OP.

OP.
ANDHRULA JANAPADA VIGNANAM - A Comprehei
book on Telugu Folk-lore studies by Dr R. V, S. Sunda
Department of Teiugu, Institute of Kannada Stu<

University of Mysore, Mysore-570 006.

-500 004.

: 345

: 1983
Sfc^es

: 2,000

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(Folk life)

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"those materials in culture that circulate traditionally among

members of
any group in different versions, whether in orai
form or by means of customary exampje'-^^

2, S 83c$2$5&ncS5bo3 t3 K?

3. D5)^ e^^o^cr-eo ^o^) 4. s

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Stfco

M.
{Richard Dorsony
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(Oral )

rfg^^^
* .aa3 - :

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culture) ;

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tftfg

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(Game), SoAtfo (Music),
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Verse)
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/Speech)

proverb)

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(Categories)?^
8 ^
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SO

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(h stor'cai-reccns* u^-'

nal)
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(ritualistic theo'rf

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(Ludwig Laismer)sfctfjrt>sp6
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97).

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* i

(functonat theory )

(Zuni Mythology)
(Rutn Benedict)
asf ^d^^sS^cO S&VP
!fl72 :
21).
(William Bascom}.
33*8*0 'So^S) JPsStoo

9 or?

8-5 ^^^ ^oScSPSS^^XP,

903"=

('deologica,

theory^

1972:17).

^Heroic ballads)
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#0^0, ^sStftfjS
Woo SoDtffnStfS^ Sfo^S,

(jS<3je3iSo

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; A
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cor?

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. eoa"!
 o 15

Tfc&o.

. 18
o <^> o
?o*<&. Voiksfied
Q

^o Stimmen der volkerin Uedern 1778 779

(grimm brothers) 1812 ^ Kinde, and Hausmarchen

1846 5* ipjS 6j

1955

oi
V
(English Folklore Society, 1878; A'mer can Folklore soc.ety
1888)
,
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.)S5 3sfib. ^SdSp So'S^^otf* "3sc?5 (Standard

I)i5"

Dictionary of Folklore Mythology and Legend;

i Aarne
)

M. Francis
.

Bowrs) A'io8(
B Gummere /Mac Edward L^ach)^^yT
(Richard
s5bioa*plerre Maranda

"iofi" Archer Tailor, A H k-appe ss

36^5? fib
(jrl^

(1754-1821)

4
'

ichattes .

Gover) ... 1871 fi 8 "Folksongs of

 17

" '

Southern India

(J. A. Boyle
1
^SJ 8,^ c?

1874 ^ Telugu Ballad Poetry

e^|
&
&. 1884

1910-

20

1924

, ^boo^O
-^8
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e-Sfcf

?
^ ;tfcSSbsSa'

iS CP.
a^ocSDg
.^caor?
v_ a
' ^^.
j

('Folklore
of Andhra Pradesh; 'Pa let a I is of Andhra Pradesh' '

estf/l&o, safia.^&oefrfo o, OP.

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rod 6.0

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 20 .
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dfc&D * a*. d. 5"e3s5yr6

rt

7?c&PSQ* ^

1. 'Folklore i$ an echo the past, but at the same

of, time it

is also the vigorous voice of the present", Folklore and

Folk life, Introduction, Richard M, Dorson
(Ed.),
'' 1972
p. 17. .

'
\

2. "If modern folklorists accepted the nine-teenth century

definition of folk as illiterate, rural, backward peasant
then might well be that the study of the love of such
it

folk might be a
strictly salvage operation and that the dis-
cipline of foikioristics would in time follow the folk itself
into oblivion; But we
if look at the question "who
are the folk?" in a new light, we shall see that the folk
are not dying out, and that there are folk
cultures alive
and well in the United
States, Canada and Europe- and
that new folk cultures are bound to arise,"
Easays in
Foikioristics, Alan Dundes, 1978,
p.6.

3. "The term 'folk' can refer to any

group of people what .
*o*er..ho share at least one common factor. It does not
matter what the
linking factoris.it could be a
common
occupation, language or
religion-but what is important is
 21

that a group formed for whatever reason will have some

traditions which it calls its own. In group must
theory a
consist of at least two persons, but generally most
groups many individuals. A member of
consist of
the group may not know all other members, but he- will

probably know the common core of traditions belonging

to the group, traditions which help the group to have a
sense of group identity," The study oj Folklore, Alan
Dundes (Ed ), 1965, p.2.

