Interakcioni Dijagrami Cev

INTERACTION DIAGRAMS AND DUCTILITY CURVES •
FOR
HOLLOW CIRCULAR AND DOUBLE.D SECTIONS
A DISSERTATION
submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree
of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING
in
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
5 Arc. No
Dte.... /i;-iQ ,7r
By ,~
A rt fc - -
TAL.L,URU SREEDHAR CAB °'a .nnnue4•••••'
DEPARTMENT OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ROORKEE
ROORKEE1247 667 (INDIA)
MARCH, 1990
4q a•
L
ID
U4 iiriv-J
CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented

in the dissertation entitled 'Interaction Diagrams and
Ductility Curves for Hollow Circular and Double-D Sections'
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
the degree of Master of Engineering in Earthquake Engineering
submitted in the Department of Earthquake Engineering,
University of Roorkee, Roorkee is an authentic record of my
own-work carried out for a period of about seven months (from
August 1989 to February 1990) under the supervision of
Dr. Anand S. Arya, Professor Emeritus, Dr. S.K.Thakkar,
Professor and Mr. R.N.Dubey, Lecturer in the Department of
Earthquake Engineering, University of Roorkee, Roorkee, India.
The matter embodied in this dissertation has not been

submitted by me for the award of any other degree or diploma.
(TALLURU SREEDHAR BABU)

Dated:
This is to certify that the above statement made by

the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge.
(Dr.A.S.ARYA)
Professor Emeritus
Dept. of Earthquake Engg.
University of Roorkee
Roorkee - 247 667, U.P.
INDIA.
(Dr.S.K.THAKKAR) (Mr.R.N.DUBEY)
Professor Lecturer
Dept-. of Earthquake Engg. Dept. of Earthquake Engg.
University of Roorkee University of Roorkee
Roorkee - 247 667, U.P. Roorkee - 247 667, U.P.
INDIA. INDIA.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my profound sense of gratitude to
Dr. A.S.Arya,Professor Emeritus, Dr. S.K.Thakkar, Professor
and Mr. R.N.Dubey, Lecturer, Department of Earthquake
Engineering, for their erudite guidance and infallible

patience during the entire course of this work.
I am extremely grateful to Dr. Anand S. Arya, for
extending his full cooperation and the encouragement given

with meticulous care at every stage of the investigation. The
memories of my association with Dr. Arya in this work will
always remain as a deep experience.
The help and cooperation given by the faculty, friends
and colleagues are also thankfully acknowledged.
(TALLURU SREEDHAR BABD)

111
ABSTRACT
This thesis presents the interaction diagrams and
ductility curves. for hollow circular and double-D sections.
In preparation of these curves Fe 415 grade of steel and M25
grade of concrete were selected. The cross-sectional dimensions
were selected by studying some practical cases of bridge sub-
structures and chimneys. Limit state method with simplified
stress-strain curve for steel and concrete as per IS:456-1978
is used in the analysis. Several percentages of steel were
considered in preparation of these curves to suit to the
practical design needs. Ductility curves are intended to provide
the information regarding curvature ductility of the section
which could be used to estimate the reserve capacity for higher
than design values of seismic coefficients. The positions of
the neutral axis and the stress in the bars nearest to the
tension face are also indicated in the curves.

iv
LIST OF GRAPHS
Si ..No. Description Page No..
1 Hollow circular sections •• 90

1.1 (d' /D) = 0.005; (d/D) = 0.50 91
1.2 (d' /D) = 0.005; (d/D) = 0.55
1.3 (d' /D) = 0.005; (d/D) 0.60 93

1.4 (d' /D) = 0.005; (d/D) = 0.65 .. 94
1.5 (d' /D) = 0.005; (d/D) = 0.70 95
1.6 (d' /D) = 0.005; (d/D). = 0.75 .• 96

1.7 (d' /D) = 0.01 ; (d/D) = 0.50 .. 97
1.8 (d' /D) = 0.01 ; (d/D) = 0.55 98
1.9 (d' /D) = 0.01 ; (d/D) = 0.60 •• 99

1.10 (d' /D) = 0.01 ; (d/D) = 0.65 100
1.11 (d' /D) = 0.01 ; (d/D) = 0.70 •• 101
1.12 (d' /D) = 0.01 ; (d/D) = 0.75 •- 102
1.13 (d' /D) = 0.015; (d/D) = 0.5 •• 103
1.14 (d' /D) = 0.015; (d/D) = 0.55 104
1.15 (d' /D) = 0.015; (d/D) = 0.60 105
1.16 (d' /D) = 0.015; (d/D) = 0.65 106
1.17 (d' /D) = 0.015; (d/D) = 0.70 .• 107
1.18 (d' /D) = 0.015; (d/D) = 0.75
1.19 (d' /D) = 0.02 ; (d/D) = 0.50
1.20 (d' /D) = 0.02 ; (d/D) = 0.55
1.21 (d' /D) = 0.02 ; (d/D) = 0.60
1.22 (d' /D) = 0.02 ; (d/D) = 0.65

v
1.23 (d'/D) = 0.02 ; (d/D) = 0.70 .. 113

1.24 (d'/D) = 0.02 ; (d/D) = 0.75 .. 114
1.25 (d'/D) = 0.01 ; (d/D) = 0.85 .. 115
1.26 (d'/D) = 0.01 ; (d/D) = 0.90 .. 116
1.27 (d'/D) = 0.01 ; (d/D) = 0.95 .. 117
1.28 (d'/D) = 0.05 ; (d/D) = 0.85 •• 118

1.29 (d'/D) = 0.05 ; (d/D) = 0.90 •
. 119
1.30 (d'/D) = 0.05 ; (d/D) = 0.95 •• 120
2. Double-D sections ( Analysis about X-axis) .• 121

2.1 (d'/D) =.0.01; (d/D) = 0.55_; (B/D)=0.5 .. 122
2.2 (d'/D) = 0.01; (d/D) = 0.55; (B/D) = 1.0 •
. 123
2.3 (d'/D) = 0.01; (d/D) = 0.65; (B/D) = 0.5 .. 124
2.4 (d'/D) = 0.01; (d/D) = 0.65; (BID) = 1.0 .• 125
2.5 (d'/D) = 0.01; (d/D) = 0.75; (B/D) = 0.5 •
. 126
2.6 (d'/D) = 0.01; (d/D) = 0.75; (B/D) = 1.0 . 127
•
2.7 (d'/D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.55; (B/D) = 0.5 .. 128
2.8 (d'/D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.55; (B/D) = 1.0 •• 129
2.9 (d'/D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.65; (B/D) = 0.5 •• 130
2.10 (d'/D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.65; (B/D) = 1.0 .. 131
2.11 (d'/D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.75; (B/D) = 0.5 •• 132

2.12 (d'/D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.75; (B/D) = 1.0 133
3. Double-D Sections( Analysis about Y-axis) .. 134

3.1 (d'/D) = 0.01; (d/D) = 0.55; (B/D)=0.5 .. 135
3.2 (d'/D) = 0.01; (d/D) = 0.55; (B/D) = 1.0 •• 136
3.3 (d'/D) = 0.01; (d/D) = 0.65; (B/D) = 0.5 .. 137
3.4 (d'/D) = 0.01; (d/D) = 0.65; (B/D) = 1.0 .. 138
vi
3.5 (d' /D) = 0.01; (d/D) = 0.75; (B/D) = 0.5 ••139

3.6 (d' /D) = 0.01; (d/D) = 0.75; (B/D) = 1.0 •. 140
3.7 (d' /D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.55; (B/D) = 0.5 •. 141
3.8 (d' /D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.55; (B/D) = 1.0 .. 142
3.9 (d' /D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.65; (B/D) = 0.5 •• 143
3.10 (d' /D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.65; (B/D) = 1.0 .. 144
3.11 (d' /D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.75; (B/D) = 0.5 .. 145
3.12 (d' /D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.75; (B/D) = 1.0 . 146

Vii
CONTENTS
Page No.
CERTIFICATE .. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .. ii
ABSTRACT .. iii
LIST OF GRAPHS .. iv
CONTENTS .. vii
CHAPTERS
I INTRODUCTION .. 1
1.1 General .. 1
1.2 Statement of Problem .. 2
1.3 Importance of Problem and

Objective .. 2
1.4 Scope .. 2
1.5 Notations .. 3
II METHOD OF DETERMINING INTERACTION

DIAGRAMS AND DUCTILITY CURVES .. 4
2.1 Method of Analysis .. 4
2.2 Assumptions for Drawing Interaction
Diagrams .. 4
2.3 Ductility Curves .. 6
2.4 Interaction Diagrams .. .7
III REVIEW OF LITERATURE .. 8
IV PARAMETRIC STUDY .. 10
4.1 Parameters Used for Interaction

Diagrams and Ductility Curves .. 10
4.2 Area Calculations for Hollow
Circular Sections .. 11
Viii
Page No_
43 Area Calculations for

Double-D Sections .. 18
4.4 Calculation of Moments, Forces
and Curvatures .. 26

V DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS .. 33
5.1 Summary and Discussion .. 33

5.2 Scope for Further Work .. 34
REFERENCES .. 35
APPENDICES
APPENDIX-l: Notations
APPENDIX-2: Programs with Model
Calculations
APPENDIX-3: Interaction Diagrams
and Ductility Curves.
1
CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General :
The performance of structures during past earthquakes

has clearly shown that the design of structures for the code-
based seismic coefficients is not adequate from seismic view
point. The design for ductility, besides to the design for
strength, is essential for safety from collapse in earthquakes.
Designing the structure for ductility implies introducing energy
absorption characteristics in the structure by selecting suitable
crosssectional dimensions, by controlling the quantity of steel
and by way of detailing the reinforcement in members.
The term "Ductility" in seismic design is used to mean

the ability of the structure to undergo large -amplitude cyclic
deformations in the inelastic range without a substantial
reduction in strength. Ductile structures are able to dissipate
significant amounts of energy during those cyclic deformations.
It is well known that the ductility of the reinforced concrete
sections is severely reduced due to the presence of axial load
along with bending. The axial load influences the curvature;
hence there is no unique moment - curvature curve for a given

section, unlike the case of pure flexural deformation. It is
therefore . necessary to plot, as parametric curves, the
combinations of axial load and moment which causes the section
to reach the ultimate capacity and the curvature 0u corresponding
to those combinations.
N
1.2 Statement of Problem :
It is proposed to develop interaction diagrams and
ductility curves for hollow circular and double-D sections,
having different sectional dimensions and steel percentages,
to suit to the practical situations.
1.3 Importance of Problem and Objective :
For the application of the basic principles for
reinforced concrete design in practical design, interaction
diagrams are necessary. They enable design problems to be solved
with a minimum of computation. Such interaction diagrams for
solid circular and rectangular sections are made available
in design aids for IS:456-1978 (SP:16). In engineering practice
cases of hollow circular sections and double-D sections,
subjected to axial load and bending moment combined occur
frequently, such as reinforced concrete well foundations, R.C.
chimneys, hollow bridge piers etc. For such sections such data
is neither available nor an idea of their ductility is yet
known. The aim of this thesis is to provide this data.
1.4 Scope :
In this thesis curves are drawn for Pu/fckD L vs Mu/
fckD3 (Interaction diagrams) and Pu/fckD 2 vs 0uD (ductility

curves) for hollow circular sections and double-D sections
having two layers of steel' with equal thickness, where P is
the ultimate load carrying capacity, Mu is the ultimate moment

3
carrying capacity, fck is the characteristic strength of
concrete, D is the external diameter and 0u represents the
ultimate curvature of the section for the considered position
of the neutral axis. The interaction diagrams indicate, the
combinations of load and moment that causes the column to reach
the ultimate state of strain (0.0035 for concrete) without
confinement. Ductility curve shows the curvature of the section
corresponding to the combinations of axial load and moment
when the ultimate condition is reached. Computer programs in
FORTRAN-77 have been developed for calculating P u/fckD2, Mu/fckD3
and 0 D for different positions of the neutral axis and to
calculate stress in steel nearest to the tension edge. These
programs with model calculations are included in Appendix-2.
1.5 Notations :
Notations used in this report are mentioned in Appendix-l.

4
CHAPTER - II
METHOD OF DETERMINING INTERACTION DIAGRAMS AND

DUCTILITY CURVES
2.1 Method of Analysis:
The main steps followed in the analysis are:
(i) Division of the section into a number of strips
parallel to the axis of bending and calculation of the area
of concrete and steel in the each strip.
.(ii) For assumed position of neutral axis computation
of, contribution of each strip to the axial load and moment
capacity, and their summation for the whole section.
Calculation of Pu/fckD 2 , Mu/fckD 3 and ØD for different
assumed depths of the neutral axis.
(iii) Calculation of maximum tensile stress in steel
for different depth of neutral axis.
(iv)Plottingthe results for different input values.
2.2 Assumptions for Drawing Interaction Diagrams
The following are the assumptions made for drawing
interaction diagrams:
(a) Plane sections normal to the axis of the member
remain plane after bending (means that the strain at any point
on the cross-section is directly proportional to the distance
from the neutral axis).

