© March 2018| IJIRT | Volume 4 Issue 10 | ISSN: 2349-6002

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ANIMAL

BONE POWDER REPLACING CEMENT IN
CONCRETE

M.Kiruthika1, Mr.K.Mahendran2
1
PG Student, Dept of Civil Engineering, P.S.R.Engineering College, Sivakasi
2
Associate Professor, M.E.(Ph.D), Dept of Civil Engineering, P.S.R.Engineering College, Sivakasi

Abstract—In this paper the performance of concrete can
be analysed by adding bone powder with cement.
Cement is the most important material for the concrete.
The production of cement emits enormous amount of
CO2 which pollutes the environment and also the
demand of the cement should also be considered.For
reducing the usage of cement, we can use animal bone
powder to strengthen the concrete. Animal bone
powder is manufactured by the process of calcination
and crushing it into powder. It consists of inorganic
materials like calcium phosphate, calcium oxide,
phosphorous pentaoxide and water. In this paper bone
powder has been replaced for the cement for the ratios
of 0%,4%,8%,and 12% respectively for M20 Grade
concrete under 7 & 28 days of curing.Bone powder is
suitable for the construction work, due to the reason of
having similar properties of the cement. Animal bone
powder has high compressive strength and it can give
the greater workability. It is proposed to determine and
compare the difference in the conventional concrete and
bone powder concrete. This experimental investigation
is carried out using several tests which include
workability test on fresh concrete, specific gravity test,
sieve analysis test on fine aggregate, Aggregate Impact
test on coarse aggregate and compression test on
hardened concrete.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. General
Animal bone Powder is a complex chemical made
from calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl ions, but
which may also contain small amount of cationic,
magnesium and strontium replacing calcium and
bicarbonate and fluoride, replacing the hydroxyl
anions. Animal bone should be manufactured by the
calcination process and crushed into powder. The
components present in the bone are called as collagen.
The major minerals present in the bone powder are
calcium and phosphate. The minerals present in this
bone powder great compressive strength, rigidity and
high elasticity.The bone powder which may be
snowy white or only slightly tinged, dissolves in
hydrocholoric acid without leaving any insoluble
residue.The bone ash in this condition can be easily
reduced to a fine. It crumble when it passes through
sieve, the ash was whitish in colour.The modulus of
elasticity depends upon the rate at which loads are
applied. Animal bone powder having the formula of
Ca5(OH) Po4. It consist of CaO, P2O5 and water in
the range of 55.82%, 42.39% and 1.79% respectively.
The density and melting point for the animals bone
powder is 3100kg/m3 and 1670 deg Celsius
respectively. The use of bone powder would help in
conservation of minerals and add to the strength of
cement. Cement is a binding material which is used
in concrete.
B. objective
• To study the properties of Bone powder.
• To reduce the consumption of the cement during
construction.
• To prove that the bone powder is suitable for
concrete.
• To determine the compressive strength, split
tensile strength of specimen.
• To compare both the conventional concrete and
the Bone powder concrete.
C. Manufacturing of Bone Powder:
Bone ash is produced from animal bone, which is
first processed to remove any adhering meat and
completely cleaned. The bone is then treated to
remove glue, which is processed and upgraded for
use in applications where glue is used, and also for
the sizing of expensive paper. The remaining raw
bone is then heated to 1000 C to burn off residual