Jan Harold Brunvand. The study ofAmerican Folklore, New

york 1968. As quoted by Edson Richmond, in his review
of the above book in Journal of American Folklore, 82 :

323/1969, p. 81.
^ ag>Fa^3v2>. 3<f. &>\&&&<&$ CP&S
'An Introduction to the study of Indian Folklore', 1972.
p. 47

5. Standard Dictionary of folklore, Mythology, and Legend

Maria Leach (edj, 1975, pp. 1138-1147^

6. "If a myth does come from ritual, where then does the
ritual come from ? Ritualists delight in tracing folkloristic
items back to ritual, but they usually have little if any-

thing to say about the origin of the ritual" The study of

Folklore, Alan Dunder, 1965, p. 53.
 WO

(Andhra Folk)

^ 01 4S ^si

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v sB-cS;S#

" crepes* 1978 :

(2). 793).

1
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o^t^otf &CT
ifcto
(jSfy-oaoti

aba
fc. dSp^
Ssb^3"5S
5

: 19-2-7 1)/'

Sotfcfc"

Aoto. a a srcreco,
'

1978 :
78?)

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 89

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"t>fib<T* SSStfc&tfoff* SCPCT

o5

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(refrain)

(1978:797).
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^3*8
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p\fco

Asiatic Society of
Bengaj (i906),
7 3'SoOS, 3 si
ygd6o, 6

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(1920), 10
ti

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r .36).

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1

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8.

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5.

tf^Sb
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eoo^?
'

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(narrative song^
Encyclopaedia Britannica sgep

"Ballads are a variety of folksong; but they are suffici-

ent by a group themselves to be classed separately" (vol
i

o, p. 22}.

"

S .56

; 1876 : .
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;o.a

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"Sen

sS)otftfSSbff,

S
tf^a

e-Ssfctfdfio s-s-oa.
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CO

& 'odeD

SS.CPGD,

1961 :
3-4)

(communal transmission). ^& ^s^

8 fre-creationv

collective
unconcious)
(impersonal
48

&c?o

(work songs)

0*^0*
'S&?&nficS
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ST'fflo^tfsS

sj>

(4-89)
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fij<xSsr0^5s.

.
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3.

4.

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6.

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Work^songs e^?, labour songs

of action

der )

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Give to me baby
f Give to her baby,
I
5

Give to him; baby Give to one, Baby,

1

Give to all, baby' (C.IVL Bowra 1962 :

16;9)

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1981 :
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New mon, come out, give water for us,

New moon, the under down water for us,
New moon, shake down water for us
[C.M. Bowra. 1962:79]

Jfd&o ,5

(wo(j5bo.

CO

;
39)
84
 85

(structuralism)
toaa eSsS^7?dabo"aootfS_cS

(units
.

) ^)gaD

..- 27-30

sS 5 I e

(abnormal psychology)
 spco
(psychemes)
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(Baliad),
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(Folk Epic)
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(Narrative poem) Sctf3_jS

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tf^r-

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aB<b3o*)Sb ^
(narative poem or song) ^ '

-.esa

1977)
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(i-mitable situations) a

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and lingering)

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1875 :
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4. a.

6. ga '-s$g tfgSsnfc &osoa (s^r <^^|"5^ 1975: 106).

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ts^gf^^ faction)
/characters). ^ocSr>83So (setting), ^5?s5^^ (theme)

d&ea,
 (minstrels

(traditional ballads)

'7?d&e.

J^ fftfo3 ^^) L^d3bo

^a 8,^6

(epic process)

$$

(folk pice) e^ t

Offo^Cfo
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.3*0 o.S'*

o.

(balladli-ngsy
7?csS>^55-
tf|5oD (ballad cycles)

(1858
^
: 6-7V
/
sScS
...... -0 3

, S5D^ Soooo'eo, ^oSD^co,

'

: 1. tr&'A&CQ, 2.
3*6^3 en, 3.

4. 5. 7?dipa) f
d*tfsSp|sc,. ^or^tf fi

7. ^e&estfSS 7?d^o), 8. --SrsS^sS ScXfrvso. '.

(riddle ballads')

6^003.
92 tjo^&e

domestic complications

/supernatural ba!lads\ ^"^

(transformational

ballads) &o|^ cfo(H'eSr

(legendary ballads)

sS^o^coo^S) Shamani
stic epics, J>c5jfS Heroic epics.
(jSzyS^S)
-iSa' Romantic epics.
o3a Hitsoric epics, ^s
1972 :
101). sS

if
g-^j&j, sSctf btf

itf
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(4-112).
 a 330.

(myths)
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:
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cr.