67
(b) The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost
compression fibre is 0.0035 in the case when the neutral axis
lies within the section or along an extreme edge of the section.
When the neutral axis lies outside the section, the 'strain
at highly compressed edge is 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain
at the least compressed edge. For purely axial compression,
the strain is assumed to be uniformly equal to 0.002.
From the above it follows that the point at which the
strain is equal to 0.002, lies at a distance (3/7) times the
depth of the neutral axis, when the neutral axis lies inside
the section, and at a distance (3/7) times the total depth
of the section, when the neutral axis lies outside the section
or along edge of the section, from highly compressed edge
as shown in figure 1..
(c)The design stress-strain relationship for concrete
is taken as indicated in figure 3.
(d)The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
(e)The design stresses in the reinforcement are derived
from the strain using the stress-strain relationship given
in figure 4.
(f)M25 grade (fck = 250 kg/cm 2 ) of concrete and high
yield strength steel (cold-twisted deformed bars) having yield
strength 415 N/mm 2 as specified by IS:1786-1979 are considered
in this' work.
6
(g) For computational purposes, discrete reinforcing
bars are replaced with continuous reinforcement in both inner
and outer layers having equal thickness.
(h)The compressive strength of concrete in the structure

is assumed to'be 0.67 times fck. Using a value of 1.5 for the
partial safety factor (rm) for material strength, the maximum
compressive stress in concrete for design purpose will be 0.446
times characteristic strength of concrete.
(i)The modulus of elasticity of steel, Es, is taken
as 200,000 N/mm 2 .
(j)The design yield stress of steel is equal to fy/rm.
With a value of 1.15 for rm, the design yield steel(fyd ) becomes
0.87 times yield strength of the steel. The stress-strain
relationship for steel in tension and compression is assumed
to be the same.
2.3 Ductility Curves:
The ductility is the characteristic of a material
representing its capacity to undergo large strains while
resisting loads. The member ductility is defined as the ratio

of absolute maximum deformation to the corresponding yield
deformation.
Typical force-deformation curve is shown in figure
5 illustrates the difference between brittle and ductile type
of failures of a structural member. Here force may be load
or moment, while, the deformation could be elongation, curvature

7
or rotation. /~y is the yield deformation, Q is the ultimate
deformation beyond which the force-deformation curve has a
negative slope. There are many ways in which the ductility
can be measured. The ductility of reinforced concrete columns
may be defined in terms of the behaviour of individual cross-
section. It is widely used because the behaviour of cross-section
is much better defined and it is easier to compute. In this
analysis cross-sectional ductility is used. The ductility curves
plotted will give us the values of ultimate curvature
corresponding to the combinations of ultimate load and ultimate
moment.
2.4 Interaction Diagrams:
Interaction diagram is the locus of the points
representing the combination of axial load and moment which
causes the section to reach the ultimate capacity. All cases
from concentric compressive loading to pure tension are included
in these curves. The point at which the positive Y axis
intersects the curve represents the case of pure compression.
The point at which the X-axis intersects the curve represents
the case of pure bending, where as the point at which the
negative Y-axis intersects the curve represents the case of
pure tension.
The curve on positive Y-axis side represents the case
of compression with bending and on negative Y-axis side
represents the case of tension with bending. The column is
safe for *any combination of Pu/fckD2 and Mu/fckD 3 within the
curve or on the curve. The curve for tension with bending are
only useful for strength calculations and do not consider crack control.
8
CHAPTER - III
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
All around the world, efforts are going on to find
the ductile behaviour of different column sections. The
interaction diagrams for solid circular and rectangular sections
are made available in design aid to IS:456-1978 (SP:16) [3].
In this thesis report interaction diagram and ductility curves
for hollow circular and double-D sections were drawn for Tor
40 steel and M 25 grade concrete for different cross-sectional
dimensions and percentages of steel.
From the report prepared by applied technology council
on "Comparison of United States and Newzealand Seismic Design
Practices for Highway Bridges", it is clear that the ductility
design charts were produced in 1975 by the Ministry of Works
and Development (CDP B10/A document). But the details about
those charts are not available for discussion. Interaction
diagrams for box-sections and annular cross-sections are available
in very limited number in the manual "Bending and Compression"
prepared in 1972 (contribution from G. Thiclen, Munich-) [6].
The ductility of hollow core columns was investigated
and compared with that of the solid columns by the Chinese author
[7]. They conducted tests on

• thirty specimens. The results
of those tests show that the ductility of the columns decreases
with the increasing of the hollow core area and the deformation
behaviour becomes worse. This was in Chinese language with

English abstract.
9
Vindi, K.S. (City University, London, England) presented
an analytical method for computing the ultimate failure loads
of inelastic columns subjected to axial thrust and uniaxial
bending moments in the paper 'Design of circular and rectangular
hollow section columns' [8]. As part of the computational
procedure,. a rapid method of calculating the moment thrust curvature
relations is described.
Where as Park R. in 1977 made theoretical moment-
curvature analysis of circular reinforced concrete columns [9].
His analysis is based on idealized stress-strain relationships
for steel and confined concrete derived from existing experimental
data at that time. In "Critical review of the design of reinforced
concrete columns according to IS:456-1978, 1. short columns",
interaction curves for limit design have developed for columns
subjected to axial load and bending by Rajasekaran, S. [10].
An assessment of the effect of axial load and the
amount of transverse steel on the rotational capacity of the
plastic hinge is made through an experimental investigation
by Mander, J.B. (University of Conterbury, Christchurch,
Newzealand), Priestley, M.J.N., Park, R. [11]. They observed,
the specimens performed satisfactorily at member ductilities
6 and 8 without any significant degradation, of strength under
cyclic loading.
No kind of information is available regarding the
ductility behaviour of double-D sections.

10
CHAPTER - IV
PARAMETRIC STUDY
4.1 Parameters used for Interaction Diagrams and Ductility

Curves
In the analysis the variables selected are d'/D, d/D,
and percentage of steel for hollow circular sections. And for
double-D section the variables are d'/D, d/D, B/D and percentage
of steel. The values of the variables are considered as below:
For hollow circular sections:
d'/D = 0.005; 0.01; 0.015; 0.02 and 0.025.
d/D = 0.5, 0.55, 0.6; 0.65; 0.7; 0.75; 0.85; 0.90;'0.95
p% : 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 0.6; 0.7;; 0.8; 0.9; 1.0 for interaction
curves.
0.2, 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 for ductility curves.
(b) For Double-D Sections
Incase of double-D sections the analysis was carried
out about both the axis for
d'/D = 0.01 and 0.02
d/D = 0.55; 0.65 and 0.75
B/D = 0.5 and 1.0
p% . 0.2, 0.4, 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 for both interaction diagram and
ductility curves.
The curves were plotted for the above mentioned variable
and included in Appendix-3.

11
4.2 Area Calculations Hollow Circular Sections:
The geometry of the hollow circular section is shown
in figure 6. In this figure 'D' is the outer diameter and 'd'
is the inner diameter of the section. The dotted lines indicate
the reinforcement. D is the diameter of the outer tubular

s
reinforcement and s
d is the diameter of the inner tubular
reinforcement. Consider the portion of the section above the
line defined at a depth "CiD" from the extreme compression
edge as shown in figure. Let B and b represents the - length
of the chords at a depth 'CD' with respect to outer and inner
circles and let B

si and bsi represents the length of the chords
at the same depth with respect to outer and inner circular
reinforcement. Let 26i' 20 , 2 D.( i and 2 (X are the angles

Si Si
made at the centre of the circle by the chords
B.,Bsi' bi
and bsi respectively. From the geometry of the section the
following are derived.
For circular sections it is well known that
(Bi/2)(Bi/2) = (C1D)(D-CD)
i.e. B. = 2 (CiD)(D-CiD) _ [2fi(1-Ci)]D
This can be written as -
Bi = R1D (1)
where,
Rl = 2/(1-Ci) Ci
The angle 0i shown in figure can be calculated as

12
A i = sin-1[(Bi/2)/(D/2)] = sin-1(Rl)
So,
A i = sin-1(R1) (2)
Area of the portion of the circle above the line B can be
derived as
Aci = Sector Area - Triangle Area
= (D/2)2 8i - 1/2(Bi)(D/2 cosOi)
= 1/4(0i - Bi/D cos0i)D 2
= 1/4(9i - R1cosOi)D 2
Let this be
Aci = R2D Z (3)
where
R2 = 1/4(0i - R1cosOi)
For the Outer Steel Reinforcement, Similarly:
Ysi = C.D - d' = (Ci - d'/D)D

1
Ysi R3D say (4)
Where
R3 = (Ci - d'/D)
For the condition 0 < Y < D, the following quantities are

si s
calculated:
Length of the Chord B is

Si
Bsi 2/Ysi(Ds-Ysi)
_
= 2 (R3D)(D-2d'-R3D) from Eq.4 Ysi=R3D
[2/R3(1-2.d'/D-R3)ID
13
This can be written as:
B. = R4D (5)
Where
R4 = 2/R3(1-2.d'/D-R3)
The angle 0si shown in figure can be worked out as
9si = sin-1[(Bsi/2)/(Ds/2)] = sin-1[R4/(1-2.d'/D)]
i.e. 0si = sin-1(R4/(1-2.d'/D) (6)
The area of the outer, steel in the considered portion works

out as
Asi Arch length x thickness
= 2Asi(Ds/2)tsl
i.e. Asi = (0 .Ds/D.tsl/D)D 2 (7)

si
Where tsl is the thickness of the outer steel.
Using pl = Percentage ratio of the area of outer layer of

steel
Asl __ Dstsl
i.e. Pl = j/4(D
2 -d 2 ) -T/4(D 2-d 2 )
that simplifies to
pl (1-d 2/D 2 )
tsi/D - 4(1-2.d'/D)
and Ds/D in equation (7) can be derived as
Ds/D = [(D-2d')/D] = (1 - 2.d'/D) (9)
Therefore the equation (7) simplifies by substitution of equations

14
(8) and (9) to
Asi = 1/4.0sip1(1-d 2/D 2 )D 2
This can be written as
Asi = R5 D 2 (10)
where,
R5 = 1/4 9si p1(1-d 2 /D2 )
Similarly for the inner layer of steel
iD - 1/2(D-ds)
ysi = C
_ [Ci+1/2(d/D + 2.d'/D - 1)]D
That can be written as
6D (11)
ysi R
where,
R6 = Ci+1/2(d/D+2.d'/D-1)
For 0<y±< ds only, the following equations are necessary
bsi = [2/(d/D+2.d'/D-R6)R6]D
i.e. bsi.= RED say (12)
where
R7 = 2f(d/D+2.d'/d-R6)R6
The angle ()(si shown in figure 6 can be calculated as
R
0( = sin( 7 ) (13)
si d/D+2.d'/D
15
asi 1/4[oCsip2(1-d2 /D2 )]D 2
= R8D2 say (14)
where,
R8 1/4[cC5ip2(1-d2/D2.)]
p2 = Percentage ratio of the area of inner layer of

steel.
The area of the hollow part is calculated from the following:
yi = CiD-1/2(D-d) = [Ci-1/2(1-d/D)]D
yi = R9D (15)
where,
R9 = (C-1/2(1-d/D)
For 0 < y1< d only, the following equations are necessary
The Chord length
b i = 2/(d-yi) yi
[2/(d/D-R9)R9]D from eq 15Yi=R9D
= R10D say (16)
where,
R10 = 2 (d/D-R9 )R9
0( i = sin-1(bi/d) = sin-1(R10/d
D
i.e. (~C = sin-1(R10/d ) (17)
16
The area of the hollow portion to be deducted can be calculated
as
aci = d/4 (Xid - bicos f Ci)
1/4 [d/D(aid/D'- R10coscX i)]D 2
aci = R11D Z (18)
where,
R11 = 1/4[d/D(O(id/D - R10 cos0K i)]
Thus the net area of steel above the considered level can be
calculated by adding equations (10) •and (14)
i.e. A
nsi Si
Asi a Si
= (R5 + R8 )D 2 (19)
and the net area of concrete can be worked out by
deducting equations (18) and (19) from equation (3)
i.e. A=A -a --A

nci ci ci nsi
2
_ [R2-R11-(R5+R8 )]D (20)
. In the preparation of the interaction diagram and
ductility curves pl and P2 are considered, in such a way that
the thickness of inner* and outer steel is same. Therefore for
hollow circular sections

17
since,
-ff(D-2d' )tsi p1(D2 -- d 2 )

- d2 ) tsl 4(D - 2d')
and
"TT(d + 2d' )ts2 p2(D2 - d 2 )
t -
p2 /4(D 2 - d 2 ) s2 4(d + 2d')
since tsl ts2
pl p2
(D - 2d') (d + 2d')
D - 2d' _ D - 2d'
pl p2 d + 2d' (p pl) d + 2d'
On simplification it becomes
pl(D+d) = p(D-2d')
D-2d' 1-2(d'/D)
i.e. pl = p ( D+d ) = p ( ) (21)
l+(d/D)
similarly,
d+2d' d/D + 2.d'/D
(22)
p2 p ( D+d ) p ( 1 + d/D )
where,
p = ratio of the net area of steel to the gross concrete
area of the section.-
Using these formulae, equatiqns (3),(10), (14) and
(18), A nsi and Anci can be calculated for any particular depth
18
as shown by equations (19) and (20). Then incrementating the
depth, the areas

Ansi+l and Anci+l can be worked out. The increase
of Ansi+l over A
nsi and that of Anci+l over Anci will give
A and A respectively for any chosen strip. That is

àss p'nsi+l Ansi = (RANSS)D 2 say (23)

Acs A nci+l ,...A nci (RANCC)D 2 say (24)
4.3 Area Calculations for Double-D Sections:
The geometry of the Double-D section is shown in figure
7. In this figure 'D' is the outer diameter of the circular
portion and 'd' is the inner diameter of the circular portion
as shown in figure Ds is the diameter of the outer
reinforcement and ds is the diameter of the inner reinforcement
as shown in figure . B is the depth of the rectangular portion
along Y-axis. TDD is the total depth of the section along Y-
axis. Let Bi and bi represents the length of the chords at
a depth 'CD' with respect to outer and inner half circles
respectively and let Bsi and bsi represents the length of the
chords at the same depth with respect to outer and inner
reinforcement respectively. Let.201, 20si, 2 c( i and 2 c(si are
the angles made at the center of the half circle by the chords
Bi, Bsi, bi and bsi respectively as shown in figure. From
the geometry of the section the following expressions can be
derived.
19
In the following expressions if Ci 4 0.5, Ci = C. when it
exceeds 0.5, Ci should be taken equal to 0.5 (i.e. eqs.25 to 39)
Bi = R1D (25)
where,
Rl = 2 Ci(1-Ci)
-1
9i = sin (R (26)

Aci = R 2 ' (27)
2D
where,
R2 1/4(0i - R1cosOi)
Aci= the area of the portion of the circle above the line
B. as shown in figure.
For the outer steel reinforcement, similarly
Ysi'= R3D (28)
where,
R3 = C - d'/D
Bsi = R4D (29)
where,
R4 = 2 R3(1-2.d'/D - R3 )
R
9si = sin ( 4 ) (30)
1 - 2.d'/D)
The area of the outer steel in the considered portion works out as
Asi = R5D 2 (31)

