fabricar, elaborar o crear. Se usa para actividades en
que se crea algo que se puede tocar, un objeto físico.
Ejemplos:
 make breakfast/lunch/dinner
 make a dress
 make furniture
Expresiones
*Nota: Hay muchas expresiones que utilizan make. En muchas de estas, el sentido de make
no es fabricar, ni hacer y muy a menudo do parece más apropiado, pero son expresiones
establecidas, así que hay que memorizarlas.
51
Ejemplos:
 make a decision
 make a choice
 make a plan
 make arrangements
 make an appointment
 make a mistake
 make money
 make an excuse
 make an effort
 make an attempt
 make fun of
 make progress
 make an offer
 make [a] noise
 make peace
 make war
 make a phone call
 make an exception
 make a confession
 make a discovery
 make a change
Natural Disasters
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting

From natural processes of the Earth. A natural disaster
can be devastating and can kill humans and
animals, often damages or destroys homes and can
leave agricultural destruction and economic damage
in its wake.
1. Avalanche
An avalanche (also called a snowslide) is a cohesive slab of snow lying upon a weaker
layer of snow in the snowpack that fractures and slides down a steep slope when triggered.
Avalanches are typically triggered in a starting zone from a mechanical failure in the snowpack (slab
avalanche) when the forces of the snow exceed its strength but sometimes only with gradual widening
(loose snow avalanche)
52
2. Blizzard
A blizzard is a severe snowstorm characterized by strong sustained winds of at least 35 mph
(56 km/h) and lasting for a prolonged period of time—typically three hours or more. A ground blizzard
is a weather condition where snow is not falling but loose snow on the ground is lifted and blown by
strong winds. Blizzards can have an immense size, which can usually be larger than a few states in the
United States.
3. Drought
A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region; resulting in prolonged
shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric, surface water or ground water. A drought can last
for months or years, or may be declared after as few as 15 days. It can have a substantial impact on the
ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and harm to the local economy.
4. Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the
Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent
enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities.
5. Flood
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. The European Union
(EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water. In
the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are an area
of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering and
public health.
6. Heat wave
A heat wave is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high
humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries. While definitions vary, a heat wave is measured
relative to the usual weather in the area and relative to normal temperatures for the season.
7. Hurricane
A hurricane is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific
Ocean, and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean; while in the south Pacific or Indian
Ocean, comparable storms are referred to simply as tropical cyclones or severe cyclonic storms
8. Landslide
The term landslide or, less frequently, landslip, refers to several forms of mass wasting that
include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures, mudflows
and debris flows. Landslides can occur underwater, in which case they are called submarine landslides,
and in coastal and onshore environments.
9. Tornado
A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the
Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. The windstorm is often
referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, although the word cyclone is used in meteorology to
name a weather system with a low-pressure area in the center around which winds blow
counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern.
53
10. Tsunami
A tsunami (from Japanese: 津波, "harbour wave") or tidal wave, also known as a seismic sea
wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water,
generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions
(including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and
other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.
12. Wildfire
A wildfire or wildland fire is a fire in an area of combustible vegetation that occurs in the
countryside or rural area. Depending on the type of vegetation where it occurs, a wildfire can also be
classified more specifically as a brush fire, bush fire, desert fire, forest fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat
fire, vegetation fire, and veld fire
A few quick facts
1. MOST natural disasters are caused by WEATHER. Some examples of weather related disasters
are hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, tsunamis, thunderstorms, wind storms, wildfires, avalanches and
blizzards.
2. Some weather related disasters can be PREDICTED, such as hurricanes and blizzards. The
technology we use for predicting tornadoes and severe thunderstorms has greatly improved in the
last decades. By getting the data early, people can be warned to take shelter or make the necessary
preparations.
3. Earthquakes and floods are the DEADLIEST of all natural disasters. The Indian Ocean
Earthquake and Tsunami in 2004 killed 230,000 people. The deadliest were the 1931 floods in
China which killed more than 1 million people.
4. Earthquakes and floods are also the world‗s most EXPENSIVE types of natural disasters
because the damage can be so extensive. The 1995 Earthquake in Japan cost over $131,000,000,000
while the 1991 flood in the Soviet Union caused damage of over $60,000,000,000.
5. Besides Earthquakes, there are some parts of our planet that are more SUSCEPTIBLE to certain
kinds of natural disasters than others. Hurricanes are tropical cyclones and occur in the North
Atlantic Ocean or the Northeast Pacific Ocean.
6. Some wildfires are caused by LIGHTNING, but others are caused by people´s carelessness:
starting fires in the forest, throwing a cigarette on the road, etc.
7.Most natural disasters are IMPOSSIBLE TO AVOID, but if people know what kinds of disasters
are most likely where they live, they can learn what to do if a disaster happens in order to stay safe.
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Lesson Nine Ninth Lesson
Delexical Verbs
Delexical verbs son verbos comunes como have, take, make o give que cuando se usan con
sustantivos particulares tienen muy poco significado propio.
En estas estructuras la mayor parte Del significado se

encuentra en el sustantivo, no en el verbo. En la mayoría de casos,
hay un verbo que tiene un significado similar o igual a la estructura
delexical. En muchos casos, hay verbos y estructuras equivalentes
en español (ver los ejemplos). Estas estructuras son muy comunes
en inglés y una comprensión de ellas enriquecerá la fluidez de la
lengua.
El uso de estas estructuras permite añadir información adicional

a la acción mediante del uso de adjetivos, en lugar de un adverbio,
que a veces puede sonar torpe.
Have
Have indica posesión, pero cuando se utiliza en estructuras delexical, el sentido cambia.
Podemos usar have cuando hablamos de las comidas, las conversaciones, los desacuerdos, el lavado o
los descansos.
Ejemplos:
 We have breakfast every morning at 8 o‗clock.
 Let‘s have a drink!
 They had an argument last night.
Nota: En el ejemplo He had a shower…, también podemos decir He showered, (Él se duchó…), pero utilizando
la estructura delexical podemos incluir información adicional con el uso de un adjetivo (hot). También es importante tener
en cuenta que la estructura delexical tal vez es más utilizada que el verbo to shower.
Otros sustantivos con los que podemos utilizar el verbo have en las estructuras delexical pueden ser:
 Lunch, dinner, a snack, coffee, a chat, a discussion, a talk, a bath, a break, a rest, a dispute, a
fight…
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Take
Take, como have, se usa con lavado o descansos, así como varios otros sustantivos.
Ejemplos:
 I need to take a long, hot bath.
 Take a break, you look exhausted.
Otros sustantivos con que podemos utilizar el verbo take en las estructuras delexical pueden ser:
- Care, a chance, a photograph, a turn…
*Nota: Tanto have como take se pueden utilizar con las formas sustantivas de ciertos verbos.
Ejemplos:
 Let‗s have a swim, it‗s hot.
 Can you take a look at my article before I submit it to the publisher?
Make
Utilizamos make con planes, viajes y en referencia a hablar.
Ejemplos:
 Have you made the arrangements for your trip yet?
Otros sustantivos con que podemos utilizar el verbo make en las estructuras delexical pueden ser:
- A sound, conversation, a comment, a noise, a promise, a suggestion, a choice, a decision, a
plan, a trip, a tour…
Give
Give se utiliza con ruidos, expresiones faciales, cariño o en referencia a golpear y hablar.
Ejemplos:
 Give me a shout when you are ready to go.
 Please give Sally a big hug for me!
 My dad always gives me good advice.
 Go ahead, give it a kick!
Otros sustantivos con los que podemos utilizar el verbo give en las estructuras delexical pueden ser:
- a cry, a laugh, a scream, a smile, a look, a glance, a punch, a slap, a push, a kiss, an answer,
information, an interview, a lecture, a report, a warning…
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Continuous Future
El futuro continuo es un tiempo verbal no tan usual en el inglés, sin embargo debemos conocer su
uso para poder aplicarlo correctamente en la situación en que corresponde su uso. Se usa para acciones
que sucederán en el futuro y tendrán cierta duración. Se usa a menudo para enfatizar lo que sucederá o
cuando el hablante quiere denotar una diferencia entre lo que sucede al hablar y lo que pasará en el futuro.
Es importante no confundir futuro continuo con futuro perfecto, pues a pesar de que ambos
hablan de acciones a futuro. El futuro perfecto habla de una acción que tendrá finalización en algún
momento del Futuro. El futuro continuo no.
Form
A diferencia del futuro simple, en el futuro continuo ambas formas (Will y Going To) son
intercambiables y se pueden usar sin alterar el significado de la oración. A efecto, el futuro continuo
trabaja de manera similar que el pasado continuo, pero con acciones futuras. La acción que interrumpe
otra acción en ejecución cambiara el verbo de su forma ING a su forma en presente simple.
Para hablar del futuro continuo se usa el auxiliar Will más el verbo Be y el verbo en gerundio
ING. También se permite el uso de la forma Going to más el verbo Be.
Sujeto auxiliar Verbo ING
I Talking
Will Be/
He, She, It Eating
Going To Be
You, We, They Going
Structure
Sujeto + ―Will Be‖ + Verbo ―ING‖ + Complement.

Sujeto + To Be + ―Going to Be‖ + Verbo ―ING‖ + Complement.
Ejemplos:
 I will be traveling to Mexico on my next vacation time.

 Samuel is going to be eating in that restaurant.
 They will be driving that car eventually
Sujeto + ―Will Be‖ + Verbo ―ING‖ + Complement.
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Sujeto + To Be + ―Going to Be‖ + Verbo ―ING‖ + Complement.
Ejemplos:
 I will not be talking.
 She is not going to be happy.
 We will not be playing that boring game.
*Nota: en las oraciones negativas, el auxiliar negativo ―not‖ va entre los verbos
―Will‖ y ―Be‖ o entre los auxiliares ―To be‖ y ―Going To Be‖
―Will‖ + Sujeto + BE + Verbo ―ING‖ + Complement. + ?

To Be + Sujeto + ―Going to Be‖ + Verbo ―ING‖ + Complement. + ?
Ejemplos:
 Are you going to be watching some movies?
 Will they be leaving the country?
 Will he be delivering some letters?
Uses
1. El futuro continuo describe una acción en desarrollo en el futuro y será interrumpida por
otra. El verbo que interrumpe esta en presente simple.
 Joe will be watching the news when you call

 Is going to be raining when She leaves?
2. Se usa el futuro continuo para hablar de acciones en un tiempo específico en el futuro.
 We‘ll be eating at 12 o‘clock.

 Stuart is going to be painting next Sunday.
*Nota: siempre hay que recordar las excepciones con ciertos verbos que no trabajan
con la forma continua o ING.
Go and Do
Go y do también se pueden utilizar como verbos delexical, pero la estructura con estos
verbos es diferente. Utilizamos estos verbos a menudo con sustantivos terminados en –ing.
Go
Go se utiliza en general para las actividades comunes que implican movimiento.
Utilizamos la estructura go for a cuando el sustantivo no termina en -ing.
Ejemplos:
 Beth goes swimming every day.
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 Nina doesn‗t like to go shopping.

 It‗s a beautiful day, we should go for a walk.
Otros sustantivos con los que podemos utilizar el verbo go en las estructuras delexical pueden
ser:
- Running, walking, jogging, skiing, a jog, a ride, a swim, a run, a stroll…
Do
Do se utiliza a menudo con las actividades relacionadas con trabajo. También
utilizamos do cuando la acción es evidente.
Ejemplos:
 Can you please do the washing?
 You rest, I‗ll do the cooking today.
 Let me help you do your hair.
Otros sustantivos con los que podemos utilizar el verbo do en las estructuras delexical pueden
ser:
- Jobs, work, homework, the washing up, the cleaning, the dishes, exercise, research,
damage…
Review Book One
Comparatives and Superlatives
Comparative adjectives: are used to compare differences between the two objects they
modify (larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are
compared, in this pattern:
Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).
One and two syllable adjectives:
Add -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative. If the adjective has a consonant +
single vowel + consonant spelling, the final consonant must be doubled before adding the
ending.
Adjectives with three or more syllables form the comparative by putting more in front of the
adjective.
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Superlative adjectives: are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit
of a quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences where
a subject is compared to a group of objects.
Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).
Adjectives with three or more syllables form the superlative by putting the most in front of
the adjective
As …As
We use as + adjective/adverb + as to make comparisons when the things we are comparing are
equal in some way:
  The world‗s biggest bull is as big as a small elephant.

  The weather this summer is as bad as last year. It hasn‗t stopped raining for weeks.
 You have to unwrap it as carefully as you can. It‗s quite fragile.
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Lesson Ten Tenth Lesson
Perfect Future
Como hemos visto en las lecciones anteriores, hay dos maneras principales para
expresar el futuro. A diferencia del futuro simple, en el tiempo perfecto, el uso de ellas es
en general intercambiable.
Grammatical Rules
Structure
Sujeto + will have + participio pasado.
Sujeto + verbos auxiliar (to be) + going to have + participio pasado.
Ejemplos:
 The party will [is going to] have ended by the time you finish work.
 I‗ll [I‗m going to] have eaten before we meet.
Sujeto + will‖ + not + have + participio pasado.
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + not + ―going to have + participio pasado.
Ejemplos:
 The party won‗t [isn‗t going to] have ended by the time you finish work.
 I won‗t [I‗m not going to] have eaten before we meet.
Will + sujeto + have + participio pasado?
Verbo auxiliar (to be) + sujeto + going to have + participio pasado?
Ejemplos:
 Will [Is] the party [going to] have ended before you finish work?
 Will [Are] you [going to] have eaten before we meet?
Uses
1. Se usa el futuro perfecto para acciones que ya se habrá terminado antes de otra acción en
el futuro. También, se puede usar para expresar que algo va a suceder antes de un momento
específico en el futuro.
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Ejemplos:
 I‗ll have finished my studies before I start my new job.
 Is Mike going to have trained enough before his first game?
 We won‗t have become fluent in Spanish by the time we leave for Mexico next month.
2. Utilizamos el futuro perfecto para mostrar que algo va a continuar hasta otra acción en el
futuro.
Ejemplos:
 Karen is going to have worked for 50 years by the time she retires.
Prefixes and Suffixes

Los prefijos y sufijos son letras o grupos de letras que se añaden al principio de una palabra
(prefijo) o al final de una palabra (sufijo) para cambiar el significado y/o función de la
palabra. Muchos prefijos y sufijos tienen raíces latinas. La comprensión de los diversos
significados de prefijos y sufijos puede ayudarnos a determinar el significado de palabras
nuevas que nos encontremos.
Prefixes
Los prefijos se adjuntan al principio de una palabra para cambiar su significado.
Ejemplos:
 moral → amoral
 modern → postmodern
 wrap → unwrap
Common Prefixes
Los cuatro prefijos más comunes están en negrita. Estos cuatro prefijos representan la
gran mayoría de palabras con prefijo en inglés impreso.
Prefijo Significado Ejemplo
atypical
a-, an- sin
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antihero
anti- contra / opuesto
autobiography
auto- sí mismo
bilingual
bi- dos
codependent
co- con
compassion, conjoin
com-, con- con
detach
de- separado
disintegrate
dis- no
enlarge
en- causar a
extraordinary
extra- más
impotent, irregular
il-, im-, in-, ir- no, sin
invert
in- en, dentro de
interact
inter- entre
macroeconomics
macro- grande
microwave
micro- pequeño
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misunderstanding
mis- mal, incorrecta
monolingual
mono- uno
nonexistent
non- no, sin
postscript
post- después
prehistoric
pre-, pro- antes
reuse
re- otra vez
subway
sub- abajo
trans- a través de transport
trilingual
tri- tres
un- no unhelpful
Suffixes
Los sufijos se adjuntan al final de una palabra para crear una nueva palabra o para
cambiar la función de la palabra. Por ejemplo, los verbos pueden modificarse para
convertirse en adjetivos o sustantivos con la adición de un sufijo.
Ejemplos:
 Sufijo de sustantivo
Maintain [v.] → maintenence [n.]
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 Sufijo de verbo
Bright [adj.] → brighten [v.]
 Sufijo de adjetivo
enjoy [v.] → enjoyable [adj.]
Common Suffixes
Los sufijos más comunes son los que utilizamos para crear varios tiempos verbales (-
ing, -ed), plurales (-s, -es) y adverbios (-ly) que hemos visto en lecciones anteriores. La tabla a
continuación incluye otros sufijos comunes.
Ejemplo Significado Sustantivo
privacy
-acy estado o calidad de
proposal
-al acto o proceso
-ance, appearance
estado o calidad de
-ence
freedom
-dom lugar o estado de ser
teacher, actor
-er, -or alguien que, uno que
nationalism
-ism doctrina, creencia
nationalist
-ist alguien que, uno que
complicity
-ity, -ty calidad de
treatment
-ment condición de
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estado happiness
-ness
de ser
-ship posición relationship
-sion, procession, education

estado de ser
-tion
Verbo
placate
-ate convertirse en, hacerse, volverse
harden
-en convertirse en, hacerse, volverse
terrify
-ify, -fy convertirse en, hacerse, volverse
harmonize
-ize, -ise convertirse en, hacerse, volverse
Adjetivo
-able, sensible
capaz de
-ible
beautiful
-ful notable para
scientific, magical
-ic, -ical relativas a
-ious, obnoxious
caracterizado por
-ous
feverish
-ish tener la calidad de
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productive
-ive tener la calidad de
hopeless
-less sin
lazy
-y caracterizado por
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UNIT THREE
Lesson Eleven Eleventh Lesson
Future perfect Continuous
El futuro perfecto continuo es una de las formas de expresar futuro en el inglés. Es un tiempo
verbal no tan usual, sin embargo debemos conocer su uso para poder aplicarlo correctamente en la
situación en que corresponde su uso. Respecto a su forma es una fusión de futuro perfecto y futuro
continuo.
En cuanto a su significado, mantiene un ligero paralelismo al presente perfecto continuo.
Form
A efecto, el futuro perfecto continuo trabaja de manera similar que el pasado continuo,
pero con acciones futuras. Hay acciones que interrumpen a otra acción en ejecución y cambian
el verbo de su forma ING a su forma en presente simple.
Para hablar del futuro continuo se usa el auxiliar Will, el auxiliar Have más el verbo
Been y el verbo en gerundio ING. Be.
Sujeto auxiliar Verbo ING
I Talking
Will Have Been/
He, She, It Eating
You, We, They Going
Structure
Sujeto + ―Will Have Been‖ + Verbo ―ING‖ + Complement.

