DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING- is a relationship
characterized by the application of one or more
psychological theories and a recognized set of
communication skills appropriate to a client’s intimate
concerns, problems and aspirations.
COUSELING- the process of guiding a person during a
stage of life when re assessment or decisions have to be
made about himself and his life courses. Collins
Dictionary of Sociology
AS A DISCIPLINE COUSELING , it is allied to psychology
and deals with normal responses to normal life events,
which may sometimes create stress for some people
who in turn choose to ask for help and support. It is
non-clinical intervention.
COUNSELING is the heart of the guidance services in
schools.
COUSELING utilizes appraisal and assessment to aid
counselling by gathering information about clients
through the use of psychological test and non
psychometric device.
CONTEXT AND THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF COUNSELING
PEER AS CONTEXT- Friends attitudes norms and
behaviour have a strong influence on adolescents. The
impact of of parent influence can help counter the
negative influence that peers have on the adolescent’s
issue.
NEIGHBORHOOD AS CONTEXT- The interaction between
the family and its neighbourhood as immediate context
are also important to consider. It can both introduce
additional strengths or challenges to parenting and
resources that should be considered when working with
families.
CULTURE AS CONTEXT- provided meaning and
coherence of life to any orderly life such as community
or organization. CULTURE is the source of norms,
values,symbols and language which provide the basis
for the normal functioning of an individual.
COUNSELING AS CONTEXT- There is a deliberate specific
focus, a set of procedures rules, expectations
experiences and a way of monitoring progress and
determining results in any therapeutic approach.
a.CLIENT FACTORS-are everything that a client brings to
the counselling context. The success or failure of the
counselling process depends so much on the client.
b.COUNSELOR FACTORS personal skills and personal
qualities of a counselor can significantly impact the
outcomes of the counselling relationship. The
counselors’ personal style and qualities can make the
interventions successful.
c. CONTEXTUAL FACTORS- the context in which
counselling takes place can define the outcomes.
Counselors are therefore concerned with the
environment and atmosphere where to conduct the
sessions.
d. PROCESS FACTORS- it constitute the actual
counselling undertaking. Vellemean 2001 presents the
following six stages.
1. Developing Trust
2. Exploring problem areas
3.Helping to set goals
4.Empowering into action
5.Helping to maintain change
6.Agreeing when to end the helping relationship
GOALS AND SCOPE OF COUNSELING
COUNSELING is aimed at empowering a client.To lead
an individual client or group to self emancipation in
relation to a felt problem.
It is CLIENT EMPOWMENT- means that they develop
skills and abilities that require self management and
improve motivation towards action that are good for
one’s self and develop a positive outlook toward the
past.
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
Counselors are to set aside their own value system on
order to empathize with their clients. Counseling is
effective when it is performed with clear objectives that
include providing some degree of advice, reassurance,
release of emotional tension, clarified thinking, and
reorientation.
ADVICE- advice giving has to avoid a breeding
relationship in which the counselee feels inferior and
emotionally dependent on the counselor.
REASSURANCE- which is a way of giving them courage
to face a problem or confidence that they are pursuing
suitable course of action.
RELEASE OF EMOTIONAL TENSION-Counseling provides
clients the opportunity to get emotional release from
their pent up frustrations and other personal issues.
CLARIFIED THINKING- tends to take place while the
counselor and counselee are talking and therefore
becomes a logical emotional release.
REORIENTATION- it involves change in the clients
emotional self through a change in basic goals and
aspirations. This requires a revisions of the clients level
of aspiration to bring it more in line with actual and
realistic attainment.
II.LISTENING SKILLS- listening attentively to clients is the
counsellors attempt to understand both the content of
the clients problem as they see it and the emotions they
are experiencing related to the problem.
RESPECT-in all circumstances clients must be treated
with respect no matter how peculiar, strange,
disturbed, weird or utterly different from the counselor.
EMPATHY AND POSITIVE REGARD- Carl Rogers combine
empathy and positive regard as two principles that
should go along with respect and effective listening
skills.
CLARIFICATION, CONFRONTATION AND
INTERPRETATION- clarification is an attempt by the
counselor to restate what the clients is either saying or
feeling,so the client may learn something or understand
the issue better.