20
where,
R5 =(Ds/D)9siltsl/D)
Similarly for inner layer of steel
ysi = R6D (32)
where, -
R6 = C + l/2(d/D + 2.d'/D - 1)
bsi = R7D (33)
where,
R7 = 2t/(d/D+2.d'/D-R6)R6
sin-1 ( R7 ) (34)
d/D +2.d'/D
The area of inner steel is calculated as follows
2
asi = R8 ; where R8= si(ds/D).(ts2/D) (35)
The area of the hollow part is calculated from the following

yi R9D (36)
where,
R9 = Ci - 1/2(1-d/D)
The chord length is
bi = R10D - (37)
where,
R10 -= 2/(d/D - R9 )R9
c( i = sin-1(R10/d ). ME
D
21
The area of the hollow part to be deducted is
aci R11D2 (39)
The above equations from 25 to 39 are derived just similar
as in hollow circular sections.
(a) The following additional calculations are necessary
when the analysis is carried out about X-axis of the double-
D section when CD > 0. 5D the additional -area, of concrete and
steel will add to 'the previous calculations, these areas are
calculated as follows
Alci = (Ci - 0.5)(1 - d/D)D Z
(40)
Alci =R12 D2
where,
R12 = (Ci-0.5)(1-d/D)
Alsi = 2(Ci-0.5)(AU1 + AU2)D2
This additional steel expression can be written as
=R13 D 2 (41)
Alsi
where,
R = 2(Ci - 0.5)(AU1 + AU2 )
and AUl = ratio of thickness of outer steel to external

diameter
AU2 = ratio of thickness of inner steel to external

diameter
22
For the case CiD < 0.5D, R12 and R13 becomes zeros.
When CiD > (TD/2 - 1/4(1-d/D))D the following
calculations are necessary to find additional area of concrete

and steel•
A2ci = [( c. -(TD /2 - 1/4(1-d/D)))d/D]D2
can be written as
A2ci R14 D2 (42)
where,
R14 = (Ci-(TD/2 - 1/4(1-d/D)))d/D
and the additional steel area will be equal to
A2si = (d/D) (ts2/D)D 2 = ( d/D)AU2D 2
2si R15 D 2 say

i.e. A (43)
where,
R15 = (d/D)AU2
For the case CiD (TD/2 - 1/4(1-d/D))D, R14 and R15
becomes zeros. This is to be noted that when CiD > TD/2.D, the
value of CiD should be taken as (TDD - CiD) for any calculations
in the above expression i.e. from equations 25 to 43.
Therefore, the area of steel in the considered portion

is
Ansi Asi + asi + Alsi + A2si
(R5+R8+R13+R15)D 2 = ( RANS)D 2 say (44)
where,
BANS = .(R5+R8+R13+R15)
23
Similarly. the area of concrete is
Anci =A -aaci + Alci + A2ci Ansi
= (R2-R11+R12+R14-RANS)D 2
i.e. A nci = (RANC )D 2 say (45)
where,
RANC = (R2-R11+R12+R14-RANS)
Using.the above formulae (from equation 25 to 43) Ansi

and A
nci can be calculated for any particular depth as shown
in equations 44 and 45. Then incrementing the depth, the areas
Ansi+l and Anci+l can be worked out. The .,difference between

and Anci will give A and Acs
Ansi+l and Ansi , and Anci+l
respectively. That is

A ss Ansi+l -' A nsi
(RANSS)D 2 say (46)
A nci = (RANCC)D 2 say (47)

Acs Anci+lam
(b) The following calculations are necessary when the
analysis is carried out about Y-axis in addition to the
calculations from equation 25 to 39.
For CiD - 1/2(D-d), the additional area of concrete
is
CiD)B = Ci (B/D)D 2
A3ci - (
can be written as
A3ci - R12Dz
where,
R12 = Ci(B/D)
24
but for the case C.D >1/2(D-d), the additional concrete area
becomes
A3ci 1/2(D-d)B = [.l/2(1-d/D)B/D]D 2 = R12D'2 say (49)
For CiD > d'; additional steel works out as
A3si = Btsl = (B/D)AU1D 2
2 (50)
A3si - R13D
where,
R13 = B/D.AU1
for the case CiD < d'; R13 becomes zero
For CiD 7 1/2(D-d); additional concrete and. steel works out
as
A
4ci = 1/2(D-d) (CiD - l/2(D-d))
A4ci R14D2 say (51)
where,
R14 = 1/2(1-d/D)(Ci-1/2(1-d/D)
A4si = 2.ts2 (CiD -1/2(D-d))
= 2.AU2(Ci-1/2(1-d/D))D 2
i.e. A (52)
4si R15D2 say
where,
R15 2.AU2 (Ci - 1/2(1-d/D))
and
AU2 = Thickness of outer steel divided by external dia.

25
bur for CiD < l/2(D-d); R14 and R15 becomes zero
For CiD ?1/2(D-d5 ), additional steel is given by
s2/D)D2 = (B/D.AU2 )D 2
A5si = (B/D)(t
i.e. A 5si R16D2 say (53)
where, R16 = (B/D).AU2
but for CD / l/2(D-d5), R16 equals to zero.
It is to be noted that for CiD > 0.5D, C1D = D-C1D for any calcu-
lations from equations 25 to 39 and 48 to 53.
Therefore, the net steel area in the considered portion can
be worked out as
Ansi Asi + asi + A3si + A4si + A5si
(R5'+ R8 + R13 + R15 + R16 )DZ

i.e. 2
A nsi = (RANS)D say (54)
where,
RANS = (R5+R8+R13+R15+R16)
Similarly,
Anci Aci-aci+A3ci+A4ci-Ansi
_ (R2-R11+R12+R14-RANS)D2

i.e. Anci = (RANC)D 2 say (55)
where,
RANC = (R2-R11+R12+R14-RANS)
Using equations 54 & 55 Ansi and Anci can be calculated
for any particular depth. Then incrementing the depth, the areas
can be worked out. The difference between

Ansi+l and Anci+l
26
Ansi+l and Ansi and Anci+l Anci+l & Anci will give A and Acs
respectively, That is
A = the required steel area in the strip
nsi (RANSS)D 2 (56)

A
A ss Ansi+l N
Acs = the required concrete area in the trip.
cs Anci+l"' nci (RANCC)D Z (57)

i.e. A A
4.4 Calculation of Moments., Forces'and.Curvatures :
1. For the case of pure axial compression, the points
plotted on the Y-axis are obtained by using the formulae
P
(RTS) fy/fck + (RTC) 0.446 (58)
f DZ
ck
M
u =
3
0 (59)
fckD
QJuD =0 (60)
where,
RTS = net area of steelin the cross-section divided by D 2
RTC = net area of concrete in the cross-section divided by

D2 .
2. When moments are also acting in addition to axial
load, the points for plotting the charts are obtained by assuming
different positions of the neutral axis. For each position
of the neutral axis the strain distribution will be obtained
as shown in figure 1. The stresses in the reinforcement are
calculated from the known strains. By using the calculated
stresses, the resultant axial force and the moment about the

27
centroidal axis of the section are calculated as follows:
The stress distribution in concrete along the section
is shown in figure 2. Stress in concrete at a depth of SD from
highly compressed edge is calculated as follows:
os = 0.446 fck (stress constant) (61)"
where, stress constant can be worked out by using
(a) when neutral axis lies inside the section.
(I)For Hollow Circular Sections and for Double-D Sections
(when the analysis was done about Y-axis):
x.
Stress constant = 1 (2 - xi ) (62.1)
(K-0.43K) K-0.43K
Equation (62.1) will be applicable when SD 0.43KD and will
become 1 for SD < 0.43KD
(II)ForDouble-D Sections (when analysis was done about
X-axis):
7x. 7x.
Stress constant 1 (2 - 1 ) ( 62.2)
4K 4K
Equation (62.2) will be. applicable when SD >0.43KD and
will become 1 for SD < 0.43KD..
(b) When neutral axis lies outside the section
(I) For Hollow Circular Sections and for Double-D
sections (when the analysis was done about Y-axis):
x.
i x.
( 2- i (63.1)
Stress constant =
K - 0.43 K - 0.43
28
Equation (63.1) will. be applicable when SD >0.43D and will

become 1 for SD <0.43D.
(II) For Double-D sections (when analysis was done about

X-axiy):
x. x.
Stress_ constant = — ( 2 - 1 ) (63.2)
(K - 0.43TD ) (K-0.43TD)
Equation 63.2 will be applicable when SD ~0.43D and will
become 1 for SD<0.43D.
Ultimate load carrying capacity of the concrete in the
strip under consideration can be worked out by using
(64)
Fucs Acs s
and ultimate load carrying capacity of the steel in the strip
under consideration is given by
Puss AssEsCs when tC.' 1 E y (65)
Assfy when ~ Es ~ e y
and P uss (66)
The ultimate load carrying capacity of the strip under
consideration is the sum of the ultimate load carrying capacity
of concrete and ultimate load carrying capacity of steel in
the considered strip i.e.

(67)
p P
U ucs + Puss
Then the ultimate load carrying capacity of the whole
section can be worked out by using
N
Pu pu
Similarly the ultimate moment carrying capacity of the section

29
is given by
N
Mu = pu(y - s) (69)
where
N = number of strips per the cross-section considered.
It is to be noted that since the tensile strength of
the concrete is negligible,
a- = 0 when SD>KD (70)
puss puss in tension zone i.e. SD > KD (71)
On simplification of the above mentioned expressions,
we will get the following
For 105 1 > C
- y (RANSS) ) (72)
f D z (0.446 x stress constant x( RANCC) +f f
ck ck
For 1 Esl < E

y
_
pu = (0.446 x stress constant x(RANCC) + (RANSS.Es.
fckD
S..z)ck
(73)
p
f MD
=3 f— (y - s) (74)
ck ck
Then for the whole section
Pu pu z
fckD fckD
= (75)
Mu 3
- Mu (76)
3
fckD fckD
30'
where, Mu = ultimate moment carrying capacity of the strip

considered.
y = distance of the centroid of the section from the

highly compressed edge/D.
= 0.5 for the case of hollow circular sections and

for double-D sections(when the analysis is carried
out about Y-axis).
= 0.5TD for the case of double-D section(when the
analysis is carried out about X-axis ).
Calculation of ultimate curvature :
For hollow circular sections and double-D sections (when the
analysis is carried out about Y-axis) the following equations

are necessary :
When KD< D
011 = 0..0035/KD (77)
When KD > D
Ou = 0.002/(K-0.43)D (78)
For double-D sections when the analysis is carried out
about X-axis for KD , TDD (i.e. when neutral axis lies inside
the section), the equation 77 can be used for calculating the
ultimate curvature. Similarly for KD > TDD (i.e. when neutral
axis lies outside the section), the equation 78 can be used
for calculating the ultimate curvature.
The strain necessary in expression 65 & 73 can be worked
out using the following expressions:
(a) When the neutral axis lies inside the section:

31
KD - SD
E = x 0.0035
s KD
i.e. Es = ( 1 - S/K)0.0035 (79)
(b) When the neutral axis lies outside the section:
0.002
(K-S)D
s (K-0.43)D
i.e. €s = (K - S)D
(K - 0.43)
i.e. _ (K - S) x 0.002 (80)

S
(K - 0.43)
The equation 80 is applicable to hollow circular sections
and for double-D sections (when the analysis is about Y-axis).
But when the analysis of double-D section is about X-axis the
strain can be calculated as follows:
E _ 0.002 (K-S)D
s (K - 0.43TD )D
(K - S)
E
i.e. _ x 0.002 (81)
s (K - 0.43TD)
3. For the case of pure axial tension, the points plotted
on Y-axis are obtained by using the formula
p f
u = - (RTS) —1_ (82)
fckDz
fck
4. The tensile stress in the steel nearest to the tension
face is worked out by using the following formulae
0.0035
maxt K 1 - K - d'/D) (83)
32
_ 0.0035
Cmaxt K (TD - K - d'/D) (84)
The expression 84 is applicable for the case of double-
D sections (when the analysis is carried out about X-axis). For
all other cases the expression 83 is applicable. Then
fst E maxt x 200000 when E maxt< E y ( 85)
=f ywhen E
maxt ey
The marked points in the interaction diagrams indicates
the stress. in the bars nearest to the tension face of the member,
which is calculated by using the expressions 83 to 86. The points
laying above the point mentioned as fst=0 on the curves indicates
that all the bars in the section will be in compression. The
point mentioned fst = fyd indicates that the outer most tension
reinfocement reaches the design yield strength. For points below
this point indicates the outermost tension reinfocement undergoes
in elastic deformation while inner reinforcement may reach the
stress of fyd. All these stress values are at the failure
condition corresponding to the limit state of collapse and not
at working loads.
33
CHAPTER - V
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Summary and Discussion:
The interaction diagrams and ductility curves are
prepared for hollow circular and double-D sections using PC-
XT. In case of double-D sections analysis was carried out about
both X and Y axses. Computer programs were prepared using
FORTRAN77 and the same are included in Appendix-2 along with
model calculations. In preparation of these curves Fe 415 grade
steel and M 25 grade concrete are used and the analysis was
carried out for 390 sets of input data to suit to the practical
design needs. These curves are mentioned in Appendix-3. By
studying the pattern of these curves the following comments
can be made:
(a) It is hoped that these interaction diagrams and
ductility curves will be very useful in practical design field.
(b)The curves illustrate that, at axial load levels

_i
greater than the balanced failure load, the ductility is
negligible, being due only to the inelastic deformation of
the concrete.
(c)When the load level is less than the balance load,
the ductility increases as the load level is reduced.
(d) Nearer to the balanced failure points the ductility
of the section isindependent (almost) of the percentage of.