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organic material and change the bone structure to a
form suitable for the manufacture of bone ash.
The high temperature also used to sterilises the bone.
Phosphate in the bone changed to Tricalcium
phosphate other compounds create calcium crystal
called Anorthite.
D. Real bone ash chemistry:
The typical analysis of calcined bone is 67-85%
calcium phosphate, 3-10% calcium carbonate, 2-3%
magnesium phosphate, and small amounts of CaO
and CaF2. However this can vary significantly
depending on the source of bones and the process
used. The approximate formula is 4Ca3 (P04)2.CaO.
E. Properties of Bone powder
• The bone powder consist of calcium and
phosphate.
• It has a high compressive strength.
• It is a strong, hard, fibrous material.
• It has a porous and high thermal stability.
• The density of bone powder is 3.10g/ml
• Melting point of bone powder is 1670 degree
celsius.
• It has high elasticity and rigidity.
• It cannot separate into smaller parts, therefore
does not required any extra mixing.
F. Uses of Bone powder
• Bone powder is used as a Fertilizers.
• It should be used as the protective coating for
metals.
• It should be used as the polishing material for the
ceramic materials.
• It is also used as a coating material for glass
particles.
• The powder coating itself adheres to metals well
and does not cause drip, run and corrosion.
• Bone char is made up of bone ash is used for
water treatment process.
• And it also used for refining the sugar and niche
uses.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Studies on Properties of Egg Shell and Fish Bone
Powder Filled Polypropylene
The Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering,
Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
explains in their paper was that The mechanical and
IJIRT 145491 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY
end-use properties of egg shell and fish bone powder
filled polypropylene have been determined at filler
contents, 0 to 40 wt. %, and particle sizes, 0.150, 0.30,
and 0.420 µm. Talc, of particle size, 0.150 µm was
used as the reference filler. The incorporation of egg
shell and fish bone powder into polypropylene
resulted in improvement in the tensile strength,
tensile modulus, flexural, and impact strength of the
composites, and these properties increased with
increase in filler contents, and decrease in filler
particle sizes. The elongation at break of the
composites was observed to decrease with increase in
filler contents, and particle sizes. The hardness,
specific gravity, and water absorption (24 h) of the
prepared composites were found to increase with
increase in filler contents, and decease in filler
particle size. The cost of egg shell, and fish bone
powder fillers is less than that of the polypropylene
matrix. Similarly, the cost of compounding is
unlikely to be higher than that for the conventional
mineral based components. The use of egg shell, and
fish bone powder as fillers for the plastic industry
will not only provide a renewable source of filler for
the plastic industry but also generate a non – food
source of economic development for the famers in
the rural areas.
Effects of bone particle on the properties and
microstructure of polypropylene/bone ash particulate
composites
F.Asukea, V.S. Aigbodionb, M.Abdulwahaba,
O.S.IFayomic, A.P.I. Popoolac, C.I.Nwoyid,
B.Garbaa in their paper, the effects of uncarbonized
(fresh) and carbonized bone particles on the
microstructure and properties of polypropylene
composites have been studied. The addition of the
bone particles ranges from 5 to 25 wt% in
uncarbonized and carbonized forms in the
polypropylene matrix. The physical and mechanical
properties were used as criteria for the evaluation of
the composites. Microstructures of the composites
were assessed with scanning electron microscopy
(SEM/EDS). The results revealed that the addition of
carbonized bone particles reinforcement has superior
properties than uncarbonized bone particles
composite based materials with an increase in the
compressive strength, hardness values, tensile
strength and flexural strength by 53%, 45% and 35%
respectively, and a decrease in the % elongation and
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impact energy by 75% and 32%, respectively at 25
wt% carbonized bone, with 28% increase in tensile
strength at 15 wt% carbonized bone addition.In the
present research, different experimental techniques
have been used to characterize the micro structure
and properties of PP and its composites containing
different volume fractions of bone particles. From the
results of the investigations and discussions in the
preceding section, the following conclusions have
been made.
III. MATERIALS USED
The materials usually used in the concrete mix are
cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate. The
following are the materials which is used in this
project,
 Cement
 Fine Aggregate
 Coarse Aggregate
 Bone Powder
 Water
Cement
A cement is a binding material, a substance that sets
and hardens and can bind other materials together.
The cement used in this experimental study is 53
grade of ordinary Portland cement. All the properties
of cement are referred in IS 12269: 2013
specification of 53 grade ordinary Portland cement.
Fine Aggregate:
Fine aggregates are the aggregates whose size is less
4.75mm. Sand is generally considered to have a
lower size limit of about 0.07mm. Materials between
0.06 and 0.002mm is classified as silt and still
smaller particles are called clay.
The fine aggregate may be one of the following type:
 Natural Sand, i.e., the fine aggregate from
natural disintegration of rock and which has been
deposited by stream and glaciers.
 Crushed stone sand, i.e., the fine aggregate
produced by hard stone.
 Crushing gravel sand, i.e., the fine aggregate
produced by crushing natural gravel.
According to size, the fine aggregate may be
described as coarse, medium and fine sand.
In this project, the dry river sand is used that is
locally available.
IJIRT 145491 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY
Coarse Aggregate:
The aggregates most of which are retained on the
4.75 mm IS sieve are termed as coarse aggregates.In
this project coarse aggregate of maximum 20mm size
is used.
The Coarse aggregate may be one of the following
type:
• Crushed gravels are stone obtained by the
crushing of gravel or hard stone.
• Uncrushed gravel or stone resulting for the
natural disintegration of rock.
• Particularly crushed gravel or stone obtained as a
product of the blending of the above two types.
Since the aggregates are formed due to the natural
disintegration of rocks or by the artificial crushing of
rocks. These properties are chemical and mineral
composition, specific gravity, hardness, strength,
physical and chemical stability pore pressure and
colour. Some other properties not possessed by the
parent rocks are particles shape and size. All these
properties may have a considerable effect on the
quality of concrete in fresh and hardenedstate.
Bone Powder
Animal bone Powder is a complex chemical made
from calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl ions, but
which may also contain small amount of cationic,
magnesium and strontium replacing calcium and
bicarbonate and fluoride, replacing the hydroxyl
anion.The bone ash in this condition can be easily
reduced to a fine. It crumble when it passes through
sieve, the ash was whitish in colour.
It should be manufactured by the calcination process
and crushed into powder. The components present in
the bone are called as collagen. The major minerals
present in the bone powder are calcium and
phosphate.
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Fig. 3.4 Bone powder

