PCU Based

Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Dasmariñas Campus
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL QUACKERY AND

MISCONCEPTIONS TO THE ALARMING HEALTH
CONCERNS OF SELECTED PATIENTS IN
BRGY. SAMPALOC 1, 2017-2018
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of the Senior High School Department
City of Dasmariñas, Cavite
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in Research Project
Submitted by:
Ilagan, Jelina G.
Submitted to:
Mr. Justine Mar F. Mina
May 2018
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APPROVAL SHEET
This study entitled “Relationship between Nutritional Quackery and

Misconceptions to the Alarming Health Concerns of Selected Patients in Brgy.
Sampaloc 1, 2017-2018”, has been prepared by Jelina G. Ilagan, in partial
fulfillment of the course requirement in Research Project and will be presented
for a Final Oral Defense.
MR. JUSTINE MAR F. MINA

Research Adviser
Approved by the Committee on Final Oral Defense with a grade of _______
THESIS REVIEW PANEL

Teacher, Research Project
Member

Subject Coordinator, Research Department
Member
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the course requirement in the subject,

Research Project
DR. MARIO S. MECATE

Principal, SHS
Chairman, Thesis Review Panel
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher wishes to express her sincerest gratitude and deepest
appreciation to the following individuals who contributed in the completion of this
research study.
First and foremost, the Creator for providing her strong will and ample time
to finish this published thesis paper and for the countless blessings the author
has been receiving. Truly, God can provide strength in making this published
thesis paper possible (Philippians 4:13).
To their research teacher and coordinator, Mr. Justine Mar F. Mina for his
utmost guidance, assistance, encouragement and patience during the process of
making this research project.
The author wants to take this opportunity to express her gratitude to all the
respondents who participated and helped them achieve valuable results and
finish the thesis paper on time. This research paper could not have been possible
without their participation, patience, assistance, and cooperation.
Lastly, she is also grateful to impart her gratitude to her parents who have
selflessly financed the author’s published thesis paper and for their moral
support, guidance, and trust.
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ABSTRACT
This study entitled “Relationship between Nutritional Quackery and
Misconceptions to the Alarming Health Concerns of Selected Patients in
Brgy.Sampaloc 1, 2017-2018” was conducted to determine the relationship
between nutritional quackery and nutritional misconceptions which is the main
objective of the study. Additionally, it seeks to find out whether there are any
significant relationship between the health concernsof patients and the different
factors that can possibly affect it such as; age, gender, financial status and
educational attainment. This study attempted to identify what extent these factors
played a role in treating healh concerns of patients and which among the factors
greatly affect the health concerns of patients with regards to their health and
lifestyle.
The literature review has provided abundant information that can support
the main idea of the study. It is also the main basis of mostly the whole paper
since it provided different research studies that support this entire thesis paper.
The methodology focuses on the methods of gaining participating respondents,
instrument used in the data collection, sample population and statistical
treatment that were used to analyze data in which were collected from the 20
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participants who responded appropriately to the given survey questionnaire. The
sample population was selected from residents of Barangay Sampaloc 1.
The researcher analyzed the collected information and identified any
existing trends in results and discussion. In addition, the statistical treatments
used in the study showed the validity of the statements in the survey
questionnaire. Lastly, the final chapter contains the overall summary and
recommendations for future researcher that will conduct a study related to the
topic used in this paper.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ………………………………………………… i
APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………… ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …...……………………………………………. iii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........……………………………………........ vi
LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………. ix
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………….. x
CHAPTERS
I. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study …………………………………………. 1
Statement of the Purpose …………………………………………. 4
Significance of the Study …………………………………………. 5
Scopes & Limitations ….…………………………………....... 6
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II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Review of Related Literature and Studies ………………… 8
Conceptual Paradigm ………………………………………………. 12
Definition of Terms …………………………………………. 13
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design …………………………………………. 15
Research Locale …………………………………………. 16
Sample and Sampling Techniques Used …..…………………….. 16
Instrumentation …………………………………………. 17
Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………. 17
Statistical Analysis of the Data …………………………………. 18
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................... 20
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V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of the Findings ………………………………………. 44
Conclusions ………………………………………………………. 45
Recommendation ………………………………………………. 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……..………………………………………………… 48
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………….. 49
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.0: Age Distribution Table...…….……………………………………….21
Table 1.1: Gender Distribution Table….….…………………………………….22
Table 1.2: Weighted Mean Distribution Table..………….…………………….28
Table 1.3: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents….…...…...32
Table 1.4: Chi – Square Table………………….……………………………......33
Table 1.5: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents.….………..35
Table 1.6: Chi – Square Table.……………...…….………………………….....35
Table 1.7: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents…...……….37
Table 1.8: Pearson Correlation Coefficient Table……….……...…………….38
Table 1.9: Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient Table……...………….40
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.0: Input, Process & Output Paradigm……………….…………….…12
Figure 1.1: Totality of Responses Regarding Doctor’s Medical Opinion.…23
Figure 1.2: Totality of Responses Regarding Medicinal Prescriptions….…24
Figure 1.3: Totality of Responses Regarding Local Healing Patronization..25