34
reinforcement in the section. At other places, that is, below
the balanced failure point ductility decreases with the increase
in the reinforcement percentage.
(e) It is also observed that the ductility of hollow
circular columns is dependent on its internal diameter. Curves
shows that the ductility of the column decreases with the
increasing of the hollow core area.
5.2 Scope for Further Work:
In the present analysis only M 25 grade of concrete
and Fe 415 grade steel are considered with simplified stress-
strain curves as shown in figure for steel and code recommended
stress-strain curves for concrete. For more accuracy the
practical stress-strain curve for steel (or code recommended
curve) can be adopted. The curves can be worked out for other
grades of concrete and steel for different shapes and sizes
of cross-sections.
35
REFERENCES
IS:456-1978, Indian Standard Code of Practice for

Plain and Reinforced Concrete, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
2. Park, R., Paulay, T., Reinforced Concrete Structures,

A Wiley - Inter Science Publication, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, London.
3. SP:16(S&T)-1980, Design. Aids for Reinforced Concrete

to IS:456-1978, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
4. Jain, A.K.(1984), Reinforced Concrete Limit State

Design, Nem Chand & Bros., Roorkee, U.P., pp 445-
454 & 487-496.
5. Applied Technology Council, Aug. 1982, Comparison

of United States and New Zealand Seismic Design
Practices for Highway Bridges, 2471 East • Bay Shore
Road, Suite 512, Palo Alto, California.
6. G. Thielan, Munich, 1972, Bending and Compression,

Manual, Bulleton D'Information No. 82.
7. Shen Jumin (Tsinghua University, Beijing, China);

Lui Zhuqing, Wen Yijum, 1982, Exprimental Investigation
of the Seismic Resistance Behaviour of Reinfoced
Concrete Hollow Core Columns, Jian Zhu Jie Gou Zue
Bao/Journal of Building Structures, V. 3, No. 5.
8. Virdi, K.S. (City University, London, England), Design

of Circular and Rectangular Hollow Section Columns,
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, v. 1, n4,
Sept. 1981.
36
9. Park, R., Lestie, P.D., 1977, Curvature Ductility

of Circular Reinforced Concrete Columns Confined by
the ACI spiral, Austrlasian Conference on the Mechanics
of Structures and Matter, University of Conterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand.
10. Rajasekaran, S., Critical Review of the Design of

Concrete Columns according to IS:456-1978, Short
Columns, Indian Concrete Journal, V 55, n 11, Nov.
1981.
11. Mander, J.B., Priestley, M.J.N., Park, R., Dec. 1983,

Behaviour of Ductile Hollow Reinforced Concrete Columns,
Bulletin of New Zealand National Society of Earthquake
Engineering, Vol 16, No. 4, pp 273290.
12. Anand S. Arya and D.K.Paul, 1977, Earthquake Response

of Tall Chimneys, 6th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering.
13. Park, R., Kent, D.C., Sampson, R.A., July 1972,

Reinforced Concrete Members with Cyclic Loading, Journal
of the Structural Division, Proceedings of the ASCE,
Vol. 98, No. ST7, pp 1341-1359.
, 37
• C
O 1w .Y ~
a- o
❑ Z 0
N
O 0
r)
O o z
o
o z W
•cry 2 Ln z_
___J LD on ❑ 3
• 'IJ•
0
42
APPENDIX- 1
NOTATIONS
Pu = Ultimate load carrying capacity of the sections
M = Ultimate moment carrying capacity of the sections
j~ = Ultimate curvature
u
D = Outer diameter of the hollow circular sections
or outer diameter for hollow circular portion of
double-D sections
d = Inner diameter of the hollow circular sections or

inner diameter for hollow circular portion of
double-D sections
d' = Effective cover to the reinforcement
fck = FCK = Characteristic strength of concrete at 28-days

in N/mT Z
f = FY = Yield strength of steel in N/mm2
B = Length of the straight portion in double-D sections
S = Distance of the centre of the strip considered from

the extreme compression fibre devided by D
os = Stress in the concrete at the centre of the strip

considered
K = Depth of the neutural axis from the extreme compression

fibre divided by D
y = Distance of the centroid of the section from the

extreme compression fibre
Es = Strain at the centroid of the considered strip
TD = Depth of the double-D section

divided by D
= Strain in the bars nearest to the tension face of the

maxt
member
fst = Stress in the bars nearest to the tension face of the

member
fyd = Design yield strength of the reinforcement

43
Ci = Depth of the ith section from the extreme compression

fibre divided by D
Ds = Diameter of the outr ring of steel
ds = Diameter of the inner ring of steel
tsl = Thickness of the outer steel ring
ts2 = Thickness of the inner steel ring
p = AP - APS = Net area of steel divided by Gross area

of the section
pl = API = Fraction of p (or AP or APS) in the outer layer

p2 = AP2 = Fraction of p (or AP or APS) in the inner layer
Notations used in the graphs
(i) Hollow circular sections:
A = d'/D
B = d/D
P = Percentage of steel
Inc = Increment in percentage of steel
(ii) Double-D Sections
AP = d'/D
AQ = d/D
AR. = B/D
P = Percentage of steel
Inc = Increment in percentage of steel.

APPENDIX-2

Fr
$DEBUG
C*** ******** ***************** ************K******:**************C
C ** MAIN PROGRAM ** C
C C
C HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTIONS C
C C
C Program to. prepare data for drawing INTERACTION DIAGRAMS and C
C DUCTILITY CURVES for Hollow circular sections. It takes nine C
C sets of values of A,B and AP at a time as an input. It C
C considers two layers of steel with equal thickness. C
C .0
C C
C CALCULATION OF STEEL AND CONCRETE AREA C
C----------------------------- --------------------------------------C
C .. C
DIMENSION RANSS(20),RANCC(20)
DIMENSION TABLE(4)
REAL P1,P2,K1
OPEN(UNIT=21,FILE='TABLE.-DAT',STATUS = 'OLD')
OPEN(UNIT=25,FILE='DCT1.OUT',STATUS = 'NEW')
OPEN(UNIT=31,FILE='G1.DAT',STATUS='NEW')
•
OPEN(UNIT=32,FILE='G2.DAT',STATUS='NEW')
C
REWIND 21
DO 9999 M=1,9
READ (21,3) II,(TABLE(L),L=1,3)
3 FORMAT (I3,3(5X,F8.5))
C
C A=d'/D ; B=d/D
C AP=Net area of steel/Gross area of the section
C d'= Effective cover to the reinforcement
C d = Internal diameter of the section considered
C D = External diameter of the section considered
C X = Ratio of thickness of the element to the external .diameter
C P1= Fraction of 'AP in external layer
C P2= Fraction of 'AP' in internal layer
C
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
AP=TABLE(3)
X = 0.05
P1= ((1.0-2.0*A)/(B+1.0))*AP
P2 = ((B+2.O*A)/(B+1.0))*AP
WRITE(25,40) A,B,AP,X,P1,P2
40 FORMAT (6F10.7)
C
RANSSI = 0.0
RANCCI = 0.0
C
C
C RTS = Net area of steel in the cross-section/(D*D)
C RTC = Net area of concrete in the cross-section/(D*D)
C
A
RTS = 0.0
RTC = 0.0
C
DO 100 I= 1,20
C
FI = FLOAT(I)
Cl = X*FI
R1.= 2.0*SQRT (CI*(1-CI))
TETAI = ASIN (Rl)
R2= 0.25*(TETAI - Rl*COS(TETAI))
C
R3 = CI-A
IF (R3.LE.0.0) GOTO 200
YIMAX =(1.0-2.0*A)
IF(R3.GE.YIMAX) GOTO 30
R4 = 2.0 *'SQRT (R3 * (Y1MAX - R3))
Zl = (R4 / Y1MAX)
IF (Z1.GT.1.0)Z1=1.0
TETASI = ASIN(Z1)
R5 = 0.25*P1*TETASI*(1.0-B*B)
GO TO 99
30 R5 = 0..0
99 WRITE(*,*)R5
C
R6 = CI + 0.5*(B-Y1MAX)
WRITE(*,*)R6
IF (R6.LE.O.0) GOTO 300
Y2MAX.= B+2.0*A
IF (R6.GE.Y2MAX) GOTO 50
R7 = 2.0 * SQRT((Y2MAX-R6)*R6)
Z2 = (R7/Y2MAX)
IF (Z2:GT.1.0)Z2=1.0
ALPHSI = ASIN(Z2)
R8 = 0.25*ALPHSI*P2*(1.0-B*B)
GO TO 98
50 R8 = 0.0 -
98 WRITE(*,*)R8
C
R9'= CI-0.5*(1-B)
IF (R9.LE.0.0) GOTO 400
IF (R9.GE.B) GOTO 400
RIO =.2.0*SQRT ((B-R9)*R9)
Z3 = (R10/B)
IF (Z3.GT.1.0)Z3=1.0
ALPHI = ASIN(Z3)
R11 = 0.25*B*(ALPHI*B-R10*COS(ALPHI.))
GOTO 500
200 R5 = 0.0
300 R8 = 0.0
400 R11 = 0.0
C
500 BANS = R5+R8
RANC = R2-R11-BANS
46
C
C
C RANSS(I)= Net area of steel in the considered strip/(D*D)
C RANCC(I)= Net area of concrete in the considered strip/(D*D)
C
C
RANSS(I)=ABS(RANS-RANSSI)
RANCC(I)=ABS(RANC-RANCCI)
C
RTS = RTS+RANSS(I)
RTC = RTC+RANCC(I)
C
RANSSI = RAMS
RANCCI = RANC
100 CONTINUE
WRITE(*,*) RANSS(I),RANCC(I)
C------------------------------------------------------------- -----C
C CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE LOAD AND ULTIMATE MOMENT CARRYING C
C CAPACITY OF THE SECTION C
C WHEN N.A.LIES IN SIDE THE SECTION C
C-------------------------------------------------------------------C
C
C FCK = Characterestic strength of concrete in 'N/Sq.mm'
C FY = Design yield strength of steel in 'N/Sq.mm'-
C STRY= Design yield strain of steel
C
FCK=24.525
FY=361.05
STRY=0.0018053
WRITE (25,26) FCK,FY,STRY
26 FORMAT (3(5X,F12.7),//)
X = 0.05
DO 101 K= 1,21
K1 = K-1
A
C FK = Depth of the neutral axis/D
C
FK = K1 * X
IF(FK.EQ.0.0) GOTO 181
IF(FK.GT.0.0) GOTO 182
C
C Pu = Ultimate load carrying capacity of the "section,
C FR = Pu/(FCK*D**2)
C Mu = Ultimate moment carrying capacity of the section
C FMR= Mu/(FCK*D**3)
C PHYUD = 0 u*D
C
1.81 FR=(-1)*RTS*(FY/FCK)
FMR=0.0
PHYUD=0.0
GOTO 190
182 FR=0.0
FMR=0.0
DO 110 I = 1,20
47
C
C,I = I*X
C
C S = Depth of the center of the considered element, from the
C top fibre
C XM= Depth of the center of the considered element from the
C neutral axis
C
S = CI-0.5*X
XM = (FK - S)
C
C STRM = Strain at the center of the element considered
C STRMM = Absolute value of the strain
C
STRM = 0.0035*XM/FK
STRMM = ABS(STRM)
IF (S.GT.FK) GOTO 233
AAB=0.43*FK
IF (S.LT.AAB) GOTO 140
STRCON = (-7.0*XM/(4.0*FK))*(2.0-(7.0*XM/(4'.O*FK)))
GOTO 150
140 STRCON = 1.0
C
C FORM = Force in concrete in the considered element
C F1 = FCRM/(FCK*D*D)
C.
C
150 F1 = RANCC(I)*0.446*STRCON
GOTO 201
233 F1 = 0.0
C.
C FSRM = Force in the steel in the considered element
C F2 = FSRM/(FCK*D*D)
C
201' IF(STRMM.GE.STRY) GOTO 160
F2 = 200000.0*STRM*RANSS(I)./FCK
GOTO 170
160 F2 = (STRM/STRMM)*(FY/FCK)*RANSS(I)
C
C FRI = Total force in concrete & steel in the considered element
C
170 FRI.= F1+F2
C -
C FR = PU/(FCK*D*D)
C
'-FR = FRI + FR
C
C MUI = Ultimate moment of the- force:in the considered;-strip
C about the centroidal axis
C FMRI = MUI/(FCK*D*D*D)
C -
FMRI = FRI*(0.5-S)
FMR = FMRI+FMR
GOTO 110
G
48
C
110 CONTINUE
C OuD =. PHYUD
PHYUD = 0.0035/FK
WRITE (32,77)PHYUD,FR
190 WRITE (25,66) FK,FR,FMR,PHYUD
66 FORMAT (5X,4F10.6)
WRITE (31,77)FMR,FR
77 FORMAT (2(5X,F12.7))
101 CONTINUE
C-------------------------------------------------------- - -------- -C
C CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE LOAD AND ULTIMATE MOMENT CARRYING C
C CAPACITY OF THE SECTION C
C WHEN N.A. LIES OUTSIDE THE SECTION C
C-------------------------------------------------------------------C
DO 888 K=1,8
Kl = K-1
FK = Kl * 0.4+1.0
FR=0.0
FMR=0.0'
.D05000 I=1,20
C
C1I = I*X
S = C1I-0.5*X
Gi = (FK-S)/(FK-0.43)
C
C STRAIN I = STRI
C
STRI = Gl*0.002
IF (S.LT.0.43) GOTO 1000
G = G1*(2.0-G1)
GOTO 2000
1000 G = 1.0
C
C Fl = FCRI/(FCK*D*D)
C
2000 Fl = RANCC(I)*0.446*G
C
C F2 = FSRI/(FCK*D*D)
C
IF(STRI.GE.STRY) GOTO 3000
F2 = 200000.0*STRI*RANSS(I)/FCK
GOTO 4000
3000 F2 = (FY/FCK)*RANSS(I)
C
4000 FRI = F1+F2
C
C FR = PU/(FCK*D*D)
C
FR = FRI + FR
C
C
FMRI = FRI*(0.5-S)
49
FMR = FMRI+FMR.
GOTO 5000
C
5000 CONTINUE
C c15UD = PHYIUD = MAX.STRAIN/OUTER DIA METER
PHYIUD = 0.002/(FK-0.43)
WRITE (25,35) FK,FR,FMR,PHYIUD.
35 FORMAT (5X,4F10.6)
WRITE (31,77)FMR,FR
WRITE (32,77)PHYIUD,FR
888 CONTINUE
C
C CALECULATION OF ULTIMATE LOAD 'HEN.U.M.=O.0.
C '
C PUF = Ultimate load carrying capacity of the section
C when it is under pure compression/(FCK*D*D)
C FMUF = Mu/(FCK*D*D)
C
PUF = RTS*(FY/FCK) + RTC*0.446
FMUF = 0.000
WRITE (25,36) PUF,FMUF
WRITE (31,77) FMUF,PUF
36 FORMAT (15X,2F10.6)
C 0
9999 CONTINUE
STOP
END
C*******************************************************************
C Program to devide the output file g1.dat in the main program
C for HOLLOW CI.RCULAR SECTIONS into nine different graphfiles
C****************************************************$**4'***********
C
DIMENSION TABLE(2)
CHARACTER*12 IFILE,OFILE1,OFILE2,OFILE3,OFILE.I,OFILE5,OFILE6,
1OFILE7OFIL E 8,OFILE9
WRITE(*.,$>'ENTER INPUT FILE NAME ???'
(Al2)')WILE .
WRITE(*,*>'ENTER 1ST OUTPUT FILE NAME ??7'
READ(*,'(Al2)')OFILE1
WRITE(*,*>'ENTER 2ND OUTPUT FILE NAME 77?' .
(Al2)')OFILE2
WRITE(*,*)'ENTER 3RD OUTPUT FILE NAME ???'
READ(*,' (Al2) )OFILE3
WRITE(*,*)'ENTER 4TH OUTPUT FILE NAME ??7' `
READ(*,'(Al2)')OFJLE4
WRITE(*,*)'ENTER 5TH OUTPUT FILE NAME ???'
}OFILE5 .~
(r12)')OFILE6
READ(*,'(/\12)')OFILE7
WRITE(*,*)'ENTER 8TH OUTPUT FILE NAME ?7?'
(Al2)')OFILE8
WRITE(*,*)'ENTER.9TH OU T PUT FILE NAME ???'
OPEN(UNIT=20,FILE=IFILE,STATUS='OLD') . ~
OPEN(UNIT=21,FILE=OFILE1,ST(iTUS='NEW')
OPEN(UNIT=22,FILE=OFILE2,STATUS=' NEW ')
OPEN(UNIT=23,FILE=OFILE3,ST(TUS='NEW'')
OPEN (UNIT=24,FILE=OFILE4,STATUS=' NEW ')
OPEN (UNIT ,FILE=OFILE5,STATUS=' NEW ')
OPEN(UNIT=2'6,FILE=OFILE6,STATUS=' NEW' )
OPEN(UNIT=27,FILE=OFILE7,STATUS='NEW')
OPEN (UNIT=28,FILE=OFILE8,STATUS=' NEW ')
OPEN (UNIT=29,FILE=OFILE9,STATUS=' NEW' )
C
DO 100 I=1,30
READ (20 9 11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
11 FORMAT (2(5X,F12.7))
~~ ~' ^ ''
A=TABLE( 1 ) wm~7-~ ) v~~~~~
~m~~mx~ \~~~~~~~~~~
`°``'-
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (21,11) A,B
100 CONTINUE ', '
.
DO 200 I=1,30
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1) , ,;
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE: (22,11) A,B
200 CONTINUE . .
DO 300 I=1,30
READ (20,11) (T(BLE(L),L=1,2)
•A=T(BLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (23,11) A,B
300 CONTINUE
DO 400 I=1,30
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L) ,L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (24,11) A.E.
400 CONTINUE
DO 500 I=1,30
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2>
WRITE (25,11) A,B
500 CONTINUE
DO 60( I=1,30
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (26,11) A,B
600 CONTINUE
DO 700 I=1,30
READ (20,11) (T(BLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (27,11) A,B
700 CONTINUE
DO 800 I=1,30
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
8=TABLE(2)
WRITE (28,11) A,B
800 CONTINUE
DO 900 l=1,30
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L$,L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (29,11) A,B
900 CONTINUE
STOP
END
C Program to devide the output file g2.dat in the main prbgram