TRANSFERENCE AND COUNTERTRANSFERENCE-when
clients are helped to understand transference reactions,
they are empowered to gain understanding of
important aspects of their emotional life.
1. RESPECT OF HUMAN DIGNITY- This means that
the counselor must provide a client
unconditional positive regard compassion non
judgemental attitude empathy and trust.
2. PARTNERSHIP- a counselor has to foster
partnerships with the various disciplines that
come together to support an integrated healing
that encompasses various aspects such as
physical, emotional spiritual and intellectual.
3. AUTONOMY- This entails respect for
confidentiality and trust in a relationship of
counselinf ensuring a safe environment that is
needed for healing.
4. RESPONSIBLE CARING- This primarily means
respecting the potential of every human being
to change and to continue learning throughout
his/her life and especially in the environment of
counselling.
5. PERSONAL INTEGRITY- Counselor must reflect
personal integrity honesty and truthfulness with
clients.
6. SOCIAL JUSTICE- this means accepting and
respecting the diversity of the clients the
diversity of individuals, their cultures languages
lifestyles, identities, ideologies etc.
COUNSELOR SHALL
1. Act with care and respect for individual and
cultural differences and the diversity of human
experience
2. Avoid doing harm in all their professional work.
3. Respect the confidences with which they are
entrusted
4. Promote the safety of well being of individuals,
families and communities
5. Seek to increase the range of choices and
opportunities for clients
6. Be honest and trustworthy in all their
professional relationship
7. Practice within the scope of their competence
8. Treat colleagues and other professionals with
respect.
ROLES OF GUIDANCE COUNSELORS
Provides guidance, assist the persons in realizing a
change in behavior or attitude, to assist them to
seek achievement of goals, assist them to find help,
and in some cases_teaching of social skills, effective
communication, spiritual guidance, decision
making and career choices.
FUNCTIONS OF GUIDANCE COUNSELORS
The Philippine Republic Act No. 9258 (sec 2-3)
defines Guidance counselor as a natural peson who
has been professionally registered and licensed by
legitimate state entity and by virtue of specialized
training to perform the functions of guidance
counselling.
1.Helping individual develop potential to the
fullest
2.Plan to utilize his or her potentials
3.Plan his future in accordance with his/her
abilities
4.Sharing and applying knowledge related to
counseling theories and tools
5.Administerinng a wide range of human
development services
COMPETENCIES OF GUIDANCE COUNSELORS
1.Ability to administer and maintain career
guidance and couseling programs
2.Administer career advocacy activities
3.Capable of career advocates
4.facilitate, conduct of career advocacy in
collaboration with career advocates and peer
facilitators
OTHER COMPETENCIES THAT APPLY THE BROADER
COUNSELING WORK
EGAN 2002 calls three stages theory of counseling
STAGE 1 What’s going on?
STAGE 2 What solutions make sense for me?
STAGE 3 What do I have to do to get what I need or
want?
CULLEY AND BOND 2004 FOUNDATION SKILLS
1. Attending and listening- refer to active listening
which means listening with purpose and
responding to such a way that clients are aware
that they have both been heard and understood
2. Reflective Skills- skills concerned with the other
person’s frame of reference. It captures what
the clients is saying and plays it back to them .
3. Probing skills – these skills facilitate of going
deeper asking more directed or leading
questions.
 III.FOUR COMMON SKILLS
1. Communication skills- These include the ability
to actively listen , demonstrate understanding,
ask appropriate questions, and provide
information as needed
2. Motivational skills-these skills are the ones that
influence a helpee to take action after the
helping session of consultation
3. Problem solving skill-these include
differentiating between symptoms and the
problem, pinpointing probable causes and
triggers for the problem.
4. Conflict resolution skill- These involve learning
about styles of conflict resolution.
Areas of Specialization where Counselors Work
1. Child development and counseling
2. Adolescent and development and counseling
3. Gerontology (the aged)
4. Marital relationship counseling
5. Health
6. Career/lifestyle
7. College and university
8. Drugs
9. Consultation
10. Business and industry
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR COUNSELORS
1. Educational and school couselors
2. Vocational or career counselors
3. Marriage and family counselors
4. Addictions and behavioral counselors
5. Rehabilitations counselors
6. Genetics Counselors
RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACCOUNTABILITIES OF
COUNSELORS
As state registered and licensed professional,
counselors are protected. They are governed by
scientific theories, practices and processes as well as
professional standards and ethics. They are responsible
for the practice of their profession in accordance with
their mandates and professional guidelines and ethics.