Figure 1.4: Totality of Responses Regarding Health Awareness……….…..27
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CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.1 Introduction
Nutrition is the study of nutrients in food. Nourishment is necessary in
humans to function properly. Maintaining a well-balanced diet contributes to
the process on how your body takes in the necessary nutrients from the daily
consumption of food. The six categories of nutrients that the body needs to
acquire from food are the following: protein, carbohydrates, fat, fibers, vitamins
and minerals, and water. (World Health Organization, 2008) Consuming all the
nutrients from the categories will result in good nutrition and well-being.
Maintaining a sound and healthy system of your body as a whole can
consume time and money. The measures in an attempt to address health
concerns may be costly. In this instance, patients are searching for other
methods that may save them time and money such as their involvement in
acupuncture, naturopathy, homeopathy, chiropractic care, and in general,
alternative medicine.
Research studies are conducted here and there, proving the scientific
bases of how these methods work or not work in patients who are not in any
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way pursuing healthcare from medical and allied health professionals. With
that aspect, the researcher see that in a particular angle, verification from the
official branch of government that confirms the legitimacy of these alternative
treatment methods must commence in order to avoid misinformation and
continuous malpractice of medicinal and nutritional quackery. The researcher
decided that the researcher will focus on determining the ways to avoid the
prevalence of these misleading quackeries throughout the barangay of
Sampaloc 1. Moreover, the barangay is subdivided into urban, sub-urban,
rural, and indigent areas which the educational level, economic status and age
differ. The prevalence of medicinal and nutritional quackery may also differ
depending on which kind of community the patient lives in. As with that matter,
the author of this research study came to a point of constructing questions that
can serve as the researcher’s guide in conducting this research study. The
constructed research questions are the following: “What is the relationship
between nutritional quackery and misconceptions to the alarming health
concerns of patients?”, “How is the process of carrying out the nutrition and
health educational plan in rural and indigenous areas?” These research
questions are concerning for the researcher since the researcher have
observed that the number of quacksalvers are rising in an uncontrollable level.
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In that state, the researcher will be in utmost determination to seek or provide
an answer for the benefit of the researcher’s research study and either way
offer new ideas to different clusters of people. Subsequently, with those
problems, parallel purposes structured this research paper. Two of the
purposes of this research study is to (1) Determine the relationship between
nutritional quackery and misconceptions to patients’ alarming health concerns
since the result of this study will help the research determine the factors that
can negatively affect the health status of patients in terms of medicinal and
nutritional quackery involvement. (2) Identify the underlying reasons of
widespread nutritional quackery and health misconceptions because the
researcher wants to offer several grounds and salient points that can help
patients comprehend the medical approaches and their scientific bases.
Furthermore, so as to help the researcher in this study, the researcher will use
survey questionnaires as the researcher’s instrument along with adherence to
statistical treatments and acquisition of comprehensive and relevant literatures
in various means for the researcher to ensure that the researcher’s study is
worth conducting. But though, the researcher will treat this research
objectively and fairly, there will be some aspects that might not be tackled
unintentionally by the researcher since variables can change along the
research process and there will be some problems that cannot be determined
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prior to the analysis of the data so presumably, these areas can be part of the
future researcher’s niche.
1.2 Statement of the Purpose
This research study entitled “Relationship between Nutritional Quackery
and Misconceptions to the Alarming Health Concerns of Selected Patients in
Brgy. Sampaloc 1” aims to answer these following questions along the
research period, 2017 – 2018:
1. What is the relationship between nutritional quackery and misconceptions
to the alarming health concerns of patients?
2. How is the process of carrying out the nutrition and health educational plan
in the rural and indigenous areas?
3. Why does nutritional quackery possess a very high rampancy rate in rural
and indigenous areas in Brgy. Sampaloc 1?
4. What is the significance in addressing patients that are in reliance to
nutritional quackery and nutritional misconceptions?
5. Is nutritional quackery one of the major factors in high mortality rate of
patients?
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1.3 Significance of the Study
This research study is completed and conducted to directly or indirectly
generate benefits for these following groups which frame the reason why the
researcher strive to make the researcher’s paper possible:
• Patients – They can be highly benefited by this research study because
they are the primary priority of medical professionals in monitoring their
health status, in educating them the awareness of how factors of quackery
can affect their lives.
• Medical Professionals and Allied Health Professionals – Through
this research study, medical and allied health professionals can conduct
more effective investigations and evaluations in fraudulent health
products and services. In addition, they can educate consumers,
business people, legislators, law enforcement personnel, organizations
and agencies about health fraud, misinformation, and quackery.
• Barangay Sampaloc 1 – Since this research study will be conducted in
this area, it will benefit the whole barangay, since the mission of the
provincial government is to develop healthy individuals and this will be
achieved through strategies and approaches in educating the community
with health awareness.
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• Future Researchers – There will be areas that the current researcher will
not solve, so the future researchers of this topic will be guided to explore
more from this, since this topic covers multiple branches of medicine that
are complicated and complex for mere high school researchers to solve.
With this, it can be a benchmark for them to discover greater heights for
this research area.
1.4 Scopes and Limitations
The researcher have conducted this study to determine the relationship