Ejemplos:
 I will have been traveling to Mexico on my next vacation time.

 They will have been driving that car when we leave to the movies
Sujeto + ―Will not have Been‖ + Verbo ―ING‖ + Complement.
Ejemplos:
 I will have not been talking.
 We will not have been playing that boring game.
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*Nota: en las oraciones negativas, el auxiliar negativo ―not‖ va entre los verbos
―Will‖ y ―have Been‖ o entre los auxiliares ―To be‖ y ―Going To have been‖
―Will‖ + Sujeto + have been + Verbo ―ING‖ + Complement. + ?

Ejemplos:
 Will you have been watching some movies when I arrive home?
 Will they have been leaving the country as soon as they finish highschool?
Uses
1. El futuro perfecto continuo describe una acción en desarrollo en el futuro que será
seguida por otra. El verbo que interrumpe esta en presente simple.
 Joe will have been watching the news when you call
 It will have been raining when she leaves?
2. El futuro perfecto continuo muestra causa y efecto en el futuro
 My English will be perfect when I move to England next year because I‘ll have been
studying it there for five years
 She is not worried about tomorrow‘s exam because she will have been studying for
several weeks
3. El futuro perfecto continuo habla de acciones futuras en curso en un momento

específico. Es decir, habrá empezado anteriormente a la línea temporal pero no habrá
culminado aun.
 By 2019 you will have been studying french for a long time.
*Nota: siempre hay que recordar las excepciones con ciertos verbos que no trabajan
con la forma continua o ING.
Mitigators and Intensifiers

Intensificadores
La palabra que enfatiza a otra palabra se le conoce como Intensificador. Se llama también
un potenciador. Estos hacen y dan un contexto más emocional a las oraciones
 It‗s a very interesting game

 She did remarkably well in her tests.
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 Everyone was extremely excited

Otros intensificadores communes son:
 Amazingly
 Incredibly
 Exceptionally
 Completely
Mitigadores
Los Mitigadores son lo opuesto a los intensificadores. Cuando queremos debilitar un
adjetivo. Usamos estas palabras: fairly – rather – quite
 By the end of the day we were rather tired.

 The film wasn‗t great but it was quite exciting.
 We had a pretty good time at the party.
Los Mitigadores se pueden usar también con adjetivos comparativos. Usamos las siguientes
palabras o frases como mitigadores:
 a bit
 just a bit
 a little
 a little bit
 just a little bit
Los Mitigadores son lo opuesto a los Intensificadores
Cuando queremos hacer un adjetivo más débil, usamos las siguientes palabras:
fairly, rather, quite
Examples
 By the end of the day we were rather tired.
 The film wasn‗t great but it was quite exciting.
 We had a pretty good time at the party.
Quite
Cuando usamos quite con un adjetivo normal, eso debilita al adjetivo:
 The food was quite bad.
(= The food was bad but not very bad.)
 My nephew is quite clever.
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(= My nephew is clever but not very clever.)
Pero, cuando usamos quite con un adjetivo fuerte, significa lo mismo que absolutely:
 The food was quite awful.
(= The food was absolutely awful.)
 As a child he was quite brilliant.
(= As a child he was absolutely brilliant.)
Mitigators with comparatives

Usamos estas palabras y frases como mitigadores:
 a bit
 just a bit
 a little
 a little bit
 rather
 slightly
 just a little bit
- She‗s a bit younger than I am.

- It takes two hours on the train but it is a little bit longer by road
- This one is rather bigger.
Usamos slightly y rather como mitigadores con los adjetivos comparativos enfrente de un
pronombre
Examples
 This is a slightly more expensive model than that.
 This is a rather bigger one than that.
Usamos palabras como very, really y extremely para fortalecer a los adjetivos:
Examples
 It‗s a very interesting story
 Everyone was very excited.
 It‗s a really interesting story.
 Everyone was extremely excited
A estas palabras les llamamos intensificadores. Otros intensificadores:
 Amazingly
 Exceptionally
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 Incredibly
 Particularly
 Remarkably
 Unusually
Tambien usamos Enough para decir bastante de un adjetivo, Pero normalmente enough vendrá
después del adjetivo:
If you are seventeen you are old enough to drive a car.

I can‗t wear those shoes. They‗re not big enough.
Intensificadores con adjetivos enfaticos

Adjetivos Fuertes son palabras como:
- very big enormous, huge
- very small tiny
- very clever brilliant
- very bad awful, terrible, disgusting, dreadful
- very sure certain
- very good excellent, perfect, ideal, wonderful, splendid
- very tasty delicious
Normalmente no usamos very con estos adjetivos. Con esos

adjetivos usamos palabras como:
- absolutely
- completely
- exceptionally
- particularly
- really
- quite
- totally
- utterly
 The film was absolutely awful.

 He was an exceptionally brilliant child.
 The food smelled really disgusting.
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Conjuntions
Las conjunciones son empleadas para enlazar

entre sí las palabras y/o oraciones. Hay dos tipos
de conjunciones y la posición que tiene dentro de
una oración depende del tipo. Además, hay tres
formas de conjunciones.
Las conjunciones más comunes son and,

but y or.
Examples:
 She works at a bank and goes to university.
 I like to swim in the ocean, but only if the water is warm.
 We can study now or later.
Conjunctions
1. Conjunciones coordinantes: Este tipo de conjunción se utiliza cuando queremos

enlazar dos frases que tienen el mismo valor.
And, but, however, or, so, then, therefore, yet
Posición: Siempre van entre las frases o palabras.
Ejemplos:
 She likes to sing and dance.
 I want to move to London so I am studying English.
2. Conjunciones subordinantes: Se utiliza este tipo de conjunción cuando una de las

frases depende de la otra, La frase subordinada no tiene sentido sin la otra. La mayoría de
las conjunciones son subordinantes.
Although, as, after, before, if, since, so that, until, when

Posición: En general van delante de la frase subordinada.
Ejemplos:
 I have been working at the bank since 2005
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 She is studying English so thatshe can move to London.

 They went to the beach although it was raining.
Form
Hay tres formas de conjunciones.
 Simple: de una sola palabra
 Compuesta: más de una palabra y generalmente seguido por as o that
 Correlativa: rodean a un adjetivo o a un adverbio, tales como if…then.
A continuación hay una lista de las conjunciones

C = Coordinante
S = Subordinante
Inglés Forma C S
after simple X
although simple X
and simple X
as simple X
as…as correlativa X
as long as compuesta X
as soon as compuesta X
as well as compuesta X
because simple X
before simple X
both…and compuesta X
but simple X
either…or correlativa X
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even if compuesta X
even though compuesta X
however simple X
if simple X
in case compuesta X
in order to compuesta X
moreover simple X
neither…nor correlativa X
nevertheless simple X
nor simple X
now that compuesta X
or simple X
once simple X
since simple X
so simple X
so that compuesta X
then simple X
therefore simple X
though simple X
unless simple X
until simple X
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when simple X
whereas simple X
whether simple X
whether…or correlativa X
yet simple X
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Lesson Twelve Twelfth Lesson
Letters and Sounds
Todos sabemos que la pronunciación de inglés puede ser difícil, pero ¿por qué? La dificultad
se encuentra en las diferencias entre cómo se escriben algunas palabras y cómo se pronuncian. En los
idiomas más fonéticos, como es el español, las palabras se pronuncian tal y como están escritas (con
excepciones ocasionales, como sería la h muda en español).
En lenguajes como el español, existe una relación directa entre cómo se pronuncia una palabra
y cómo se escribe. En inglés, sin embargo, cómo se deletrea una palabra no necesariamente indica al
orador cómo se debería pronunciar. Hay muchas complejidades dentro de la lengua inglesa que afectan
a la pronunciación. En esta lección, vamos a estudiar los diferentes sonidos en inglés.
Consonants
En inglés hay 24 sonidos de las consonantes. Se distinguen entre sonoras y sordas.
Voiced Consonants
Las consonantes sonoras usan la voz. Para entender mejor lo que esto significa
podemos hacer una sencilla prueba, ponemos el dedo sobre la garganta y si es una consonante
sonora, sentiremos una vibración en las cuerdas vocales.
Voiceless Consonants
Las consonantes sordas son, por lo tanto, las consonantes que no usan la voz. Utilizando
la misma prueba, vemos que cuando pronunciamos una consonante sorda las cuerdas vocales
no vibran. Estas consonantes generalmente sólo producen una explosión corta de aire.
Nota: La calidad sonora o sorda de una consonante puede cambiar cuando se agrupa con
otras letras. Dos ejemplos excelentes de esto son:
1) la pronunciación de los verbos regulares en el pasado y
2) la forma plural de algunos sustantivos.
Verbos regulares en el pasado

La terminación -ed utilizada para formar el pasado simple de
los verbos regulares en realidad no se pronuncia nunca como tal. El
sonido consonante al final del verbo determina si la terminación se
pronuncia con una t sorda, una d sonora o si se pronuncia con una id
sonora.
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Homophones, Homographs and Homonyms
Para demostrar cómo la ortografía inglesa y su pronunciación se diferencian, veremos

a continuación las explicaciones y ejemplos de los tres tipos diferentes de palabras en inglés.
Homophones
Las palabras homófonas son aquellas que tienen una grafía diferente, aunque su
pronunciación es igual.
Ejemplos:
there(allí) their(su) they‗re(son/están)
to(a) too(también) two(dos)
flower(flor) flour(harina) floor (piso)
hear(oír) here(aquí)
threw(pasado: lanzar) through(a través de)
Homographs
Las palabras homógrafas son aquellas que comparten una misma grafía pero tienen
diferente significado según su pronunciación.
Ejemplos:
read(leer: presente) read(leer: pasado)
tear(lágrima) tear(romper)
desert(abandonar) desert(desierto)
Homonyms
Las palabras homónimas son aquellas con la misma grafía y pronunciación, pero con
significados diferentes.
Ejemplos:
left(izquierda o el pasado de salir/dejar)
block(manzana de edificios o bloquear)
kind(amable o tipo)
watch(mirar o reloj)
Ejemplos:
d sonora
clean/kli:n/ cleaned/kli:nd/
live/lɪv/ lived/lɪvd/
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t sorda
stop/stɑ:p/ stopped/stɑ:pt/
watch/wɑ:tʃ/ watched/wɑ:tʃt
id Sonora
 wait/weɪt/
waited/weɪtɪd/
Plurales
Igual que en el pasado simple, la consonante al final de un sustantivo determinará si la
terminación plural es sonora o sorda. Si, por ejemplo, la consonante al final del sustantivo es sonora, la
terminación plural -s se pronuncia como una z sonora. Por otro lado, si la consonante final es sorda, la
terminación -s se pronunciaría como una s sorda.
Ejemplos:
z sonora
 bar/bɑ:r/
bars/bɑ:rz/
 meal/mi:l/
meals/mi:lz/
s sorda
desk/desk/
desks/desks/
seat/si:t/
seats/si:ts/
Silent Letters
Mientras que muchas lenguas tienen letras mudas, como la ―h‖ en español, el inglés
es particularmente difícil debido a la gran cantidad de ellas que tiene. A la mayoría de
nosotros nos es familiar la ―e‖ muda que se encuentra al final de muchísimas palabras en
inglés, pero hay muchas otras combinaciones de letras en las cuales una de ellas es muda. A
continuación vemos una lista de las combinaciones de letras en que encontramos letras mudas
en inglés.
b muda
Cuando la b se encuentra después de una m, la b es muda.
Ejemplos:
limb/lɪm/
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thumb/ɵʌm/
dumb/dʌm/
c muda
Sólo hay un ejemplo de c muda y es en la palabra muscle.
Ejemplo:
muscle/mʌsəl/
d muda
No hay ninguna regla específica para cuando la d es muda, pero hay algunas palabras
comunes en las que no se pronuncia.
Ejemplos:
Wednesday/wenzdeɪ/
sandwich/sænwɪtʃ/
e muda
Como hemos mencionado anteriormente, la vocal e al final de las palabras es muda.
También hemos visto que cuando una palabra tiene una e muda al final, el sonido vocal
anterior cambia de una vocal corta a una vocal larga.
Ejemplos:
cope/kəʊp/
lite/laɪt/
skate/skeɪt/
g muda
Generalmente la g no se pronuncia cuando va seguida por n.
Ejemplos:
sign/saɪn/
foreign/fɔ:rən/
align/əlaɪn/
gh muda
Hay muchas palabras en inglés que tienen la combinación de letras ght. En esta
combinación, la gh no se pronuncia.
Ejemplos:
thought/ɵɔ:t/
right/raɪt/
daughter/dɔ:ter/
brought/brɔ:t/
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h muda y pronunciada
No pronunciamos la h cuando va seguida por w.
Ejemplos:
what/wɑ:t/
when/wen/
where/wer/
Además, hay muchas palabras en inglés que comienzan con una h que no se pronuncia.
No hay regla para cuando la h al principio de una palabra se pronuncia, aunque cuando no se
pronuncia hay que utilizar el artículo an en vez de a.
Ejemplos:
h muda
(an) hour/aʊr/
(an) herb/ɜ:rb/
honest/ɑ:nəst/
h pronunciada
hospital/hɑ:spɪtl/
hotel/həʊtel/
happy/hæpi:/
high/haɪ/
history/hɪstəri:/
k muda
La k al principio de palabra no se pronuncia si va seguida de n.
Ejemplos:
know/nəʊ/
knife/naɪf/
knee/ni:/
l muda
Gereralmente la l no se pronuncia cuando se encuentra antes de: d, f, m ó k.
Ejemplos:
half/hæf/
calm/kɑ:m/
walk/wɔ:k/
could/kʊd/
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n muda
Cuando la n sigue a una m al final de una palabra, no se pronuncia.
Ejemplos:
autumn/ɔ:təm/
hymn/hɪm/
p muda
La p no se pronuncia cuando se sitúa al principio de palabras relacionadas con la ciencia
como en los prefijos psych- o pneu-.
Ejemplos:
psychology/saɪkɑ:ləʤi/
pneumonia/nʊməʊnjə/
s muda
La s es muda cuando se encuentra antes de una ―l‖ en las palabras relacionadas a
continuación
Ejemplos:
island/aɪlənd/
isle/aɪl/
t muda
La t muda se encuentra en varias palabras comunes.
Ejemplos:
listen/lɪsn/
often/ɔ:fən/
Christmas/krɪsməs/
castle/kæsəl/
u muda
La u no se pronuncia cuando se encuentra después de una g y antes de otra vocal.
Ejemplos:
guitar/gətɑ:r/
guess/ges/
guide/gaɪd/
w muda
La w es muda cuando se encuentra antes de una r al principio de algunas palabras y
pronombres.
Ejemplos:
write/raɪt/
wrong/rɔ:ŋ/
who, whose, whom/hu:/ /ho:m/ hu:z/
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Conditional Sentences
El uso del condicional significa que una acción depende de otra. Los condicionales se utilizan
para hablar sobre situaciones reales o irreales. En general, las frases condicionales llevan la palabra if
(si).Ten en cuenta que no existe un tiempo verbal para el condicional en inglés como existe en español.
A la vez, se usa el verbo auxiliar would para formar el condicional en inglés. Hay cuatro tipos de frases
condicionales y el uso de uno u otro refleja la probabilidad de la acción.
Conditional Types
Zero Conditional
Se usa este tipo de condicional cuando la condición y el resultado siempre es

verdad, como por ejemplo los hechos científicos.
IF Condition Result
If Presente simple present simple