They are accountable to their clients, the professional
body, and the government. It is critical that the
counselor and the client fully understand the nature of
the concerns, which leads to a contract to take action
on a manually agreed upon problem.
CODE OF ETHICS OF COUNSELORS
1. PRINCIPLE 1 Respect for the rights and dignity
of the client
2. PRINCIPLE 2 Competence
3. PRINCIPLE 3 Responsibility
4. PRINCIPLE 4 Integrity
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES
OF COUNSELING
 NORMAL PEOPLE are the clientele and
audiences of counseling.
 They ARE NOT in need of clinical or mental help.
 YOUTH in need of guidance at critical moments
of their growth, anyone in need of assistance in
realizing a change in behaviour or simply
seeking to achieve a goal.
 Audience normally calls for in counseling is
application or development of social skills,
effective communication, spiritual direction
decision making and career choices.Others
clientele may be people in need of premarital
and marital counselling
NEEDS OF VRIOUS TYPES OF CLIENTELE AND
AUDIENCE OF COUNSELING
As SCHOOL guidance and counseling these
professionals provide the need for guidance by
helping students seek more options and find better
and more appropriate ones in dealing with
situations of stress or simply decision making.
As JOB HUNTING COACHES- counselors provide
avenues for people to find necessary information
and get employment that is suitable to them
As CONFLICT MANAGEMENT PROVIDERS these
professionals provide the needs for principles and
theory based approaches to deal with conflict and
deescalate it, if not revolve i positively.
As a HUMAN RESOURCE PERSONNEL, these
professionals provide the needs common to all
workplaces and they are employed in almost all
workplaces to deal with various employee needs
that covers aspects of remunerations, social
services, compensation, conflict resolution and
discipline
As MARRIAGE COUNSELORS- provide the need for
conflict resolution skills to parties, couples, nd
children to deal with various stresses and issues
that threaten their unity and peaceful existence.
As DRUG ABUSE and REHABILITATION COUNSELORS
–meet the need to help people overcome their
problems or mitigate some of the most negative
effects of drug abuse.
As BEREAVEMENT CONSELORS, respond to the need
to be helped to go through loss such as death in the
family in a way that will help prevent depression
and other unhealthy ways of dealing or coping with
loss such as committing suicide or giving up on life.
As ABUSED CHILDREN CARETAKERS AND
REHAILITATION IN THE GOVERNEMNT AND NGOs
SETTING- meet the need to facilitate processing and
restoration of abused children through recognition
and implementation of existing laws and recovery
procedures in coordination with relevant units.
THE INDIVIDUAL AS CLIENT COUNSELING
The individual who needs to be helped to manage
well a life changing situation or personal problem or
crisis and other support needs may undergo
counseling as an individual. The individual needs
capacitation to be able to manage well their unique
circumstances, which may be very difficult to
endure alone
IV.THE GROUP AND ORGANIZATION AS CLIENT
COUNSELING
Group exist in communities, organizations, students in
schools, teachers in schools and departments in
workplaces, and such an entity can undergo group
counseling to meet counseling needs on that level. The
needs ca range from desire to reduce conflict or
manage it, become more productive as a team or work
better together
THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT COUNSELING
When people experience something collectively, which
maybe socially troubling and constitute the danger of
blocking their collective capacity to move on counseling
is necessary to be undertaken on a community level.
THE SETTING, PROCESS, METHODS, AND TOOLS IN
COUNSELING
SIGMUND FREUD-, PSYCHOANALYSIS draw attention to
darker forces of the unconscious and the influence that
this has on how we feel about ourselves. The field of
psychoanalysis encompasses vast number of the
therapeutic models that utilize dreams, fantasies,
associations, and the expression of thoughts both
verbally and physically. The assumption is that there are
inner battles that are waged in a client that are directly
responsible for the appearance of symptoms and
behavioural problems, causing the person to seek
treatment.