C for HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTIONS into nine different graph fil es
C*******************************************************************
C
DIMENSION TABLE (2) ` .
CHMRACTER*12 IFILE,OFILE1,OF 'TI E2,OFILE3,OFIT E4,OFILE5,OILE6,
1OFILE7,OFILE8,OFILE9
WRITE(*,*)'ENTER INPUT FILE NAME ???'
(Al2)')IFILE ,
WRITE(*,*)'ENTER 1ST OUTPUT FILE NAME ???'
,Al2)')OFILE1
WRITE(*,*)'ENTER 2ND OUTPUT FILE NAME???'
READ( *,'(Al2)')OFILE2
REA0(*'(Al2)')OFILE3
WRITE(*, *)'ENTER 4TH OUTPUT FILE NAME ???' ' ^
READ(*,'(Al2)')OFILE4 '
READ(*,'(Al2)'>OFILE5 ' '
READ(*,'(A17)')OFILE6

WRITE(*,*)'ENTER 9TH OUTPUT FILE NAME ???' ^ '
OPEN(UNIT=20,FILE=IFILE,sTATUS='OLD') . ,'
OPEN(UNIT=21FILE=OFILE1STATUS=' NEW ')
`
OPEN(UNIT=23,FILE=OFILE3,8TATUS='NEW')
OPEN(UNIT=24,FILE=OFILE4 STATUS='NEW')
OPEN (UN IT=25,FILE=OFILE5,STATUS ='NEW')
OPEN (UNIT=29,FILE=OFILE9,STATUS='NEW' )
C '
DO 100 I=1,28
READ (20,11). (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
11 FORMAT (2(5XF12.7))
A=TABLE(1}
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (21,11) AE
100 CONTINUE
DO 200 I=1,28
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE. (22,11) A,B
200 CONTINUE : .~
DO 300 I=1,28
RE4D (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
WRITE (23,11> A,B '

300 CONTINUE `
DO 400 I=1,28
READ (20,11> (TABLE(L>,L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (24,11) A,B
400 CONTINUE ~
DO 500 I=1,28
READ (2O,11) (T('BLE(L),L=1,2)
'
=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2}
WRITE (25,11) A,B
500 CONTINUE . `
DO 600 I=1,'28
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2>
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2) `
WRITE (26,11) A,B
600 CONTINUE
DO 700 I=1,28 ,
.READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2}
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2) .
WRITE (27,11) A,B
700 CONTINUE
DO 830 I=1,28
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2) '
(TALE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (28 11)
, A,B
800 CONTINUE
DO 900 I=1,28
READ (20,11). (TABLE(L),L=1,2) ' '
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (29,11) A,B
900 CONTINUE
STOP.
END
C CALCULATION OF MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS IN STEEL FOR HOLLOW
CIRCULAR SECTIONS AND DOULE-D SECTIONS (FOR ANALYSIS
ABOUT Y-AXIS)` FOR DIFFERENT DEPTHS OF NEUTRAL AXIS
C******************************************************************
C
OPEN(UNIT=34,FILE='STRESS',STATUS='NEW')
OPEN(UNIT=35,FILE='STR.NN',STATUS='NEW')
READ(*,*) A
C
C A=Ratio of cover thickness to external dimetr(d'ID)
WRITE(34,55}A
WRITE(35,55>A
55 FORMAT (/,5X,'A=',F5.4)
STRY=0.0018053
C STRY= Yield strain in steel

DO 333 L=1,19
FK1=0.05*L
STRMXT=0.0035*(1.0-FK1-A)/FK1
C
C FK1=Depth of the neutral axis
C STRMXT=Maximum tensile strain
C
IF(STRMXT.ST. S TRY) STRMXT=STRY
STREM1=STRMXT*200000
C
C STREMT=Maximum tensile stress in steel
WRITE(34.44) FK1.STREMT
44 FORMAT(2(5X,F10.6))
IF(STREMT.LT.361.05) GOTO 334
GOTO 333
334 CONST = STREMT/361.05
C
C CONST=Maximum tensile stress in steel/fieldt
~ ress
W~ITE (35,44) FK1,STREMT,CONST
333 CONTINUE
STOP
END
$DEBUG
C***********************************************************
' '
C ** MAIN PROGRAM **
C DOUBLE-D SECTION (Anal7sis about X-axis)
C
C Program to pr~pare data for drawing INTERACT ION, DIAGRAMS
C and DUCTILITY CURVES for Double--D sections .It takp five
C sets of input values of AP,AQ,AR,APS at a time. It
C considers two layers of steel with equal thickness.
C******************************************** *****************
C CALCULATION OF STEEL AND CONCRETE AREA
C ---------------------------------------------------------------
C
DIMENSION TABLE(4)
REAL I1,K1
OPEN(UNIT=21,FILE='TABLE.DAT' ,STATUS = 'OLD')
OP~N(UNIT=25,FILE='DCI1.OUT',STATUS = 'NEW')
OPEN(UNIT=34,FILE='DCT2.OUT',STATUS 'NEW')
OPEN(UNIT=31,FILE: 'G1.DAT',STATUS= 'NEW ')
OPEN (UNIT=32, FILE= 'G2.DAT',STATUS='NEW')
C
REWIND 21
DO 9999 M=1,5
READ (21,3) (T(13LE(L),L=1,4)
FORMAT (4(5X,F8.5>)
C
C AP=d'/D ; AQ=d/D
C APS=AAA=Net area of steel/Gross area of the section
C d'=Effective cover . to the reinforcement
C d=Internal diameter of the section
C D=Ex tern al diameter of the section
C X=Ratio of the thickness of the element to the external
C diameter
C AP1=Fraction of APS in external layer
C AP2=Fraction of APS in internal layer
C
C
`
AP =TABLE( 1)
AQ =TABLE(2) . .
AR =TABLE(3)
ApS=TABLE(4)
AS =1.0-2.0*AP
AT =AQ +2.0*AP
TD =1.O+AR
X
AP1=(3.1416*AS+2*AR>*(PS/((3.14:t6*AS+2*AR)+(3 16*AT+2*(AR+AQ))
AP2=APS-AP1
C
C AUD=AN=Gross area of the section/D*D
C AU1=Thickness of the steel in the outer layer/D
C AU2=Thickness of the steel in the inner layer/D
C
AUD=(0.7854*Y1+AQ) + AR + 0.5*AQ)*(1-AQ)

AU1=(AP1*AUD)/(3.1416*AS+2.0*AR)
AU2=(AP2*AUD>/(3.1416*AT+2.0*AR+2.0*AQ)
WRITE(25,40> AP,AQ~AR,X,AP1,AP2,AUD ' '
'
40 FORMAT (7F10.7)
AAA=AP1+AP2
'
WRITE(*,*) AAA
C
RANSSI = 0.0
RANCCI
C RTS=Net area of steel in the cross-section/D*D '

C RTC=Net area of concrete in the cross-secfion/D*D
C ^
RTS = 0.0
RTC
C
DO 100 I= 1,20
C
FYA = X*FI
FYP = 0.5*TD
IF(FYA.LT.FYP> GOTO 2
FY = .1 0+F--FY
GOTO 313
2 FY
313 IF(FY,GT.0~5)GOTO 414
Cl = FY .
GOTO 515
414 CI = 0.5
515 R1 = 2,0*SQRT (1I*(1-CI))
TETAI = ASIN (R1)
R2 = 0.25*(TETAI - R1*COS(TETAI))
C
R3 = CI-AP
IF (R3.LE.0.0) GOTO 200
R4 = 2.0 $ SORT (R3 * ((S - R3>)
Z1 = (R4 / AS)
IF (2.1.GT.1.0}Z1=1.0
TETASI = ASIN(Z1)
R5 = TETHSI*AS*AU1 0
C `
(.5*(1-AT)
IF (R6.LE.0.0) GOTO 300
R7 = 2.0 * SQRT((T-R6}*R6)
Z2 = (R7/(T)
IF (Z2.GT.1.0)Z2=1.0
ALPRSI = ASIN( Z2)
R8 = ALPHSI*AT*AU2
R9 = CI-0.5*(1-A0> `
IF (R9 .LE 0 0> GOTO
R10 = 2.0*SQR1 ((AQ-R9)*R9)
Z3 = (R10/C])
IF (3.GT.1.0)Z3=1.0
ALpHI = ASIN(Z3)
R11 = 0.25*AQ*(ALPHI*AQ-R10*C8S(ALPHI))
GOTO 500
200 R5 = 0.0
00 R8 = 0.0
400 R11 = 0.0
C
500 IF(FY.3T.0.5)GOTO 600
RANS = R5+R8
R(NC = R2-R11-RANS
GOTO 700
R12=(FY-0.5)*(1.0-AQ)
R1:=(FY-0.5)*(AU1+A(.J2}$2.0
BBB=(0.5*TD-0`.25*(1-AQ))
IF(FY. CT. EBB) GOTO 650
RANS=R5+R8+R13
RANC=R2+R12-R11-RANS
GOTO 700
R14 = (FY-BBB)*AQ
BBC = BBB+AP
IF(FY.LT.BBC) GOTO 675
R15 = AQ * AU2
GOTO 680
675 R15 ~ 0
680 WRITE(**) R14,R15,AU1,AU2
RAN8 = R5+R8+R13R15
RANC = R2+R12+R14-R11-RANS
C
RANSS(I)=Net area of the steel in the considered
C strip/(D*D)
R(NCC(I)=it area of the concrete in the considered
C strip/(D*D)
C
700 RANSS(I) =PBS (RANS-RANSSI>
RANCC(I) =IBS (RANC-RANCCI> `
RTS = RTS+RANSS(I)
RTC = RTC+RNC(:(I)
RANSSI = RANS
RANCCI = RANC
°
C 100 CONTINUE
N=RTS+RTC
WRITE(*,*) RTSRTC,AN
C
C*************************************************************~
C CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE LOAD AND ULTIMATE MOMENT CARRY]
C CAPACITY OF THE SECTION WHEN NEUTRAL AXIS LIES INSIDE
C THE SECTION
i ************$*$************************************: ********4
FCK=24.525
FY=361.05
58
SrrY::-0.oc:)1Bo!53
WRITE !25_,26) FCK, Y, TRY
26 FORN1i T (3 (5X q i 2.7) , / / )
DO i.01 }:'. =- 1 q21 .
C .
C F::F..=t:)ept.h of the neutral
C
r-F:;= K1. *Y X
.I F (F}:. EQ O.0) t3CYtO 181..
.„,.1..
1:F""!Fk::,,I ..±-`)) f;CY'ra 1.82
C V V .
C PLI:-d!lt±rnrte, load carrying pacit'y
C I'=F'.{:=F'ur (F=CK*D :;h_2 )
C: IIk..t1f.i.mie moment c~ar°ryi.ngi r_:paci.ty
C f-MR-tiu/CF=CKMD*'F:3) V
C F:'I..1YUJD:= c.t*D ,
C
.
18:1 FR:(--_1 *R'T' S*:'F" Y'F°C1<) .
F'MR=0.0 -
0 ,. c:,
V
SOTO 190 V
V
'
2
FN1R:=0 , r.,
hO 110 1 = i20
C
V
C V. V .
C S==Depth o.f the center of the considered element *.frc,m Vtht.
C highly compressed edgy=/P
C Xh1:--Depth of the center of the considered element. -from
C the neutral axis/I) -
S CI--0..S *X
X Iv1 :z F= k:: -•- : )
C .
C 5-FRi. NStrain at the center- of the element considered
C STRFiM =Absolute ~.alue of the strain, TRh1
C .
'=)TRM _ -. 0.{;{:35*xM/F"F
V
STRMM = ASS (s NM) V V
IF. (S E5T . FI':) SOTO ??-T
Ar)p:=+._) 4•. c Fv
IF (3 I-.T .ADD) GOTO 1.40
STF:CON . =- (7.0*:XM/(4.0*h-k;))((2.0-...C7„0*XM/t4.0 F"K::)) )
st.:ico1.:.";t )
140 S}TFR:CON == 1 . 0
C
C F-CF:hlw F'rar-ce in the concrete in the considered element
C Fl = FC._Rt l! (FCF:: 17 *>ti )
150 =-.: RANIC2C: ! 1 ) *c) . 446 * TRCOI,i

F.I.
GOTO 201.
233 F1, .-.. 0„0
C FSRM=Force in the stee1 in the considered element
C
201 IF(STRMM.GE.STRY) GOTO 160 '+
F2 = 200000.0*STRM*RANSS(I)/FCK
GOTO 170
160 F2 = (STRM/STRMM)*(FY/FCK)*RANSS(I)
C '
C FRI=Total force in the concrete & steel in the
C considered strip
1.70 FRI = F1+F2