between nutritional quackery and misconceptions to the alarming health
concerns of patients; with that, the areas that the researcher will cover all
throughout the study revolve only in this aspect. Some of the areas that are
part of the researcher’s niche are the different approaches that will address
the alarming health concerns of patients, observation in the rampancy rates of
food and even the drug fraudulency including the widespread quackery of
using medical devices. The educational level of patients that are in reliance to
nutritional and medicinal quackery are also considered in analyzing the factors
that contributed in their involvement to the dangerous misconceptions of
nutrition and health.
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However, there is one specific area that is not included in this study which is
the correlation of nutrition and health misconceptions and the religious beliefs
of patients in the urban, rural and indigent communities. The researcher will
just focus on demographic factors specifically age, education level, income
level, and occupation. A strong basis in the numerical data and statistical tools
officially claims this research study as a quantitative type of research. As
pertained, the study will just focus on patients residing in Brgy. Sampaloc 1
because the prevalence of faith healers and herbal medicine quacksalvers are
quite high in number and it will be covering one (1) year only. Hence, any
other aspects that are not related to the niche will be disregarded in order to
focus on the rationale, context, and significance which are appropriate in the
study.
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CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Review of Related Literature and Studies
In this chapter, it covers the literature review which evaluates the related
information on a specific area of the study. This chapter will serve as a
foundation or base which contains theoretical framework that will help the
researcher determine the nature of the study.
According to Short, S.H. (1994), medical health professionals are playing
a major role in the widespread awareness of health quackery, health
education and the ideal health of the masses. If the responsibility of teaching
the majority is carried out by health professionals, an abundant information is
required.
Health and medical professionals do not acknowledge and entertain
questions regarding misleading and risky products. Patients seek for an
instant cure in their alarming health issues. A sudden change of information
regarding an advertised product makes a claim incompatible to the other
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supporting claim which stirs the minds of the public making it perplexed
whether whom to believe under desperate circumstances that lead to quack
consultations seeking for definite answers despite from continuous
brainwashing by quacksalvers.
Conducted studies in paranormal, conspiracy, and pseudoscientific
beliefs are small in scale and it hasn’t reached its turning point of proving its
correlating claims in a justifiable manner. The performed investigation resulted
in concrete connections proving that certain individuals are open to
introductions of new ontological beliefs, suggesting that a believer may
encounter puzzling metaphysical ideas. The attempt to grasp the concept of
belief in these allegations can lead to conjectural insinuations throughout the
research process which answers why the majority of people believe in
uncorroborated assertions. (Lobato, et al, 2014)
The public is greatly influenced and affected by the brainwashing made
from television and radio announcements, teaching people to induce
medications on their own, that further complicates the current health condition
of the patient. Self – medications are only advised under minor and
manageable health concerns by which will not require major and serious
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treatment procedures and operations. The outcomes of the following
treatments are linked to the natural immunological response of the system.
Any major operations (to be) performed must require an official agreement
from the general practitioner. (Shryock, H., M.D., 1990)
Deception includes the customer’s misrepresentation of taking cash
under falsifications. The misrepresentation is the advancement of offering
faulty analytic tests and treatments promoting them to be powerful and
effective. It is unscrupulous and flippant to not tell the patient tests are being
led on him, to charge the patient to perform suspicious examinations on him.
Double dealing by exclusion is at the core of all well-being extortion: oversight
of the actualities that adequacy and security were not exhibited mindfully,
dispassionately, dependably, and reproducibly, and that the narrative and
tribute cases of cure are in truth, cures that are definitely not.
A medical quack is a person that claims to be an expert in curing an
illness or ailment without any educational attainment in the medical field and
has no valid scientific explanation, basis or proof. The inevitable fact of
quackery affecting people in a large scale is also accompanied by the
supporting fact of contradicting and disrespecting the logical aspect of science
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and the battle of scientists against quackery is necessarily demanded in
alarming conditions. (Jarvis, 1994). If quacksalvers are prompted to perform all
the procedures in curing diseases in just one go, the population will be
minimized, but I prefer it that way, wrote by a physician 107 years ago can be
one of the best definitions about quacks.
Convenience and financial security can be the underlying reasons of the
fast-growing influence of quackery to the rural and indigent communities who
are in desperate and tight situations seeking for an immediate medical
attention in which further worsens the current situation they are facing, in this
challenging issue, the collaboration of certain medical professionals are
greatly demanded in order to address the alarming complications of patients.
This specific behavior of patients in which they are holding on to very
little faith of believing in theories with less proven bases and will eventually
confuse themselves in addressing scientific issues concerning facts and logic
will heavily increase the influence of quackery.
Common fraudulent health practices are accompanied with scripted
testimonies with the sole purpose of persuading or convincing other patients,
proving its effectiveness but in reality, it is a mere coincidence and resulted in
a placebo effect.
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Quacks that involve patients in their fraudulent health procedures and scams
had their fixed gaze on acquiring large sums of money in exchange of the
patient’s physical and emotional well-being, giving patients a tendency of
wasting their time, money, and trust that is already established in the first
stage of building rapport throughout the puppet consultation.
2.2 Conceptual Paradigm