B.F. SKINNER- BEHAVIORISM- focused on the effects of
reinforcement on observable behaviour. All
psychological disorders are a result of maladaptive
learning that all behaviour is learnt from our
environment and symptoms are acquired through
classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning involves learning by association.
Operant Conditioning involves learning by
reinforcement and punishment. The therapeutic
techniques used in this type of treatment are action
based and rooted in the theories of classical
conditioning and operant conditioning and utilize the
same learning strategies that led to the formation of
unwanted behaviours. Behavioral theraphy tends to be
highly focused on teaching clients new bahaviors to
minimize or eliminate the issue.
CARL ROGERS, ABRAHAM MASLOW and GEORGE KELLY,
the humanistic perspective attempted to understand
the conscious mind, free will, human dignity and
capacity for self-reflection and growth. These humanist
argued that the person is not hostage to the contigence
and historical circumstances of his/ her past. The
human potential for change requires only exercise of
the distinctively human capacities for choice, creativity
and drive toward self actualization. HUMANISTIC
THERAPEUTIC models are rooted in insight and focus on
self development growth and responsibilities . They
seek to help individuals gain self empowerment by
recognizing their strengths, creativity and choice in their
given circumstances.
BASIC COUNSELING APPROACH
PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH- develop by Sigmund
Freud . It is based on Freud’s explanation that human
beings are basically determined by psychic energy and
early experiences. These unconscious energy and
experiences drive people’s behaviour in the form of
unconscious motives and conflicts. The goal of a
therapist is to help a client become conscious of this
energy and early experiences and thereby become
empowered and harness both positively.
ADLERIAN THERAPHY is an approach similar to the
Freudian. It was developed by Alfred Adler who
believed that the first six years of life influence an
individual . But ensuing behaviour depended on how
one interprets his/her past its continuing influence on
him. For adler human are motivated primarily by social
urges.
EXISTENSIAL THERAPHY- has no single founder, but
Viktor Frankl Abraham Maslow and Rollo May are
considered key figure. It focuses on the human capacity
to define and shape his/her own life give meaning to
personal circumstance through reflection, decision
making and self awareness. It draws heavily on
existentialist philosophy that emphasizes human
freedom to define oneself, and that our lives are not
predetermined; we have a responsibility to live and to
see in life what we chose to. The only things we cannot
control is being born and the fact of dying.
PERSON CENTERD THERAPHY- originated from Carl
Rogers, people get share, or surrender power and
control over themselves and others, and so
empowerment depended on the self and such required
non directive process. Non directive counselors focus on
the client’s self discovery rather than input. The main
stay in this non-verbal communications of clients. The
process includes the counselor use of active listening,
reflection of feelings, clarification and just “being there”
for the couselee in a non-interventionist way.
GESTALT THERAPHY was develop and introduced by
Frederick S. Pearl. It is an existential approach, stressing
that people must find their own way in life and accept
personal responsibility for maturity. They must develop
an awareness of their unfinished business from the
past, traumatic experiences in life and what they are
doing in order for them to bring about change change in
their lives. Gestalt therapy techniques include
confrontation, dialog with parties, role playing, relieving
and re experiencing unfinished business in the forms
of resentment and guilt. Counselors push for doing and
experiencing rather than just talk about one’s feelings
as client.It involves recognizing and letting go,
accompanied by actions like breaking a glass or hitting
something hard.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- was develop by Eric Berne.
Its Main uniqueness is its emphasis on decisions and
contracts that must be made by the client. This
approach believes that the client clearly states the
directions and goals of the therapeutic process.
BEHAVIOR THERAPHY- also referred to as behaviour
modification. Bahavior theraphy uses many action-
oriented methods to help people take steps to change
what they are doing and thinking. This approaches
focuses on overt behaviour, precision in specifying the
goals of treatment, and the development of specific
treatment plans. In this approach, the counselor is
active and directive and functions as a teacher or
trainer in helping clients to work on improving
behaviour.
