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STEEL DESIGN
CEng 155
Engr. MARCELO T. ABRERA, Jr.
Instructor
DESIGN
purpose: to select a member with sufficient cross-
sectional area to resist the loads.
ANALYSIS
or “review”, the strength is computed and compared
with the load.
direct procedure
TENSION MEMBERS
are structural elements that are subjected to axial
forces.
Example:
truss members
bracing for buildings and bridges
cables in suspended roof systems
cables in suspension and cable-stayed bridges
Frequently used:
Circular rods
Rolled angle shapes
GROSS AREA; NET AREA
GROSS AREA
NET AREA
GROSS AREA; NET AREA
Chapter D (D3) - AISC Manual
GROSS AREA, 𝑨𝒈
The gross area, 𝐴𝑔 , of the member, is
the total cross-sectional area.
NET AREA, 𝑨𝒏
The net area, 𝐴𝑛 , of the member, is
the product of the thickness
multiplied by the net width.
GROSS AREA; NET AREA
GROSS AREA
NET AREA
TENSILE STRENGTH
A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit
states:
1. EXCESSIVE DEFORMATION
To prevent excessive deformation, initiated by YIELDING, the load
on the GROSS section must be small enough that the stress on
the gross section is less than the yield stress 𝐹𝑦 .
2. FRACTURE
To prevent fracture, the stress on the NET section must be less
than the tensile strength 𝐹𝑢 .
CHAPTER D
Design of Members for Tension
PROVISIONS FOR DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
CHAPTER J
Design of Connections
HOLE DIAMETER
𝟏 𝟏
Effective hole diameter = bolt diameter + +
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
What is the net area 𝑨𝒏 for the tension
member shown in the figure?
Answer
A ½ x 5 plate of A36 steel is used as a tension
member. It is connected to a gusset plate with four
𝟓
− 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 -diameter bolts as shown in the figure.
𝟖
Assume that the effective net area 𝑨𝒆 equals the
actual net area 𝑨𝒏 .
① What is the design strength for LRFD?
② What is the allowable strength for ASD?
Answer
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
A single angle tension member, an , is
𝑳𝟑 𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝟐 𝒙 𝟖
connected to a gusset plate with 7/8-inch-diameter bolts
as shown in the figure. A36 steel is used. The service
loads are 35 kips dead load and 15 kips live load.
Investigate the member for compliance with the AISC
Specification. Assume that the effective net area is 85%
of the computed net area.
① Use LRFD.
② Use ASD
Answer
A double-angle shape is shown in the figure. The steel is
A36, and the holes are for ½-inch-diameter bolts.
Assume that 𝑨𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑨𝒏 .
① Determine the design tensile strength for LRFD.
② Determine the allowable strength for ASD.
Answer
A double-angle tension member, 2L 3 x 2 x ¼ LLBB, of
A36 steel is subjected to a dead load of 12 kips and a
live load of 36 kips. It is connected to a gusset plate
with one-line of 3/4-inch-diameter bolts through the
long legs. Does this member have enough strength?
Assume that 𝑨𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝑨𝒏 .
① Use LRFD.
② Use ASD.
Answer
EFFECTIVE AREA, 𝑨𝒆
SHEAR LAG
occurs when some elements of the cross-section are not connected, as
when only one leg of an angle is bolted to a gusset plate
EFFECTIVE AREA, 𝑨𝒆
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR, U
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR, U
The rules for determining U fall into five
categories:
Answer
Determine the effective area of the following
welded section.
Answer
STAGGERED FASTENERS
STAGGERED FASTENERS
𝑠2
𝑤𝑛 = 𝑤𝑔 − 𝑑 +
4𝑔
Compute the smallest net area for the plate
shown in the figure. The holes are for 1-
inch-diameter bolts.
Answer
Section B3.13
Section B3.13
An angle with staggered fasteners in each leg
is shown in the figure. A36 steel is used, and
holes are for 7/8-inch-diameter bolts.
① Determine the design strength for LRFD
② Determine the allowable strength for
ASD
Answer
Determine the smallest net area for the
American Standard Channel shown in the
figure. The holes are for 5/8-inch-diameter
bolts.
