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Hazard: - Something with the potential to cause loss or harm of any kind
such as: injury to people / damage to equipment.
Example: An employee tripped over a cable, fell down & broke his leg.
Example: An employee tripped over a cable, fell down BUT without any
injuries or any loss happening at all.
Example: big load dropping from a crane just missing a large group of
workers without any injuries to them & without any damage to the load
or the crane.
o Moral reasons:
Duty of care : it is the duty / responsibility of the employer to
protect the employees from any harm by providing safe work
place (to improve morale / motivation and to Reduce / prevent
suffering of the employees caused by accidents and ill health as 2
million employees die every year from occupational accidents &
ill-health and hundreds of millions suffer injuries and diseases)
o Financial reasons:
Aims (Objectives):-
Sources of Information:
Internal
o Risk assessments & JSA
o Policies & procedures
o Audit / Inspection reports
o Health and safety committee
o Health & Safety practitioners e.g. advisors
o Health & Safety representatives
o Workers & supervisors
o Maintenance logs
o Training records
o Accident, incident & ill health records
External
o Government bodies
o National safety organisations
o Suppliers, Designers and manufacturers
o Consultants, experts and specialists
o Insurance companies
o Trade unions
o Internet
o Laws & local legislations
POPIMAR
1) Policy:-
- A business plan for health & safety to prevent / reduce loss in
the organisation
- Consisting of 3 sections (Statement of intent, Organisation &
Arrangements)
2) Organising:-
o Identify Channels of communication within the organisation (chain
of command: who is reporting to whom)
o Identify the health & safety roles & responsibilities of everyone in
the company e.g. job descriptions (5Cs: Competence,
Commitment , Control, Co-operation, Communication)
2) Organisation: -
Identify the health & safety roles and responsibilities of
everyone in the organisation ; who does what (e.g. Job
descriptions)
Identify the channels of communication within the
organisation ; who is reporting to whom (e.g. organisational
chart)
o No management commitment
o No objectives set to implement policy
o Health and safety not given priority
o Resources not provided to implement action e.g. financial, time,
or competent people
o Aims and objectives not understood by employees o
Too much emphasis on employee responsibilities o
No measurement that objectives are being met
o Management unaware of their health and safety role
o No management training to achieve the policy objectives
o No review for the policy (whether periodically or when needed
after any change)
Element 3:- Health & Safety management
systems 2 - Organising
Duties of Employers (Duty of care)
1- Duty of care: Providing Safe working environment i.e. safe access
and egress , Safe systems of work , Safe plant and equipment
2- Providing it is (Information , Training , Instructions & Supervision) 3-
Consultation with the employees (getting feedback)
4- Providing Welfare facilities e.g. food, drinking water, bathrooms ,
& accommodation
5- Providing adequate Emergency procedures & equipment
6- Providing Suitable PPE and not charging the employees for them
Duties of employees
1- Duty of care towards themselves and towards their colleagues i.e.
not to put themselves or their colleagues at risk.
2- Attend training sessions provided by the employer and follow their
instructions.
3- Cooperate actively with each other & with their employer AND
Report any incident or accident happening in the workplace.
4- Using the welfare facilities in a good way and keep them in a
good condition.
5- Follow the emergency procedures and participate in any practices
or drills planned by the employer.
6- Using the PPE and the equipment in the same way they were
trained for, maintain them and keep them in a good condition.
Job insecurity
Reorganisation
Poor example set by management
Poor management decision making
Inadequate supervision
Poor working conditions
Competence
Commitment and Control
Co-operation
Communication
Production/service demands
Society expectations
Political priorities
Legislation and enforcement
National or International agencies
Pressure groups
Insurance Companies
Workers unions
Stakeholders
Economic conditions
Good Health & Safety performance is depending mainly on
Hardware (Safe equipment)
Software (Safe working procedures - SSOW)
Human factor (Safe competent worker)
Individual Factors
Physical characters (Age, height, health condition, disability And
sensory defects)
Social & cultural characters (Language, level of education, health
& safety culture and religious believes)
Psychological characters
Psychological characters
(Page 14)
Human failures:
o Errors
Competence
Knowledge (Qualifications)
Abilities (Skills)
Training
Experience
PLUS knowing their limitations
Written
Newsletters
Emails
Meetings minutes
Policies / Standards / codes of practice / Written work instructions
Memos
Notices & notice boards
Oral / Verbal
Team briefings
Induction and other training sessions
Safety committee meetings
Tool box talks
Verbal instructions
Visual / Graphic
Posters
Signs
Videos
Hand signals
Written Communication
Advantages Disadvantages
. Written record (documented) . May not be read
. Can be referred to . may be too complex with jargon
. Can convey complex ideas . Time to produce and expensive