RATIONAL –EMOTIVE THERAPHY –was develop by
Albert Ellis. It is a form of cognitively-oriented
behavioural theraphy and is based on the assumption
that human beings are born with potential for both
rational or straight thinking and irrational or crooked
thinking. Because people are fallible this approach
focuses on helping clients accept themselves as people
who would continue to make mistakes, yet at the same
time learn to live with themselves and be at peace with
themselves. He stress that through thinking judging
deciding and doing people can change their cognitive
emotive and behavioural processes and react differently
from their usual patterns. They can train to master
themselves and control themselves like choosing not to
be upset.
REALITY THERAPHY- was founded and promoted by
William Glasser. This theraphy is short term approach
that focuses on the present and highlights a client
strength. It stress that client can learn more realistic
behaviour and achieve success. What they need from a
counselor is encouragement to assess the current style
of living then leave them to employ a process of honest
self to assess the current style of living then leave them
to employ a process of honest self examination leading
and resulting to improvement of ones quality of life.
GOVERNEMENT SETTING
Couseling professionals in government setting work
with various government agencies that have counselling
services such as social welfare correctional department,
the court system child and women affair services,
military, police hospitals, mentals and foster homes and
rehabilitation centers .
PRIVATE SECTOR SETTING
Counselor range from independent providers of services
or work for NGO or specialized for profit centers and
organizations that render a variety of conseling services.
The processes, methods and tools used by counselors in
the private sector setting remain very mmuch the same
as in the government setting.
CIVIL SOCIETY SETTING
The context of civil society is generally charities or non
profit and issue based centers or organizations such as
for abused women, abandoned children and elderly
veterans teachers professionals or religious groups. The
process method and tools use resemble each other.
SCHOOL SETTING
Guidance, based on this insight, tends to be more
centered on the developmental needs of individuals.
FRANK PARSONS- Father of the Guidance and
Counseling developed a vocational program that
matched an individuals traits with a vocation. This
insight oriented school counselling to vocational
guidance.
Today the training of school counselor has changed.
Counselors are taking on many new tasks and roles.
School counselors are now educated and experienced in
knowledge and skill based programs tht stress
counselling, guidance consultation, coordination and
referrals.
COMMON CONCERNS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH
STUDENT LEARNING
These include suicide, violence, divorce, child abuse
unwanted pregnancy, drug addiction, truancy,
increasing drop out rates decreasing economic
resources, peer pressure poverty and decision making
skills.
MULTIPLE ROLES OF SCHOOL COUNSELORS
Apart from their counseling roles, school counselors are
also assigned non-counselling roles. Non-counseling
task can range from part time teaching, secretarial
responsibilities, substituting for teachers when they are
not available, lunch duty, and other responsibilities
assigned by administrators and staff looking for extra
assistance. Non-couseling tasks can take a considerable
amount of time, and pull school counselors away from
more appropriate counselling activities. Presence of
these non-counseling roles often brings confusion and
lack of effectivity to the guidance programs of school.
In the Philippines, the roles of schools counselors have
been prescribed and professionalized the practice
(Republic Act No.9258), However due to lack of
qualified school counselors, the guidance counseling are
rarely fully implemented and provided.
STRENGTHENING SCHOOL COUNSELING
Acting proactively implies that schools counselors
supported by administrators,”use data gathered on
student performance to develop their school counseling
programs and to help teachers customize educational
practices to meet students individual needs(Scafani
2005). They can also “ collect data on the effectiveness
of their overall program, rather than documenting
random lessons and the number of children they see,.
In any case, increase accountability require that
measures are undertaken by the school administration
to ensure the data collected on school counseling
programs to prove program effectiveness in the lives of
the student.
THE ROLE OF THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL COUNSELOR
(K-6)
Developmentally, the social emotional needs of human
at this stage can be marked distinctively. However,
there are several factors that may be responsible for
behaviour differences such as home environment,
family size, economic status, intellectual ability, and so
on. Counselors build their program expectations on
common experiences of this age group.
THE ROLE OF THE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL COUNSELORS
Grades 7-10
At this developmental stage of life as young
adolescents, grade 7 through 10, the primary role of the
junior high school counselor is to provide guidance and
counseling in dealing with peer relationships and social
interactions and as such includes work with students,
and parents in an attempt to help each understand the
other. Outside of this focus are the general guidance
service such as consulting with teachers, parents and
staff regarding meeting the developmental needs of
each students, interpreting test, and providing
orientation to transferees and new students.