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of Ancient English
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ir. Walter w >

Scott) '^efi.8oOS SX)J5"|>3 0^.

of the Scottish Border-1 802-03
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19
O
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|^*S)^5^S>^5" (Francis
Child) e^ ^"S^as' ^n-^occo^ ^^^ "SsS."
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LonnroU
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1874

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1) "It is indeed tempting to surmise that in the Late

Palaeolithic Age (30,000 -
16,000 B.C.) when men
delighted in painting and carving and modelling, they
1
'

delighted also in the melodious arrangement of words

C.M. Bowra, 'Primitive -song, P.13.
 ,
115

2) ''Sacred songs are, in the first place intended to esta-

blish a relation with supernatural powers and to influ-
ence them in a direction desired by the singers. They
are composed against a background of accepted
beliefs, and use its assumptions to make themselves
felt'
4
-CM, Bowra Primitive song, p. 55. .

3)

4) "Ballad is a song to which folk used to dance yet ;

nearly every variety of short poenrnn English has been-

called a ballad''-F.B. Gummere. The Popular Ball ad.p,^.,

5) Ballads were at first and always hacta?

always sung,
refrain ; the refrain is
incontestably sprung from ^ing--
ing of the people at dance, play, work, .going back to
that choral repetition which seems to have been the
protoplasm of all poetry"- F.B. Gummere;T/2$ Popular
Ballad, pp,73-74.
s"* $53- &*PBCO
o&'o5

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(superstition)

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K>eoas

1963:27).

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A^s. fctf d-oS

(cultural area) Boas
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eQ7T ^JCP^O^) JDtfg^otftfSicp

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..tfr*o

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ss-fiS^tf
0|g 6rsS&o&CP
tfg^co.
122

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myth}.

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220 S\3x'tftf -fi 260

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240" a. 280\
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and s^CPes as?rp!)S) 1.
Ethcs) ib^gJoS :
,-

tfojjs-dfcca:

2.
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4,

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. 11.

i. 12.

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 125

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126

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A.Hendrlcks) So^oSo. ^3bS '^O-ES^^O' -(A Dictronary of
Mythologies, granada Publishing limited/
1881)

^Mythology, penguin Education, Reprinted, ^T

1973)

Wo So

- .

__J) ,__
S^c^^S
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(Claude Levi-
.Straussj o^g5*tf jS S-1fieSb &srs5bro) S5oe3^<&.
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eftoS-fi" s^cr

s6^-3*)^3'S alfexoa' &*<$ Dcr^o (e& The structural study

t

of Myth and Totemism, Ed. Edmund Leach, Tavistock

publications.
1867) ^o>^orr> doa.s?ff (Asdiwal)
 188

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2.

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 135

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(local legends')

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 ^top gtfSo

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'

M. Dorspn 197.2 :
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.'

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'

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fi.
(1978)

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sD^^gc?
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194)

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1846 :
456)-
1

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aggcfc -sSr^o (.fidiSplcx)^ do^da.

4.

5.

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: tftfco
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. 2

3.

8
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;S#*d&"oS* ^

.srSb. Sb
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c-tfo

a 5w5a &*rt^ (The Types of the Folk-Tale)

^tffioco er^o .ttaoOS. 8orf6".wpfir sS^S Sfe-cJJS"

(1812-14
 150

s soaoa.-

(AS &*f(6g aff-jf^wotfo (jSeptfo -s-Sa-Ofi .

.{ft
^0*3 uSda?5joa (Broken
Myth
theory)^^ abof; 3.^ ^sZ * OB- oe

(Benfey)
oa'&.
jSotfrfo^tf Jtoojfc
_
aoo^
(J859) a

(India origin theory)n*

^. ^6- fKohler). s .^^ (Cosquin)

55.^^0 ^ &. s^^o fe..

-cfi.' e CTO ! a-a^ ^^5 S<5d&^ ^a

(Les fabliaux; 189.).
 151

"

(Anthropological theory)
.

w?
'

s*tfeao

A>5oO

A
tales('
5'^G^<s!^ |J?OOA So'ig^eo (Complex
(Simple tales^

1863:21-26) Solg '

^c^ 8
tos ^. (marchen)
1

300-749

'
4l

(religious tales) ^'Z

(romantic tale) gj*o
sSolg ^o^
tak s cs^dj^eo. and
(animal ) (Jokes

(marchem) (religions tale) (novella) (aninrraltale) (formula tale)

152"

3&c&o5*

.
 6otfp.'

tales
(mythological
(tegendarytales),

sSo

rf
,

/tales of imitation\

ST* "3>0&{P* oc. JD. cr*&cp0 tfo^o^o ^SfclS 88

(tairy tales) (mery tals) (animal tales) (fables) (riddle tales)

 sio

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 155

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75) 32$cS
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 157

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 159

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162

?
SsS^rfo
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 188

fiftf

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fi*Sotfs- S'D

3*<bld&orr, fc
184

(E Rohde) ^
'
neD*
w v
i

(Old Testament)

6.6*
 1812^

^23*0^ .