Ejemplos:
 If you heat water to 100° C, it boils. / Water boils if you heat it to 100° C.
 If I don‗t practice the piano everyday I play poorly. / I play the piano poorly if I don‗t
practice everyday.
 Does your mom get mad if you don‗t call her? / If you don‗t call your
mom,does she get mad?
Nota: Podemos cambiar el orden de las frases sin cambiar el significado. También, en general con este tipo
de condicional, podemos sustituir if por when sin alterar el significado.
First Conditional
Este tipo de condicional se utiliza para el futuro y en los casos en que es muy
probable que la condición pasará.
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IF Condition Result
If Presente simple future simple (will)
Ejemplos:
 If Bill studies, he will pass the exam. / Bill will pass the exam if he studies.
 If it doesn‗t rain, we will go to the beach. / We will go to the beach if it doesn‗t rain
Ejemplos:
 If it doesn‗t rain, we may go to the beach.
Second Conditional
Se utiliza el tipo 2 para expresar una posibilidad irreal en el presente, como un deseo o
un sueño, o para una acción en el futuro no tan probable.
IF Condition Result
If Past simple would + infinitivo
Ejemplos:
 If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world. / I would travel around the world
if I won the lottery.
 If Rachel had more time, she would learn to play the guitar. / Rachel would learn to
play the guitar if she had more time.
Nota: Como en el tipo 1, se pueden usar otros verbos modales en vez de would para cambiar el
significado y la posibilidad
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Third Conditional
A diferencia a los tipos 1 y 2, se utiliza el tercer tipo de condicional cuando hablamos

de una condición en el pasado que no ha sucedido.
IF Condition Result
If Past perfect would have + past participle
Ejemplos:
 If I had known then what I know now, I would have done things differently. / Iwould
have done things differently if I had known then what I know now
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Lesson Thirteen Thirteenth Lesson
Phrasal and Prepositional Verbs
En inglés hay muchos verbos que constan de dos partes: el verbo y una preposición o
partícula adverbial.
La diferencia entre una preposición y una partícula

adverbial es que la preposición está unida a un sustantivo o
pronombre y una partícula adverbial forma parte y depende
sólo del verbo. Veamos la diferencia con el ejemplo live
down que puede actuar como verbo preposicional y también
como verbo adverbial.
Preposicional
He lives down the street.
Adverbial
I couldn‗t live down that incident.
Los verbos compuestos pueden ser transitivos o intransitivos, según lleven o no, un
complemento de objeto directo en forma de sintagma nominal. De ello dependerá el orden de
la frase.
No vamos a fijarnos en las diferencias entre los diferentes tipos de verbos compuestos.
Por ahora, lo que es más importante es tener en cuenta que los verbos frasales y
preposicionales son verbos y en general tienen significados distintos de los verbos que los
forman.
Por ejemplo, el verbo give significa dar, pero si añadimos la preposición up, el
significado cambiará: Give up significa abandonar, dejar de o rendirse. Por lo tanto, give y
give up son dos verbos distintos.
To Get
El verbo to get es quizás el verbo más utilizado en el inglés coloquial. Con tantos
significados, también quizás puede ser el más difícil de aprender. A continuación, tienes una
lista de los significados más comunes para este verbo.
Nota: To get es un verbo irregular. El pasado y el participio pasado son got.
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*To get + Direct Object
To Receive
Ejemplos:
Did you get my email yesterday?
I got my drivers license in the mail this morning.
To Obtain
Ejemplos:
Peter got his Master‗s degree from Boston University in 2005.
We got permission to build the extension on our house.
To Buy
Ejemplos:
Can you get some milk while you are at the supermarket?
Carrie is getting a new car next week.
To Earn/Charge
Ejemplos:
How much do you think I can get for my old car?
I get overtime pay when I work more than 8 hours a day.
To Fetch
Ejemplos:
Can you get my jacket for me?
She got a cup of coffee and sat down to talk.
*To get + Expression of Place
To Arrive
Cuando utilizamos to get con el significado de llegar, hace falta la preposición de

dirección o movimiento to.
Ejemplos:
What time do you get to work in the mornings?
Greg didn‗t get to the party until 11 o‗clock.
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To Reach
Ejemplo:
Oliver can you help me? I can‗t get the book, the shelf is too high.
*To get + Adjective
To become
En este sentido, to get indica un proceso o un cambio de estado.
Ejemplos:
 Don‗t get angry, I was just joking!
 We‗d better go inside, it‗s getting dark.
 I‗m getting tired, I think I will go to bed.
 I heard you are sick. I hope you get better soon.
*To get + Preposition or Adverb
Hay muchos verbos frasales que utilizan el verbo to get. A continuación, tienes una
lista de los más comunes.
To get on/in
Cuando hablamos de subir, en inglés utilizamos to get on con autobuses, trenes,

aviones, pero to get in con coches y casas.
Ejemplos:
 Where do you get on the train? The Broadway/Lafayette stop.
 The flight was delayed. We didn‗t even get on the plane until 11:30.
 Get in the the house, it‗s raining!
 She got in the car and immediately started crying.
To get off/out of
En inglés utilizamos to get off con autobuses, trenes, aviones, pero to get out of con
coches, casas y habitaciones.
Ejemplos:
 We have to get off the bus at the next stop.
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 John got off the plane at 6 o‗clock.

 Get out of my room immediately!
 She got out of the car and slammed the door.
To get by
Ejemplos:
 How are you getting by right now without a job?
 We can‗t get by on just one salary.
To get over
Ejemplos:
 Alice still hasn‗t gotten over her ex-boyfriend.
 Has your mother gotten over the flu yet?
To get up
Ejemplos:
 The children get up at 7 o‗clock every morning.
 I didn‗t get up until 11 o‗clock this morning.
*Other Uses of To get
To Understand
Ejemplos:
 I don‗t get it, can you repeat what you just said?
 Henry didn‗t get the joke and so was the only one not laughing.
To Persuade
Ejemplos:
 I tried to get Jane to come to the party, but she just wouldn‗t be convinced
 Can I get you to change your mind?
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Difference between Trip/Travel/Journey/Voyage

Trip.(n.)
El acto de ir a otro lugar (a menudo por un corto período de tiempo) y regresar.
 We took a five-day trip to the Amazon.
 You‗re back from vacation! How was your trip?
 I went on business trips to Switzerland and Germany last month.
Usa los verbos " to take" y "Go on" con el viaje.

 A round-trip ticket is a ticket for
 going and coming back.
 A one-way ticket is only for going.
Travel. (v.)
Ir a otro lugar (en general).
  I really like to travel.

 He travels frequently for work.
Travel(n.)
Puede usarse para describir el acto de viajar en general:
 Travel in that region of the country is dangerous.

 World travel gives you a new perspective.
Journey (n.)
Una parte del viaje (yendo de un lugar a otro), generalmente una larga distancia.
 The journey takes 3 hours by plane or 28 hours by bus.

  He made the 200-mile journey by bike.
 ―A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step‖ – Lao-tze, Tao
Te Ching
También podemos utilizar Journey de una manera más "metafórica" para hablar sobre el
progreso en la vida:
  He has overcome a lot of problems on his spiritual journey.

 My uncle is an alcoholic, but he‗s beginning the journey of recovery.
Voyage (v.)
Al igual que travel, puede ser un verbo, viajar, o un nombre, viaje, pero (casi)
siempre refiriéndose a viajes que se realizan surcando el mar o el espacio.
Se usa mas como travesía que como viaje.

 After a long voyage through the ocean he found the islands
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Lesson Fourteen Fourteenth Lesson
Perfects Modal
Los verbos modales expresan posibilidad o probabilidad.

Cuando se utilizan con la forma infinitiva del perfecto (have +
participio pasado), los verbos modales indican especulación
sobre cosas en el pasado.
Uses
Must have
Must have se usa para expresar una conclusión lógica

sobre algo que ocurrió en el pasado. No estamos seguros de lo
que sucedió exactamente, pero basándonos en las pruebas,
podemos llegar a alguna conclusión. A diferencia de might have
o may have, como veremos más tarde, must have‖ expresa más
certeza.
Ejemplos:
 The lights are off. They must have gone out.
 I never see John and Claire together anymore. They must have separated.
 I know you love chocolate. It must have been difficult to say no to that piece of
cake.
 John never called you last night? He must have been working late.
 Frank failed the exam. He must not have been paying attention in class.
May have / Might have
May have y might have se utilizan para expresar posibilidad en el pasado. El uso de estos
dos modales también expresa incertidumbre.
Ejemplos:
 I think it may have worked, but we gave up too soon.
 They might have won if their star player hadn‗t been injured.
 I don‗t know, it might have been different if you were there
Can‗t have:
Can‗t have se utiliza de una manera similar a must have, pero en la forma negativa. Podemos
utilizar can‗t have cuando estamos bastante seguros de que algo no ocurrió en el pasado.
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Ejemplos:
 I know you love chocolate. It can‗t have been easy to say no to that piece of cake.
 Frank failed the exam. He can‗t have been paying attention in class.
 They had a lot of work to do and little time. They can‗t have finished everything.
Could have
Couldn‗t have se puede usar en lugar de can‗t have.
Ejemplos:
 I know you love chocolate. It couldn‗t have been easy to say no to that piece of
cake.
 Frank failed the exam. He couldn‗t have been paying attention in class.
 They had a lot of work to do and little time. They couldn‗t have finished everything.
Could have también se utiliza para expresar que algo fue posible en el pasado pero en realidad
no pasó.
Ejemplos:
 If it hadn‗t stopped raining, the party could have been a disaster.
 She could have run faster, but she wanted to save her energy.
 We could have bought a new car, but we decided to use the money to go on vacation.
Could have, en la afirmativa, es parecido a might have o may have, expresa posibilidad en el
pasado.
Ejemplos:
 I think it could have worked, but we gave up too soon.
 They could have won if their star player hadn‗t been injured.
 I don‗t know, it could have been different if you were there.
Should have / Ought to have

Should have y ought to have se utiliza cuando algo no ocurrió, pero habría sido mejor si
hubiera ocurrido. En la negativa, estos referentes indican que algo sucedió, pero habría sido
mejor que no fuese así.
Ejemplos:
 I told you, you should have studied more!
 Ben ought to have gone to the doctor sooner. Now they say it will be a month before
he is fully recovered.
 We should have left earlier. Now we are going to be late.
 I shouldn‗t have eaten that last cookie.
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 She shouldn‗t have been angry, it wasn‗t your fault.
Would have
Would have se usa para formar frases condicionales en inglés
So & Such
Utilizamos so y such para añadir énfasis, mostrar sentimientos extremos o para dar la opinión
sobre algo. La diferencia entre los dos está en cómo los utilizamos en la estructura de las
frases.
So
So + adjective/adverb
Utilizamos so con adjetivos o adverbios para mostrar sentimientos o efectos extremos. En

estos casos, el adjetivo o adverbio va directamente despues de so en la frase.
Ejemplos:
I have been working since 7 this morning. I‗m so tired!
Why are you driving so fast?
Kate is so beautiful. I can‗t believe she‗s single!
My daughter studied so hard for her exam.
So + quantifier + noun
Podemos utilizar los cuantificadores (many, much, little, etc.) con so para indicar
extremos en cantidad, pero hace falta recordar las reglas de usos de los cuantificadores y
contables e incontables, singulares y plurales. Estos son los únicos casos en los que so se usa
con un sustantivo. So much o so many pueden ser traducidos también como tanto o tantos en
español.
Ejemplos:
 Teresa has so many talents!
 With three kids and a full-time job, my sister has so little free time
 I have so few memories of my childhood.
 The children watch so much television
So + that
Podemos utilizar so con that para mostrar resultados o consecuencias. En general, el uso
de that es opcional.
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Ejemplos:
 The music was so loud that I couldn‗t hear my own voice.
 He was driving so fast that he had an accident
Such
Such + adjective + noun
Como con so, utilizamos such con adjetivos para mostrar extremos. A diferencia de so,
such está seguido por un adjetivo más un sustantivo. Las frases que utilizan such para dar
énfasis se pueden traducir como ¡Que! en español
Ejemplos:
 I am so lucky. I have such wonderful friends!
 That is such a pretty dress! You should wear it more often.
Note: No se puede utilizar such con los cuantificadores como much, many, few, o little.
Sólo con so se pueden utilizar estos cuantificadores. Such + that
Como con so, podemos utilizar such con that para mostrar extremos que terminan en un
resultado. En general, el uso de that es opcional.
Ejemplos:
 It was such a Beautiful day that we decided to go to the beach.
 Dave has such a small car that he doesn‗t have to spend much money on gas.
Such + judgmental noun

Con sustantivos críticos, el uso de such da énfasis.
Ejemplos:
 I have never liked Andy. He is such a jerk!
Such + noun
Cuando such está seguido directamente por un sustantivo, such significa tal o un tipo de.
Ejemplos:
I have never seen such architecture before.

We very rarely listen to such music.
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Lesson Fifteen Fifteenth Lesson
Sounds and Phonetic Symbols
Las palabras homógrafas y homófonas existen en inglés debido a que, aunque el alfabeto inglés
consta de 26 letras, existen más de 40 sonidos diferentes, los cuales son representados por varios símbolos,
como se muestra en la tabla a continuación. Con el fin de aprender la pronunciación correcta de inglés, es
importante tener primero una buena comprensión de los diferentes sonidos. La cuarta columna contiene la
pronunciación de los ejemplos. Estas pronunciaciones se encuentran entre dos ‗/‗, como puede verse en la
mayoría de los diccionarios.
Símbolo Tipo Ejemplo Pronunciación
Vocales: Puras
i: larga
feet /fi:t/
ɪ corta hit /hɪt/
ʊ corta wood /wʊd/
u: larga boot /bu:t/
e corta men /men/
ə schwa winter /wɪntər/
ɜ: larga word /wɜ:rd/
ɔ: larga door /dɔ:r/
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æ corta cat /kæt/
ʌ corta up /ʌp/
ɑ: larga car /kɑ:r/
ɒ corta hot /hɒt/
Vocales: Diptongos
ɪə clear /klɪər/
eɪ wait /weɪt/
ʊə tour /tʊər/
ɔɪ toy /tɔɪ/
əʊ slow /sləʊ/
eə wear /weər/
aɪ my /maɪ/
aʊ how /haʊ/
Consonantes
p sorda pay /peɪ/
b sonora big /bɪg/
t sorda tea /ti:/
d sonora dog /dɔ:g/
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ʧ sorda chat /ʧæt/
ʤ sonora joy /ʤɔɪ/
k sorda cat /kæt/
g sonora got /gɑ:t/
f sorda fast /fæst/
v sonora vain /veɪn/
ɵ sorda thin /ɵɪn/
ð sonora other /ʌðər/
s sorda miss /mɪs/
z sonora use /ju:z/
ʃ sorda wash /wɔ:ʃ/
ʒ sonora leisure /li:ʒər/
m sonora make /meɪk/
n sonora sun /sʌn/
η sonora wing /wɪη/
h sorda help /help/
l sonora like /laɪk/
r sonora air /er/
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w sonora web /web/
j sonora yes /jes/
Syllable Stress
Ahora que hemos repasado los diferentes sonidos de inglés, debemos hablar de la acentuación de
las sílabas y palabras o dicho de otra forma, el ritmo del inglés. Es importante tener en cuenta que el
inglés es un idioma tiempo-tensionado. A diferencia del español, en el cual se da la misma cantidad de
tiempo a cada sílaba, el inglés ajusta la sincronización de sílabas y palabras que van acentuadas y no
acentuadas. En inglés, algunas sílabas son más largas y otras más cortas. Poniendo el acento tónico en
ciertas sílabas y palabras, podemos entender mejor el significado de la palabra o la frase. La
comprensión del acento tónico y de la entonación en inglés ayudará al principiante tanto a entender
mejor el inglés como a ser mejor entendido.
Syllable Stress
Las palabras se componen de sílabas. Las sílabas son unidades del sonido que casi siempre
tienen, con pocas excepciones, al menos un sonido vocal. En palabras de dos o más sílabas, una sílaba
se acentúa mientras las demás se dicen rápidamente y sin énfasis.
Las únicas reglas fijas para la acentuación de las sílabas son:
1. las palabras sólo pueden tener un acento tónico

2. siempre es una vocal la que lleva el acento tónico.
Curiosamente, palabras relacionadas entre sí, pueden tener acentuaciones diferentes (PHOto,
phoTOgrapher, photoGRAPHic) y según donde pongamos el acento tónico en las palabras
homógrafas, cambia el significado de la palabra (ver la nota abajo). De momento, lo importante es
entender lo que significa la acentuación de las sílabas y conocer las pautas de la acentuación en inglés
Nota: Algunos diccionarios indican la sílaba acentuada de una palabra con un apóstrofo
(‗) antes o después de la sílaba acentuada. En los ejemplos siguientes, se encuentra el apóstrofo
antes de la sílaba acentuada.
One Syllable: Stressed

Lógicamente en las palabras de una sílaba ponemos el acento
tónico en la única sílaba.
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Ejemplos:
PAY/‗peɪ/
DRIVE/‗draɪv/
GOOD/‗gʊd/
Two Syllables: 1st Syllable Stressed
En la mayoría de sustantivos y adjetivos de dos sílabas, es generalmente en la primera

sílaba donde ponemos el acento tónico.
Ejemplos:
SWIMming/‗swɪmɪη/
APple/‗æpəl/
HAPpy/‗hæpi/
LITtle/‗lɪtl/
Two Syllables: 2nd Syllable Stressed

En los verbos de dos sílabas normalmente ponemos el acento tónico en la segunda sílaba.
Ejemplos:
beGIN
deSERVE
aGREE
Nota: El dominio de la acentuación de las sílabas es importante, no sólo para la pronunciación,

sino también para la comprensión ya que poniendo el acento tónico en sílabas diferentes podemos
cambiar el significado de la palabra (homógrafas). Hay muchas palabras de dos sílabas cuyo
significado puede cambiar dependiendo de la sílaba acentuada. Por ejemplo, si ponemos el acento
tónico en la segunda sílaba de la palabra desert (deSERT), es un verbo que significa abandonar, en
cambio si lo ponemos en la primera sílaba (DEsert), es un sustantivo que significa un lugar árido.
Ejemplos:
DEsert (sustantivo) deSERT (verbo)
CONtractsustantivo) conTRACT (verbo)
Three Syllables: 1st Syllable Stressed

En la mayoría de palabras de tres sílabas (sustantivos, adjetivos o verbos) ponemos el acento
tónico en la primera sílaba. En las palabras de tres sílabas terminadas en -er, -or, -ly o -y, generalmente
ponemos el acento tónico en la primera sílaba.
Ejemplos:
ENergy
FInally
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HOSpital
BEAUtiful
ORganize
Three Syllables: 2nd Syllable Stressed
Las palabras que terminan en -tion, -sion, -ic o -al, entre otros sufijos, generalmente llevan el
acento tónico en la sílaba anterior a estas terminaciones. Este es el caso en palabras de tres y
cuatro sílabas.
Ejemplos:
consumption
denial
oFFENsive
Three Syllables: 3rd Syllable Stressed

Las palabras terminadas con los sufijos -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette o -ique, llevan el acento
tónico en la última sílaba.
Ejemplos:
refeREE
engiNEER
Four Syllables: 2nd Syllable Stressed
En palabras de cuatro sílabas ponemos el acento tónico en la segunda o tercera sílaba.