The minerals present in the bone powder are

responsible for hardness, rigidity and the great
compressive strength of bone. It has high elasticity
exists with loads upto 30 to 40 percent of breaking
strength, above this creep or gradual deformation
occurs. Animal bone powder having the formula of
Ca5(OH) Po4. It consist of CaO, P2O5 and water. The
use of bone powder in cement will increase the
compressive strength of concrete.
Water
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it
actively participates in the chemical reaction with
cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving Fig. 4.1 Pycnometer
cement, the quality and quantity of water is required
The specific gravity of cement is determined by using
to be looked carefully. The quality of water affects
the following formula:
the strength, it is necessary for us to go into the purity 䁢 䖍
and quality of water. In this project we used portable G= 䁢 䖍 䁢 t䁢 㔲
×0.79
water. Mass of pycnometer (M1) =0.686gm
Mass of pycnometer and cement (M2)=0.886gm
IV. PRELIMINARY MATERIAL TEST Mass of pycnometer, cement and kerosene (M3)
=1.474gm
Preliminary Test: Mass of pycnometer and kerosene (M4)=1.325gm
Under preliminary test, the properties of various
ingredients used in concrete were studied. 䁢 䖍
G= ×0.79
A. Test On Cement: 䁢 䖍 䁢 t䁢 㔲
㌳䁙䁙䀀䁢 ㌳䀀䁙䀀
Various tests are conducted to determine the G= ㌳䁙䁙䀀䁢 ㌳䀀䁙䀀 䁢 䖍㌳㔲ᮨ㔲䁢䖍㌳t ‫ݧ‬
×0.79
properties of cement such as specific gravity of G = 3.1
cement. The specific gravity of cement is 3.1.
Specific gravity test:
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the B. Tests On Fine Aggregate:
weight of given volume of soil to the weight of The following various test are conducted on fine
an equal volume of distilled water . aggregates.
Weigh a clean and dry pycnometer flask or 1.Specific gravity test
specific gravity bottle with its stopper (W1). Place 2.Sieve analysis
a sample of cement upto half of the flask (about
50gm) and weigh with its stopper (W2). Add Specific Gravity Test:
kerosene (polar liquid) to cement in flask till it is The specific gravity test is done by using the
half full. Mix thoroughly with glass rod to remove pycnometer. With the use of pycnometer, specific
entrapped air. Continue stirring and add more gravity of each constituent is known. Specific
kerosene till it is flush with the graduated mark. gravity of aggregate is required in mix design
Dry the outside and weigh (W3). Entrapped air may for different grades with the workability
be removed by vaccum pump, if available. Empty measurements. Average specific gravity of the
the flask, clean it refills with clean kerosene various soils materials varies from 2.6 and 2.8.
flush with the graduated mark wipe dry and the The specific gravity of fine aggregate is determined
outside and weigh (W4). by using the following formula:
䁢 䖍
Pycnometer method is also quick method of G= 䁢 䖍 䁢 t䁢 㔲
determining the specific gravity of soil sample.