(tape recording) gS3S*rfo .sSo.. Mf&

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(text) ^. -^ ^^ fifs?'' Sotfo (contextj

38 tf$&
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(Orar literary criticism) ^JD

"&^5o^ g^S* g?
"&csb "S>dj-fib
'.
;
(197*
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 SOPCP
sStfrrtf^S'or? (descriptive),

(comparative) ?O^QT^ (historical)

Ss^cfibo
168

3 so/ft

s-
a. cr-^cT-E^^a 'Flok tales of Andhra Pradesh' !974e
.
'

(Sterling Publishers PVT LTD).

63

' 8
-(1970, '|&Sj*&--S)^g)cyg?dab. sis'
(jS^^ea)

or.

tfSSj SSfco-. ^^ ^co s^

68
 oS (19.81)
Btfff" ^o. erS" sSipe)^ $os>5&a><T v)t),.3 ,

^ cO0&, 3?

,
srcjj*

fNew York : Holt Rinehart, and winston, Inc;

1S46)

ajosr

1. ''Myths display the stactufal

.

f
Predorrtirtantfy eu.it-
ure and shared, semantic systems which
specific,
enable the members of a culture area to understand
each other and to cope with "the unknown. More stri r
ctly, myths are styffsfica% definabte discourses that
express the strong components of semantic systems"
P. Maranda (Ed) Mythology, Peraguira Education,
Reprinted 1$73 r p p*. 12-13

2. 9-6 Sir*' SGPdSbSfeo- sSsiPDS So-ooSoOtS sg.crcso, sj'S

20 25

"o>o)o^.

Oco^Sb^srrf'to.

3*
ro
 171

3.
ff/
It Isan activity more ancient ftan the pyra-
mids arid in no wise dependent on the extent of our
"western culture, cheops, thegreat pyramid builder,
5,000 years ago had his professional story-tellers'*-
Stith Thompson, A FoMote, the Read.ar Kennete and
Mary clarke' (Ed.). 1965, P, 40,

4. invaded Burope through, the Arab

*'. ..... tales

conquest In Spain and the influx of Levantine traders

*nto Byzantine Empire, affecting mainly literary
media. A third impulse came through the Mongolian
invasion that
helped import oral tales into eastern
Europe*'-Linda Degh, folklore &ad folklife v Richard
M. Dorson, 1972, p. 56,
 fctftf-
'

(pelda begged)
e>b
(mathal)
(proverb
i&S).

", asfa-cSDc5"
1968:6)
 173

1-875 12.

^serod .wftj^cSSbo aotfSjasfc cp^ 5

1-875 : 17

e=>o"eb
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7? 3

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SSJJ

oo
 T7B

5*005* ^doaf

fi&oolb

. S'fioo,
 n>*S)fco So o^^o^, oV

Naples and die* e

roads lead to Rome

,
^60

Sip 'top 3&

 177

>

n) S'O'eso fiuS

-
^ST a,"!

ssS6^.

Ao'drca).

(Racial proverbs, p. xxiv).

w.tfgofiC

S3" 5 g GO S^ep*
6^^000.

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^o.^S,
17

tf

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A

e a??^Gc5a 3^&(Standard
Dictionary p. 1 147) e.O; i
^2SSpn^ rtaaoos^ Prover-
bial Metaphor Ex. A new broom swesps clean 2. ra^^r?

Sp^crsS^crsio 3?a 3"S^ Proverbial Apothegm, Maxim Ex.

seeing is believing 3. a&o& /^pa^ sSero&^a^3"&^

Blason populaire Ex. It takes nine taiters to make a
man 4.
&a-^ ss^go arsSpac/r ^O^^COD*^ wellerism
Ex.

"Everyman to his taste" said the farmer when he kissed

his cow" 5. ^"aotfjoefe ^^^ao^sS^o^co proverbial phra-
ses Ex. to break the ice 6. d"aaerb S^s^co prover-
bialcomparison EX, As white as snow; wiser than
Solpmeh.

(Warren Roberts)
(As quoted by Kenneth and Mary clarke
'

I863:120Y,
/
tftfs^otf
 179

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4
,
Sd&S^ff**) "2>g3"63
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7. 4: 14. 1

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esjSbeTjcr;a

.> 258^89'

(Standard Dictionary of Folklore pp 902 - 905).

Honesty is We best Policy

Silence gives Consent

es'Ss'o

Sour grapes
180

Good wine needs no bush&

nearer the Church, the farther /rom God

^"^ (Ss-ecSSiPDS <^^^)g r*| ^^)<^ eS

F/?e nearer Rome, t/?e worse Christian

Enough is as good as feast

Like
cures like

oeo ^a SCPC^
Scssbg^*.
^>D cS>#s5fipo o^eo. An apple a
day keeps doctor away ^5
 *r5o 181

iS)

a, &3 :
April showers bring may*
flowers. ;

Ignorance of the law excuses no men "atf oo5oS'

Don't kick a man when he is down,

s3ft)i"i;cXSb
V.