Generalmente se acentúa la segunda sílaba si la palabra termina con: -cy, -ty, -phy, -gy o -al.
Ejemplos:
dePENdency
psyCHIatry
eQUALity
Four Syllables: 3rd Syllable Stressed
Las palabras que terminan en -tion, -sion o -ic generalmente llevan el acento tónico en la
sílaba anterior a estas terminaciones. Como hemos visto antes, este es el caso con palabras de
tres y cuatro sílabas.
Ejemplos:
poliTIcian
eduCAtion
unreaLIStic
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Compound Words
En las palabras compuestas el acento tónico depende de si la palabra es un sustantivo, un

adjetivo o un verbo. En los sustantivos ponemos el acento tónico en la primera palabra,
mientras que en los adjetivos y verbos lo ponemos en la segunda palabra.
Ejemplos:
Sustantivos compuestos
AIRplane/‗erpleɪn/
TOOTHbrush/‗tu:ɵbrʌʃ/
Adjetivos compuestos
old-FASHioned
new AGE
Verbos compuestos
deTEST/dɪ‗test/
underSTAND
Phrasal Verbs
Los verbos frasales siempre llevan el acento tónico en la segunda palabra, la
preposición. Como veremos más adelante, ésto es una excepción a las reglas para la
acentuación de las frases, donde el acento tónico generalmente se sitúa en el verbo principal.
Ejemplos:
wake UP
work OUT
get OFF
Vowels
Hay diferentes maneras de pronunciar las vocales en inglés. De hecho, hay 20 sonidos
diferentes asociados con las vocales (12 puras y 8 diptongos). Las vocales tienen sonidos largos y
cortos, además de la vocal neutra schwa. Las combinaciones de sonidos vocales, los diptongos,
también tienen diferentes pronunciaciones.
Long vowel sounds

Los sonidos largos se pronuncian como el nombre respectivo de la letra en inglés y se indican
mediante una segunda vocal muda en la misma sílaba (diptongos).
Ejemplos:
late/leɪt/
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seal/si:l/
bike/baɪk/
boat/bəʊt/
juice/ʤu:s/
Short vowel sounds

Los sonidos cortos son más comunes y generalmente se encuentran solos y dentro de una
sílaba. Las vocales cortas van, con frecuencia, seguidas de dobles consonantes.
Ejemplos:
hat/hæt/
bus/bʌs/
stop/stɑ:p/
set/set/
ill/ɪl/
Nota: Mira los siguientes ejemplos. En la primera palabra el sonido de la vocal es corto,
pero cuando añadimos la e‗ muda al final de la palabra, la vocal cambia a un sonido largo.
Ejemplos:
not/nɑ:t/ note/nəʊt/
mad/mæd/ made/meɪd/
bit/bɪt/ bite/baɪt/
tub/tʌb/ tube/tu:b/
Schwa
El sonido neutro y reducido conocido como schwa es el sonido vocal más común en la lengua
inglesa. Prácticamente siempre se encuentra en una sílaba no acentuada. Su pronunciación se
determina por las consonantes que se encuentran antes y/o después de él.
Ejemplos:
above/əbʌv/
camera/kæmərə/
occasion/əkeɪʒən/
pencil/pensəl/
industry/ɪndəstri/
Diphthongs
Los diptongos, también conocidos como vocales que se deslizan, se refieren a dos sonidos
vocales diferentes dentro de la misma sílaba. La pronunciación de diptongos va marcada por un
movimiento de la lengua.
Ejemplos: gate/geɪt row/rəʊ/ soul/səʊl/ toy/tɔɪ/
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UNIT FOUR
Lesson Sixteen Sixteenth Lesson
Commonly Confused Words

Hay muchas palabras que se confunden en inglés. En esta lección estudiaremos a fondo dos de estos
pares de palabras y las diferencias entre ellas.
Word or Sentence Stress

Dentro de las palabras hay sílabas acentuadas, lo
mismo sucede dentro de las oraciones. La acentuación de
las palabras dentro de las frases es lo que da al inglés su
ritmo particular.
Las oraciones se componen generalmente de dos tipos de

palabras: palabras de contenido y palabras de estructura.
Palabras de contenido:
Las palabras de contenido son las palabras clave
que dan el significado de la frase. Estas palabras incluyen los siguientes tipos de palabras: verbos
principales, sustantivos, adjetivos, adverbios y verbos auxiliares en negativo (don‗t, can‗t, etc.)
Palabras de estructura:
Las palabras de estructura son palabras generalmente pequeñas y sencillas que dan la estructura
gramatical de la oración. Las palabras de estructura incluyen: pronombres, preposiciones (menos cuando son
parte de un verbo frasal), artículos, conjunciones y verbos auxiliares en afirmativo.
Generalmente si quitamos las palabras estructurales de una frase, aún se puede entender. Por lo
tanto ponemos el acento tónico en ingles sobre las palabras de contenido
Echa un vistazo a los siguientes ejemplos. Las palabras acentuadas están en mayúsculas.
en las oraciones anteriores que, aunque la segunda

frase es más larga, tardamos lo mismo
(aproximádamente unos 3´5 a 4 segundos) en
leerlas.
Ejemplos:
 The VALLEY GLISTENED as the SUN
SET SLOWLY over the HORIZON.
 I‗m GOING to the PARTY with him, but
ONLY because he PROMISED me we‗ll
BE back EARLY.
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Observa también, que ambas contienen la misma cantidad de palabras de contenido (acentuadas).
Como ya hemos dicho, el inglés es una lengua tiempo-tensionada. La cantidad de tiempo entre las
palabras acentuadas es la misma, independientemente del número de palabras sin acentuación entre ellas.
Por esta razón, aunque la segunda frase es más larga, necesitamos la misma cantidad de tiempo para
decirla que la primera.
Nota: el significado de una palabra puede cambiar en función de donde pongamos el acento
tónico (deSERT [v. ] vs. DEsert [n.] ). Lo mismo sucede con la acentuación de las palabras dentro de las
frases. Podemos destacar una palabra estructural por ejemplo, para dar énfasis. Echa un vistazo a los
siguientes ejemplos.
Ejemplos:
 HE doesn‗t think it‗s a good idea.
 He DOESN‗T think it‗s a good idea.
 He doesn‗t THINK it‗s a good idea.
 He doesn‗t think IT‗S a good idea.)
 He doesn‗t think it‗s a GOOD idea.
 He doesn‗t think it‗s a good IDEA.
Even – Else
Even
Even se puede utilizar como adjetivo o como adverbio, teniendo en cuenta que el significado es
diferente. Como adjetivo, even tiene varios significados incluyendo uniforme, plano, justo o igual, entre
otros. Aquí hablaremos de los significados y usos de even como adverbio. Generalmente se traduce como
incluso o hasta. Cuando se utiliza como adverbio en inglés, even expresa sorpresa y puede utilizarse para
enfatizar diferencias cuando hacemos comparaciones
.
Grammatical Rules
1. Even se encuentra generalmente antes del verbo al que modifica.
Ejemplos:
 My son loves to learn. He even studies on weekends and holidays.
 Even working 12 hour days, I wasn‗t able to finish the project on time.
2. Cuando se encuentra al principio de una frase, even se refiere al sujeto.

Ejemplos:
 Even I know better than to try to change his mind.
 Even the best athletes can have bad days.
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3. Podemos colocar even antes de otras palabras que queremos enfatizar.
Ejemplos:
 I love their music, even the later albums which didn‗t receive good reviews.
 He loves food. He‗ll eat anything, even our mother‗s cooking!
4. Even se utiliza en frases negativas para expresar extremos negativos.
Ejemplos:
 I can‗t even imagine what you must have thought when he told you the news.
 She‗s very clumsy. She can‗t even walk without tripping.
5. Even se usa en comparaciones para dar énfasis. El uso de even añade énfasis a la diferencia
entre objetos comparados. En estos casos de comparaciones, even se encuentra antes del
adjetivo o adverbio.
Ejemplos:
 My brother is very tall. He is even taller than my father.
 I know I talk a lot, but Andrew talks even more than me.
6. Cuando se utiliza con otras palabras como though, if, so o when, even funciona como
una conjunción.
Ejemplos
 Even though it was cloudy, we went to the beach.
 Even if I study a lot, I will never understand chemistry.
 He knew it was a bad idea. Even so, he drove home after having several drinks.
 Even when things seemed the worse, she was still optimistic.
Else
Podemos utilizar else como adverbio o adjetivo para referirnos a algo adicional. Else siempre se
encuentra después de la palabra a la cual modifica.
Grammatical Rules
1. Podemos usar else después de los pronombres indefinidos para referirnos a personas o cosas
además de las ya mencionadas.
Ejemplos:
 I can‗t help you, you will have to ask someone else.
 Would you like anything else to drink?
2. Cuando se utiliza después de pronombres interrogativos, ―else‖ significa ―más‖.
Ejemplos:
 Apart from the game, what else did you do this weekend?
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3. Else‖ tiene una forma posesiva: else‗s
Ejemplo:
 That‗s not my bag. It must be someone else‗s.
4. Cuando se utiliza con la conjunción or, else puede indicar una amenaza o puede significar si no.
Ejemplos:
 Do your homework or else you can‗t go out this weekend.
5. La palabra compuesta elsewhere se refiere a un lugar que no sea el ya mencionado.
Ejemplo:
 If you want good service, I suggest you go elsewhere
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Lesson Seventeen Seventeenth Lesson
Direct and Reported Speech
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de
hacerlo: utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto.
Direct Speech
Cuando queremos informar exactamente de lo
que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el estilo
directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se
coloca entre comilla y deberá ser palabra por palabra.
Ejemplos:
 I am going to London next week, she said.

 Do you have a pen I could borrow, he asked.
 Alice said, I love to dance.
 Chris asked, Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?
Reported Speech
El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser
palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A
continuación tienes una explicación de los cambios que sufren los tiempos verbales.
A veces se usa that en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la
otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar if o whether.
*Nota: Ten en cuenta también que las expresiones de tiempo cambian en el estilo indirecto. Fijate
en los cambios de tiempo en los ejemplos más abajo y después, encontrarás una tabla con más
explicaciones de los cambios de tiempo en el estilo indirecto.
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Direct Speech Reported Speecch

Present Simple Past Simple
He is American, she said. She said he was American.
I am happy to see you, Mary said. Mary said that she was happy to see me.
He asked, Are you busy tonight? He asked me if I was busy that night.
Present Continuous Past Continuous

Dan is living in San Francisco, she said. She said Dan was living in San Francisco.
He said, I‗m making dinner. He told me that he was making dinner.
Why are you working so hard? They asked. They asked me why I was working so hard.
Continuous Perfect Past Continuous Perfect Past(NO CHANGE)

She said, I‗d been dancingfor years before the accident. She said she‗d been dancingfor years before the accident.
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado o de algo en el futuro, no es

necesario cambiar el tiempo verbal.
Modal Verbs
El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto también con algunos de los verbos
modales.
Nota: Con would, could, should, might y ought to, el tiempo no cambia.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Will Would
I‗ll go to the movies tomorrow, John said. John said he would go to the movies the next day.
Will you help me move? she asked. She asked me if I would helpher move.
Can Could
Debra said, Allen can work tomorrow. Debra said Allen could work the next day.
Can you open the window, please? he asked. He asked me if I could open the window.
Must Had to
You must wear your seat belt, mom said. My mom said I had to wear my seat belt.
She said, You must work tomorrow. She said I had to work the next day.
Shall Should
Shall we go to the beach today? Tom asked. Tom asked if we should go to the beach that day.
What shall we do tonight? she asked. She asked me what we should do that night.
May Might/Could
Jane said, I may not be in class tomorrow. Jane said she might not be in class the next day.
May I use the bathroom, please? the boy asked. The boy asked if he could use the bathroom
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Say / Tell
En español podemos traducir say o tell como decir, pero en inglés se usan estos verbos
de maneras distintas. Hay unas reglas que indican el uso de uno u otro,aunque en general
usamos say para decir algo y tell para decir algo a alguien.
Say
Se usa say en el estilo directo y el indirecto. Si queremos usar say con un objeto
personal, necesitamos usar la preposición to
Ejemplos
Estilo directo
I‗m hungry, he said.
I need your help, Glen said to Mike.
Estilo indirecto
He said he was hungry.
Glen said to Mike that he needed his help.
Tell
También se puede usar tell con el estilo directo y el indirecto, aunque el uso con el
estilo directo no es tan común. Cuando usamos tell necesitamos usar un objeto indirecto que
va detrás del verbo.
Ejemplos:
Directo
He told me, I‗m hungry
Glen told Mike, I need your help‖.
Indirecto
He told me that he was hungry.
Glen told Mike that he needed his help.
Otros usos de tell:

1. Se usa tell con órdenes o instrucciones.
Ejemplos:
 I told him, Stop complaining.
 She told us to hurry.
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2. Usamos tell cuando damos o pedimos información.
Ejemplos:
Can you tell me your name please?
You told him the address of the office?
3. Se usa tell‖ con cuentos o bromas. En este caso, se puede traducir tell‖
como contar en español.
Ejemplos:
 He told us a great story.
 Tell me a joke, she said.
4. Con la verdad y las mentiras, se usa tell.
Ejemplos:
 Tell me the truth, she demanded.
 Keith never tells lies.
5. Usamos tell con la hora o la fecha.
Ejemplos:
 Could you tell me the time, please? she asked.
 Bob told me the date.
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Lesson Eighteen Eighteenth Lesson
Phrases and Expressions

We usually have heard phrases in our mother language that only a native can understand right?
Well, English is not an exception and there are a lot of words, modisms, and phrases that can‗t be
literally translated because of the lost of context
when you try to translate something of your own
culture into a language with a different cluture.
Here are some examples of phrases commonly
used in English.
Out of the blue

If something happens out of the blue, it is completely unexpected:
 One day, out of the blue, she announced that she was leaving.
Out of stock
COMMERCE
Products that are out of stock are not available to buy in a store because they have all been sold:
 You will be notified by email if any part of your order is out of stock
Out of step with someone/something

not having the same ideas or beliefs as other people, or not being aware of other people's beliefs:
 The governor's remarks show that she is seriously out of step with the voters.
Out of the mouths of babes

said when a child says something that surprises you because it seems very wise
Out-of-the-money option
an option which has no value because the shares, etc. can be only be bought for above their present
price, or sold for less than their present price:
The best time to buy an out-of-the-money option is when you expect market volatility to increase.
An old/a wise head on young shoulders
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a child or young person who thinks and talks like an older person who has more experience
of life
Be a victory for common sense

to be a very reasonable result in a particular situation:
 There is no doubt that the court's decision is a victory for common sense
Out of the corner of your eye

without looking at something directly:
 I was watching TV when I saw something move out of the corner of my eye
Be in hot water
to be in or get into a difficult situation in which you are in danger of being criticized or punished:
 He found himself in hot water over his comments about immigration.
Be (caught) between a rock and a hard place

to be in a very difficult situation and to have to make a hard decision
Be climbing the walls

To suffer unpleasant feelings, such as worry, in an extreme way:
to be climbing the walls with boredom/anger/frustration
Be for the high jump

to be going to be punished for something you have done wrong
Be/come up against a brick wall

to be unable to make more progress with a plan or discussion because someone is stopping you
Out of the frying pan into the fire

said when you move from a bad or difficult situation to one that is worse
Be conspicuous by your absence

to be absent when you should be present, in a way that other people notice:
Why wasn't Stephen at the meeting? He was conspicuous by his absence.
Be cooking
to be making good progress or doing something well:
The battery is recharged; give it a little more gas. Now we're cooking!
Be crazy about somebody/something

To be very interested in something or love someone very much:
Both my sons are crazy about football.
Be convulsed with laughter, rage, etc.