Figure 1.0: Input, Process & Output Paradigm
Table 1.0 shows the skeletal framework as the basis of the research study.
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2.3 Definition of Terms
These following terms have been chosen by the researcher herself and
define them accordingly to the context of the research study since these words
have a big role to play in stating the research purpose, problems and even
typologies.
Alarming Health Concerns – These are the conditions, issues, ailments,
disorders and diseases that are fatal and needs immediate action to avoid
further health complications. With that, this word becomes the dependent
variable or the main target of the study which will be studied in the entire
research process if it takes several effects from Nutritional Quackery and
Misconceptions.
1. Nutritional Quackery and Misconceptions – This may be defined as the
promotion of products, treatments or plans that claim to provide a benefit to
the health of the consumer without proof of effectiveness or safety. Aside
from that, in the researcher’s point of view, it is one of the fundamental
terms for the research study since this is their independent variable. This is
the variable that concerns them regarding how it will be studied and its
causality to the alarming health concerns.
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2. Barangay Sampaloc 1 - the largest land area in Dasmariñas, will be the
locale of this research study in which all the research process will take place.
3. Patients – residents of Brgy. Sampalpc 1 receiving or registered to receive
medical treatment that will serve as the respondents for the research study.
They will help the researcher in acquiring primary and quantitative data.
4. Relationship – measurement between the two quantitative variables by
means of correlation as the main goal of the researcher throughout the
research study.
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the proposed study’s research design. It will also
discuss the procedures for conducting the data gathering, target respondents
and the corresponding sampling technique, which will be utilized to recruit them.
The survey questionnaire will also be discussed as the main instrument of the
proposed study. Moreover, the research period and ethical standards will also
be discussed in this chapter.
3.1 Research Design
The researcher used a quantitative correlational research design in this
study. Quantitative research is a type of research method used for testing
objective theories by examining the relationship among variables. These
variables, in turn, can be measured typically on instruments, so that numbered
data can be analyzed using statistical procedures. The final written report has a
set structure consisting of introduction, literature and theory, methods, results,
and discussion (Creswell, 2008). Like qualitative researchers, those who
engage in this form of inquiry have assumptions about testing theories
deductively, building in protections against bias, controlling for
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alternative explanations, and being able to generalize and replicate the
findings.
3.2 Research Locale
The data gathering period will commence from November to December
2017 and will be performed at Brgy. Sampaloc 1.
3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques Used
Twenty (20) selected patients and are Brgy. Sampaloc 1 residents will be
the participating respondents throughout the research study that will provide
primary data in helping the researcher to produce answers and solutions
regarding the research problem.
Random sampling procedure will be used by the researcher in selecting
the sample size throughout the research process. Male and female individuals
at any age range will be considered as eligible respondents for the study.
Furthermore, convenience sampling procedure will also be used by the
researcher as a method for the selection of respondents due to its availability
and convenience.
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3.4 Instrumentation
The instrument that was used in this study is a 15-item survey
questionnaire which is subdivided into two categories; the misconceptions test
that contains ten (10) questions while the quackery test contains five (5)
questions, which aims to measure the correlational implications of nutritional
quackery and misconceptions to the alarming health concerns of patients. The
questionnaire is in the form of a 4-point Likert scale wherein 1 is labeled as
Strongly Disagree, 2 as Disagree, 3 as Agree, and 4 as Strongly Agree. The
survey consists of 15 items. The questions were made according to how the
participants view on different situations pertaining to health perspectives.
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure
Secondary data is collected by the researcher from online resources,
journals, and books to further support the research methods to be used in this
study. The researcher will be conducting a survey by the use of survey
questionnaires given to Brgy. Sampaloc 1 residents as the respondents that
will help the researcher gather data throughout the research process from
November to December 2017.
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3.6 Statistical Analysis of Data
The researcher will use different statistical treatments and techniques to
analyze data and to obtain accurate results. The weighted mean for each of the
statements will be calculated to determine the average level of agreement of the
patients in every research statement. The value for the weighted mean is
∑
. The scale for each data will be used to interpret the weighted mean with 4
as Strongly Agree, 3 as Agree, 2 as Disagree and 1 as Strongly Disagree.
Another statistical technique to be used is the Chi – Square Test for the
Goodness of Fit. This technique will be used to determine the relationship
between the gender of patients and the level of agreement of the patients to the
statement. It will also be used to find out if the set of data fits the claimed
distribution. It will also show the comparison of the observed frequencies and
expected frequencies. The formula for the chi-square will be . Then
the ∑ will be compared to 9.488 as the level of significance that can be found
in the chi-square distribution table. If the ∑ is less than 9.488, therefore the
null hypothesis will be accepted. But if the ∑ is greater than 9.488, then, the
null hypothesis will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted.
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Pearson Correlation Coefficient
∑ ∑ ∑
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
Pearson-r is denoted by r which measures the strength of the linear
relationship between the two variables which is determined by the researcher
during the statistical analysis. Then, the value of r will be interpreted by
means of determining the strength of correlation between the two variables.
Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
∑
( )
This is a type of correlation test that deals with measuring the value based
on ranking. The gender of the respondents will determine how the research
statements influenced their answers on the survey questionnaire. They will be
ranked according to how their overall health and lifestyle affected their
answers on the misconceptions test and quackery test and the expected
frequencies. This also measures the strength (magnitude and direction) of
each correlation.
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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter discusses the end results of the conducted survey with the
help of the research instrument used and accompanied by a statistical
treatment of the researcher. The demographic information of the respondents
who participated in the study will be included in the distribution in the form of
charts and graphs.
The collection, processing, presentation, analysis and interpretation of
data will also be discussed in this chapter. Inferential statistics is used in this
study which predicts and draws conclusions from collected data and
manifested through Pearson-r, Chi Square and Spearman’s rho. Correlational
design focuses on the relation of two unique but similar variables and is tested
for its degree of correlation.
The secondary data which is used to further assist the researcher in this
study suggested that the continuous patronization of harmful practices in
addressing the health concerns of patients will further challenge the medical
professionals to integrate primary measures to prevent misleading
misconceptions from spreading.
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Patients prefer to acknowledge this approach in health maintenance
because it guarantees their financial stability and the swift process of receiving
medical treatment from medical professionals. The harmful consequences of
this routine is disregarded by patients and is often not reconsidered.
Twenty (20) respondents participated in the study, a survey
questionnaire is used as the instrument of the research study in collecting
primary data. Quantitative correlational research design is used and chosen by
the researcher in order to identify the relationship between nutritional quackery
and nutritional misconceptions.
Demographic Profile of Selected Respondents in Brgy. Sampaloc 1
Table 1.0: Age Distribution Table
Age Frequency
12 – 17 10
18 – 38 10
Table 1.0 shows the age distribution of the participating respondents.
Prior to execution of the data gathering phase, the researcher has
chosen random and convenience sampling technique in searching for the
respondents who will participate in the study.
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Table 1.1: Gender Distribution Table
Gender Frequency
Male 7
Female 13
Table 1.1 shows the gender distribution of the participating respondents.
The respondents in the study are divided into two categories, the pre-
teens and late teens in one category with the age range of twelve (12) to
seventeen (17) years old with a frequency of 10 respondents.. While on the
other category of respondents, it is composed of young adults to middle-aged
adults with the age range of eighteen (18) to thirty-eight (38) years old with a
frequency of 10 respondents.
The researcher came up with the results for three of the five problem
statements highlighted in the study:
1. What is the relationship between nutritional quackery and misconceptions
to the alarming health concerns of patients?
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Results in survey question #1 under nutritional misconceptions and survey
question #3 under nutritional quackery in the questionnaire somehow suggests
a certain correlation between them in terms of not referring a sick friend to a
physician and taking medicines without physician’s prescription. The idea of
independence and disregard of consulting a medical professional can heavily
influence danger to their health concerns. However, most of the answered
survey questions suggested that they are not acknowledging dangerous and
harmful practices or acts that may impact their health in general.
Figure 1.1: Totality of Responses Regarding Doctor’s Medical Opinion
25%
30%
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
45%
The following figure shows the interpretation of the acquired survey results
regarding the agreement and disagreement of patients in rejecting doctor’s
opinion.
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30% from the sample population of this research study prefer to perform
health and nutrition measures themselves rather than following the guidelines of
their physicians. On the other hand, 45% from the sample population of this
research study possesses the quality of abidance to their doctor’s advice.
Figure 1.2: Totality of Responses Regarding Medicinal Prescriptions
5%
25% Strongly Agree