C
C FR = PU/(FCK*D*D)
C
FR = FRI + FR
C
C MUI=Ultimate moment ofthe force in the considered strip
C about the centroidal axis
C FMRI = MUI/(FCK*D*D*D>
FMRI = FRI*(0.5*TD-S)
FMR = FMRI+FMR
GOTO 110

C _
110 CONTINUE
C
C PHYUD = ~ y/u*D
PHYUD = 0.0035/FK
WRITE (3277)PHYUD1 FR
190 WRITE (25,66) FK,FR,FMR,PHYUD
66 FORMAT (5X,4F10.6)
WRITE (31,77)FMR,FR
77 FORMAT (2(5X,F12.7})
101 CONTINUE
C -
C******************************************:**********************
C CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE LOAD AND ULTIMATE MOMENT CARRYING
C CAPACITY OF THE SECTION WHEN NEUTRAL AX IS LIES OUTSIDE
C THE SECTION
*************************************** **********************
C
DO 8B8 K=1,10
FK = K * 0.4+TD
FR=0.0
FMR=0.0 '
DO5000 I=1,20 °
C`
(21I = I*X .
S = C1I-0.5*X
G1 = (FK-S)/(FK043*TD)
C '
C STRAIN I = STRI
C
STRI = G1*0.002
AEE=0.43*TD
IF (S.LT.AEE) GOTO 1000
G = G1*(20-G1)
GOTO 2000
1000 G = 1.0 . .
C
C F1 = FCRI/(FCK*D*D)
C
20O0 F1 = RANCC(I}*0.446*G `
C
(2 F2 = FSRI/(FCK*D*D)
C
IF(STRI.GE.STRY) GOTO 3000
GOTO 4000
C
4000 FR = F1+F2
C
C FR = PU/(FCK*D*D)
C
FR = FRI + FR
C ' `
FMRI = FRI*(05*TD-S)
FMR = FMRI+fMR
GOTO 50O0
C
5000 CONTINUE
C 0UD = PHY1UD = MAX .STRAIN/OUTER VIA METER
PHY1UD = 0.002/(FK-0.43*TD)
WRITE <25,35) FK,FR,FMR,PHY1UD
35 FORMAT (5X,4F10.6)
WRITE (31 1 77)FMR,FR
WRITE (32,77>PHY1UD,FR
888 CONTINUE
C -------------------------------------------------------~-------_
C CALECULATION OF ULTIMATE LOAD WHEN U.M.=0.0
C-------------------------------------------~-------------------
C
C PUF=Ultimate load carrying capacity of the section
C when the section is in pure compression/(FCK*D*D)
C PMUF=Ultimate moment carrying capacity of:. the section

C' when the section is in pure compression/(FCK*D**3)
C
PUF = RTS*(FY/FCK> + RT0*0.'446
FMUF = 0.000
WRITE (25,36) F'UF,FMUF
WRITE (31,77) FMUF,PUF
36 FORMAT (15X,2F10,6)
C . .
9999 CONTINUE
STOP
END
C*****:*: *:********:*****$*****************$$*$* ********$*******$**
C Program to devide the output file g1.dat in the main
C program for DOUBLE-D SECTIONS (Ana1ysis about x-axis)
C into five - different graph files
C************************m*************************************
C
DIMENSION TABLE(2)
CHARACTER*12 IFILE,OFILE1,OFILE2,OFILE3,OFILE4,OFILE5
WRITE( *,*)'ENTER INPUT FILE NAME ???'
READ(*,'(Al2)')IFILE
READ(*,'(Al2)'>OFILE1
WRITE(*,*)'ENTER 2ND OUTPUT FILE NAME ???'
WRITE(*,*)'ENTER 4TH OUTPUT FILE NAME ?7?'
READ (*,'(Al2)')OFILE4
OPEN~UNIT=2(,FILE=IFILE,STATUS='OLD')
OPEN (UNIT=24,FILE=OFILE4,STATUS= 'NEW')
OPEN (UNIT=25,FILE=OFI LEE ,STATUS=' NEW' )
C
DO 100 I=1,32
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
11 FORMAT (2(5X,F12.7))
A=TABLE(1)
F(2) -
WRITE (21,11) AD
10(} CONTINUE
DO 200 I=1,32
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (22,11) A,B
200 CONTINUE
DO 300 I=i,32
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2).
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (23,11) A,8
300 CONTINUE
DO 400 I=1,32
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (24,11) A,B
400 CONTINUE
DO 500 I=1,32
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (25,11) (',,Ti
5O0 CONTINUE
STOP
END
v~
6
C)
C**************************************************************
C program for DOUBLE-D SECTIONS (Analysis about x-axis)
C into five different graph files
C**************************************************************
C
DIMENSIONTABLE(2)
CHARACTER*12 IFILE,OFILE1OFILE2,OFILE3,OFILE4,OFILE5
WRITE(**) 'ENTER INPUT FILE NAME ???'
READ' *,'(Al2>')IFILE
(Al2)')OFILE1
READ~*,'(Al2)')OF%LE2
WRITE (*,*)'ENTER 3RD OUTPUT FILE NAME ???'
WRITE (*,*)'ENTER 4TH OUTPUT FILE NAME ???'
WRITE( *,*)'ENTER 5TH OUTPUT FILE NAME ???'
OPEN(UNIT=20,FILE=IFILE v STATUS' OLD' >
OPEN (UN IT=22,FILE=OFILE2,STATUS='NEW')
OPEN(UNIT=23,FILE=OFILE3,STATUS=' NEW' )
OPEN(UNIT=24,FILE=OFILE4,STATUS='NEW'}
OPEN (UN IT=25FILE=OF%LE5 v SrATUS=' NEW' )
C
DO 1O0 I=1,30
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
11 FORMAT (2(5X,F12.7))
A=TABLE(1) . .
S=TABLE(2)
WRITE (21 11)
, p A B
100 CONTINUE
DO 200 I=1,30
READ (20,11} (TABLE(L),L=12)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2>
WRITE (22,11) A,B
200 CONTINUE
DO 300 I=i',30
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
S=TABLE(2)
WRITE (23,11) AB
300 CONTINUE '
DO 400 I=1,30
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2) .
WRITE (24,11) A,B
400 CONTINUE
DO 500 I=130
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2>
TABLE(1)
B=T(BLE(2)
WRITE (25,11) A,B
500 CONTINUE
STOP
END

C***************************************************************
C CALCULATION OF MAXIMUM STRESSES IN STEEL for DOUBLE-D
C SECTIONS(Analysis about x-axis) for different depths of
C neutral axis
0***************************************************************
C '
OPEN (UNIT=34,FILE=' STRESS 'STATUS=' NEW ')
OPEN(UNIT=35,FILE='STR.N',ST(TUS=' NEW' )
DO 400 I=1,4
C
READ (*,*) A,AR ~
WRITE (35,55} AAR
55 FORMAT (//,5X,'A=',F5.4,5X,'AR=',F7~4)
C
C TD=Total depth of the section/D
C FY=Design yield strength of steel
C STRY~Design yield strain for steel
C X=Ratio of the thickness of the element to the external
C Diameter
C FK1=Depth of the neutral axis/D
C
TD=1.0+AR
WRITE (*,*)A,AR,TD
X=TD/20
FY=361.05
STRY=0.0018053
DO 333 L=1,19
FK1 = X*L
C STRMXT=Maximum strain in steel in tension side

C STREMT=Maximum tensile stress in steel
C
STRMXT=0.0035*(TD-FK1-A}/FK1
IF( STRMXT'; CT .STRY)STRMXT=STRY
~TREMT=STRMXT*200000.
WRITE (34,44) FK1,STREMT
44 FORMAT(4(5X,F10.6))
IF(STREMT.LT.361.O5) (3OTO 334
SOTO
C
C CONST=Ratio of Maximum tensile stress in steel to
C design yield stress
334 CONST = STREMT/361.05
WRITE (35,44) 'K1,STREMT CONST
333 CONTINUE
400 CONTINUE
STOP
END
$DEBUG
C*****$******$***************************
* ***********************
C ** MAIN PROGRAM **
C DOUBLE-D SECTIONS (Analysis about Y-axis)
C
C Program ` to prepare data for drawing INTERACTION DIAGRAMS
C and DUCTILITY CURVES FOR Double-D sections. It takes five
C sets of input values of AP,AQ,AR,APS at a time. It
C Considers two layers of steel with equal thickness.
C****************************************************************
C CALCULATION OF STEEL AND CONCRETE AREAS
C--------------------------------------------------~-------------
DIMENSION TABLE(4)
REAL L1,N1,K,K1.K2
OPEN(UNIT=21FILE~'TABLE.DAT'
, ,STATUS = 'OLD'>
OPEN(UNIT=25 , FILE='DCT1.OUT', STATUS = 'NEW')
OPEN(UNIT=31,FILE='G1.DAT',STATUS:'NEW')
OPEN(UNIT =32 ,FILE='G2.DAT' . STATUS=' NEW'
C
REWIND 21
DO 9999 M=1,5
READ (21,3) (TABLE(L),L=1,4)
3 FORMAT (4(5X,F8.5))
C
C AP=d'It) ; AQ=d/D ; AR=B/D
C APS=AAA=Net area of steel/G.A.of the section
C d' =Effective cover to the reinforcement
C d=Internal diameter of the section as shown in fig.
C B=Length of the straight portidh as shown in fig.
C D=external diameter of the section as shown in fig.
C X=Ratio of the thickness of the element to the external Dia.
C AP1=Fraction of APB in external layer
C AP2=Fraction of APS in internal layer-
C
AP =TABLE (1)
AG =TABLE(2)
AR =TABLE(3)
APS=TABLE(4)
AS =1.0-2.0*AP
AT =AQ +2.0}*AP
TAA=0.5*(1.0-AT}
(1, 0-AG)
X=0.05
AP1=(3.1416$(S+2*AR}*APS/((3.1416*AS+2*AR)+(3.1416*AT+2*(AR+AQ))
AP2=APS-AP1
I
C AUD=AN=Gro~s area of the section/D*D
C AU1=Thickness of the steel in the outer layer
C AU2=Thickness of the steel in the inner layer
C
AUD=(0.7854*(1+AQ) + AR + 0.5*AQ)*(1-AQ)
AU1=(AP1*AUD)/(3.1416*AS+2.0*AR)
AU2=(AP2*AUD)/(3.1416*AT+2.0*AR+2.0*AQ)
__-
WRITE(2540) AP,AQ,AR,X,AP1~AP2,AUD
40 FORMAT (7F10.7)
AAA=AP1+AP2
WRITE(*,*) A1J1,AU2,AAA
C
RANSSI = 0.O
RANCCI = 0.0
C
C RTS=Net area of steel in the cross-section/D*D
C RTC=Net area of concrete in the cross-section/D*D
C
RTS = 0.0
RTC = 0.0 .
C
DO 100 I= 1,20
C
IF(I.GT.10) GOTO 600
Fl = FLOAT( I)
K = X*FI
C1 = 2.0*SQRT K1.--F:::
AG1 = ASIN (O1)
R1 =0.25*(AG1 - C1*COS(AG1))
I
C2 = K-AP
IF(C2.LE.0.0) GOTO 200
03 = 2.0 * SORT (C2- * (AS - C2))
Z1 = (C3 / AS)
IF(7.1.GT.1.0>Z1=1.0
AG2 = (SIN(Z1)
R2 = AG2*AS*AU1
C
04 = K-TAA
IF(C4.LE.0.0) 13010 300
* SORT( (f
Z2 = (C5/AT)
IF (72.GT.1.(, )Z2=1.0
AG3 = ASIN(Z2)
R3 =AG3*AT*AU2
C
C6 = K-QAA
IF(C6.LE.0.0) GOTO 400
C7 = 2.0*SQRT ((PO-C6)*C6)
73 = (C7/AQ)
IF(Z3.(3T.1.0)Z3=1.0
A04 = ASIN(Z3)
R4 =.0.25*AQ*(AG4*AQ-C7*COS(AG4>)
GOTO 500
200 R2 = 0.0
300 R3 = 0.0
400 R4 = 0.0
C
500 K1=K
IF(K.(3T.QAA)K1=QAA
R5=(AR*K1)
C
K2=K-QAA
IF(K.LE.QAA)K2=0.0
R6=QAA*K2
R9=2.0*K2*AU2
C
R7=AR*AU1
IF(K.LT.AP>R7=0.0
C
R8=AR*AU2
IF(K.LT.TAA)R8=0.0
C
RANS = R2+R3+R7+R8+R9
RANC = R1-R4+R5+R6-RANS
WRITE(* 30) AS,AT,TAA,QAA,R1 ,R 2 ,R 3 ,R 4 ,R 5 ,R 6 ,R 7 ,R 8 ,R 9
30 FORMAT(13F7.4)
C
C RANSS(I)=Net area of the steel in the considered