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Mass of pycnometer (M1) =0.686gm the basis of the cumulative weight retained on
Mass of pycnometer and sand (M2) =0.886gm the sieve.
Mass of pycnometer, sand and water (M3)=1.740gm The table for sieve analysis is given below:
Mass of pycnometer and water (M4)= 1.615gm Total weight of fine aggregate =1000gm.
Table No: Sieve analysis
䁢 䖍
G= 䁢 䖍 䁢 t䁢 㔲 S. Sieve Weight of Percentag Cumulati Percenta
㌳䁙䁙䀀䁢 ㌳䀀䁙䀀 No designati soil e weight ve + ge of
G= ㌳䁙䁙䀀䁢 ㌳䀀䁙䀀 䁢 䖍㌳ᮨ㔲 䁢䖍㌳䀀䖍‫ݧ‬ on retained retained Retained finer
G = 2.66 (mm) (gm)
The specific gravity of fine aggregate is 2.66. 1 12.5 0 0 0 100

Sieve Analysis Test:

2 4.75 0.044 4.4 4.4 95.6
The particle size distribution for the construction
materials are determined by sieve analysis. A
sieve analysis can be performed on any type of 3 1.18 0.140 14.0 18.4 81.6
non-organic or organic materials. To differentiate
particle size, sieve analysis is most probably adopted. 4 1.16 0.063 6.3 24.7 75.3
The sieve used in the sieve analysis test are
4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm,1.16mm, 0.6mm, 0.3mm 5 0.6 0.197 19.7 44.4 55.6
and 0.150mm and an empty pan.
The sieve are placed one below the other in the 6 0.43 0.357 35.7 80.1 19.9
order of their mesh size. Largest aperture sieve
being kept at the top and the smallest aperture 7 0.3 0.125 12.5 92.6 7.4
sieve kept at bottom descending order. An empty
pan is kept at the bottom and a cover is kept at 8 0.15 0.041 4.1 96.7 3.3
the top of the whole assembly. The soil sample
of about 1kg is put on the top sieve and the
9 Pan 0.033 1.9 100 0
whole assembly is fitted on a sieve shaking
machine.

Sum of cumulative and percentage retained

=461.3gm.
Fineness modulus = Total weight of cumulative /100
=461.3/100 = 4.613
A graph was drawn based on the sieve designation
and percentage of passing through various sieves.
Graph No: 4.1 Particle size distribution- Sieve analysis

Fig.4.2. Sieve apparatus

The sieve process gets started and allowed to

shake for about 10 minutes. The amount of
shaking depends upon the shape and the number
of particles. The residue of the soil sample
retained on each sieve is weighed. The percentage
of soil retained on each sieve is calculated on

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Mass of pycnometer and coarse aggregate (M2)

=0.886gm
Mass of pycnometer, coarse aggregate and water
(M3) =1.747gm
Mass of pycnometer and water (M4)= 1.615gm

䁢 䖍
G = 䁢 䖍 䁢 t䁢 㔲
㌳䁙䁙䀀䁢 ㌳䀀䁙䀀
G = ㌳䁙䁙䀀䁢 ㌳䀀䁙䀀 䁢 䖍㌳ᮨ㔲ᮨ䁢䖍㌳䀀䖍‫ݧ‬
= 2.94

The specific gravity of coarse aggregate is 2.94.