40%
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
30%
regarding the agreement and disagreement of patients in taking medications
without doctor’s prescription.
25% from the sample population of this research study agreed on self-
medicating as they are confident themselves in prescribing their own medications
and don’t seek the need of doctors for their healing process. While 40% of the
sample population who participated in this research study strongly disagreed on
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self-medicating and prefer to seek their physician’s advice before taking any
medications for their health concerns.
1. Why does nutritional quackery possess a very high rampancy rate in rural
and indigenous areas in Brgy.Sampaloc 1?
Considering the location where the research study is conducted by the
researcher, the barangay hall of Sampaloc 1 is located beside the riverside of
Cardinal Subdivision where families on the lower classes are resided. Three (3)
strongly agreed and four (4) agreed to prefer seeking help from albularyos or
local healers than doctors because it is less expensive and more accessible.
Figure 1.3: Totality of Responses Regarding Local Healing Patronization
15%
30%
Strongly Agree
Agree
20%
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
35%
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regarding the agreement and disagreement of patients in supporting local
healers.
20% of the respondents agreed on seeking medical help from local
healers due to its availability, accessibility and affordability. While 30% of the
respondents strongly agreed on seeking medical help from local healers in fear
of harming and complicating their current health condition. The educational
attainment and background of these local healers are taken in consideration by
these wise patients.
1. What is the significance in addressing patients that are in reliance to
nutritional quackery and nutritional misconceptions?
Patients are carefully addressed in their reliance to nutritional quackery
and nutritional misconceptions by means of having a proper understanding
towards health maintenance supervised by a professional medical doctor.
Eleven (11) strongly agreed and six (6) agreed to learn more about their
nutritional health in order to improve their well-being.
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Figure 1.4: Totality of Responses Regarding Health Awareness
10%
5%
Strongly Agree
Agree
55% Disagree
30%
Strongly Disagree
regarding the agreement and disagreement of patients in learning more about
their health. The researcher have observed upon analyzing the results of this
study that the respondents who participated and are involved in this research are
possessing a quality of improvement with regards to their awareness on health
fraud, misconceptions and quackery. Majority of the respondents are equipped
with sufficient knowledge regarding their health and lifestyle. The nutritional
misconceptions and quackery claims surrounding their environment does not
affect the way they live their everyday lives.
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Table 1.2: Weighted Mean Distribution Table
Research (4) (3) (2) (1) Weighted Interpr