To laugh or feel anger, etc. in a way that you cannot control
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Be/come out of the ark

to be very old-fashioned:
Her clothes were straight out of the ark.
Be cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey

to be very cold
Be cold comfort
When being told a particular thing about a bad situation is cold comfort, it does not make you feel
better although it is intended to.
Be close to the bone

If something you say or write is close to the bone, it
is close to the truth in a way that might offend some
people.
Be cut up
To be upset:
Be curtains for somebody

used to say someone will die or have to stop doing something:
It'll be curtains for him if he doesn't do what I tell him!
A (heavy) cross to bear

an unpleasant or painful situation or person that you have to accept and deal with, although
you find it very difficult
A fate worse than death

Something you do not want to experience because it is so unpleasant:
 When you're 16, an evening at home with your parents seems like a fate worse than
death.
A narrow squeak
a success that was almost a failure:
 We caught the ferry but it was a narrow squeak.
A hard/tough row to hoe

a difficult situation to deal with:
 Teachers have a tough row to hoe in today's schools
A cloud on the horizon

Something that threatens to cause problems or unhappiness in the future:
 The only cloud on the horizon is the physics exam in June.
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Be cruel to be kind
To do or say something that causes someone pain
because you believe that it will help them
Be damned if you do and damned if you don't

Used to say that you cannot escape being criticized, whatever you decide to do
be dead meat
If someone is dead meat, they are in a lot of trouble:
 He'll be dead meat if his girlfriend finds out.
Be dead in the water

If something is dead in the water, it has failed and it seems impossible that it will be successful
in the future:
 So how does a government revive an economy that is dead in the water?
Be dancing in the streets

To be extremely happy about something that has
happened:
 Not many people will be dancing in the streets
about a two percent pay rise.
Be nothing for it
Used to emphasize you will have to do a particular thing
to solve a problem:
 There's nothing for it but to get some extra help.
It can't be helped
Used to say that an unpleasant or painful situation or an unwanted duty cannot be avoided and
must be accepted:
 I really didn't want to go away this weekend but, oh well, it can't be helped.
Be part and parcel of sth

To be a feature of something, especially a feature that cannot be avoided:
Being recognized in the street is part and parcel of being a celebrity.
Be (only) a matter of time

If it is (only) a matter of time until something happens, it is certain to happen but you do not know
when it will happen:
 It's only a matter of time before he's forced to resign.
All roads lead to Rome
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Said to mean that all the methods of doing something will achieve the same result in the end
Be dead on your feet

To be very tired
Be devoured by sth
To feel an emotion, especially a bad emotion, very strongly so that it strongly influences your
behaviour:
 He was devoured by jealousy/hatred.
Be dead to the world

To be sleeping:
 "Is Georgie up yet?" "I doubt it - she was dead to
the world ten minutes ago."
Be (dead) set against sth

To be determined not to do something:
 Why are you so set against going to
college?
 They are dead set against the plans to close
the local hospital.
Be done and dusted

To be complete and finished:
 By now the deal was done and dusted.
Be down on your luck

To be experiencing a bad situation or to have very little money:
 He's been down on his luck recently.
Be down in the mouth

To be sad
Be (down) in black and white

To be written down:
 I couldn't believe it was true, but there it was, in black and white.
A dog's life
a very unhappy and unpleasant life
Be in bits
To be very upset:
 He was in bits after her death.
A long face
If you have a long face, you look sad:
 "Why do you have such a long face?" "My boyfriend doesn't want to see me anymore."
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Be in a funk
To be very unhappy and without hope:
 He's been in a real funk since she left him.
Be down on your luck

To be experiencing a bad situation or to have very little money:
 He's been down on his luck recently.
A blessing in disguise
Something that seems bad or unlucky at first, but results in
something good happening later:
 Losing that job was a blessing in disguise really.
Bad/hard/tough luck!
Said to express sympathy with someone when something bad
has happened to them:
 "They've just run out of tickets." "Oh, bad luck!"
Be dripping with sth
To be wearing a lot of something:
 She was absolutely dripping with gold/jewels.
Be a good
Also be a good job used to mean "it is lucky":
 It's a good job they didn't go camping last weekend - the weather was awful.
Be bad luck on sb
To be a bad thing that happened to someone by chance:
 It was bad luck on Alex that he was ill on his birthday.
Be easy game/meat
To be easily deceived:
 Old ladies living alone are easy game for con-men.
Be etched on/in sb's memory

To be something that you will continue to remember:
 The scene will be etched on my memory forever.
Be engraved on sb's memory/mind

To be very difficult to forget:
 That last conversation we had is engraved on my memory forever.
Be endowed with sth

To have a particular quality or feature:
 Some lucky people are endowed with both brains and beauty.
See things in black and white

To have a simple view of what is right and wrong, or good and bad
Be easy prey
to be easy to deceive or be taken advantage of:
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 Homeless young people are easy prey for drug-dealers and pimps.
An easy touch
Someone who you can easily persuade or deceive into giving you something, usually money
Be wet behind the ears

to be young and without experience
Butter wouldn't melt in sb's mouth

used when someone looks as if they would never do anything wrong, although you feel they might:
 Tommy looked as if butter wouldn't melt in his mouth.
Be easy game/meat
To be easily deceived:
 Old ladies living alone are easy game for con-men.
An easy touch
someone who you can easily persuade or deceive into giving you something, usually money
Be fading away/fast
to be growing weaker and thinner and to be likely to die soon
Jog somebody's memory

to make someone remember something:
 The police showed him a photo to try to jog his memory about what had happened
on the night of the robbery.
A blast from the past

something or someone that surprises you because you had almost forgotten about it
Aide-mémoire
Something, usually written, that helps you to remember something
Be your epitaph
To be something, especially something you say, that other people will remember you for
Be/fall under sb's influence/spell

To be affected by someone in a strong and often negative way:
 She fell under his spell when he was her tutor at university.
Work against/for somebody
To make it more difficult, or easier, for someone to achieve something:
 Inexperience can work against someone looking for a job.
Tilt the balance/scales

If something tilts the balance, it is the thing that causes a particular situation to happen or a particular
decision to be made when other situations or decisions are possible:
 This might just tilt the balance in the government's favour
Leave your/its mark on somebody/something
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To have an effect that changes someone or something, usually in a bad way:

 The experience had left its mark on her.
Bear on sth
To be connected or related to something:
 I don't see how that information bears on this case.
Applicability
The fact of affecting or relating to a person or thing:
 the general applicability of these basic principles
Across-the-board
Affecting everyone or everything within an organization, system, or society:
 The proposed across-the-board cuts for all state agencies will total $84 million.
Be/feel at home
To feel comfortable and relaxed:
 By the end of the week she was beginning to feel at home in her new job.
Be firing on all cylinders

To be operating as powerfully and effectively as possible:
 Dawson will be firing on all cylinders after two months of fitness training.
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Lesson Nineteen Nineteenth Lesson
SLANGS IN ENGLISH
Slang is a type of language consisting of words and phrases that are:
 considered to be very informal

 more common in speech than in writing
 typically restricted to a particular context or group of
people
Slang may be all things to all people. According to the

American poet Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), slang is "language
which takes off its coat, spits on its hands - and goes to work."
The Concise Oxford Dictionary is more prosaic: "words,
phrases, and uses that are regarded as very informal and are
often restricted to special contexts or are peculiar to a specified
profession, class, etc (racing slang; schoolboy slang)."
The problem for learners of English is to know when or when not to use slang. Many people
condemn slang, but in fact we all use it. The trick is to use slang in the right context. For the learner,
perhaps the first thing to remember is that slang is normally spoken, not written. The second thing is
that you may wish to learn slang so that you can understand it when you hear it, but not necessarily to
use it.
Slang register
Offensive slang
These words should be used with care. Although they are not particularly "hot", they can be
offensive to the person they are applied to. For example, if you call somebody an "airhead", that
person could be insulted although anybody listening would not be shocked.
Vulgar slang
Vulgar slang words should be used with extreme care. In general we recommend that non-
native speakers do not use this language. If used inappropriately, you could easily shock both the
person you are talking to and anyone listening. You could cause resentment and anger.
Taboo slang
In general, taboo words are the most shocking in the language and should be avoided. We
recommend that non-native speakers do not use this language. As with vulgar slang, you could easily
shock both the person you are talking to and anyone listening. You could cause extreme resentment
and anger, with unpredictable results.
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American Slang Words and Phrases:

Bail — Intransitive verb for leaving abruptly.
Feeling blue; have the blues — A feeling of depression or sadness.
A buck — Slang term for a the American dollar.
By the skin of (my/your/his/her) teeth — just barely.
Creep (n.) — An unpleasantly weird/strange person.
Couch Potato — A lazy person who spends the bulk of their time engaged in things that can be done
while sitting on a couch.
Cram — To study feverishly before an exam typically done after neglecting to study consistently.
Crash — To abruptly fall asleep, or to show up without invitation.
Down to earth — An adjective for practicality and lack of pretense.
Drive up the wall — To irritate.
For Real — A proclamation of honesty.
Going Dutch — When each person, usually in a dating scenario, pays for his/her own meal.
The cold shoulder — A metaphor for deliberately ignoring someone.
Give a ring — To call someone on the telephone.
Hyped (adj.) — A very excited state.
Hang out — To casually gather together or spend time with someone in a social manner.
Jack up — An abrupt increase, typically in the price of something.
Knock — To speak negatively, to disparage, to badmouth.
Lighten up — To relax and take things too seriously. Typically stated as an appeal to someone who is
acting uptight.
Pass the buck — To deflect responsibility onto someone else.
Piece of cake — A metaphor to describe something that is easy or effortless.
Pig out — A metaphor for binge eating.
Plead the fifth — References the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which allows a witness in
court to refuse questions on the grounds that they risk self-incrimination.
Screw up — To make a mistake, i.e. mess up.
Sweet — An adjective that describes something that is good, or nice.
Tight — An adjective that describes closeness between competitors, i.e. a tight competition.
Trash — Can be used as an intransitive verb for destruction. e.g. ―He trashed the car.‖
Uptight — Stuffy, persnickety, the opposite of relaxed.
Wrap (something) up — to finish or complete something.
Zonked — completely exhausted.Our next post will cover British slang terms that Americans find
confusing. Until then, here are some of our favorite American slang words:
Pants — American default word for the article of clothing that covers the legs and pelvic region seems
pretty general and innocuous to English speakers in the U.S. To the actual English, however, ‗pants‗ is
the primary word they use for ‗underwear.‗ And while American cinema and television typically
writes the word ‗knickers‗ for underwear into the vocabulary of British characters—that‗s probably
just for comedic effect since ‗pants‗ wouldn‗t induce any response—the most common British word
for underwear really is ‗pants.‗ Americans tend not to notice how often they refer to their so-called
pants until someone from the U.K. joins their ranks. Once that happens they begin to notice restrained
snickering every time ‗pants are referenced in a polite conversation.
For the birds — imagine how this phrase must sound to someone who doesn‗t understand that it
refers to something that is substandard in some respect. Is it a bag of seeds or some kind of yard
ornament reference? The Brits sometimes use the word ‗bird,‗ to refer to women, in the same way
Americans use ‗chicks.‗ So, maybe it comes off like reference to girlishness. Who knows?
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Bought the farm —‖I didn‗t know he wanted to move to the country,‖ is how a British person might
respond to hearing this phrase. At this point ‗bought the farm,‗ is a general reference to untimely
death. However, the phrase originates from WWII-era military accidents involving unreliable aircraft
crashing into rural European countryside properties resulting in damages for which the U.S.
government was responsible to pay, thereby, ‗buying the farm,‗ so to speak.
Jonesing — To want, crave, or desire something intensely, and its noun form, ‗joneser,‗ (a person
who wants or craves something intensely), isn‗t always apparent even to Americans. The Oxford
Dictionary associates this word‗s slang usage with Jones Alley in Manhattan, a haven for drug addicts
in the 1960s. The unsavory drug culture connotations continue today. However the definition of
‗joneser,‗ has been broadened among some circles to include describing a person whose character is
found wanting, i.e. lacking, as opposed to someone who simply wants something desperately.
Take a rain check — this is an Americanism that dates back to the 1880s and references the practice
of giving baseball game ticketholders a pass to a game that must be rescheduled due to weather. It‗s
commonly used as a metaphor for postponing or rescheduling a meeting between people to some later
date that is more convenient.
Spill the Beans — British English speakers might pick up on the use of the word ‗spill,‗ as a
metaphor for divulging. But ‗spill the beans,‗ might be obscure enough for them to assume a more
specific connotation, which they are not aware of. Needless to say, ‗spill the beans,‗ is an American
idiom for divulging secret information that dates back to the very early 1900s.
Shoot the breeze — an idiomatic phrase for killing time with idle chit-chat, ‗shoot the breeze
probably stems from old-west imagery, either cinematic or anecdotal in origin, in which men with
nothing but time and ammunition on their hands shot their guns at no particular target.
John Hancock — although obscure associative references are a favorite form of Cockney slang, it‗s
unlikely that an English person would have any idea who John Hancock was. The reference would
escape them. The name John Hancock became synonymous with a person‗s signature because his was
one of the more flamboyant signatures on The Declaration of Independence.
Monday morning quarterback — Because quarterback is an on-field leadership position played in

American football, which the British have no interest in, and because Monday morning references the
fact that most NFL games take place on Sundays, this is a doubly obscure metaphor. While
American‗s understand that the phrase references the practice of criticizing something after-fact-with
the advantage of hindsight, an English person would find this phrase totally meaningless.
Ride Shotgun — another phrase taken from Old-West folklore, riding shotgun is a statement of both
position and status—a sort of second-in-command support position who works from a preferential
vantage. The imagery invoked by the phrase comes from stagecoaches, specifically the person who
rode in the seat next to the driver whose job was to fend off any would-be bandits with a shotgun.
Awesome (adj) is such a popular slang word in English all over the world and you‗ll hear
everyone from the young to old saying it. When you use the word awesome, you‗re expressing
that you think something is wonderful or amazing. It can be used in a sentence or it could be
used in a one word reply.
Cool (adj) like awesome means great or fantastic. It also shows that you‗re okay with an idea. Be careful
the normal meaning of cool means a little cold so you have to listen toit in context to understand what‗s
being said.
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To be beat (adj) In normal terms beat would be used meaning to win ―Manchester United beat
Liverpool” or to hit “Marco, stop beating your brother” however, in slang or everyday English it
means something completely different. If you hear your friend saying I’m beat, it means he or she is
very tired or exhausted.
To hang out (verb) If someone asks you where you usually hang out, they want to know in which
place you prefer to be when you have free time. And if your friend asks you if
 you want to hang out with them, they‗re asking you if you‗re free and want to spend some
time together. And what about if you ask your friend what they‗re doing and they
 just answer hanging out? It means that they are free and not doing anything special.
To Chill Out (verb) Everybody loves to chill out but what does it mean? It simply means to
relax. Usually it can be used with or without the word ‗out‗ and if you‗re speaking with a
native English speaker they‗ll definitely understand.
Wheels (noun) We know there are many things that have wheels – a car, a motorbike, a bike and even
wheelbarrow but when somebody refers to their wheels they are talking about their car.
To be amped (adjective) If you‗re amped about something, you‗re super excited or you can‗t wait for
something to happen. It can also mean you‗re really determined and you want something to happen.
With this meaning you can also replace amped with pumped. In other words you‗re full of adrenalin!
Babe (noun) If you refer to someone as a babe, it means that you think they‗re hot and attractive.
Be careful though, you should only use this when speaking to another person and not the babe
because they may get offended.
Busted (adjective/verb) If you bust someone, you‗ve caught them doing something they shouldn‗t be
doing/saying/hiding.
To have a blast (verb) The normal definition of the word blast refers to a big explosion and it‗s a
phrase that we could often see or hear in the news. But if you use this among your friends, it‗s a lot
more positive and means that something is great or you had an amazing and fun time.
To have a crush (on somebody) (verb) To have a crush on somebody is a great feeling and it means
that you‗re attracted to somebody and would like them to be more than just your friend. And if
somebody has a crush on you, well it‗s the same they like you in a more intimate way.
To dump somebody (verb) If you dump somebody, you‗re probably going to break their heart. If you
dump your boyfriend or girlfriend it means you stop having a romantic relationship with them for
some reason. And if you‗re dumped, it means that somebody doesn‗t want to date you anymore don‗t
worry, there are plenty more fish in the sea!
Ex (noun) Usually if you hear to a friend referring to their ex, they‗re referring to their old
boyfriend or girlfriend who they no longer date. But if you put it with another noun for example
boss‗ ex-boss it means your boss from before.
Geek (noun) Depending on how you use this word will depend on whether you‗re being nice or not!
If you refer to a person as a geek it‗s referring to a person in a negative critical way because they like
to study too much or spend too much time on the computer and not socialize. But if you call your
friend a geek it could be in a fun more playful way.
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To be hooked on something (verb) If you‗re hooked on something or just hooked, it means that you‗re
addicted to something and you can‗t get enough. You can be hooked on chocolate, basketball, a new TV
show or something more dangerous like smoking
Looker (noun) If somebody says that you‗re a looker, you should definitely be flattered –they are paying
you the ultimate compliment and saying that they think you‗re good looking. They‗ll probably never say
it to your face but you could hear it from someone else.
To be in (adjective) You probably already know the meaning of in as a preposition. It‗s one of the
first things you probably learned in your English class e.g. the boy’s in the house, my pencil is in my
pencil case. But it can be used to mean something completely different – it means to be in fashion or
trending at the moment. Things that are in at the moment may not be in in a month – why? Because
trends always change!
To be sick (adjective) Cough cough sneeze sneeze…no not this kind of sick. If your buddy says that
the party was sick he‗s saying he thought it was really cool, awesome or the best. In this case it has a
similar meaning to the word awesome; however, you probably will only hear teenagers and college
students saying this
Epic Fail (noun) The word epic means huge‗ and you know what the word ‗fail‗ already means.
Put the two words together and that‗s what it is a big failure or complete disaster/failure‗. You‗d
used this noun when something hasn‗t gone the right way as expected and it‗s used to exaggerate
the idea of failing or doing something wrong.
To be ripped (adjective). In normal everyday English ripped means torn‗ – you can rip your jeans or a
piece of paper, but… …in slang it‗s got nothing to do with that. If a person is ripped means they have
great muscles and bodies – probably because they work out a lot the gym or are into sport.
Dunno (verb) Simply speaking, dunno means I don‗t know‗. It‗s a quicker and lazier way of saying
it and it‗s very popular among young people. So to play it safe just use it around people your own
age or younger.
Loser (noun) In a game we have winners and we have losers, but if your friend says a person is a
loser, it doesn‗t mean they lost a game or a competition it means that they don‗t like him or her
because of their actions and behavior.
Rip off (noun) To be ripped off (verb) If you find a simple t-shirt and the price tag says $80 on it,
you‗d be shocked, right? That t-shirt is a complete rip off which means that it is way too expensive
for what it is. And if a person rips you off they‗re cheating you out of money and charging you a lot
more than you should be paying
UNREAL Something that is unbelievably cool or brilliant

