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De La Salle Lipa

College of Education, Arts and Sciences


Science Area

Name Group
Clauor, Monica Rose S.
ASA HELMINTHS OF Section Schedule
10 MEDICAL G1A2
Teacher Date
IMPORTANCE Ms. Myra Laguardia May 15, 2019

Pre-laboratory Questions
1. Compare and contrast cestodes, trematodes and nematodes based on their

a. Morphology

Cestodes, commonly called tapeworms, are parasitic worms. They have a tape-like and
segmented body. These animals are hermaphroditic, lack a digestive tract, and do not have a
body cavity. They have a head with suckers (sometimes hooks as well) and generally have a 2-
host life-cycle. Flukes (trematodes) are leaf-shaped, ranging in length from a few millimeters to
7 to 8 cm. The tegument is morphologically and physiologically complex. Flukes possess an oral
sucker around the mouth and a ventral sucker or acetabulum that can be used to adhere to host
tissues. Nematodes are typically elongate, tapered at both ends, and bilaterally symmetrical.
They vary in size from microscopic to nearly 1 m long. They are pseudocoelomates, like
acanthocephalans. However, unlike the acanthocephalans, nematodes are covered with a
tough, relatively impermeable cuticle.

b. Mode of Reproduction

A cestodes (tapeworm) can reproduce sexually, either through self-fertilization or cross-


fertilization with another tapeworm, or asexually, by breaking off proglottid segments at the end
of the trunk. Blood flukes have separate sexes, and the adult females and males mate with each
other. Flukes with a direct life cycle use only sexual reproduction. The entire life cycle occurs in
one host, usually a mollusk. A roundworm reproduces sexually. The female has an ovary, holds
eggs in an oviduct and then passes them to the uterus, where they are fertilized. The male has
sperm cells are made in the testis and stored in the vas deferens. When it is time to reproduce,
the sperm cells pass through the spicule.

2. Differentiate the following worms: annelids, helminths and ringworms.

- Annelid, phylum name Annelida, also called segmented worm, any member of a phylum
of invertebrate animals that are characterized by the possession of a body cavity (or coelom),
movable bristles (or setae), and a body divided into segments by transverse rings, or
annulations, from which they take their name. Parasitic worms, also known as helminths, are
large microparasites, which as adults can generally be seen with the naked eye. Many are
intestinal worms that are soil-transmitted and infect the gastrointestinal tract. Ringworm is a
contagious fungal infection caused by mold-like parasites that live on the cells in the outer layer
of your skin. It can be spread in the following ways: Human to human. Ringworm often spreads
by direct, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person.

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3. Define and draw the following structures found in protozoans:

Structures Definition Illustration


found in
protozoan
s
a. scolex the anterior end of a
tapeworm, bearing
suckers and hooks for
attachment.

b. strobila the segmented part of


the body of a tapeworm
that consists of a long
chain of proglottids.

c. each segment in the


proglottids strobila of a tapeworm,
containing a complete
sexually mature
reproductive system.

d. is a knob-like protrusion
rostellum at the extreme anterior
end of a tapeworm, as an
extension of the
tegument. It is globular,
spiny structure when it
protrudes, and a circular
hollow pit when
retracted. It is structurally
composed of a number
of concentric rows of
hooks.
e. hooks A small hook or hook-
shaped projection,
especially one of a
number linking the
forewings and hindwings
of a bee or wasp.

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f. suckers in zoology refers to
specialised attachment
organ of an animal. It
acts as an adhesion
device in parasitic
worms, several
flatworms, cephalopods,
certain fishes,
amphibians, and bats. It
is a muscular structure
for suction on a host or
substrate.

g. a secreted plate that


operculum closes the aperture of a
gastropod mollusk's shell
when the animal is
retracted.

h. cephalic directed toward or


cone situated on or in or near
the head gastropods
with cephalic tentacles
dragons
with cephalichorns.

i. intestinal a cul-de-sac, especially


ceca that in which the large
intestine begins.

j. any cup-shaped
acetabulu structure, especially a
m sucker.

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k. vitelline The vitelline
membrane membrane or vitelline en
velope is a structure
surrounding the outer
surface of the
plasmamembrane of an
ovum (the oolemma) or,
in some animals (e.g.,
birds), the extracellular
yolk and the oolemma.

l. relating to, containing, or


albummino having the properties of
us layer albumen or albumin.

m. chronic
layer
n. hydatid is a potentially serious,
cysts sometimes fatal,
condition caused
by cysts containing the
larval stages of
the Echinococcus granul
osus

o. is the larval form of a


oncospher tapeworm once it has
e been ingested by an
intermediate host animal.

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p. Adult worms have
gynecoph elongate tubular bodies,
oral canal each male having a
uniquegynecophoral
canal (schisto-soma =
split body) in which a
female worm resides.
They live inside visceral
blood vessels and are
commonly known as
blood flukes.

q. terminal chistosoma
spine haematobium eggs are
passed in the urine and
have a
prominent terminal
spine(arrow). They
measure approximately
150 um in length.

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