C strip/(D*D)
C RANCC(I)=Net area of the concrete in the considered
C strip/(D*D)
C
RANSS(I) =ABS(RANS-RANSSI)
RANCC(I) =ABS(RANC-RANCCI)
(30 'IC) 700
600 ICONS = 21-I
RANSS(I)=RANGS(ICONS)
RANCC(I)=RANCC(ICONS)
C
700 RTS = RTS+RANSS(I)
RTC = RTC+RANCC(I)
C
RANSSI = RANS
RANCCI = RANC
C
100 CONTINUE
AN=RTS+RTC
WRITE(*,*) RTS,RTC,AN
C `
C~-----------------------~--------------------------------------
C CAPACITY OF THE SECTION
C WHEN N.A.LIES WITH IN SIDE THE SECTION
C ---~-----------------------------~------------------------------
FCK=24.525
FY=361.05
STRY=0.001(3053
WRITE <25,26) FCK,FY,STRY
26 FORMAT (3(5X,F12.7),//)
DO 101 L = 1,21
L1 = L-1
C
C FK=De'th of the neutral axis/D
C
FK L1*X
IF(FK.E0.0.0} GOTO 181
IF(FK.GT.0.0) GOTO 182
C
C Pu=Ultimate loadzarrying capacity of each strip & section
C FR=Pu/(FCK*D**2)
C Mu=Ultimate moment carrying capacity of each strip
C & section
C FMR=Mu/(FCK*D**3)
C PHYUD= u*D
181 FR=(~i)*RTS*(FY/FCK)
FMR=0.8
PHYUD=0.0
GOTO 190
182 FR=0.0
FMR~0.0
DO 110 I = 1,20
C
CI = I*X
C
C S=Depth of the centre of the considered element from the
C. highly compressed fiber/D
C XM=De!pth of the center of the considered element from the
C neutral axis/D
C
S = CI-0.5*X
XM = (FK - S)
C
C STRM=Strain at the center of the element considered
C STRMM=Absolute value of the strain, STRM
C . .
STRM = 0.0035*XM/FK
STRMM = ABS(STRM)
IF (S.GT.FK) GOTO 233
TSB=0.43*FK
IF (S.LT.TSB) GOTO 140
STRCON = (7.0*XM/(4.0*FK}>*(2.0-(7.0*XM/(4.0*FK)})
GOTO 150
140 STRCON = 1.0 '
C
C FCRM=Force in the concrete in the considered element
C F1 = FCRM/(FCK*D*D)
C
150 F1 =.RANCC(I)*0.446*STRCON
GOTO 201
233 F1 = 0.0
C
C FSRM=Force in the steel in the considered element
C
201 IF(STRMM.GE.STRY) GOTO 160
F2 = 200000.0*STRM*RANSS(I)/FCK
' "~~~
{' . o~
GOTO 170
160 F2 = (STRM/STRMM)*(Fy/FCK)*RANSS(I)
C
C FRI=Total force in the concrete & steel in the
C con~idered strip
C `
170 FRI = F1+F2
C
C FR =PU/(FCK*D*D)
C
FR FRI + FR
C ~ ,
C MUI=ULtimate moment of the force about the centroidal axis
C FMRI MUI/(FCK*D*D*D)
C
FMRI = FRI*(0.5-G)
FMR = FMRI+FMR
GOTO 110
130 FR 0.O
FMR = 0.0 `
110 CONTINUE
C
C PHYUD=~û
~ *D
C
PHYUD = 0.0035/FK
WRITE (32,77)PHYUD v FR
190 WRITE (25,66) FK,FR,FMR,PHYUD '
66 FORMAT (5X,4F10.6)
WRITE (31,77)FMR,FR
77 FORMAT (2(5X,F12.7))
101 CONTINUE
C
C -----------~----~------------------------------------------------
C CAPACITY OF THE SECTION
C WHEN N.A. LIES OUTSIDE THE SECTION
C -----------------------------------------------------------------
C
• DO 888 N=1,10
Ni = FLOAT(N)
• FK = Ni * 0.3+1
FR=0.0
FMR~0.0
DO5000 I=1,20
C ,
Cit.= I*X
S = C1I-0.5*X
G:i = (FK-S)/(FK-0.43)
C
C STRAIN. I = STRI
C
STRI = G1*0.002
IF (S.LT.0.43) GOTO 1000
G = 81*(2.0-G1)
GOTO 2000
1.000 G = 1.0
C
C F1 = FCRI/(FCK*D*D)
C
2000 F1 = RANCC(I)*0.446*G
C
C F2 = FSRI/(FCK*D*D)
C
IF( SIR I.GE, STRY) GOTO 3000
GOTO 4000
C
4000 FRI = F1+F2
C
C FR = PU/(FCK*D*D)
C
FR = FRI + FR
C
C FMRI = MUI/(FCK*D)i(D*D)
C
FMRI = FRI*(05-S)
FMR = FMRI+FMR '
GOTO 5000
4001 FR = 0,0
FMR = 0.0
C
50O0 CONTINUE
C PHY1UD = ~~ y,u*D= MAX .STRAIN/OUTER DIA METER
PHY1UD : 0.002/(FK-0.43)
WRITE (25,35> FK,FR,FMR,PHY1UD
35 FORMAT (5X,4F10.6)
WRITE (31q77)FMR,FR
WRITE (32,77)PHY1UD,FR
888 CONTINUE
C -------------~----------------------------------------~--------
C CALECULATION OF ULTIMATE LOAD WHEN U.M.=0.0
C-----------------------------------------~~~-------------------
C PUF=Ultimate load carrying capacity of the section
C when the section is in pure compression/(FCK$D*D)
. 0 PMUF=Mu/(FCK*D*D)
C .
PUF = RTS*(FY/FCK> + RTC*0.446
FMUF = 0.000
WRITE (25,36) PUF,FMUF
WRITE (31~77) FMUF,PUF
36 FORMAT (15X,2F10.6)
C
9999 CONTINUE
STOP
END
C************************:****$***********************$*********
C Program to devide the output File g1.dat in the main
C program for DOUBLE-D SECTIONS (Analysis about.y-axis)
C**************************************************************
C
DIMENSION TABLE(2)
CHARACTER*12 IFILE,OFILE1,OFILE2,OFILE3,OFILE4 v OFILE5
WRITE (*,*>'ENTER INPUT FILE NAME ???'
READ(*,'(Al2)')IFILE
READ<*,'(Al2)')OFILE1
WRITE(*,*)'ENTER 2ND OUTPUT FILE NAME 2??'
Al2)'>OFILE2
WRITE(*,*) 'ENTER 3RD OUTPUT FILE NAME ???'
READ(* , '(Al2}'>OFILE3
WRITE(**)'ENTER 4TH OUTPUT FILE NAME 7??'
READ(*,'(Al2)') /FILE4
• READ(*'(Al2)')OFILE5
• OPEN(UNIT=20,FILE=IFILE,STATUS='OLD')
OPEN(UNIT=21,FILEOFILE1,STATUG='NEW')
OPEN (UNIT=22,FILE=OFILE2,STATUS= ' NEW' }
OPEN(UNIT=23,FILE=OFILE3,STATUq=' NEW' }
OPEN( UNIT=24,FILE=OFILE4,STATUS=' NEW' )
C
DO 100 I=132
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
11 FORMAT (2(5X,F12.7))
'
A=TABLE(1) .
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (21,11) A,B
100 CONTINUE
DO 200 I=1,32
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L)L.=1 1 2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (22,11) A,B
20() CONTINUE
DO 300 I=1, '2
READ,(20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABiE(2)
WRITE (23,11) B .
300 CONTINUE
DO 400 I=1,32
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
~ /
WRITE (24,11) A,B
400 CONTINUE
DO 500 I=1,32 .
READ (20q 11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (25,11) A,B
500 CONTINUE
STOP
END
C**************************************************************
C program for DOUBLED SECTIONS (Analysis about y-axis)
C**************************************************************
DIMENSION TABLE(2)
CHARACTER*12 IFILE,OFILE1,OFILE2,OFILE3,O ILE4,OFILE5
WRITE(*,*)'ENTER INPUT FILE NAME ???'
(Al2)')IFILE
WRITE(*,*-)'ENTER 1ST OUTPUT FILE NAME 7??'
READ(*,'(Al2)'>OFILE1
READ(*,'(Al2)')OFILE2 '
WRITE(**) 'ENTER 4TH OU TPUT FILE NAME ???'
WRITE`*,*>'ENTER 5TH OUTPUT FILENAME ???'
OPEN(UNIT=20,FILE=IFILE,STATUS='OLD')
OPEN(UNIT=21,FILE=OFILE1,STATUS=' NEW' )
OPEN (UNIT=22,FILE=OFD-E2,GTATUS=' NEW' )
OPEN(UNIT~23,FILE=OFILE3,STATUS=' NEW' >
OPEN (UNIT=25,FILE=OFILE5,STATUS=' NEW' >
C
DO 100 1=1 !I
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L)L=12)
11 FORMAT (2(5X,F12.7))
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2) - '
WRITE (21,11) A,B
100 CONTINUE
DO 200 I=1,30
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
• WRITE (22,11) A,B
200 CONTINUE
DO 300 I=1 ; 30
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WRITE (23,11) A,B
300 CONTINUE
DO 400 I=1,30
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
- WRITE (24,11) A,B
400 CONTINUE
DO 500 I=1,30 '.
READ (20,11) (TABLE(L),L=1,2)
A=TABLE(1)
B=TABLE(2)
WFITE (25,11) A,B
500 CONTINUE'
STOP
END
77
MODEL CALCULATIONS
Hollow circular sections:
Calculation of the area of the 9th strip:
Let us consider the section with the dimensions d'/D = 0.005;
d/D = 0.50; p% = 0.20 i.e. p = 0.002 and let X = depth of
the each strip/D = 0.05 (i.e. section is made into -20 strips).
i = 0.40 then
Consider C.
R = 2/0.4*0.6 = 0.9798
1
B. = 0.9798D
0. = sin-1(0.9798) = 78°.27'.47"
R2 = 1/4[780 271 47"*0.0174-0.9798 cos(78°27 1 47 11 )]
= 0.2934
A . = 0.2934D 2
Cl
R3 = (0.4-0.005) = 0.395
Y = 0.395D
Si
R4' = 2/(1-2*0.005-0.395)0.395 = 0.9696
B ' . = 0.9696D
Si
9si = sin-1(0.9794) = 78°.20'.41"
R5 = 1/4[0.00132*1.36737*(1-0.5 2 )] 0.060338
A. = 0.000338D 2
R6 = (0.4-+1/2(0.5+0.01-1)) = 0.155
ysi = 0.155D
R7 = 2/(0.5+0.01-0.155)0.155 = 0.4.691
b = 0.04691D
Si
n'si = sin-1[0.4691/(0.05+2(0.005))] = 66°53'51"

78
R8 = 1/4[1.16758*0.00068*(1-0.25)] = 0.0001489
a . = 0.0001489D 2
Si
si = (0.000338+0.0001489)D 2
Ansi A si + a
= 0.0004869D 2
R9 = (0.4-0.5(1-0.5)) = 0.15
yi
= 0.15D
R10 = 2/(0.5-0.15)0.15 = 0.4583
B. = 0.4583D
= sin-1(0.9166) = 66 ° .26'.2"
R11 = 0.5/4[1.1595*0.5-0.4583*0.3998]
= 0.0496
a . = 0.0496D 2
Si
A
nci. ci ci nsi
_ (0.2934-0.0496-0.0004869)D 2
= 0.2433D 2
Then Ci+l =0.4 + 0.05 = 0.45
Rl = 2/0.45 * 0.55 = 0.9950
= 0.995D
Bi+l
sin-1 (0.995) = 84° .16'.5"

ei+l =
R2 = 1/4[1.4708-0.995 cos 84 0 16 1 5"1 = 0.3428
= 0.3429D2
Aci+l
R3 = (0.45-0.005) = 0.445
= 0.445D
Ysi+l
R4 = 2/(1-2*0.005-0.445)0.445 = 0.9849
= 0.9849D
Bsi+l
8si+l = sin-1(0.9948) = 84°10'54"

m
R5 = 1/4[0.00132*1.4692*(1-0.522 )] = 0.0003636.
A
Si+l = 0.000363602
R6 = (0.45+1/2(0.5+2*0.005-1)) = 0.205
ysi+l = 0.205D
R3 = 2/(0.5+0.01-0.205)0.205 =.0.50
bsi+l
= 0.5D
= sin l(0.9804) = 78°.38'.6"

asi .
R~ = 1/4[1-.3724*0.00068*(1-0.52 )] = 0.000175
asi = 0.000175D2
A (0.0003636+0.000175)D2
Ansi+l si+l +l
+ asi
= 0.0005386D 2
R9 = (0.45-1/2(1-0.5)) = 0.2
yi = 0.2D
R'10 = 2/(0.5-0.2)0.2 = 0.4899
b. = 0.4899D
= sin 1(0.9788) = 78 0 27`51"
R'11 = 0.5/4[1.3695*0.5-0.4899*0.1999]
= 0.07335
a~i = 0.073350 2
Anci+l = Aci+l-aci+l-Ansi+l = (0.3429-0.07335-0.0005386)D2

= 0.2690D 2
Therefore,
Ass Ansi+l-Ansi (0.0005386-0.0004869)D`

= 5.17x10-5D2
= 0.0000517D2
=A -A
Anci
Acs
= (0.2690-0.2433)D 2
= 0.0257D2
The above calculations
pl = 0.002[(1-2*0.005)/(1+0.5)] = 0.00132
p2 = 0.002 [(0.5+2x0.005)/(1+0.5)] = 0.0068
Strip area calculations for double-D section (analysis
about X-axis).
Let us consider the section with the dimensions d'/D = 0.01,
d/D = 0.55, B/D = 0.5 with p = 0.002. Let XD = thickness
of the each strip = 0.075D. The area of the 10th strip can
be worked out as follows. Take C. = 0.675.
Since Ci 0.5 upto calculation of aci, C. is 0.5 after
that C. = C.
R1 = 2/0.5(0.5) = 1
B. = D
9. = sin-1(1) = 90°
R2 = 1/4(1.57-cos 90°) = 0.3925
A . = 0.3926D 2
Cl
R3 = 0.5-0.01 = 0.49
Ysi = 0.49D
R4 = 2/0.49(1-0.02-0.49) = 0.98
B. = 0.98D
Si
= sin l(0.98/0.98) = 90°
0si
R5 = 1.57 x (1-0.001x2)x0.000225 = 0.00035
Asi 0.00035D 2 `
R6 = 0.5 + 1/2(0.55+0.02-1) = 0.285
= 0.285D
ysi
R7 = 2/(0.55+0.02-0.285)0.285 = 0.57
Nsi = sin 1 (0.57/(0.55+0.02)) = sin 1 (1) = 90 0
R8 = 1.57x(0.55+0.01x2)xO.000225 = 0.0002
a = 0.00020D2
si
R9 = 0.5-0.5(1-0.55) = 0.275
yi = R9D = 0.275D
R10 = 2/(0.55-0.275)0.275 = 0.55
()( i = sin 1(0.55/0.55) = 90 °
R11 = 1/4[0.55(1.57x0.55-0.55(0))] = 0.1187
aci = 0.1187D2
0.0010236 x 0.8965665
AUl = tsl/D = =0.000225
(0.98) + 2(0.5)
0.0009764 x 0.8965665
AU2 = ts2/D = = 0.000225
(0.57) + 2(0.5)+2(0.55)
R12 = (0.175)0.45 = 0.07875
= 0.07875D2
Alci
R13 = 2(0.175)(2x0.000225) = 0.0001575
Aisi 0.0001575D2
R14 = (0.675-(1.5/2 - 1/4(1-0.55)))0.55 = 0.0206
A2ci = 0..0206D2
R15 = 0.55 x 0.000225 = 0.000124
A2si
= 0.000124D2
Ansi A si + asi + A1si + A2si
= (0.00035+0.00020+0.0001575+0.000124)D 2
= 0.000831.5D2
89
Anci Aci - aci + Alci + A2ci Ansi

(0.3926-0.1187+0.07875+0.0206-0.0008315)D 2
= 0.372419D2
Let Ci+l = 0.75
Since the considered value of Ci+l is greater than 0.5,