PROPS This means respect, recognition
KUDOS Another word for respect, recognition
BOTTOM LINE The main point
DISS When a person disrespects someone else
DIG To really like something
BOB‗S YOUR UNCLE this is a well-used phrase in the UK. It is added to the end of sentences, and
means something like and that‗s it!
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BUDGE UP When you ask someone to move and make space for you
ACE This has two meanings, something that is awesome, really cool. Or to achieve something with
perfection, really easily
ALL RIGHThis means hello, how are you?‗
FULL OF BEANS This means to have loads of energy
BLATANT Something that is really obvious.
PEAR SHAPED This means something has become a disaster
PIECE OF CAKE When someone is boasting or they think something is extremely easy to do, they
would use this
BLIMEY This is an exclamation of surprise
BOTCH There are two ways of using this expression to botch something up‗ or ‗to do a botch job
They both mean that the work done was not of a high standard, or was clumsy workmanship
CHEERS Used when drinking with friends to salute or make a toast (raise your glasses and clink them
together)
SMASHING This means something is terrific, brilliant
SOD‗S LAW This is another name for Murphy‗s Law – whatever can go wrong, will go wrong
CHIN WAG This means having a nice, long chat with someone. You can probably tell why!
CHUFFED Used when someone is really pleased about something
CRAM This means to study hard in a very short period of time
NICE ONE Can be used when someone does something particularly impressive
CRIKEY An exclamation of surprise
DEAR Something that is expensive
FAFF This is when someone procrastinates, or wastes time wondering around
DO Another word for a party
FLOG To sell something
FORTNIGHT: Two weeks. This comes from an abbreviation of fourteen nights‗
GOBSMACKED This means amazed
SPLASH OUT When you spend far too much money
GRUB / NOSH Both these words mean food
BEE‗S KNEES Something or someone fabulous, spectacular
GUTTED When someone is really upset or disappointed
PEANUTS When something is cheap, financially low
HAGGLE To argue over, and try to negotiate the price of something you want to buy
JOLLY You might hear people use this in all sorts of ways, but basically it means very‗. So jolly good
would mean very good
THROW A SPANNER IN THE WORKS This is an expression that means to wreck something
KIP A short sleep, forty winks, a nap, a power nap, or a snooze.
WIND UP This has a couple of meanings. If something you do is a wind up‗ it means you are making fun
of someone – you could be called a wind-up merchant if you do this.
MATE This means friend, chum, pal, or buddy.
NOT MY CUP OF TEA This is a common saying which means that something is not to your liking.
PORKIES This means telling lies. It comes from cockney rhyming slang. Short for porky pies‗, meaning
pork pies‗, which rhymes with lies!
ROW This means an argument (rhymes with cow‗)
DONKEY‗S YEARS If someone says I haven‗t seen you in donkey‗s years‗, it means they haven‗t seen
you for a very long time!
EASY PEASY A childish term for something very easy
SORTED When someone asks you about a problem you have already fixed, you could say this. You can
also say ―get it sorted‖, when you are telling someone to get on with something they have to do.
STROP If someone is sulking or being particularly miserable, you would say they are being stroppy‗, or
throwing a strop‗
CHEERIO This is a friendly way of saying goodbye
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WANGLE This is used to say some people have all the luck
BLINDING If something is a blinding success, it means it was awesome, brilliant
WONKYIf something is shaky or unstable, you might say it is wonky.
ZONKEDIf someone is zonked or ‗zonked out‗ it means they are totally knackered, or
exhausted
DODGY If someone or something is a bit dodgy, it is not to be trusted.
LEG IT This is a way of saying ‗run‗ or ‗run for it‗
ADMIN: administrator; administratin
AIRHEAD: silly, stupid person
ANTSY: restless; impatient; unsettled
AXE/AX: to dismiss someone from a job
BABE: a good-looking young woman
BEAT IT: go away
BEEF: conflict with someone; complaint against someone
BLAB: talk too much
BLING: flashy jewelry
BLOODY: very; really; totally; complete
BLOW: waste something like money or an opportunity
BREAK: an opportunity for advancement in one‗s career; lucky turn of events
BUGGER: a disliked thing
CABBIE: taxi driver; cab driver
CAHOOTS: working together secretly.
CAN: to reject someone
CHEESY: low quality; distasteful; not stylish
CHICKEN (out): cowardly; not to do/change your mind in doing out of fear
CHILL/OUT: relax; take it easy
CHOCK-FULL: crammed full.
COLD FISH: an unfriendly, unsociable person
CON: persuade someone to do something in order to trick them
COOL: likeable.
COP: policeman/woman
COP OUT: don‗t do something because of a fear of failure
COUCH POTATO: someone who watches too much television
CRANKY: irritable; easy to anger
CRASH: fall asleep
CUPPA: cup of (a hot drink like coffee, tea, or hot chocolate, etc.)
CUSHY: easy; undemanding
DA BOMB: excellent; extremely good
DEAD: quiet; dull
DEADBEAT: unreliable; dull; lazy
DECK: knock someone to the floor
DICEY: risky; unsafe; dangerous
DIDDLY-SQUAT: not anything
DIRT: information to damage someone‗s reputation
DISS: show disrespect by saying or doing something insulting –
DITCH: end relationship with someone
DOPE: stupid person; fool
DORK: socially awkward
DOWNER: something that makes you depressed or unexcited
DRAG: something boring, tiresome, troublesome
DUD: something that does not work properly
EARFUL: verbal reprimand or verbal criticism; a long talk
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EASY STREET: financial security

EATING: annoying; bothering; upsetting.
EL CHEAPO: very cheap
ELBOW GREASE: physical effort/hard work
EXEC: an executive or manager
FAB: fabulous; wonderful
FIB: a small, harmless lie
FLAB: body fat; soft loose flesh on a person‗s body
FLAKE: unreliable person who says he/she will do something, but doesn‗t
FLICK: a movie
FLIP-FLOP: to have a sudden reversal of thought or policy
FLUKE: a good outcome stemming more from luck than skill
FLUNK: to fail a course or course
FREAK: strange
FREEBIE: something for free
GAG: a joke
GARBAGE: of poor quality.
GEAR: equipment; clothing
GEEK: accomplished and expert especially in IT areas
GEEZER: an old person
GET: to understand something; to punch, injure or kill someone
GIG: public performance usually of rock, folk or jazz music
GLITCH: a fault or defect, especially in computer software
GOB: to spit
GOOF OFF/GOOF AROUND: waste time/play around
GOOFY: silly or harmlessly eccentric
GOOSE: a silly or stupid person
GRUB: food
GUTLESS: cowardly; lacking bravery
GUTS: courage
GUTTED: very upset/devastated
HAIRY: dangerous; risky; scary
HANG-UP: an emotional problem causing inhibition or unreasonable behavior
HARE-BRAINED: stupid and foolish
HASSLE: to annoy or bother someone
HOOKED: addicted; obsessed
HOOPS: game of basketball
HUNG-UP: overly concerned about something or someone
HUNK: an attractive man with a strong, muscular body
HUNKY-DORY: good; fine; going well
HYPE: exaggerated praise for a product or person for promotional purposes
HYPER: over-excited; over-active.
ICKY: unpleasant in color or taste
IFFY: doubtful; of uncertain qualities or legality
IN: FASHIONABLE; trendy
IN DEEP: deeply involved
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Lesson Twenty Twentieth Lesson
Main idea and secondary idea.
Main Idea:
In a main idea, often appears at the beginning of a paragraph or a text, it may not necessarily
be there, because the main idea could be a mixture of fragments of ideas in a text distributed.
Typically, the overall content of the text revolves around this idea. Also, can be found at or within
text, and in some cases the main idea is not written, but implied. Is all the termination.
It is the content of the paragraph and

announces the thought which is said in the
text in general. The main idea can be found
in a paragraph of text, can also be found in
the first line of a paragraph, or may even be
implicitly in the techniques that the author
uses.
Secondary idea:
The secondary idea which serves as a complement to the main idea, itgives more details. The
descriptions are usually secondary ideas.
Something very important in differentiating secondary main ideas is that the former is
meaningless by itself, but the other does not. If you remove a whole paragraph and juststay
with the main idea, the resulting sentence would be meaningless. However, secondary
ideas are not so, since they are subordinate to the principal.
Each / Every
Each y every son dos palabras que con frecuencia confunden los estudiantes de inglés.
Ambas se traducen como cada y a veces, pueden significar lo mismo. Sin embargo, en otras
ocasiones, hay una diferencia sutil en el sentido. Las dos se utilizancomo determinantes para
especificar cantidad, pero sólo each se puede utilizar como pronombre.
Each
Each enfatiza cada uno individualmente o por separado, como uno por uno. Each se
puede utilizar delante de un verbo y se usa cuando se refiere a dos cosas o personas.
Ejemplos:
 Each student will receive a different theme for their final project.
 We each took turns making dinner while our mother was away.
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 There are holes in each sock.
Each se puede usar con la preposición of. En esta construcción, each of va seguida por un
pronombre o un sustantivo con determinante
Ejemplos:
 Each of them is expected to do well on the exam.
 Each of his sister received a new car for their graduation, so he expects one too.
Each, a diferencia de every, puede utilizarse también como un pronombre indefinido.

Ejemplos:
 The whole office is playing the lottery this week and each has an equal chance of
winning.
 I like both dresses, but each costs more than I want to spend.
Every
Mediante el uso de every, destacamos el grupo y sólo se puede utilizar con grupos de
tres o más personas o cosas. Every se utiliza para generalizar o para expresar la frecuencia con
que algo suceda y siempre va seguida de un sustantivo.
Ejemplos:
 Every student will be given a project to complete by the end of the semester.
 I don‗t know, but every summer it just seems to get hotter and hotter.
 We have practice every Monday, Wednesday and Friday during the school year.
 They suggest you have your teeth cleaned once every six months.
Every se puede utilizar con sustantivos astractos

Ejemplos:
 I have every reason to believe that it will happen.
Every se usa con adverbios.
Ejemplos:
 Almost every answer was incorrect.
 We go to California to visit our grandparents nearly every summer.
Like/As
―Like‖ y ―as‖ a menudo se confunden en inglés. Ambas se pueden utilizar para hacer
comparaciones o hablar de similitudes. Es muy común en inglés americano utilizar ―like‖ en
lugar de ―as‖. Sin embargo, es generalmente considerado informal utilizarla en esta forma. La
siguiente es una explicación de los diversos usos de estas dos palabras.
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Like (Como)
1. ―Like‖ es una preposición que significa ―parecido a‖ o ―lo mismo de‖. No se puede
utilizar "as*" de este modo. Como una preposición, ―like‖ está seguida por un sustantivo o
un pronombre.
verbo + ―like‖ + sustantivo/pronombre

Ejemplos:
 She dances like a professional.
 Like me, my friend John loves the cinema.
 Michael speaks English like a native.
2. También, se utiliza ―like‖ para decir que algo es típico de alguien.
Ejemplos:
 It‘s so like Ben to be late.
 It‘s just like Helen to laugh in uncomfortable situations.
3. Cuando se utiliza ―like‖ con el verbo ―look‖ significa ―parecer‖ o ―parecerse‖.
Ejemplos:
 I look like my mother.
 It looks like it is going to rain.
 He looks like he hasn‘t slept in weeks.
4. También utilizamos ―like‖ para presentar ejemplos.
Ejemplos
 I play many sports like football, basketball and tennis.
 There are many things we can do to protect the environment, like recycling or using
renewable energy sources.
 Some people, like my friend Carol, don‘t like to travel
As (Como)
1. ―As‖ significa ―en la misma manera‖ o ―en la misma condición de‖. A diferencia de
―like‖, ―as‖ está seguido por un sujeto y un verbo.
―as‖ + sujeto + verbo

Ejemplos:
 She worked hard on the project, as she always does.
 Nobody paints as Picasso did.
2. Se utiliza *"as" en frases comparativas de inferioridad e igualdad*. Ver la lección de

los comparativos y superlativos para más información.
Ejemplos:
129
 John can run as fast as Peter.

 My dad doesn‘t have as much energy as he used to have.
3. Al igual que ―like‖, se usa ―such as‖ para presentar ejemplos.
Ejemplos:
 I play many sports, such as football, basketball and tennis.
 There are many things we can do to protect the environment, such as recycling or
using renewable energy sources.
 Some people, such as my friend Carol, don‘t like to travel.
4. Cuando es una preposición, ―as‖ significa el papel o profesión de algo o alguien.

Ejemplos:
 She started working as a teacher 5 years ago.
 We used to live here, but now we are using the apartment as a painting studio.
―As‖ can be used as a conjunction or a preposition.
Nota: Ten cuidado, el uso de uno u otro puede cambiar el sentido.

Ejemplos:
 As your teacher, I suggest you study more.
 Significa: Soy tu profesor.
 Like your teacher, I suggest you study more.
5. Se utiliza ―as‖ en algunas expresiones.
Ejemplos:
 As you know, this is not the first time your son has been a problem in class.
 As expected, Ben was late for class again today.
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APPENDIX
Phrasal List
Verbos a los que acompaña un adverbio (PHRASAL VERBS) o preposición
modificando el sentido del verbo al que acompañan.
ADD UP totalizar
ADD UP TO alcanzar un total
ANSWER BACK contestar de malos modos
ANSWER FOR responder de
ASK ABOUT preguntar por (un asunto)
ASK AFTER preguntar por la salud
ASK FOR pedir, preguntar por
ASK UP TO pedir hasta (un precio)
ASK BACK invitar a volver
ASK DOWN invitar a bajar
ASK IN invitar a entrar
ASK OUT invitar a salir
ASK UP invitar a subir
BACK AWAY retroceder
BACK OUT volver atrás
BACK UP reforzar
BE ABOUT estar por (un lugar)
BE AWAY estar fuera
BE BACK estar de vuelta
BE FOR estar a favor de
BE IN estar en casa
BE OFF irse, estar apagado
BE ON estar encendido
BE OUT estar fuera
BE OVER estar acabado
BE UP estar levantado
BEND DOWN agacharse
BEND OVER inclinarse
BLOW AWAY llevarse (el viento)
BLOW DOWN derrumbarse por el viento
BLOW OFF dejar salir (el vapor)
BLOW OUT apagar (se) (una llama)
BLOW UP volar (con explosivos)
BREAK AWAY soltarse
BREAK DOWN derruir, averiarse
BREAK IN irrumpir, interrumpir
BREAK OFF romper (se) (relaciones)
BREAK UP terminar el curso o una relación
BREAK OUT estallar (una guerra)
BRING BACK devolver
BRING ABOUT acarrear
BRING ALONG traer (consigo)
BRING DOWN derribar, rebajar
131
BRING IN hacer entrar

BRING OUT hacer salir, publicar
BRING UP criar, educar
BRUSH OFF quitar el polvo
BURN AWAY consumirse (el fuego)
BURN DOWN derrumbarse (por el fuego)
BURN OUT consumirse (el fuego)
BURN UP consumirse (por el fuego)
BUY FOR comprar por o para
BUY OVER sobornar
BUY UP acaparar
CALL AT Hacer una visita, hacer
CALL AWAY Seguir llamando
CALL BACK Llamar (a alguien) para que regrese
CALL FOR Pedir a voces, exigir
CALL IN Llamar (a alguien) para que entre
CALL ON Ir a ver (a alguien)
CALL OUT Gritar
CALL OVER Pasar lista, enumerar
CALL UP Telefonear
CALL DOWN Llamar (a alguien) para que baje
CARRY ALONG Persuadir
CARRY OFF Llevarse a la fuerza
CARRY ON Continuar
CARRY OUT Llevar a cabo
CHIME IN: Contar / Decir (un chisme)
CLEAR AWAY Dispersar (se)
CLEAR OFF Marcharse
CLEAR OUT Marcharse
CLEAR UP Aclararse (el tiempo, unmisterio)
CLOSE DOWN Cerrar
CLOSE UP Acercarse
COME ABOUT Suceder
COME ACROSS Encontrarse con
COME ALONG Acompañar, venir por (la calle)
COME CLEAN Decir la verdad
COME AT Embestir
COME AWAY Desprenderse
COME DOWN Bajar
COME FOR Venir por (en busca de)
COME FROM Venir de
COME IN Entrar
COME OFF Desprenderse
COME ON ¡Vamos! (en imperativo)
COME OUT Salir
COME TO Ascender (una suma), volver en sí.
COME UP Subir
COME UP TO Acercarse a
COUNT IN Incluir
COUNT ON Contar con
COUNT UP Calcular
COUNT UP TO Contar hasta
CRY FOR Pedir llorando
132
CRY OUT Llorar a gritos