Statements Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Mean etation
Agree Disagree alue x
Misconceptions: 0 6 9 5 2.05 Disagr
1. I will not refer a ee
sick friend to a
physician.
2. I follow the 14 4 1 1 3.55 Agree
correct dosage of
my medications
prescribed by my
doctor.
3. I observe 14 4 1 1 3.55 Agree
expiration dates
in medicines and
the food I take.
4. I support 0 4 7 9 1.75 Strong
treatment ly
methods without Disagr
scientific basis. ee
5. I am willing to 11 6 1 2 3.3 Agree
learn more about
my nutritional
health in order to
improve my well –
being as well as
the people
around me.
6. I prefer to seek 3 4 7 6 2.2 Disagr
help from ee
albularyos than
doctors because
it is less
expensive and
more accessible.
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Research (4) (3) (2) (1) Weighted Interpretati

Statements Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Mean on
7. I put my 0 4 8 8 1.8 Disagree
trust in
albularyos in
handling my
overall health.
8. I attend 7 9 2 2 3.05 Agree
health
seminars
conducted by
schools and
government
offices.
9. I consult the 10 8 2 0 3.4 Agree
physician if my
life is at risk.
10. I would 5 10 5 0 3 Agree
like to seek a
second
opinion from
any physician.

Quackery: 3 8 7 2 2.6 Agree
1. I follow
health advices
that I have
watched from
TV
commercials
and
advertisement
s.
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2. I purchase 0 4 12 4 2 Disagree
medicines
from third-
party
organizations
exclusively
outside the
market.
3. I take 1 5 6 8 1.95 Disagree
medicines
without the
prescription of
a physician.
4. I believe in 4 7 6 3 2.6 Agree
natural
healing
method and
approach.
Table 1.2 shows the calculated value of the weighted mean for each
corresponding Likert scale.
The respondents are aware of the prevalent nutritional misconceptions
and do not support dangerous practices along with these quackeries and
misconceptions. However, in accessibility and financially, some of the patients
would still consult an albularyo or local healer. With regards to the following
observation, the respondents strongly agreed on supporting natural healing
method and approaches by which is highly related to the misconception of
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consulting a local healer. A local healer integrates natural healing methods and
approaches in treating patients. In this result, patients are still prone to fall
victim under quack doctors. Patients themselves must conduct proof and
background checking on a local medical specialist before scheduling a
consultation with them. The educational background of these local healers must
be reconsidered with regards to their illegal practice in medicine.
These patients are quite oriented in the basic knowledge of medicine.
Initiative quality is present among these respondents in educating themselves
through the pathway of high quality healthcare. Discouraging the use of illegal
medicines sold in the black market because they know what medicine will
guarantee their safety. They agreed on these following questions in
determining their awareness factor. Advertisements being aired on television
are used to brainwash patients in believing the health information posted. The
respondents disagreed on following health advices on television because they
agreed that there are no scientific bases that will prove its legitimacy.
Pharmaceutical companies and health institutions that are still
performing illegal health practices and fraudulent health measures needs to be
shut down by the government in order to prevent misinformation between
patients that are currently experiencing alarming health concerns. Above all
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these results, improvements in the medical field are positively seen as they are
effectively disseminating legitimate and guaranteed health information.
Chi – Square
The researcher will use the calculated degree of freedom that resulted to
3 with a critical value of 7.815 in the Chi – Square Distribution Table, for each of
the following statements.
Degree of freedom: (c – 1) (r – 1) = (4 – 1) (2 – 1) = 3
Research Statement 1: I will not refer a sick friend to a physician.
Table 1.3: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents
Respondents 4 3 2 1 Total
Male 0 5 4 4 13
Female 0 1 5 1 7
Total 0 6 9 5 20
Table 1.3 displays the totality of the responses of the patients regarding the
statement above.
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Table 1.4: Chi – Square Table
4 – Strongly Agree
Respondents O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
Male 0 0 0 0 0
Female 0 0 0 0 0
3 – Agree
Male 5 3.9 1.1 1.21 0.31
Female 1 2.1 -1.1 1.21 0.58
2 – Disagree
Male 4 5.85 -1.85 3.42 0.58
Female 5 3.15 1.85 3.42 1.09
1 – Strongly Disagree
Male 4 3.25 0.75 0.56 0.17
Female 1 1.75 -0.75 0.56 0.32
Table 1.4 shows the calculated value of Chi-square for each corresponding
scale.
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∑ = 3.05
3.05 < 7.841
The total summation for this chi-square is equal to 3.05. The researcher
compared the summation with the corresponding degree of freedom which
resulted to a value that is less than 7.841. Based on the statistical findings, the
statement is considered valid in accordance to the research problem.
There is no significant difference between the observed and expected
frequency. There is no significant difference between male and female
perspectives towards referring patients to the physician. The male and female
perspectives are associated and related to each other. Regardless of the
patient’s gender, their views on health maintenance are no different at all. In
an educational sense, they will not tolerate any health misconceptions from
spreading throughout the barangay.
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Research Statement 1: I will not refer a sick friend to a physician.