A = A; A.. = A ; a = a and a = aci and
ci+1 ci si+1 Si. si+l Si ci+l
the remaining calculations will vary as follows :
R12 = (Ci-0.5)(1-d/D) = (0.75-0.5)(1-0.55) = 0.1125
Alci+l = 0.1125D2
R13 = .2(Ci-0.5)(AUl+AU2) = 2(0.75-0.5).(2*0.000255)
= 0.000225
+l = 0.000225D2
Alsi
R14 = [Ci-(TD/2 -1/4(1-d/D)))d/Dl
=[0.75-(0.75-0.25(1-0.55)))0.55} = 0.061875
A2ci+l = 0.061875D2
R15 = (d/D)AU2 = 0.55x0.000225 = 0.0001238
A2si+l = 0.0001238D2
Ansi+l =A +a
+ asi+l + Alsi+l + A2si+l
_ (0.00035+0.0002+0.000225+0.0001238)D2
1 111:•tif
Anci+l =A -a
aci+1 + Alci+1 + A2ci+l Ansi+l
(0.3926-0.1187+0.1125+0.061875)D2
= 0.448275D 2
Therefore the area of steel and concrete in the 10th strip
will become
(RANSS)D2 = (0.0008988-0.0008315)D2 = 0.0000673D2
(RANCC)D 2 = ( 0.448275-0.372419) = 0.0758565D2

a
•
Strip area calculation for Double-D section (Analysis about
Y-axis)
Consider a section with d'/D = 0.01; d/D = 0.55; B/D =0.50
and let the section be made into 20 parts of equal thickness.
Area of the steel and concrete in the 10th strip is worked
out using equations 25 to 39 and 48 to 57..
For 10th strip
C.D = 0.45D
R1 = 2/0.45(0.55) = 0.99499
B. = (0.99499)D
0i = sin 1(0.99499) = 84° 15'.39° = 1.471 radians
R2 = 0.25(1.471-0.99499cos(84°141 39") = 0.34278
A . = 0.34278D 2
Cl
R3 = 0.45 - 0.01 = 0.44
ysi =0.44D
R4 =.2/0.44(1-0.02-0.44) = 0.97488
B = 0.97488D
Si
= sin-1[0.9748$/(1-0.02)] = 84°.8'.34" = 1.4686 radians

0si
R5 = 1.4686x(1-0.02)x0.000225=0.0003238
= 0.0003238D 2
Asi
R6 =0.45+0.5(0.55+0.02-1) = 0.235
ysi = 0.235D
R7 = 2/(0.55+0.02-0.235)0.235 = 0.56116
b = 0.56116D
Si
= sin-1[9.56116/(0.55+0.02)] = 79 0 .53'.46" = 1.3944 radians

si
R8 = 1.3944x(0.55+0.01x2)xO.000255 = 0.0001788
= 0.000178D2
asi
R 9 = 0.45-0.5(1-0.55) = 0.225
yi = 0.225D
R10 = 2/(0.55-0.225)0.225 = 0.5408
b. = 0.5408D
= sin(0.5408/.0.55) = 79 0 .30'.20" = 1.3876 radians
R11 = 0.25(0.55(1.3876x055-0.5408cos(.79 0 30 1 20"))
= 0.09139
a . = 0.09139D 2
ci
R12 = 0.5(1-0.55)0.5 = 0.1125
= 0.1125D2
A3ci
R13 = (0.5)0000225 = 0.0001125
= 0.0001125D2
A3si
R14 =0.5(1-0.55)(0.45-- 0.5(1-0.55) = 0.05063
= 0.05063D2
A4ci
R15 = 2x0.000225(0.45-0.5(0.45)) = 0.0001013
= 0.0001013D2
A4si
R16 = (0.5)0.000225 = 0.0001125
= 0.0001125D2
A5si
Ansi Asi+asi+A3si±A 4si+A5si

= (0.0003238+0.000178+0.0001125+0.0001013+0.0001125)D 2
= 0.0008281D2
=A
Anci ci-aci+A3ci+A 4ci-Ansi
= (0.34278-0.09139+0.1125+0.05063-0.0008281)D2
= 0.41364D
Increment C. to C i+l C i+l = 0.45+0.05=0.5 (since
X = 0.05)
Then,
= 0.3926D2
Aci+l
Asi+l = 0.00035D2
= 0.00020D2
asi+l
aci+l = 0.1187D2
•3ci+l Ri2D2 = 0.5(0.45)0.5D2 = 0.1125D2
A3si+l = R13D2 = 0.5(0.000225)D2 = 0.0001125D2
A4ci+l R14D2 =0.5(1-0.55)(0.5-0.5(0.45))D2

= 0.061875D2
= 0.0001238D2
A4si+l R15D2 = 2(0.000225)(0.5-0.5(0.45))D2
A5si+l R16D2 = 0.5(0.000225) = 0.0001125D 2
Ansi+l Asi+l + asi+l + A3si+l + A4si+l + A5si+l
= (0.00035+0.0002+0.0001125+0.0001238+0.0001125)D2
1 111•:B:i
Anci+l Aci+l-aci+l+A3ci+1+A4ci+1-Ansi+l
= (0.3926-0.1187+0.1125+0.061875-0.0.008988)D2
= 0.447376D 2
The area of steel and concrete in the 10th strip can be given by
ASS = ( RANSS)D2 = ( 0.0008988-0.0008281)D2 = 0.0000707D 2
Acc = (RANCC)D2 = (0.447376-0.41364)D 2 = 0.033736D2

• MODEL CALECLATIONS FOR LOAD AND MOMENT CARRYING CAPACITY
FOR HOLLOW CICULAR SECTION
• K = 0.4 , d'/D =0.01 d/D=0.5
SNO. RANSS RANCC Pucs Fuss. Pu M'u

Ds UZ fch ➢s kk D'
1 .000106 .014575 .1594 .0383 .0081 .00385

2 .000050 .026144 .2860 .0181 .0124 .005-27
3 .000038 .032961 .3¢05 .0137 .0153 .00574
4 .000033 .037916 .4081 .0119 .0171 .005575
5 .000055 .041667 .4085 .0168 .0173 .004757
6 .000088 .034315 .2756 .0192 .0120 .002704
7 .000062 .029013 .1578 .0081 .0068 .00183
8 .000055 . .026748 .0538 .0024 .6023 .000286
9 .000052 .025561 .0000 -.0023 • -.0001 - .00000
10 .000050 .025034 .0000 -.0066 -.0003 - .00000
11 .000050 .025034 .0000 -.0109 -.0004 .00001
12 .000052 .025561 .0000 -.0159 -.0006 .00005
13 .000055 .026748 .0000 -.0199 -.0008 .00010
14 .000062 .029013 .0000 -.0224 -.0009 .00016
15 .000088 .034315 .0000 -.0318 -.0013 .00036
16 .000055 .041667 .0000 -.0199 -.0008 .00022
17 .000033 .037916 • .0000 -.0119 -.0005 .00016
18 .000098 .032961 .0000 -.0137 -.0006 .00023
19 .000050 .026144 .0000 -.0180 -.0007 .00030
20 .000106 .014575 .0000 -.0383 -.0016 .00076
.08267 .032292
87
HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTION (MODELS STRESS CALCULATIONS)

(d'/D = 0.005, d/D = 0.50, X = 0.05)
0.000 003 0.446f

0446fck
0.025 0.00328 fy
0.075 0.00284 0.446fck fy
0.125 0.00241 0.446f f
ck Y
0.175 0.001,7 0.4387 fc f
Y
0.0225 0.07153 0.3998 f 306
0.275 0. 0109 0.3275f k 218
0.325 0.000656 0.221 fck 131.2
0.325 .000219 0. 20fck 43.8
0.00021 0.425 43.8
0.0006 6 0.475 131.2
0.00 09 0.525 218
0.0 153 0.575 306
0. 0197 0.625 f
Y
0.00241 0.675 f
Y
.00284 0.725 f
Y
0.00328 0.775 f
Y
0.00372 0.825 f
Y
0.00416 0.875 f
Y
0.00459 0.925 f
Y
0.00503 0.975 f
0.00525 1.000 Y
Strain Stress in Stress in

variation concrete steel
88
MODEL CALCULATIONS FOR LOAD AND MOMENT CARRYING CAPACITY

FOR DOUBLE-D SECTIONS (ANALYSIS ABOUT X-AXIS)
K = .700000 , d'/D = 0.01 , d/D = 0.55, B/D = 0.5
S . N0. RANSS RANCC Pucs/fJPuss/f0 Pu/ffK DR Mu/f cK D'
1 .000115 .026647 .011884 .001691 .013575 .009673

2 .000056 .047057 .020988 .000825 .021813 .013906
3 .000078 .058320 .026011 .001150 .027161 .015278
4 .000106 .046331 .020664 .001565 .022229 .010836
5 .000077 .037738 .016683 .001139 .017822 .007352
6 .000070 .034743 .014270 .000820 .015090 .005093
7 .000068 .033751 .011745 .000586 .012332 .003237
8 .000067 .033682 .008553 .000378 .008931 .001675
9 .000191 .054184 .006962 .000487 .007449 .000838
10 .000068 .074932 .000000 -.000034 -.000034 -.000001
11 .000068 '.074933 .000000 -.000241 -.000241 .000009
12 .000191 .054184 .000000 -.001267 -.001267 .000143
13 .000067 .033682 .000000 -.000654 -.000654 .000123
14 .000068 .033751 .000000 -.000862 -.000862 .000226
15 .000070 .034743 .000000 -.001030 -.001030 .000348
16 .000077 .037738 .000000 -.001139 -.001139 .000470
17 .000106 .046331 .000000 -.001565 -.001565 .000763
18 .000078 .058320 .000000 -.001150 -.001150 .000647
19 .000056 .047057 .000000 -.000825 -.000825 .000526
20 .000115 .026647 .000000 -.001691 -.001691 .001205
--------- --------
.134252 .072344
--------- --------
Cn
MODEL CALCULATIONS FOR LOAD AND MOMENT CARRYING CAPACITY

FOR DOTJBLE=D SECTIONS (ANALYSIS ABOUT Y-AXIS)
K=0.4 , d' /D=0.01 , d./D=0.55 , B/D=0. 5 , P=0.002

S . NO . RANSS RANCC Pucs/f~ kD2 Puss/f~K D2 Pu/f,K Da M' u/f~, D'
1 .000202 .039479 .017608 .002977 .020585 .009778
2 .000046 ..051148 .022812 .000678 .023490 .009983
3 .000035 .057964 .025852 .000517 .026370 .009889
4 .000030 .062919 .028055 .000444 .028499 .009262
5 .000215 .055777 .023510 .002687 .026197 .007204
6 .000085 .040184 .014242 .000761 .015003 .003376
7 .000075 .036857 .009018 .000403 .009421 .001649
8 .000071 .035127 .003240 .000126 .003366 .000421
9 .000069 .034179 .000000 7.000122 -.000122 -.000009
10 .000068 .033751 .000000 -.000362 -.000362 -.000009
11 .000068 .033751 .000000 -.000603 -.000603 .000015
12 .000069 .034179 .000000 -.000857 -.000857 .000064
14 .000071 .035127 .000000 -.001044 -.001044 .000130'
15 .000075 .036857 .000000 -.001108 -.001108 .000194
15 .000085 .040184 .000000 -.001256 -.001256. .000283
16 .000215 .055777 .000000 -.003168 -.003168 .000871
17 .000030 .062919 .000000 -.000444 -.000444. .000144
18 .000035 .057964 .000000 -.000517 -.000517 .000194
19 .000046 .051148 .000000 -.000678 -.000678 .000288.
20 .000202 .039479 .000000 -.002977 -.002977 .001414
---------- ----------
0.136816 0.055141
APPENDIX-3
90
HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTIONS

(A= d'/D,, B =d/D)
91
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INTERACTION DIAGRAMS AND DUCTILITY CURVES •

submitted in partial fulfilment of the

DEPARTMENT OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented

The matter embodied in this dissertation has not been

(TALLURU SREEDHAR BABU)

This is to certify that the above statement made by

I wish to express my profound sense of gratitude to

Dr. A.S.Arya,Professor Emeritus, Dr. S.K.Thakkar, Professor

and Mr. R.N.Dubey, Lecturer, Department of Earthquake

Engineering, for their erudite guidance and infallible

I am extremely grateful to Dr. Anand S. Arya, for

extending his full cooperation and the encouragement given

memories of my association with Dr. Arya in this work will

always remain as a deep experience.

The help and cooperation given by the faculty, friends

and colleagues are also thankfully acknowledged.

(TALLURU SREEDHAR BABD)

This thesis presents the interaction diagrams and

ductility curves. for hollow circular and double-D sections.

In preparation of these curves Fe 415 grade of steel and M25

grade of concrete were selected. The cross-sectional dimensions

were selected by studying some practical cases of bridge sub-

structures and chimneys. Limit state method with simplified

stress-strain curve for steel and concrete as per IS:456-1978

is used in the analysis. Several percentages of steel were

considered in preparation of these curves to suit to the

practical design needs. Ductility curves are intended to provide

the information regarding curvature ductility of the section

which could be used to estimate the reserve capacity for higher

than design values of seismic coefficients. The positions of

tension face are also indicated in the curves.

Si ..No. Description Page No..

1 Hollow circular sections •• 90

1.3 (d' /D) = 0.005; (d/D) 0.60 93

1.6 (d' /D) = 0.005; (d/D). = 0.75 .• 96

1.9 (d' /D) = 0.01 ; (d/D) = 0.60 •• 99

1.19 (d' /D) = 0.02 ; (d/D) = 0.50

1.20 (d' /D) = 0.02 ; (d/D) = 0.55

1.21 (d' /D) = 0.02 ; (d/D) = 0.60

1.22 (d' /D) = 0.02 ; (d/D) = 0.65

1.23 (d'/D) = 0.02 ; (d/D) = 0.70 .. 113

1.28 (d'/D) = 0.05 ; (d/D) = 0.85 •• 118

2. Double-D sections ( Analysis about X-axis) .• 121

2.11 (d'/D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.75; (B/D) = 0.5 •• 132

3. Double-D Sections( Analysis about Y-axis) .. 134

3.5 (d' /D) = 0.01; (d/D) = 0.75; (B/D) = 0.5 ••139

3.12 (d' /D) = 0.02; (d/D) = 0.75; (B/D) = 1.0 . 146

1.3 Importance of Problem and

II METHOD OF DETERMINING INTERACTION

III REVIEW OF LITERATURE .. 8

4.1 Parameters Used for Interaction

43 Area Calculations for

5.1 Summary and Discussion .. 33

The performance of structures during past earthquakes

The term "Ductility" in seismic design is used to mean

hence there is no unique moment - curvature curve for a given

1.2 Statement of Problem :

It is proposed to develop interaction diagrams and

ductility curves for hollow circular and double-D sections,

having different sectional dimensions and steel percentages,

to suit to the practical situations.

1.3 Importance of Problem and Objective :