.
M.
^ocX&od5"'. (Margaret Bryant)
182 eoj^i'G
sc$s$> S

of. Folklore,
(Standard Dictionary p. 907).
. sfr* 5 57S-geo 2.
3. 4-
wfc(j&S
irgaD 6.
^^s^oa 7. %

SFSPgeo 8.

6otSefo

fiJ5"-"ps^ar (Jahn Hay wood)

 s^sStf- SeJSo -
.183

(
A Dialogue of proverbs)

. c .Racial
Od

Proverbs*

SCPOT

Proverbial Sayings Com_

1944^* American Dialect Society

0;$.

To
A
184 wo&o s*3s$tf

"Haciai Proverbs**

r&eo

181

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727-786)

30^
188 & o\&s>

1954)

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>83o

"ico^b,

"SootfS J

<5>

S'tfo S^fio. ^cStfo "Seo^) ^^De^O er- ^. ^5,

Si 5^ 5^^S Seo
"IsS

leofib ^^^. tfSrfo^

8
'S^ri1 ^ CPS^PC^^ "If
 "loss

SSjtfo
00

S^d&o iifco, (Sasj-^Sa 1)43

n-S

SloQ

&SJ
aSo-0^
 185

1''Proverbs are short and witty traditional expre-

.

ssions that arise as part of everyday discourse as well

as more highly structured situations of educa-
in the
tion and judicial proceedings" - Roger D. Abrahams,
Folklore and Folk life, Richard M- Dorson (Ed.)
p. 119.

2. "... Proverbs use all of the devices we

commonly associate with poetry in English .- meter,
binary construction and balanced phrasing, rhyme,
assonance and alliteration, conciseness, metaphor,
and occasional inverted word order and usual cons-
truction"- Roger D. Abrahams, Folklore and Folk/ife,
Ed, Richard M. Dorson, p. 119.
1972:130).

Riddle

(raedan)
 197

>. "Bco

(1961),
(riddle stories)

a*, a. cpSSbcpss3
(1958:5 iS)
 b
(positive)sS>erS
CP&'OF?' &o"S3 artfgorr'
^oergbo
(negative).
O^tfSo ^sSs'tfo gpaa-sS)- SW5

508306000*3-.

j(
2$crSeErs$o

co r*>
dSrsS5 e5sfo>n 'd&o"
i

^>^^o of Religion and

^Encyclopaedia
Ethics, p 76.5). gp^-sj) ^^bo"S Weo^a^ rtses*r,

^rpcoo&r-coo.

^) tftfeo ao

(Riddles are probably the oldest extant forms of humour

vol xx, p. 549),
7Tolbtfgo
dotftfo

S.oopfio- .Aotftfo

.
flbeso
200

Ibtf

tfOn-ooo-
^^0 tb<5 7?d3j-a) f

-200^

(A last department of oral Folklore

the so-called popular riddle) ^D a ^ too (^.

,go
(Standard Dictionary of Folklore,
p938J f

8
tftf "Aotfrfo.

tfj
 201

d^rfo

C Si* 6
65S^oa>.

a 04
 "Soo^S

dorfrfo,

25053-

sr&tffif*

,
sSb^(^nC5-cSgo
204

(conundrums), z$r?-& (Enigma)

Sn^o&co

tfOlbtorfo

(visual riddles)

(puzzles)

Scr-cr sS

1963 :
120).
&& og
1.
sSbf&gbgGo. esot^^eo
 3. 4.

D^

2.2.4.

2.2.4.1.2

srg^So
rfo "BSfc ^aP
*
tfs'o
206 s*c5sStf
wo^fibo

: O&Pda ^OCPCOD reoo

(1) Otf^a S^tfb^S)

(2)

-"S^Sotoa

(3)
2StfSoT^ 60 cla

(4)

Siotftf

ScSSspg5Sip.fi>
 207

(6)

a si
57635

(8)

(i) * O _S'AoO,
o o
pc?a
J
208

(9)
tfo^3

-s^s

S* So OP 6^,

^ ^83^5
3* <j&
 209

a&ctfpe?&
o, 7?cS5cpeo.* ^'

"ieo^

SSjjrco,

&'iS 3*00 - sS&fib

fiT
6
a . 'w'Sb
'
 fSosooc^o AotfS)

^ao
. SteSff*

(1)

(2)
.Co'&6 Co&

(3)

2)

(4)

"Sotf
s*cSs$tf a^SSo 211

1978,

sSe?S )
co /

fi^oto SPID

53*0$ o

tfc
222

So-tfo
15

15

Soo

tftfgb S^J5^ tfotf^ ^oao^o 606.