Respondents 4 3 2 1 Total
Male 0 5 3 5 13
Female 1 0 3 3 7
Total 1 5 6 8 20
Table 1.5 displays the totality of the responses of the patients regarding the
statement above.
Table 1.6: Chi – Square Table
4 – Strongly Agree
Male 0 0 0 0 0
Female 0 0 0 0 0
3 – Agree
Male 5 3.9 1.1 1.21 0.31
Female 1 2.1 -1.1 1.21 0.58
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2 – Disagree
Male 4 5.85 -1.85 3.42 0.58
Female 5 3.15 1.85 3.42 1.09
1 – Strongly Disagree
Male 4 3.25 0.75 0.56 0.17
Female 1 1.75 -0.75 0.56 0.32
Table 1.6 shows the calculated value of Chi-square for each corresponding
scale.
∑ = 5.16
5.16 < 7.841
The total summation for this chi-square is equal to 5.16. The researcher
compared the summation with the corresponding degree of freedom which
resulted to a value that is less than 7.841. Based on the statistical findings, the
statement is considered valid in accordance to the research problem.
There is no significant difference between the observed and expected
frequency. There is no significant difference between male and female
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perspectives towards taking medicines without doctor’s prescription. The male
and female perspectives are associated and related to each other. Male and
female respondents do not differ on its health views regarding the specified
research statement. The researcher has seen the quality of abidance from the
respondents by their compliance to guidelines of health maintenance as advised
by medical health professionals given that their educational attainment is high
enough to perform diagnostics to patients.
Pearson Correlation Coefficient
The researcher will measure the linear relationship of the respondent’s
gender and the two variables namely; misconceptions and quackery, in each of
the two categories of tests based on the survey questionnaire.
Nutritional Quackery and Misconceptions
x 27 27 29 25 31 28 31 32 21 28 28 29 28 26 32 22 26 28 26 29
y 12 12 10 13 15 15 11 13 13 12 13 8 12 10 14 16 12 11 12 12
Table 1.7 displays the totality of the responses of the patients in the quackery
and misconceptions test category.
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Table 1.8: Pearson Correlation Coefficient Table
x y xy x2 y2
2.7 1.2 3.24 7.29 1.44
2.7 1.2 3.24 7.29 1.44
2.9 1.0 2.90 8.41 1.00
2.5 1.3 3.25 6.25 1.69
3.1 1.5 4.65 9.61 2.25
2.8 1.5 4.20 7.84 2.25
3.1 1.1 3.41 9.61 1.21
3.2 1.3 4.16 10.24 1.69
2.1 1.3 2.73 4.41 1.69
2.8 1.2 3.36 7.84 1.44
2.8 1.3 3.64 7.84 1.69
2.9 0.8 2.32 8.41 0.64
2.8 1.2 3.36 7.64 1.44
2.6 1.0 2.60 6.76 1.00
3.2 1.4 4.48 10.24 1.96
2.2 1.6 3.52 4.84 2.56
2.6 1.2 3.12 6.76 1.44
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2.8 1.1 3.08 7.84 1.21
2.6 1.2 3.12 6.76 1.44
2.9 1.2 3.48 8.41 1.44
Σx=55.3 Σy=24.6 Σxy=67.86 Σx2=154.29 Σy2=30.92
Table 1.8 shows the calculated value of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient for
the specified test categories.
∑ ∑ ∑
= 0.17
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
Negligible Negative Correlation
Negligible Negative Correlation is a relationship between nutritional
quackery and nutritional misconceptions in which the prevalence of nutritional
misconceptions in Brgy. Sampaloc 1 is increased as the prevalence of
nutritional quackery is decreased. The delivery of these misconceptions will
offer easier alternatives or methods to patients. Based on the computed
weighted mean, factors like convenience (accessibility) and financial
guarantee (affordability) will brainwash the mind of patients into risking their
health under these conditions.
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Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
The researcher will measure the value of the patient’s responses based
on ranking. It will measure the strength (magnitude and direction) of the
patient’s submitted answers and test the correlation between his or her scores
on the misconceptions and quackery test.
Nutritional Quackery and Misconceptions
Table 1.9: Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient Table
Respondent x y ranking of ranking of d d2
x y
Patient A 2.7 1.2 7.5 9 -1.5 2.25
Patient B 2.7 1.2 7.5 9 -1.5 2.25
Patient C 2.9 1.0 15 2.5 12.5 156.25
Patient D 2.5 1.3 3 14.5 -11.5 132.25
Patient E 3.1 1.5 17.5 18.5 -1 1
Patient F 2.8 1.5 11 18.5 -7.5 56.25
Patient G 3.1 1.1 17.5 4.5 13 169
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Patient H 3.2 1.3 19.5 14.5 5 25
Patient I 2.1 1.3 1 14.5 -13.5 182.25
Patient J 2.8 1.2 11 9 2 4
Patient K 2.8 1.3 11 14.5 -3.5 12.25
Patient L 2.9 0.8 15 1 14 196
Patient M 2.8 1.2 11 9 2 4
Patient N 2.6 1.0 5 2.5 2.5 6.25
Patient O 3.2 1.4 19.5 17 2.5 6.25
Patient P 2.2 1.6 2 20 -18 324
Patient Q 2.6 1.2 5 9 -4 16
Patient R 2.8 1.1 11 4.5 6.5 42.25
Patient S 2.6 1.2 5 9 -4 16
Patient T 2.9 1.2 15 9 6 26
Σx=55.3 Σy=246 d=0 Σd2=137
9.5
Table 1.9 shows the calculated value of the Spearman’s Ranking Correlation
Coefficient for the specified test categories.
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∑
( ) = -0.03
Negative Correlation
Negative Correlation is a relationship between nutritional quackery and
nutritional misconceptions in which the prevalence of nutritional
misconceptions in Brgy. Sampaloc 1 is increased as the prevalence of
nutritional quackery is decreased. Patient H and O were ranked as 1 st with the
highest percentage of nutritional misconceptions while their quackery
percentage values are low. On the other hand, Patient P was ranked as 1 st
with the highest percentage of nutritional quackery while the respondent
scored low percentage values on misconceptions. Based on the Spearman’s
rho values, nutritional misconceptions are prevalent than nutritional quackery
in Brgy. Sampaloc 1.
The Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient resulted in a negative
correlation between two variables namely; Nutritional Misconceptions and
Quackery, which highly suggests that patients residing in Barangay Sampaloc
1 are more exposed to misconceptions and health misinformation in
percentage higher than the exposure to nutritional quackery. They are more at
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risk in believing fraudulent health misconceptions than performing acts of medical