THE ROLE OF THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL COUNSELORS
Grades 11-12
For Ward and worsham the primary role of senior high
schools counselors to provide guidance and counseling
pertaining to educational and career decisions as well as
college placement counseling.
THE ROLE OF THE COLLEGE LEVEL COUNSELORS
On the collegiate level the roles of school counselors
include counseling, appraisal and assessment ,
information, placement research and evaluation follow
up and student activities.
COMMUNITY SETTING
The community has the greatest and widest application
of counseling services considering the diversity of the
people who constitute thecommunity. There are people
who are in conflict with the law, socially marginalized,
who suffer loss of all kinds, those living in institutional
homes and those experiencing different types of life
transition that needs counseling support and services.
THE COUNSELING SERVICES,PROCESSESS, AND
METHODS
Counseling offers a wide range of services to
individuals, groups, organizations, and communities. In
all the services, several processes are involved from
needs assessment to intervention or program designing
and a selection of an array of methods available to the
profession in dispensing the services appropriately.
CONDUCTING NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR INDIVIDUALS,
GROUPS, ORGANIZATIONS and COMMUNITIES
Since counseling is essentially an intervention, it is
important that counselors accurately understand the
needs of their clients. This also helps to align their
competencies to the needs of individuals, groups,
organizations, and communities that they intend to
serve. Need assessment may range from a systematic
observation of symptoms to conducting formal surveys
using questionnaire to determine the felt needs of
potentials clients.
MONITORING AND EVALUATING FOR COUNSELING
EFFECTIVITY
When interventions are designed, the implementation
stage follows. To ensure that everything planned is
performed accordingly accurate documentation of all
details is necessary to generate data of factual evidence
about the implementation. Both the planned and
unplanned occurrences in the process are documented.
This is called MONITORING. It is done during the
implementation phase.
At the end of the period of implementation or at certain
marked reasonable period, assessment are needed to
determine initial results-what is happening. This is
called EVALUATION. Evaluation examines the results
and finds out if the intended results are being met or
not.
THE DISCIPLINE OF SOCIAL WORK
It is closely associated with government welfare and
social programs aimed at achieving social justice,
fairness, and attainment of social equilibrium.
The social work profession promotes social change,
problem solving in human relationships and the
empowerment and liberation of people to enhance
well-being.
Social workers aim to protect vulnerable people from
abuse, neglect, or self harm and to help enhance their
well-being and quality of life.
Social workers operate within legal frameworks for
protecting and supporting vulnerable people.
Social workers practicing in statutory context such as
local authorities or National Health Service (NHS) trust
commonly assess the need for care, support and
protection of individuals or families, develop care plans
and provide or manage the provision of care.
FROM SOCIAL CARE TO SOCIAL WORK
There had been no qualifications or professional lisence
required to do social care. To move from social care
giving to social work professional practice, one has to go
through special training to join the social work
profession.
DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK
The Policy, Ethics and Human Rights Committee of the
British Association of Social Workers (2012) provides
the definition “ The social work profession promotes
social change, problem solving in human relationships
and the empowerment and liberation of people to
enhance well-being”
Social work is a profession that fulfills the social welfare
mandate to promote well-being and quality of life.
CONTEXT AND THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL WORK
To appreciate the context and the basic concept of
social work, one has to look into its professional history.
The aim of social work is to help individuals fit better
into their environment and change the environment so
that it works better for them.
The context of social work is a place that requires
professionals to direct their service on the needs and
empowerment of people who experience some forms
of vulnerability, oppression and living in poverty
GOALS AND SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORKS
DuBois and Miley (2008)
 Empower people, individually and collectively to
utilize their own problem-solving and coping
capabilities more effectively.
 Support a proactive position with regard to
social and economic policy development
 Uphold the integrity of the profession in all
aspects of social work practice.
 Establish linkages between people and societal
resources to further social functioning and
enhance the quality of life.