.
5si
214

s*sse&^. (The Rhetoric, Book 111, chapter 2 and

The Poetics, xxi i). &*^tf$ "S^-os* 19 s5

(The Riddle in Indian Life lore and Literature). $gi &z

8
Sc3& swi ,-

<>?D5 rtfsso
 215

"Scb "Sfio

1 ''Riddles are questions that are framed with the pur-

.

pose of confusing or testing the wits of those who

donot know the answer", Roger D. Abrahams; Alan
Dundes,F0/lo/e and Folklfte, Richard M. Dorson
fEd.)P- 130.
2. "A riddle consists of two descriptions of an ob-
ject one figurative and one literal, and confuses the
216

hearers who endevour

to identify an object described
In conflictingways", Archer Taylor quoted in M.N.V
Panditaradhya's On Riddles, a definition and an
analysis p. 11 .

3. "A Riddle may either have an apparent sense

which serves as a disguise to the real one, or it may be
in the form of question, the terms
a of which do
not directly indicate the nature of which do not dire-
ctly indicate the nature of the answer required"
The new popular Encyclopaedia, P. 112

4. "sS

5. "All peoples in the first stages of culture were

lovers of riddles' - Encyclopaedia of
Religion and
Ethics P. 768-
 a*. ssd&) ^^^^pd sSfiS^^C^. (1979:127)

2.

3.

wo'0-
 "Soas ^e5*.ei>o sSbooi&i&ot)
s^sSg^?^ tfr gr o a o sSe><&

ss-ai a

-|*o (g
aa-
S o&a) 20 sS tfe-o^
 JSo

1972 :
126).

. tftf

So^o.

wa
55-i

SofiS

0*6

eiytfo.
220

25

SCPCP

5? *^e

-^s 3*e>o^3 ^^5??^ e^^^o Cbrr*

.
a3S?gS)^ sStfgoll

5*0 00
x

5"* fir?

8
Sr ^^..

'

16

a
(1979 :
458).
& I

\&.*. 200-700 ; 2.
(J.tf
700 - 1200 ; 8. ^.*V 1200-1600
4.
^I.tf.
1600 1800. #ijio.83f

^otf -tfASotf sSg-g.aa tfD&^oa (1878 :

458)-

)o-JV "co^> g

. c3-sSb5i5&<9*,
 221

StfSSbotf

^GPCD

>

(B. flTasSa I872i78)

3, (Sub-standard)
j^gjS (Jrsp68-o
4,
(jSiS>Cf&ciS ^SScpeBtf

5, (^o&d&'S ofi es j o.^eo

63. 5*89 ^^"

.
(1872:78)
222

3.

4,

53-5J-, tffc 3Sfe"'arfooS -53-d

5.

7* {pealdi) stf ahaa , "Sco/ft e^

or? ifi. Si&*ooori5 fc

r 'tf8
224

4.
4.

8. '

ED

. ,

6.

7. "f\ ''sS'T

a-.
 225

07?

1979 :
.189-140).

1.
sS^&o ^so (Assimilation
V

2- s5tfs$g#gd&o (Metathesis
226 eo^Sbo

3. ^E^^&D (Synecope)

(Compensatory lengthening)
*
ea o

5. &^ &*&&& (
Loss of length

6.
sSga^^o (Haplology)

7,
Sjjtf tf^ (Anaptyxis )
 227

So Ss

SosStfj-o

SoS^tfo

sitftf sSn-co SCPCI*

wSoai?jtfo/v

>c&oa.
 So 57 i ^C?0) SCPGJ 8

0*000.
;

15 '^ Os55 catftf' Sfi6

*
S*S)S ^oeoo^ouj^ SoS^, i^^p, A^ToA.
-j> a

1972:
255^256).

cej:-5>o;ga

a-fctf 5?c&'0. 63.

^ea^ (1872
:
 228

330353). "^po^O'tf

: 3iJ
1.382).

to(j3r*s$reS*]&c$
^

~fjc>&>

(Hyper Form or super - standardised

form) &s %r& ^s^&o a^ScS(a. eres^ : 1872 r

8jer.od
230 fiPcSsSrf
,

o^fibo Sg-So

a-tfete 3*<3b.

1972: 35)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. w^fiitf^a S3(j>e6eor^ SSj-woto iiorf-Botf;

6.