. Provide analysis . Tends to be formal and distant
. Many people in different . Does not provide feedback
locations . Difficulty to modify
. Can clarify or confirm oral . Does not allow for interaction
. Forms basis of contracts & exchange of views
Oral communication
Advantages Disadvantages
. Direct . No written record
. Close physical proximity . Difficult to control
. Allows for interaction . May reduce the quality of
. Provides instant feedback decision making through lack
. May be more effective of time
. Allows for contribution . Attitude
Visual communication (Posters)
Advantages
- Low cost
- Flexible & could be displayed all over the workplace
- Brief & easily understood by everyone
- Overcoming language barriers
- Used to enforce written instructions
- Constant reminder
- Grab people’s attention if well designed with colours, photos, or
sketches
- Employees could be involved in making the posters
Disadvantages
- Need to be changed on regular basis to maintain attention
- May become soiled or defaced e.g. weather conditions
- Can become out of date
- May be seen as trivialising serious matters
- May alienate people
- Provide no direct way for feedback
- Could be used by some managers to replace proper training
- Could be used by management to shift responsibility to workforce
The receiver
o Sensory impairment (hearing loss)
o Learning difficulties o
Lack of experience o
Lack of motivation
o PPE Interference (ear plugs)
The place
o High noise levels
o Distractions
Rights of Safety Representatives (ILO Convention) C155
Remember the 3 Ps
Specific
Measurable
Agreed
Realistic (Achievable)
Time frame
Eliminate:
Remove the hazard or avoid the whole activity e.g. get rid of kerosene
from the workplace or avoid entering the confined space by doing the
job from outside using long tools
Reduce:
Decrease the job by decreasing the duration & frequency of exposure to
the hazard or reducing the amount of the hazardous substance or the
number of workers exposed to the hazard
Isolate:
Putting barriers between the worker & the hazard
o Isolate the worker from the hazard by building a ventilated control
room so the worker will be doing the work from inside the room
isolated from the hazard
o Isolate the hazard from the worker by total enclosure of the
machine e.g. inside a glove box
Control:
o Engineering controls: technical modifications of the machine ,
preventive maintenance , LEV (local exhaust ventilation) or
extractor fans
o Administrative controls: administration tools such as it is , permit
to work system , job rotation and frequent breaks
PPE:
Discipline:
Clear rules & Strict system where any violation or error must be
investigated and the suitable disciplinary action should be taken e.g.
warning letter – No exceptions
Benefits of PPE
Often low cost
Can be used as short term measure
Portable for worker away from base
Disposable PPE reduces risk of infection
Remarkably decrease in the severity of the accident
Why PPE should be last resort / last option / last line of defence
Limitations of PPE:
o Does not eliminate the hazard
o Only protects the wearer
o Always fail to danger
o May introduce new hazards
o Relies on the worker to use it
o Usually uncomfortable & affecting sensation
o Will be ineffective & provide NO protection if wrong size, if used
while damaged, if not well maintained, if not suitable for the
hazard or not worn correctly
o Management may not enforce wearing
o May lead to complacency or false sensation of safety
o Also it’s a legal requirement to start with the other control
measures (ERIC)
Factors affecting the selection of PPE
Type of hazards
Type of equipment
Made to suitable standards
Comfort
Compatibility with other PPE
Age & characters of the wearer
Storage
Training
Cost
Time needed
Factors affecting wearing of PPE
Size
Health of worker
Period of use
Comfort
Maintenance
Training
Interference with other types of PPE
Main types of PPE
Head protection (Crash helmet,Helmet with chin strap, bump cap
& hair net)
Eye protection (Safety glasses, goggles & face mask)
Foot protection (Steel toe cap, Anti pierce, Anti static & Chemical
resistant)
Hand and arm protection (gloves made of kevlar, stainless steel,
leather, rubber, latex, Neoprene, cotton & PVC (Poly Vinyl
Chloride)
Body protection (Chemical & heat resistant suit, Reflective vest,
Overalls & Aprons)
Respiratory protection (Respirators & Breathing apparatus)
Safety Signs
Prohibition (Circular, Red, white background)
Warning (Triangular, Yellow black edging)
Mandatory (Circular, Blue white symbols)
Safe Condition (Green, White symbols)
Fire (red symbols)
1- Safety Sampling
A regular exercise in which assigned observers walk within a
timescale noting any health and safety defects using pre-
prepared sheets (regarding a certain part of specific health &
safety aspect) such as: inspecting fire extinguishers for the fire
safety
2- Safety survey
A formal, structured examination possibly by a team of people
(Examining a whole health & safety aspect) such as: Fire safety a
Whole
3- Safety Tour
Unscheduled, Unplanned & non recorded less formal workplace
examination to check general workplace standards.
A tour can be carried out by a Manager and demonstrates
commitment to health & safety.
Limitations of inspections
Some hazards are not visible
Some hazards or unsafe practices are not always present / seen
Observations may not be mentioned in the inspection sheet
Management may not pay attention to what is mentioned in the sheet
Advantages Disadvantages
Audits Inspections