Impact test:
Toughness is the property of the material to impact
resistance. The test used to determine the toughness
of stone i.e., the resistance of the stones under
From graph, repeated impact loads is called an impact test.
D10 =0.34 The weight of mould specimen is to be taken. The
D30 =0.45 sample aggregates is filled in the mould in 3 layers.
D60 =0.71 The weight of aggregate is taken in kg. The mould is
Uniformity coefficient = D60 /D10 placed into position under hammer and fixed between
=0.71 /0.34 =2.09 crips. The hammer is allowed to fall freely at a height
Coefficient of curvature =(D30)2 /D60 ×D10 of 38.5cm and above 15 blows are given. The
=(0.45)2 /0.34×0.71 obtained residue on the mould get passed through a
=0.84 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10mm sieve.BIS
Water absorption Test: 882:1992 prescribes the following maximum values
Weight of sand (w1)=1000gm of the average of sample, 25% when the aggregate is
Weight of sand immersed in water =1008gm to be used in heavy-duty concrete floor finishes, 30%
Water absorption = (w2-w1) / w1 *100 when the aggregate is to be used in concrete
=(1008-1000) /1000 *100 pavement wearing surfaces 45% when the aggregate
=0.8% is to be used in other concrete.
The properties of fine aggregates are used in the
investigations are presents in table.
Table :Properties of fine aggregate
S.No Properties Value

1 Specific gravity 2.66

2 Fineness modulus 4.613

3 Density 1850kg/m3
Fig.4.3. Impact testing machine

4 Water absorption 0.8% The table for impact test is given below:
Empty weight of crushing mould = 1.352gm
Weight of crushing mould with sample =2.13gm
C. Test On Coarse Aggregate: Table No: 4.3 Impact test
The following test are conducted on coarse aggregate, S. No Details of samples
Specific Gravity Test:
Mass of pycnometer (M1) =0.686gm

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1 Total weight of aggregate0.427gm Mix Proportions:

filling the cylindrical Cement = 479 Kg/m3
measure (w1) Water = 191.58 lit
2 Weight of aggregate0.060gm Fine aggregate = 697.984 Kg/m3
passing 2.36mm sieve after Coarse aggregate = 1368.992 Kg/m3
test Mix Ratio
3 Weight of aggregate0.367gm Cement F.A C.A Water
retained 2.36mm sieve 1 : 1.5 : 2.95 : 0.5
after test Mix design was done for M20 concrete as per IS
4 Aggregate impact value 14.05% code specifications (IS 10262-2009).The mix ratio of
(w1-w2)/w1 *100 4%, 8%, 12% is casted for M20 grade concrete. In
5 Aggregate Impact Value 14% each mix 3 cubes, 3 cylinders are casted. Water
curing is done after all the specimen casted.

Aggregate Impact Value =14% VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Water Absorption Test: Based on the experimental result obtained the
Weight of coarse aggregate (w1) =1000gm following tabulation and graphs are plotted.
Weight of C.A immersed in water(w2)=1006gm Testing of Specimen:
Water absorption = (w2-w1) / w1 ×100 Compressive Strength of Cube:
=(1006-1000) /1000 ×100 The compressive strength of cubes after 7 and 28
=0.6% days are calculated. The graph is plotted based on the
Table No: Properties of coarse aggregate specimen along the X-axis and the combined
compressive strength along the Y-axis.
S.No Property Value
Table : Compressive Strength of cube after 7 days of
1 Specific gravity 2.97 curing
COMPRESSIVE
2 Impact value 14% SPECIMEN STRENGTH
IN N/mm 2
3 Waterabsorption 0.6% S0 13.35

S1 13.72
D. Test On Bone Powder:
Specific Gravity Test:
S2 14.5
Mass of pycnometer (M1)=0.667gm
Mass of pycnometer and bone powder (M2) S3 16.06
=0.867gm
Mass of pycnometer, bone powder and kerosene (M3)
=1.080gm
Graph: Compressive strength of cube after 7 days of
Mass of pycnometer and kerosene (M4)=1.480gm
curing
䁢 䖍
G = 䁢 䖍 䁢 t䁢 㔲
×0.79
㌳䁙䀀ᮨ䁢 ㌳䀀䀀ᮨ
G= ㌳䁙䀀ᮨ䁢 ㌳䀀䀀ᮨ 䁢 䖍㌳ 䁙 䁢䖍㌳㔲䁙
×0.79
G = 0.412
The specific gravity of bone powder is 0.412