CRY OVER Lamentarse
CRY TO Llamar a gritos
CUT DOWN Reducir gastos, talar
CUT IN Interrumpir
CUT OFF Separar de un tajo
CUT OUT Recortar, omitir
CUT THROUGH Acortar por un atajo
CUT UP Trinchar, triturar
DIE AWAY Cesar poco a poco
DIE DOWN Apaciguarse
DIE OUT Extinguirse
DO UP Abrochar
DO WITHOUT Pasarse sin (carecer de)
DRAW AWAY Alejarse
DRAW BACK Retroceder
DRAW DOWN Bajar
DRAW IN Economizar, encoger (se)
DRAW OFF Apartarse
DRAW ON Aproximarse, retirar fondos
DRAW OUT Sacar, redactar, alargarse (el día)
DRAW UP Para (un vehículo)
DRIVE AWAY Ahuyentar, alejarse en coche
DRIVE BACK Rechazar
DRIVE BY Pasar en coche
DRIVE IN Entrar en coche, introducir
DRIVE OUT Salir en coche, expulsar
DRIVE OFF Alejarse en coche, ahuyentar
EAT AWAY Erosionar
EAT INTO Roer
EAT UP Devorar
FALL DOWN Caerse
FALL OFF Disminuir, desprenderse
FALL OVER Tropezar
FIGHT OFF Ahuyentar
FIGHT ON Seguir luchando
FIGHT UP Luchar valerosamente
FILL IN Rellenar
FILL UP Rellenar, llenar
FIND OUT Averiguar
FIX UP Arreglar (un asunto)
FLY ABOUT Volar de un lado a otro
FLY AT Atacar
FLY AWAY Huir volando
FLY DOWN Descender
FOOL AROUND Tontear/perder el tiempo
FLY OFF Desprenderse
GET ABOUT Ir de acá para allá
GET ALONG Hacer progreso
GET AT Dar a entender
GET AWAY Escaparse
GET BACK Volver, recuperar
GET DOWN Descender
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GET TO Llegar a
GET IN / INTO Entrar, meterse
GET OUT (OF) Salir, apearse
GET OFF Apearse, bajarse
GET ON Subirse, progresar
GET OUT Producir, salir
GET OVER Saltar por encima, recobrarse
GET THROUGH Abrirse camino
GET UP Levantarse
GIVE AWAY Repartir, denunciar
GIVE BACK Devolver
GIVE OFF Despedir (humo, olor)
GIVE OUT Agotarse, repartir
GIVE UP Entregar, rendirse
GO ABOUT Ir de un lado para otro
GO ALONG Ir a lo largo de
GO AT Atacar
GO AWAY Marcharse
GO BY Pasar por
GO DOWN Bajar
GO IN / INTO Entrar
GO OFF Explotar, marcharse
GO ON Continuar
GO OUT Salir, pasarse de moda, apagarse
GO OVER Repasar
GO THROUGH Penetrar, sufrir
GO UP Subir
GO UP TO Acercarse a
GO ACROSS Atravesar
GO WITHOUT Pasarse sin
HANG ABOUT Vagar
HANG BACK Retraerse
HANG BEHIND Quedarse atrás
HANG FROM Colgar de
HANG OFF Colgar (el teléfono)
HANG ON Esperar/Aguardar
HANG UP Colgar (un cuadro)
HOLD BACK Detener
HOLD ON Continuar
HOLD OUT Resistir
HURRY ALONG Darse prisa
HURRY AWAY Irse rápidamente
HURRY OFF Irse rápidamente
HURRY UP Darse prisa
JUMP ABOUT Dar saltos
JUMP AT Atacar
JUMP DOWN Bajar de un salto
JUMP IN Entrar de un salto
JUMP ON Subir de un salto
JUMP OVER Saltar por encima de
KEEP AWAY Mantenerse alejado
KEEP BACK Mantenerse separado
KEEPDOWN Controlar
134
KEEP OFF Abstenerse

KEEP UP Mantenerse de pie, resistir
KNOCK ABOUT Golpear acá y allá
KNOCK AT Llamar (a la puerta)
KNOCK DOWN Derribar
KNOCK OUT Dejar fuera de combate
LOOK AFTER Cuidar
LOOK AT Mirar
LOOK BEHIND Mirar atrás
LOOK DOWN Mirar abajo
LOOK FOR Buscar
LOOK FORWARD TO Anhelar
LOOK IN Mirar dentro
LOOK LIKE Parecer
LOOK OUT Mirar fuera
LOOK OVER Mirar por encima de
LOOK AROUND Mirar alrededor
LOOK UP Mirar arriba, buscar
MOVE AWAY Alejarse
MOVE ALONG Pasar, no detenerse
MOVE DOWN Bajar
MOVE IN Mudarse (de domicilio)
MOVE OFF Marcharse
MOVE ON No detenerse, pasar a (otro asunto)
MOVE OUT Mudarse (de domicilio)
MOVE UP Moverse (para dejar sitio)
PASS AWAY Fallecer
PASS BY Pasar por (un sitio)
PASS IN Entrar
PASS ON Pasar (de mano enmano)
PASS OUT Desmayarse
PAY FOR Pagar
PAY IN Ingresar (dinero)
PAY OFF Liquidar (una cuenta), pagar
PAY UP Pagar (una deuda)
PLUG IN Enchufar
POINT AT Señalar
POINT AWAY Señalar a lo lejos
POINT TO Señalar
POINT DOWN Señalar abajo
POINT OUT Destacar
POINT UP Señalar arriba
PULL AWAY Arrancar
PULL DOWN Derribar
PULL OFF Arrancar
PULL OUT Sacar
PULL UP Parar (un vehículo)
PUT AWAY Poner a un lado
PUT BACK Poner en su sitio
PUT DOWN Anotar, bajar (algo)
PUT IN Meter, instalar
PUT OFF Posponer
PUT ON Ponerse (una prenda)
135
PUT OUT Apagar, sacar

PUT UP Subir (algo), alojarse
PUT UP WITH Soportar
RUN ABOUT Correr de acá para allá
RUN ACROSS Encontrarse con, atravesar corriendo
RUN DOWN Pararse (un reloj), enfermar
RUN IN Entrar corriendo
RUN OFF Escapar corriendo
RUN OUT Salir corriendo
RUN OVER Atropellar
RUN UP Subir corriendo
SEE ABOUT Indagar
SEE OFF Despedir (a alguien)
SEE TO Encargarse de
SEND ALONG Despachar
SENDDOWN Bajar (algo)
SEND FOR Enviar por
SEND OFF Despachar, despedir (trabajadores)
SEND ROUND Circular
SEND UP Subir (algo)
SET ABOUT Ponerse (a trabajar)
SET DOWN Asentar, colocar
SET OFF Partir (para un viaje)
SHUT IN Encerrar
SHUT UP Callarse, cerrar (una tienda)
SIT DOWN Sentarse
SIT UP Incorporarse, sentarse erguido
SIT FOR Presentarse (a un examen)
SPEAK FOR Hablar a favor de
SPEAK TO Hablar con
SPEAK UP Hablar en alta voz
STAND BY Quedarse cerca
STAND OFF Mantenerse alejado
STAND OUT Destacar
STAND UP Ponerse de pie
STAY AT Hospedarse
STAY BY Permanecer al lado de
STAY IN Quedarse en casa
STAY OUT OF Quedarse fuera de
STEP ACROSS Atravesar
STEP DOWN Bajar
STEP IN Entrar
STEP OUT Salir
STEP UP Subir
STEP UP TO Acercarse a (alguien)
STOP BY Quedarse al lado de
STOP IN Quedarse en casa
STOP UP Empastar (una muela), tapar (una botella)
TAKE DOWN Escribir al dictado, bajar, derribar
TAKE FOR Tomar por (equivocarse)
TAKE IN Engañar, meter
TAKE OFF Quitarse (una prenda), despegar
TAKE OUT Sacar, quitar
136
TAKE TO Llevar a
TAKE UP Subir (algo)
TALK ABOUT Hablar acerca de
TALK OF Hablar de
TALK TO Hablar con
TEAR AWAY Quitar (rasgando)
TEAR OFF Separar (rasgando)
TEAR UP Hacer pedazos (rasgando)
THROW AWAY Tirar (algo inservible)
THROW BACK Devolver
THROW DOWN Tirar hacia abajo
THROW IN Tirar hacia adentro
THROW OFF Echar fuera
THROW OUT Arrojar
THROW UP Vomitar
TRY ON Probarse una prenda
TURN AWAY Mirar a otro lado
TURN BACK Darse la vuelta
TURN DOWN Poner boca abajo
TURN OFF Apagar (la luz), cerrar (una llave)
TURN ON Encender (la luz), abrir (una llave)
TURN OUT Apagar
TURN OVER Volcar, poner bocaabajo
TURN INTO Convertirse
TURN UP Llegar
WALK ABOUT Andar de acá para allá
WALK ALONG Andar por
WALK AWAY Alejarse andando
WALK DOWN Bajar
WALK IN Entrar
WALK OFF Marcharse
WALK UP Subir
WORK OUT Calcular
WORK UNDER Trabajar a las órdenes de
WRITE DOWN Anotar
Irregular Verbs List

INFINITIVO PASADO PARTICIPIO SIGNIFICADO
Arise Arose Arisen Elevarse, Surgir, Originarse.
Awake Awoke Awoken Despertar, Mover, Excitar.
Bear Bore Born Soportar, Sostener, Tolerar.
Be/Am-Is-Are Was/Were Been Ser/Estar
Beat Beat Beaten Batir, Golpear, Vencer.
Beget Begot Begot Engendrar, Procrear
Become Became Become Hacerse, Tornarse, Convertirse En.
Begin Began Begun Empezar, Iniciar.
Behold Beheld Beheld Contemplar
Bend Bent Bent Doblar, Inclinar, Torcer.
Bet Bet Bet Apostar
Bind Bound Bound Atar, Unir, Enlazar.
Bid Bid Bid Pujar
Bite Bit Bitten Morder.
137

Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar
Blow Blew Blown Soplar
Breed Bred Bred Criar
Break Broke Broken Quebrar, Partir, Romper.
Bring Brought Brought Traer, Llevar, Conducir.
Build Built Built Construir, Edificar.
Burn Burnt Burnt Quemar, Incendiar.
Burst Burst Burst Romper, Reventar.
Buy Bought Bought Comprar
Cast Cast Cast Arrojar
Catch Caught Caught Coger, Asir, Atrapar.
Choose Chose Chosen Escoger, Elegir.
Cling Clung Clung Asirse, Adherirse, Pegarse.
Come Came Come Venir
Cost Cost Cost Costar
Choose Chose Chosen Elegir
Creep Crept Crept Arrastrarse, Deslizarse, Pegarse.
Cut Cut Cut Cortar, Dividir.
Deal Dealt Dealt Tratar, Tener Que Referirse.
Dig Dug Dug Cavar, Ahondar.
Do Did Done Hacer, Ejecutar.
Draw Drew Drawn Tirar, Arrastrarse, Atraer, Dibujar.
Dream Dreamed/Dreamt Dreamed/Dreamt Soñar
Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Drive Drove Driven Impulsar, Conducir, Llevar, Inducir.
Eat Ate Eaten Comer
Fall Fell Fallen Caer, Disminuir.
Feed Fed Fed Alimentar, Nutrir.
Feel Felt Felt Sentir, Percibir, Tocar.
Fight Fought Fought Pelear, Combatir.
Find Found Found Encontrar, Descubrir.
Find Out Found Out Found Out Averiguar, Investigar.
Flee Fled Fled Escapar, Huir, Evitar.
Fly Flew Flown Volar
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir.
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen Prever, Prevenir
Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar (Se)
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar
Freeze Froze Frozen Congelar
Get Got Got (Ten) Lograr, Obtener, Conseguir.
Give Gave Given Dar, Conceder.
Go Went Gone Ir (Se), Funcionar, Resultar.
Grind Ground Ground Moler, Triturar.
Grow Grew Grown Crecer, Cultivar.
Hang Hung Hung Colgar, Suspender.
Have Had Had Tener, Haber.
Hear Heard Heard Oír, Escuchar.
Hide Hid Hid (Den) Ocultar, Encubrir.
Hit Hit Hit Pegar, Golpear, Acertar.
Hold Held Held Sostener, Mantener, Contener.
Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir, Dañar, Lastimar.
Keep Kept Kept Mantener, Guardar, Conservar.
138

Know Knew Known Conocer, Saber.
Kneel Knelt Knelt Arrodillarse
Knit Knit Knit Hacer Punto
Lay Laid Laid Poner, Colocar.
Lead Led Led Guiar, Llevar, Conducir.
Lean Leant Leant Inclinar (Se), Apoyarse.
Leap Leapt Leapt Brincar
Learn Learnt Learnt Aprender, Saber.
Leave Left Left Partir, Irse, Abandonar.
Lend Lent Lent Prestar
Let Let Let Permitir, Conceder.
Lie Lay Lain Tenderse, Descansar, Estar, Situado.
Light Lit Lit Alumbrar, Iluminar, Encender (Se).
Lose Lost Lost Perder, Malgastar.
Make Made Made Hacer, Confeccionar, Producir.
Mean Meant Meant Significar, Querer Decir Pretender.
Meet Met Met Encontrarse, Satisfacer.
Melt Melted Molten (Old) Derretir (Se), Fundir (Se).
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Equivocarse, Comprender Mal, Errar
Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood Entender Mal.
Overcome Overcame Overcome Vencer, Superar, Sobreponerse.
Pay Paid Paid Pagar, Recompensar.
Put Put Put Poner, Colocar, Exponer.
Read Read Read Leer, Descifrar, Marcar.
Rebuild Rebuilt Rebuilt Reconstruir
Rid Rid Rid Librarse, Zafarse.
Ride Rode Ridden Rodar, Pasear, Funcionar.
Ring Rang Rung Tocar, Sonar.
Rise Rose Risen Ascender, Levantarse, Surgir.
Run Ran Run Correr, Funcionar.
Saw Sawed Sawn Cortar Con Sierra, Aserrar.
Say Said Said Decir, Afirmar.
See Saw Seen Ver, Observar.
Seek Sought Sought Buscar, Solicitar.
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Send Sent Sent Enviar
Set Set Set Instalar, Establecer, Colocar, Fijar.
Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir, Lanzar, Agitar.
Shed Shed Shed Derramar, Esparcir, Dejar Caer.
Shine Shone Shone Brillar, Relumbrar, Sobresalir.
Shoot Shot Shot Disparar, Emitir, Lanzar.
Show Showed Shown Mostrar, Exhibir, Probar, Demostrar.
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse, Disminuir, Desaparecer.
Shut Shut Shut Cerrar, Impedir, Excluir.
Sing Sang Sung Cantar
Sink Sank Sunk Hundir, Sumergir
Sit Sat Sat Sentarse, Reunirse.
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
Slide Slid Slid(Den) Resbalar, Deslizarse, Escabullirse.
Smell Smelt Smelt Oler, Percibir.
Sow Sowed Sown Cosechar
Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar, Decir.
139

Speed Sped Sped Acelerar, Apresurarse.
Spend Spent Spent Gastar, Consumir, Emplear
Spill Spilt Spilt Derramar, Verter, Divulgar.
Spin Spun Spun Tornear, Hilar, Hacer Girar.
Split Split Split Partir, Dividir, Separar.
Spoil Spoilt Spoilt Deteriorar, Dañar, Inutilizar.
Spread Spread Spread Extender, Esparcir, Propagar.
Spring Sprang Sprung Saltar, Soltar, Brotar.
Stand Stood Stood Pararse, Tolerar, Estar (De Pie).
Steal Stole Stolen Robar, Escabullirse.
Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar, Adherirse, Prender, Fijar.
Stink Stank Stunk Oler Mal, Apestar.
Stride Strode Stridden Dar Zancadas
Strike Struck Struck Golpear, Pegar, Estallar.
Swear Swore Sworm Jurar
Sweat Sweat Sweat Sudar
Sweep Swept Swept Barrer
Swell Swelled Swollen Hinchar, Inflamar, Engrosar.
Swim Swam Swum Nadar, Flotar.
Swing Swung Swung Balancear (Se), Hacer Girar.
Take Took Taken Tomar, Llevar.
Teach Taught Taught Enseñar
Tear Tore Torn Romper, Despedazar, Rasgar.
Tell Told Told Decir, Contar, Narrar.
Think Thought Thought Pensar, Creer.
Throw Threw Thrown Lanzar, Tirar, Arrojar.
Thrust Thrust Thrust Introducir Con Violencia, Empujar,
Tread Trod Troden Pisar/Hollar
Undergo Underwent Undergone Sufrir, Experimentar, Pasar Por.
Understand Understood Understood Comprender.
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Emprender, Comenzar Algo.
Undo Undid Undone Desarmar, Deshacer.
Wake Woke Woke (N) Despertar, Excitar.
Weave Wove Woven Tejer
Wear Wore Worn Gastar, Consumirse, Usar.
Weep Wept Wept Llorar
Wet Wet Wet Mojar/Humedecer
Win Won Won Ganar, Conquistar.
Wind Wound Wound Enroscar, Serpentear, Girar.
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirar, Retractarse, Quitar.
Withstand Withstood Withstood Resistir, Oponerse, Soportar.
Wring Wrung Wrung Torcer
Write Wrote Written Escribir
REGULAR VERBS LIST
INFINITIVO PASADO Y PARTICIPIO SIGNIFICADO