Answer
STAGGERED FASTENERS in shapes other
than Angles
Find the available strength of the S-shape
shown in the figure. The holes are for ¾-inch-
diameter bolts. Use A36 steel.
① Use LRFD
② Use ASD
Answer
BLOCK SHEAR
BLOCK SHEAR
BLOCK SHEAR
Chapter J – Section J4.3
BLOCK SHEAR
Chapter J – J4 Commentary
BLOCK SHEAR
Chapter J – J4
Commentary
Answer
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
involves finding a member with adequate gross and net
areas.
SLENDER
If a structural member has a small cross-section in
relation to its length, it is said to be slender.
SLENDERNESS RATIO
𝑳 L = member length
𝒓 r = minimum radius of gyration of the cross-section
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
LRFD
Yielding
Rupture
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
ASD
Yielding
Rupture
A tension member with a length of 5 feet 9
inches must resist a service dead load of 18
kips and a service live load of 52 kips.
Select a member with a rectangular cross
section. Use A36 steel and assume a
connection with one-line of 7/8-inch-
diameter bolts.
① Use LRFD.
② Use ASD.
Answer
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
If an angle shape is used as a tension member and the
connection is made by bolting, there must be enough
room for the bolts.
Select an unequal-leg angle tension member
15 feet long to resist a service dead load of
35 kips and a service live load of 70 kips.
Use A36 steel. The connection is shown in
the figure.
① Use LRFD.
② Use ASD.
Answer
An L6 x 4 x 5/8 tension member of A36 steel is connected to
a gusset plate with 1-inch-diameter bolts, as shown in the
figure. It is subjected to the following service loads: dead load
= 50 kips, live load = 100 kips, and wind load = 45 kips.
Use LRFD:
① Determine 𝑷𝒖 , in kips.
② Determine the value of
U.
③ Determine the design
strength, ∅𝒕 𝑷𝒏 , in kips
④ Is the member
satisfactory?
Use ASD
⑤ Determine 𝑷𝒂 , in kips.
⑥ Determine the
𝑷
allowable strength, 𝛀𝒏 ,
in kips
⑦ Is the member Answer
satisfactory?
THREADED RODS and CABLES
RODS and CABLES
are often used as tension members when slenderness is not a
consideration.
are frequently used in suspended roof systems and as hangers or
suspension members in bridges
RODS
are solid with circular cross-section
CABLES
are made from individual strands wound together in ropelike
fashion.
THREADED RODS and CABLES
THREADED RODS
When the end of the rod is threaded, an upset end is sometimes
used.
UPSET END – enlargement of the end in which the threads are to
be cut
Upset ends are relatively expensive and in most cases,
unnecessary.
𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑏 =
0.50(0.75𝐹𝑢 )
A threaded rod is to be used as a bracing
member that must resist a service tensile
load of 2 kips dead load and 6 kips live load.
What size rod is required if A36 steel is
used?
① Use LRFD
② Use ASD
Answer
CABLES
are used in applications where high strength is required and
rigidity is unimportant
CABLES
STRANDS
consists of individual wires wound
helically around a central core
WIRE ROPE
is made of several strands laid
helically around a core
CABLES
TRUSSES
function as the main supporting elements of the roof
systems where long spans are required.
TENSION MEMBERS IN ROOF TRUSSES
TENSION MEMBERS IN ROOF TRUSSES
The primary function of the purlins is to transfer loads
to the top chord of the truss, but they can also act as
part of the bracing system.
Sag rods is designed for the load on the roof area tributary to the
rod, from the heel of the truss to the peak.
SAG ROD and TIE ROD
PEAK or RIDGE
Answer
For the usual truss geometry and loading, the bottom chord
will be in tension and the top chord will be in compression.
Answer
Select a structural tee (MT shape) for the bottom of the chord
of the Warren roof truss shown in the figure. The trusses are
welded and spaced at 20 feet. Assume that the bottom chord
connection is made with 9-inch-long longitudinal welds at the
flange. Use A992 steel and the following load data:
Purlins: M8 x 6.5
Snow: 20 psf of horizontal projection
Metal deck: 2 psf
Roofing: 4 psf
Insulation: 3 psf
① Use LRFD
② Use ASD
Answer