V. MIX PROPORTION FROM MIX DESIGN

For M20 Grade Concrete

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Graph:Compressive strength of cube after 28 days

In the above graph it shows the compressive strength of curing
of cube after 7 days of curing. The compressive Split Tensile Strength Of Cylinder:
strength was found to be maximum at 12% The split tensile strength of cylinder after 7 and 28
replacement of cement by B.P which was greater than days are calculated. The graph is plotted based on the
conventional concrete. specimen along the X-axis and the combined
compressive strength along the Y-axis.
Table: Split tensile strength of cylinder after 7 days of
curing
SPLIT TENSILE
SPECIMEN STRENGTH IN N/mm2
COMPRESSIVE
SPECIMEN STRENGTH
S0 IN1.27
N/mm2
S1
S0 1.47
19.54
S2
S1 1.84
19.39
S3 2.13
S2 22.94

S3 25.25

Table No: 7.2. Compressive Strength of cube after 28

days of curing

Graph:Split tensile strength of cylinder after 7 days of

curing
In the above graph it shows the split tensile strength
of cylinder after 7 days of curing. The split tensile
strength of cylinder was found to be 12%
replacement of cement by B.P, which was greater
than conventional concrete.
Table No: 7.4. Split tensile strength of cylinder after 28
days of curing

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SPLIT TENSILE
Graph No: 7.4 Split tensile strength of cylinder SPECIMEN STRENGTH IN N/mm2
after 28 days of curing S0 3.08

S1 3.26

S2 3.91

S3 4.44

Khuda Road, Dhanmondi Dhaka - 1205,

Bangladesh.
[2] Asukea.F, Aigbodionb.V.S, Abdulwahaba.M,
Fayomic.O.S.I, Popoolac.A.P.I, Nwoyid.C.I,
In the above graph it shows the split tensile strength Garbaa.B, “Effects of bone particle on the
of cylinder after 28 days of curing. The split tensile properties and microstructure of
strength of cylinder was found to be 12% polypropylene/bone ash particulate
replacement of cement by B.P, which was greater composites”, Department of Metallurgical and
than conventional concrete. Materials Engineering, Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria, Nigeria.
[3] Ayininuloa.G.M, Sagunro.A.O, “ Bone Ash
VII. CONCLUSION
Impact on Soil Shear Strength”, World
Based upon the results of experimental study carried Academy of Science, Engineering and
out the following conclusion can be drawn.From this Technology, International Journal of
experimental work, it concluded that the animal Environmental, Ecological, Geological and
bone powder can also used as a construction Geophysical Engineering, Volume:7, Page
material (i.e)., partial replacement of cement. The no:11, year 2013.
bone powder is added incrementally by 4%, 8% and [4] Isaac O. Igwe, Genevive C. Onuegbu,
12% by weight of the cement. The maximum “Studies on Properties of Egg shell and Fish
strength developed by replacing 12% of bone ash by Bone Powder Filled Polypropylene
weight of cement. Hence the animal bone powder Department of Polymer and Textile
can be replaced partially by weight of cement leads Engineering, Federal University of
to reduce the problem of environmental pollution Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.
and reduces the usage of cement. The addition of
10% of bone powder attains a compressive strength
and increasing the content of bone powder is also
reaches a high strength. Hence we conclude that
further addition of bone powder will also gives a
good result. So, it can be used in concrete
production and can be replaced upto the optimum
percentage and increase the strength of concrete.
REFERENCES
[1] Ahsan.M, Dewan.A.H, Mustafi.S and
Ahmed.S, “Characterization of crystalline
phases of bone ash”, Institute of Glass and
Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT),
Bangladesh Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Qudrat-i-

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