Act Acted Actuar
Abandon Abandonned Abandonar
Absolve Absolved Absolver
140

Abuse Abused Abusar
Add Added Sumar, Añadir
Aid Aided Ayudar
Arrest Arrested Arrestar
Assist Assisted Ayudar
Attend Attended Asistir, Ir
Address Addressed Dirigirse
Advertise Advertised Anunciar
Amuse Amused Entretener
Approach Approached Acercarse
Ask Asked Preguntar, Pedir
Accompany Accompanied Acompañar
Accustom Accustomed Acostumbrar
Agree Agreed Concordar
Annoy Annoyed Molestar
Answer Answered Responder
Appeal Appealed Atraer
Appear Appeared Aparecer
Arrange Arranged Arreglar, Ordenar
Arrive Arrived Arribar
Accompany Accompanied Acompañar
Accustom Accustomed Acostumbrar
Agree Agreed Concordar
Annoy Annoyed Molestar
Answer Answered Responder
Appeal Applealed Atraer
Appear Appeared Aparecer
Arrange Arranged Arreglar, Ordenar
Board Boarded Abordar
Balance Balanced Equilibrar
Banish Banished Desterrar
Bark Barked Ladrar
Bless Blessed Bendecir
Brush Brushed Cepillar
Behave Behaved Comportarse
Belong Belonged Pertenecer
Beg Begged Suplicar, Mendigar
Believe Believed Creer
Boil Boiled Hervir
Borrow Borrowed Tomar Prestado
Bother Bothered Molestar
Breathe Breathed Respirar
Complain Complained Quejarse
Complete Completed Completar
Consist Consisted Consistir
Copy Copied Copiar
Count Counted Contar
Close Closed Cerrar
Cook Cooked Cocinar
Crash Crashed Chocar
Cross Crosssed Cruzar
Call Called Llamar
141

Care Cared Cuidar
Carry Carried Llevar
Change Changed Cambiar
Check Checked Chequear
Charge Charged Cargar, Cobrar
Clean Cleaned Limpiar
Climb Climbed Escalar, Subir
Comb Combed Peinar
Confess Confessed Confesar
Cover Covered Cubrir
Cry Cried Llorar
Crawl Crawled Gatear, Arrastrarse
Dance Danced Bailar
Dare Dared Atreverse
Dress Dressed Vestir
Dropp Dropped Dejar Caer
Dial Dialed Sintonizar, Marcar
Die Died Morir
Declare Declared Declarar
Delay Delayed Demorar
Deliver Delivered Entregar
Deny Denied Negar
Dine Dined Cenar
Dry Dried Secar
Enclose Enclosed Incluir, Encerrar
Enjoy Enjoyed Disfrutar
Engage Engaged Comprometer
Envy Envied Envidiar
Express Expressed Expresar
Exclaim Exclaimed Exclamar
Explain Explained Explicar
Fail Failed Fracasar, Fallar
Fasten Fastened Abrochar
File Filed Archivar
Fill Filled Llenar
Fire Fired Despedir,Disparar
Follow Followed Seguir
Frighten Frightened Espantar
Fry Fried Freír
Frolic Frolicked Jugar (Con Un Animal)
Finish Finished Terminar
Fish Fished Pescar
Fix Fixed Arreglar
Gain Gained Ganar
Guess Guessed Adivinar
Help Helped Ayudar
Hope Hoped Esperar, Desear
Happen Happened Suceder
Hurry Hurried Apurar (Se)
Imagine Imagined Imaginar
Iron Ironed Planchar
Judge Judged Juzgar
142

Kiss Kissed Besar
Kill Killed Matar
Laugh Laughged Reír
Leak Leaked Gotear
Like Liked Gustar
Link Linked Conectar
Lock Locked Cerrar Con Llave
Look Looked Mirar
Mark Marked Marcar, Señalar
Milk Milked Ordeñar
Miss Missed Extrañar
Manage Managed Manejar
Marry Married Casar (Se)
Massage Massaged Masajear
Measure Measured Medir
Move Moved Mover
Observe Observed Observar
Offer Offered Ofrecer
Open Opened Abrir
Order Ordered Ordenar
Own Owned Poseer
Panic Panicked Asustarse
Paste Pasted Pegar
Peform Performed Ejecutar
Pet Petted Acariciar
Phone Phoned Telefonear
Plan Planned Planear
Play Played Jugar, Tocar
Plough Ploughed Arar
Pour Poured Derramar, Verter
Pray Prayed Orar
Prefer Prefered Preferir
Prepare Prepared Preparar
Pull Pulled Tirar
Park Parked Estacionar
Pass Passed Pasar
Pick Picked Recoger
Please Pleased Complacer
Polish Polished Pulir
Practise Practised Practicar
Promise Promised Prometer
Pronounce Pronounced Pronunciar
Punish Punished Castigar
Push Pushed Empujar
Repeat Repeated Repetir
Report Reported Reportar, Informar
Request Requested Solicitar, Pedir
Rest Rested Descansar
Reach Reached Alcanzar
Refuse Refused Rehusar
Raise Raised Levantar
Rain Rained Llover
143

Realice Realized Darse Cuenta
Register Registered Matricularse, Registrar
Receive Received Recibir
Remain Remained Quedar, Sobrar
Remenber Remenbered Recordar
Repair Pepaired Reparar
Require Required Requerir
Reserve Reserved Reservar, Guardar
Row Rowed Remar
Resolve Resolved Resolver
Return Returned Retornar, Volver
Search Searched Buscar, Registrar
Save Saved Salvar
Serve Served Servir
Settle Settled Arreglar, Establecer
Sign Signed Firmar
Smile Smiled Sonreír
Snow Snowed Nevar
Spill Spilled Derramar
Starve Starved Morir De Hambre
Stay Stayed Permanecer, Quedarse
Study Studied Estudiar
Suffer Suffered Sufrir
Swallow Swallowed Tragar
Slip Slipped Resbalar
Smoke Smoked Fumar
Stop Stopped Detener, Parar
Switch Switched Conectar, Accionar
Stretch Stretched Estirar
Talk Talked Conversar
Thank Thanked Agradecer
Touch Touched Tocar, Palpar
Trap Trapped Atrapar
Tire Tired Cansar, Fatigar
Train Trained Entrenar
Travel Traveled Viajar
Trouble Troubled Molestar
Try Tried Tratar, Intentar
Turn Turned Girar, Voltear
Unpack Unpacked Desempacar
Use Used Usar
Visit Visited Visitar
Wait Waited Esperar
Want Wanted Querer, Requerir
Walk Walked Caminar
Wash Washed Lavar
Watch Watched Observar, Mirar
Wish Wished Desear
Work Worked Trabajar
Wrap Up Wrapped Up Envolver
Wreck Wrecked Naufragar
Warm Warmed Calentar
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Warn Warned Advertir
Water Watered Regar
Weigh Weighed Pesar
Whistle Whistled Silbar
Exercises
1. Fill in the blanks with the simple past and or past continuous of the verbs.
This is XR T.V. planet Zero News. I´m talking to TQR 005 who has an amazing story to tell. . - TQR, can
you tell us what _______________ (happen) yesterday? . - Of course, my friend. We _____________
(have) a normal Sunday afternoon when something unbelievable ______________ (happen). My
father _____________________ (dig) craters in the backyard while mom _________________ (punch)
our dinner order into the computer. My sister RTW 005 ________________ (cheek) the computer
printout to make sure it _________________ (match) what mom ___________________ (order). My
brother FUQ 005 _______________ (repair) his rocket. My younger sister VQR 005 and her friend
______________ (do) experiments in her laboratory when the trouble ______________ (begin). I
_______________ (oil) my robot when suddenly it _______________________ (sound) its warning
alarm. When the alarm ________________ (begin) to ring everyone ________________ (stop) what
they ____________________ (do) . We _____________ (try) to find out why the alarm
___________________ (ring) when a strange object ____________________ (appear) in the sky. It
______________ (seem) to be coming directly toward us.
And in a few minutes, it _________________ (land) right in Dad´s newly made crater. We all
________________ (hold) our breath. While we ______________ (watch) one of the doors slowly
___________________ (open). Then, two of the ugliest creatures I´ve ever seen _______________
(step) into the doorway. I ___________________ (hide) my eyes from the horrible sight when they
__________________ (begin) coming closer. The robot _________________ (begin) to examine them
as they _______________ (approach). When the robots arm _______________(reach) out to grab
them, the two creatures ___________________ (run back) into their ship and
_________________________ (begin) to take off again. As the ship _________________ (climb) back
up to the sky, I __________________ (see) the strange markings on the side that
____________________ (look) like this: “planet earth”.
2. Fill in the blanks with the future tense or going to:
Lionel is running for president of his elementary school. He _______________ (be) in the sixth grade
next year. He thinks he _______________ (be) very important then. Lionel promises to help all
students. He says he ___________________ (fire) all the cooks and ___________________ (hire) new
ones. His new cooks _______________ (fix) cheeseburgers, hot dogs and French fries. They
________________ (serve) ice cream sundaes and chocolate cake for dessert everyday. Lionel says
that if he is elected, the school ________________ (have) no longer recesses and shorter class
sessions. He _________________ (cut) the school day in a half. That way, he says, everyone
_____________________ (have) more time to play ball and do other important things.
Lionel ________________ (work) hard to win this election. He ____________________ (give) a

speech at every recess. He ________________ (promise) new balls and larger play yard. He says he
________________ (make) the school principal provide computer games and lots of new toys for
145
everyone. The school ________________ (provide) snacks for every recess. After school today, Lionel
________________ (stop) off at the stationary store. He __________________ (buy) cardboard,
crayons and glue. Then, at home, he ___________________ (work) on his campaign posters. He
_________________ (draw) pictures of the school on some posters and _________________ (glue)
photographs of him onto others.
His posters _______________ (say) that he ____________________ (cut out) homework and tests.
Students _______________________ (be able) to grade themselves. The teachers _______________
(have to) make every class interesting or the students _______________ (find) a new teacher. Lionel
_______________ (be) very busy on Election Day. He _______________________ (give) every student
who votes for him a piece of bubble gum. That way, he ___________________ (be) sure to win.
3. Fill in the blanks in the following story with the SIMPLE PRESENT or CONTINUOUS TENSE.
Gordon and his three sons, Mark, Joe and Leo _____________________(own) a charter fishing boat.
Every day when they ____________________( take) a boat full of would-be fishermen out to sea, Leo,
the youngest, ____________________ (sell) tickets every afternoon for the next days trip. The
passengers _________________(arrive) now with high hopes. Some ____ (carry) they own equipment,
and others____ (rent) it from Gordon. Usually when everyone ______________(be) aboard, Gordon
____________ (stand) at the wheel and ____________ (signal) to untie the boat. But today Mark
____________________ (daydream), so Joe ________________ (loosen) the rope and
________________(throw) it on the boat. Gordon always _________________ (start) the engine while
Joe _______________ (prepare) the bait. On the way out, Leo sometimes
_________________________ (give) the fisherman ideas on how to fish. When Gordon
______________ (find) a good spot, Leo ___________________ (drop) anchor and the
fisherman________________ (throw) out their lines .
Today, they __________________ (fish) in one of Gordon´s favorite spots. Gordon

______________________ (tell) his favorite fish stories. Some of the passengers _________________
(eat) their lunch, while others, who _______________________ (not feel) well, __________________
(try) not to look at the food or smell the bait. One of the fishermen ______________________ (reel) in
a fish. His friend _________________________ (take) his picture. Leo and Joe _____________ (help)
some of the passengers bait their hooks. Mark also ____________ ( try) to help. Poor Mark ¡ He
always _______________ (try) to be useful, but usually __________________ (end up) causing some
damage. He ____________________ (forever trip) over ropes, _____________________ (fall) over the
anchor, or ______________________ (get tangled) in the fishermen´s lines. At this moment, while his
brothers __________________ (help) the passengers, Marl ______________________ (lean) out of
the boat to catch one of the fishermen´s stubborn fish with his net. The fish _________________
(jump) in all directions. Oh oh..¡… it ________(seem) that the fish ____________________________
((win). Mark _______________________ (fall) overboard. He never _________________________
(know) when to give up.
146
4. Fill in the blanks with the present perfect continuous or present continuous
.- Guard, how are the prisoners, Joey and Shorty doing?.- Well Warden, Shorty ________________ (do)
very well lately. He is practically a model prisoner. He _____________________ (work) very hard . He
____________________________ (be always volunteer) for the jobs that no one wants to do. He
_________________________________ (constantly sweep) the floors and ______________________
(clean) the cells. For months, he _______________________ (do) some of Joey´s jobs. For the past
week, he _________________________________ (work) in the prison kitchen in place of Joey; he
__________________________________ (peel) potatoes, _______________________ (chop) onions
and ____________________________ (wash) dishes.
.- That´s excellent guard…but what about Joey? How ________________________ (Joey do).
.- Joey is not exactly a model prisoner. At the moment, he ________________________ (work) on
three different plans that we know of to escape from prison. From months now he
_____________________________ (try) to build a ladder with anything he can. His friends
___________________________ (bring) him pieces of sticks, blankets and even socks. Joey
____________________________ (use) these to make a ladder. The poor guy
__________________________________ ( stay up) nights to make his unusual ladder. What he
doesn´t know is that we _________________________________ (only wait) for him to finish before
take it away from him. Something else that he…..look ¡ warden..what is that commotion over there?
That ____________________________ (look) inside a garbage can. I think he
__________________________________ (talk) to someone. Look… he
____________________________ (pull) Joey out of the garbage can. I`, sure Joey
___________________________________ (try) to get thrown out with the garbage since February. He
___________________________ (always look) for a way to get up. For years now
____________________________ (bribe) the guards, _____________________________________
(steal) keys and ______________________________ (saw) the bars to try to escape.
.- Thanks you guard. I´m going to write all of this in a letter to the judge. Maybe Joey´s going to stay
with us longer than he thinks.
5. Fill the blanks with simple present, present continuous, present perfect or present perfect
continuous.
It´s a normal Friday afternoon at MacGrudder´s Department Store. At this

moment in the shoe department, a young man and his wife ______________ (try) to buy new shoes
for their three small children. The kids ________________ (wiggle) and _____________ (scream) and
____________ (chase ) each other around. The salesman, George, _____________ (go) crazy. He
_________________ (wait on) the family for the past hour, with no success. Either the shoes
______________ (not fit) or the children´s father ___________________ (think) they´re too expensive.
Over the jewelry counter, Julie _________ (have) a hard time, too. She ___________ (run) back and
forth all afternoon. One lady _____________ (try on) earrings for twenty-five minutes and
______________ (not put) them back on the rack, so now there is a mountain of earrings on the
counter.
Meanwhile, Beth-Ellen, the store detective, ___________________ (walk) slowly around the store
since she arrived at 10:00 am. Her feet _____________ ( kill ) her the whole time. Every day she
147
____________________ (walk) around and ______________ (try) to look like normal shopper while
she ___________________ (do) her job catching shoplifters. Unfortunately, Beth Ellen
_________________________ not catch) a single shoplifter because she can´t see well, and she
_________________ ( refuse) to wear her glasses.
Up in his office right now, M. Mac Gruder ____________________ (stand) by a small window which
________________________ (look) out over the first floor of his store. He ____________ (see) a
customer at the jewelry counter secretly putting expensive earrings into her purse. Beth Ellen
____________________ (walk) right past her at this very moment, but of course, she
__________________________ (not see) the woman steal the earrings because she _______________
(not wear) her glasses. Mr. Mac Gruder´s face __________________ (begin) to turn purple and now he
___________________ (tear) out his hair. He ________________________ (regret) hiring Beth Ellen as
the store detective ever since his sister persuaded him to, but he can´t do anything about it because
the girl ____________________ (be ) his nice.
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Houston Language College

HOUSTON LANGUAGE COLLEGE1

Suggestions to the Students

 Se le recomienda al alumno LEER EL VOCABULARIO DE LA LECCIÓN

Suggestions to the Students……………………………………………….……………………. 2

 Review: Superlatives and Comparatives

I, you, we, I‗ve, you‗ve, we‗ve, Talked, learned,

he, she, it has he‗s, she‗s, it‗s

Verbo Pasado Simple Participio pasado

make made made

see saw seen

Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to have) + participio pasado

Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to have) + ―not‖ + participio pasado…

 I haven‗t talked to Leonard.

Verbo auxiliar (to have) + sujeto + participio pasado…?

• Have you seen that movie?

1. Se usa el presente perfecto para describir una experiencia. No

• I have never flown in a plane.

2. Se utiliza el presente perfecto para un cambio en el

 I have become more timid in my old age.

 Our football team has won the championship three times.

 Our team still hasn‗t won a championship.

 We have spoken several times.

REVIEW BOOK ONE

When you have children, you are a parent.

Relatives and Extended Family

 Grandparents: the parents of your parents

 Aunt: the sister (or sister-in-law) of your mother/father

Father-in-law: the father of your spouse

Ejemplo: My brothers-in-law are fun.

The Family Mix

Stepsister: the daughter of your stepmother or stepfather

LESSON TWO SECOND LESSON

Partes de la carta formal:

Las abreviaciones de cortesía son las siguientes:

• Mr. Para hombres solteros y casados.

 I am writing to enquire about…

Mantendremos un orden de estructura:

• Claridad: Se buscan frases claras que faciliten un único significado.

 Thank you for your help

Please, feel free to contact me if you have any questions

Review Book One

Afirmativo Forma corta Negativo Forma corta

Sujeto + will + not + verbo principal.

 She will not [won‗t] arrive late.

1. Se usa will con acciones voluntarias.

2. Se utiliza will para expresar una promesa.

3. Se usa going to para planes. Se indica la intención de hacer algo.

1. Se puede usar el presente continuo para acciones seguras en el futuro cercano.

2. Se usa el presente simple para eventos programados en un futuro próximo y horarios de

Lesson Three Third Lesson

Present Perfect Continuous

El presente perfecto continuo, muchas veces tiene la equivalencia a la traducción haber +

Subject Auxiliary Verbo+ing

I, you, we, they have been Talking, studying, waiting…

he, she, it has been Talking, studying, waiting…

 She hasn‗t been studying English for very long.

Verbo auxiliar (to have) + sujeto + been + verbo+ing?

 I am thinking you‗re wrong

 I have been thinking about our problem

 I have been watching you

3. Verbos que expresan posesión: own, belong, have, posses.

Review Book One