- lrtfje"
--

se& (Folk etymology)

 231

(overhaul)
(over oil) e>

387? tf

1972:131)

tfo cio'O

a, "I .
cc eso to- \

.
232

1972 B :
140).

AST VXD.
 238

SCbeo, 1lc3fctftf<5b3b;$o

bSSDa oodS
'

1958 :
67?)
 S$P

tfo^eftSrfo

3*0^0)

Aoo-0.
 235

>&>
fcg

GO

Cog"
 22 G

ws-rflb sy& (jfcfosJ

>d&>o>.

^0000

3-.

(2s5 a&^w 1978)

1. Mario A. Pel,
Dictionary of Liguistics, P. 44.

2. ^
 237

9.66)
"
3. This process, which the result of applying
is

false logic to puzzling linguistic situations, has con-

tributed greatly to the vocabulary of the Engish lan-
guage, having given us, among thousunds of others,
such disparate words as bridegroom, hiccongh, and
sparrow grass/-w, Edson Richmond, Folklore and
P. 154.
folk/ife, Richard M. Dorson (Ed.) 1972,
 tt 5*

wo (Cot? s5Ss5tf sSa$e)o&^>

b; S&S ^0^^ $;&

g&g 5* O^OD ,

V
 239
Sf

O*

, SsSb' 6"

SCPCT a.^ ^{Son Ss5b

< j.5'oSb

Stib^S'ofibo'S

.
(super-

stitions)
240

^oo ac3r*c?eo.rj-

Q. sier-ofi

Sboo efc>a) t

. "S

.
S&ojfTo(irto'* SS^ tfitf
"i&rfco.

SJ^P
242

6-10).

"Soo^tfo H'ST'g
4
>os>. ofi
(2-70.71)
a-S ^
3

6
p

830^0830
 243
Sg-cSo

oeoSbeo

Sfico,

SDS a
244

3s(

*
o

6 C

a-SS
246

. SSQDD"! S& Pe7 Stf&

ft
3 SPSS* o "^dSb^rv #d5r"3 06

i
2).

, ^'.
1130) *e3|)oSxB6'
 247

Aofi. s5(^r>^Coep Scpcpd SbotfeoSbooda 1 15

CO JO C">

1978:483)
248 *3oi&e>
^-

* o
(^5

^
oti
coo.

.ScTdor l
 248

50 e3

^Cbesr.&.cSSb

sS6oiye5b. 1974: 200)

(c^Sp^a.
250

"cUSofiS

Ibod

. Bowra 1962 :
176-177)

Slowly, slowly,
Child, counting your steps,
Go away, go away with tears,
With a large heart, with a weary heart,
Without turning your face,
From the house, from the village,
Where your eyes so gaily
Laughed at every corner.

Counting, counting your steps,

Today you go away,
With. a large heart, with a weary heart,
Go away, go away below 1
 251

Counting, counting your steps,

With a large heart, with a weary heart,
Today you go away,
Keep on your heart
And guard well the flower
Of your mothers garden,
The flower which will say to you :

*'l am still loved below V"

Keep on your heart

And guard well the flower
In memory for ever.

Counting, counting your steps,

Today you go away/
With a large heart, with a weary heart,
Go away, go away below !

With a large heart, with a weary heart,

Today you go away.

SfccS.'
252

wotfg

, <yd&?5 eSs'o, Ib e^ajSo s5od>

rfjya) t
tfetfo,

SS^AS^CS'C
 s-S&S a^o 253

1874, '$. 188).

:
(1)
sSbtfesrSiS tfcSSp
^fib
&o-a. (2)
 254

DCpSS sVjtfb&oa. (3)

&85ro3i Q^CfioS*

SsSo cSsi*oM307fiB, e

(4)
(5
.
(Hoebel,
Admson E.1958:382-383)

^s Wtro-o
(1979:149) Bg
^t
^
(1979; 149-150)

(1) S&>&

(2)
^>s3

(3)

(5)

(6) S 5 j!itfdoOa^& .ago

90S-
 s^SsStf Ss-^o 255

(7)

SSb^o.
 ew

So^ffloo^
;$)3 iSssT

w ^^353^000
Ssfr^eo 1JS^<5 j^^

afo

tfslbtf
 25?

s5DDo3*&&io&PCOD.

So*

eo

Sfc6"g sSbrSxfi

5? s?o

CP063S)
258

.^g5JS3ba>*

Aofi.
 259

97).

"ico^o

oa, S)"ISxoC

COP
260 iyoiSbo s*c$sS

1 s^to 25).

, EDe)
ro

3*5

c-li

53*5

1 s& f 21)
 s^SsStf >-*3o 261

&o5.
Q ) Q* ?3* CO

sr^tfco,

^3 "So. '5*0

SJCP-

S epS &* a^^sr'cp^S sSdoDo^o ^^oi^sSCSb* 2)"S K?