quackery.
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CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter discusses the overall outcome of the study. It will also
discuss the results of the performed research analysis, the problem statements
that are answered and the distinguished gaps in the study.
5.1 Summary of the Findings
The researcher tried to find the relationship between nutritional quackery
and nutritional misconceptions. Aside from it, the researcher wants to identify
the underlying reasons of the prevalent nutritional quackery and
misconception cases. Furthermore, the researcher conducted the study for the
benefit of all individuals as they are all considered patients with regards to
health maintenance of every each and one of them and have conducted it in
one year at Brgy. Sampaloc 1 which focuses in one context and subject
matter. As the research is progressing, the researcher found out that patients
nowadays are aware of the common nutritional misconceptions but are prone
to commit into nutritional quackery. It is necessary for medical allied health
professionals to educate patients about quackery awareness. This is why, the
researcher have conducted a survey to twenty (20) respondents using
convenience random sampling in order for the researcher to determine the
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results of their study. The researcher have observed and found out that
respondents are following the correct dosage of prescribed medications, they
observed expiration dates in medications and food, they are willing to learn
more about their nutritional health, they attend health seminars and consult the
physician if life is at risk.
5.2 Conclusions
Based on the results, it is evident that patients agree on different ideas
presented on the survey questionnaire. The spread of nutritional
misconceptions can highly influence the patients in supporting nutritional
quackery in treating their alarming health concerns. Health seminars are being
conducted by schools and government offices to disseminate information to
rural and indigenous areas regarding nutrition and health as supported by the
Weighted Mean value of 3.05 (Agree). Indigent communities have limited
access to information that is why there is a need for implementation of these
programs to spread awareness and educate. The prevalence of albularyos or
local healers have not increased the country’s mortality rate regarding their
practice of quack medicine as supported by the Weighted Mean value of 2.2
(Disagree) and 1.8 (Disagree). As the researcher’s observation of the results,
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addressing patients who rely on dangerous and risky health practices will help
them learn the consequences upon supporting medicinal quackery. This is to
halt the continuous spread of misinformation. In addition, as supported by the
chi–square values, the researcher discovered that the relationship of male and
female perspectives are related to each other, hence; the respondents tried
taking medications without prescription as supported by the chi-square value
of 3.05 < 7.841 and did not entertain the idea of referring a patient to a doctor
as supported by the chi-square value of 5.16 < 7.841. Likewise, though there
is a relationship given between the two, demographic factors can affect the
results of this study.
5.3 Recommendations
Since new gaps had been determined, the researcher came up with new
possible trends that the future researchers can employ in the next areas of
study. These are the following trends identified by the researcher:
1. Health Awareness Education in Rural Areas – future researchers
should encourage health departments to conduct more seminars in rural
areas. This will highly benefit all the residents in far flung areas.
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2. Routinal Investigation on Quacksalvers Promoting Pseudomedicine
– medical professionals and allied health medical professionals will be
more at ease in providing the highest quality of healthcare.
3. Thorough Evaluation of Health Advertisements on TV – before airing
health advertisements on TV, the Department of Health should consider a
thorough evaluation of these commercials before disseminating
information through a medium.
4. Strengthening Patient and Doctor Relationship Through
Assessments – it is highly suggested that the patient and the doctor
should strengthen ties with each other by performing assessments and
build a strong rapport, trust and collaboration.
5. Publication of Academic Reference Materials Regarding Health
Awareness – doctors who are also authors or collaborating with authors
should encourage patients to replicate reference materials in
disseminating additional information about health maintenance and proper
lifestyle.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Herbert, V., M.D. (1986). Unproven (questionable) dietary
and nutritional methods in cancer prevention
and treatment. Cancer. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.,
pp. 1930–1941, Vol. 58, Issue Supplement S8
2. Lobato, et al (2014). Examining the Relationship Between
Conspiracy Theories, Paranormal Beliefs, and
Pseudoscience Acceptance Among a University Population.
Applied Cognitive Psychology. John Wiley and
Sons, Ltd., pp. 617-625, Vol. 28, Issue 5
3. Short, S.H. (1994). Health quackery: Our role as professionals.
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
Elsevier Inc., 607, Vol. 94, Issue 6
4. Shryock, H., M.D. (1990). Simple Home Treatments.
Modern Medical Guide Revised Edition.
Washington, DC., Review and Herald Publishing
Association, 247, Vol. 17
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APPENDICES
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Curriculum Vitae
Personal Data:
Name: Jelina G. Ilagan
Address: 291 Cardinal Dasmaville Subdivision, Barangay Sampaloc 1
Contact No: (0997) 662 9505
Date of Birth: November 09, 1999
Nationality: Filipino
Marital Status: Single
Email address: jelina.ilagan@yahoo.com
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Philippine Christian University

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL QUACKERY AND

This study entitled “Relationship between Nutritional Quackery and

MR. JUSTINE MAR F. MINA

Approved by the Committee on Final Oral Defense with a grade of _______

THESIS REVIEW PANEL

MR. JUSTINE MAR F. MINA

MR. JUSTINE MAR F. MINA

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the course requirement in the subject,

DR. MARIO S. MECATE

The researcher wishes to express her sincerest gratitude and deepest

appreciation to the following individuals who contributed in the completion of this

thesis paper possible (Philippians 4:13).

utmost guidance, assistance, encouragement and patience during the process of

making this research project.

without their participation, patience, assistance, and cooperation.

support, guidance, and trust.

This study entitled “Relationship between Nutritional Quackery and

Misconceptions to the Alarming Health Concerns of Selected Patients in

Brgy.Sampaloc 1, 2017-2018” was conducted to determine the relationship

between nutritional quackery and nutritional misconceptions which is the main

The methodology focuses on the methods of gaining participating respondents,

instrument used in the data collection, sample population and statistical

participants who responded appropriately to the given survey questionnaire. The

sample population was selected from residents of Barangay Sampaloc 1.

The researcher analyzed the collected information and identified any

existing trends in results and discussion. In addition, the statistical treatments

topic used in this paper.

APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………… ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …...……………………………………………. iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........……………………………………........ vi

LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………. ix

LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………….. x

Background of the Study …………………………………………. 1

Statement of the Purpose …………………………………………. 4

Significance of the Study …………………………………………. 5

Scopes & Limitations ….…………………………………....... 6

II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Review of Related Literature and Studies ………………… 8

Conceptual Paradigm ………………………………………………. 12

Definition of Terms …………………………………………. 13

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design …………………………………………. 15

Research Locale …………………………………………. 16

Sample and Sampling Techniques Used …..…………………….. 16

Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………. 17

Statistical Analysis of the Data …………………………………. 18

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................... 20

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of the Findings ………………………………………. 44

Table 1.0: Age Distribution Table...…….……………………………………….21

Table 1.1: Gender Distribution Table….….…………………………………….22

Table 1.2: Weighted Mean Distribution Table..………….…………………….28

Table 1.3: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents….…...…...32

Table 1.4: Chi – Square Table………………….……………………………......33

Table 1.5: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents.….………..35

Table 1.6: Chi – Square Table.……………...…….………………………….....35

Table 1.7: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents…...……….37

Table 1.8: Pearson Correlation Coefficient Table……….……...…………….38

Table 1.9: Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient Table……...………….40

Figure 1.0: Input, Process & Output Paradigm……………….…………….…12