 Develop cooperative networks within
institutional resource system to meet health
and human service needs
 Promotes social justice and equality of all
people with regard to full participation in
society
 Contribute to the development of knowledge
 Encourage of exchange of information in those
institutional systems in which both problems
and resources opportunities are produced
 Enhance communication through an
appreciation of diversity and through ethnically
sensitive, non-sexist social work practice
 Employ educational strategies for the
prevention and resolution of problems
 Embrace a world view of human issues and
solutions to the problems.
PRINCIPLES RELATIVE TO RESPECT FOR HUMAN
RIGHTS
1.Upholding and promoting human dignity and well-
being.
2. Respecting the right to self determination
3.Promoting the right to participation
4. Creating each person as a whole
5. identifying and developing strengths
PRINCIPLES RELATIVE TO SOCIAL JUSTICE
1. Challenging discrimination
2. Recognizing diversity
3. Distributing resources
4. Challenging unjust policies and practices
5. Working in solidarity
PRINCIPLES RELATIVE TO PROFESSIONAL INTEGRITY
1.Upholding the values and reputation of the
profession
2. Being trustworthy
3. maintaining professional boundaries
4. making considered professional judgements
5. being professionally accountable
CORE VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK
The core values of social work serve to provide
consistency in the fulfillment of the social welfare
delivery are in the general promotion of well-being
and quality of life of all peoples.
1.COMPASSION can be considered as an important
values of human kind but in social work, it occupies
a special impetus to the functioning of the
profession.
2. SERVICE-as a value, directs social workers to go
beyond purely performing a service for a pay and
allow them to be generous with their time.
3. SOCIAL JUSTICE- as a value for social workers, is a
basis of their understanding of the need to ensure
that everyone get serviced and that everyone get a
share of what the community posessess in material
and non material assets.
4. DIGNITY AND WORTH OF THE PERSON- is a value
that provides the determination and drive for social
workers to seek the marginalized in all forms
without much regard as to wether such a problem is
self-inflicted or socially imposed
5. IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS as a
value makes it possible for social WORKERS to do
their job as most human situations they seek to
address require collaborating with so many others
professionals and individuals with a stake in the
issue.
6. INTEGRITY- is necessary in all human endeavors.
In social work, nothing can be accomplished
without integrity.
COMPETENCIES OF SOCIAL WORK
7. COMPETENCE- very important value for social
work because it separates social caregiving from
social work professional practice.
THE PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN THE
DISCIPLINE OF SOCIAL WORK
DEFINING THE ROLES, FUNCTIONS AND
COMPETENCIES OF SOCIAL WORK
Social work as profession has evolved over time but
its enduring features as a helping professions is “the
dual aims of helping individuals fit better into their
environments, typically known as micro practice,
and changing the environment.
Social work like other applied social sciences may
help individuals cope with anxiety, stress, or
depressions but it goes further to help the client
gain access to other community resources and
support or empowering services that may be state
run or privately operated.
ROLES OF SOCIAL WORK
Accdg.to DuBOIs and Miley 2008
Enabler- helping people find solutions
Broker/advocates in case management and they are
teachers in terms of information and processing.
Facilitator- aid in organizational development
Planner- facilitating research and planning
Monitor-aid in professional enculturation and
socialization
Researchers- aid of knowledge development
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK
 Counsel with individuals, facilitate groups,
work with families, refine agency
procedures, iniatiate new programs, lobby
for legislative changes organize community
action, educate the public, conduct needs
assessment, and evaluate practice and
programs at various system levels and
targets of change or social transformation;
 Enhance social functioning of individuals
families groups and organizations and
communities
 Link clients system with needed resources
 Improve the operations of the social service
delivery network; and
 Promote social justice through
development of social policy
 Think critically
 Build and sustain relationships;
 Execute empowering processes
 Use practical methods
 Analyze policies
 Communicate effectively
 Strong cultural and intercultural competence;
 Good computer literacy;
 Conduct research
 Do social planning
 Perform crisis intervention
 Sound time management
Gerdes and Steiner 2005
*handle case management with various clients and
population groups
*perform direct practice depending on the needs of
the environment in which the social worker
operates

*conduct mediations among parties especially

where one party is socially disadvantaged;

*Make referrals to appropriate agencies and service

sectors needed by the client

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION OF SOCIAL WOORK