262 o-

^0^53

iboOl 55 5)
'

3 SsSb^o* e^O^dS
'

83 s^SsStf
"
^crg^
^ co

"3
<&go>
 263

tfo

gsO

CP sS ergo Si 5?fibsr
>

C>.
sjsS^dS
BOC^OD
jjStfO^o^ ( j i
 .
310)

CO CO

*. sS^^)o^) ^aoOS'Sofcrco sSo^eo, "^eo

 265

"*"*
o e.

> t So

^)<*3o<s3

Ssi jS'a) Sid^sS

(

esS)
"S^O'^) SsS^^^to
, isSoo &(

65*^0^
.
Mayland
* '
D. Hand The fear of the Gods
superstition and popular Belief American Folklore
Ed:Tristram coffin p. 245).

'

(1972),

(1972), &.
(1973)

2.

3.

4.

5.
 agSo 267

9.

10.

11.

12,

13.

14.

IT- "S

19.

50.

21. "S^" S^ ftdcS &ofi[^ sSeT-Sb'S^ ^PdoO ^ocS^ ^^ ""&(& ^>

22.

28.
268

24.

25-

26.

27.

28.

29. a-tf

30.

31. ^sy^S tfo'S'S^ SsS

Q.^
82.

33.

34. S'l, cp'&^tfo SSotf

'^esg ^ei ^ ^5)Sr 8 ocCS' t

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.
 . snso 269

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50-

51-

52.

53.

54.

55.

56. &eSo3"Stf'

57. ^o "^63c6

58. Q og* ^b}. "So^o^co

59.

60-

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.
 270

66.

67.

68.

68.

70.

71.

72.

73,

74.

75. S
Ol
CO

76.

77*

78.

79. <^s

'

80.

82

83

84

85

86

8T

88

,89 3" 8

30
 271

9 I

92

93

84 #cosi a eo So

95

98

97

99

IflU rt>&ftpD sjo^^a"! ^Qb^oo)

"^ 830)

101

102 o
ro

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

HO cuod&otf ^S^do^o
^* .
'rfSlS
' " '
r*'^^tfcn
.
_j a
c$3raa>
_ D

111.

112.
272

113.

114.

115. SSo&Sfceo spCoeo

or>

116.

117.

118-

119.

120.

121-

122.

123.

124. Sbofc

125-

'26.

127.

128.

129.

130.

131. .

132.

133,

134.
 273

I8B.

137.

138. 5j

139.

140,

141.

142

U4.

145.

146.

147.

148.

149,

140. 5763

15 L
2?4

1."Leaving primitive man out of account, since

much of his mental and spiritual life is based on but
the most rudimentary knowledge of the physical
world that surrounds him, let us look rather to repre-
sentative people of our own time and condition for
examples that will suggest the range of irrational
beliefs and practices that help to make up the total

body of modern-day mental baggage known as super-

stition" 4wffrfcu Folklore, Tristram Coffin 111
(Ed.), p.
245.

2 ''One cannot divide the peoples of the world into

the superstitions and the enlightened, but only into
those, by and large, more or less superstitions"- The
story of superstition Philip
f F. Waterman,p 33u

3 "In England, one person in six believes in ghosts

and nearly one quarter are uncertain whether or not
they exist; one person in fourteen thinks he or she
has actually seen or heard a ghost. In England, one in
three has been a fortuneteller; one in ten believes -in
lucky numbers etc''- The Psychology of Superstition Gustar ,

Jahoda, p.25.
 ,
e soi

SJOD

"IsSoo.

,
ibo(jreo f S^BSCO,
276

60^0^. er-^^tf S5be^o

&
 2T7

, <O S3O-ieCO-^o , doi

^60 S. "ico^b

SotfsSo 6-96).

sipe- 146)

too
8-64).

io
278

ogo

o
eotffi^ a
tfrf.
so&^o -2oD<53_^ s-tfoa- g.g^3_ Steoa*
ia-ajj.
L^oo-a?s5G'5b s-rtdabcn &o>, a
550 (#30
^ e2"*f$$tf SS
&
279

o . SXP

gTo<&86oaS

1 sStfefco

103).

3
280

. Stftf
c3H^"&tf
SdS 00*80.

8387?^).

cS

, ..^). 78).
dr
282 wo^fibcr a?SsStf

or

3 Coco

r*^tfd3boo

$ Stftf 0(^0 & 363

3>

^ofi, e&
OD"i 3g}*otftfg"3&c$ ^8

^s Off. or?
 SSoc^eo

woao^S)

(Totemism),
CO CO

-
A

ctas-rfeao
 285

s5ofi3S) srS2).

wo"S

So(jsSo*d&SSbj
AO&POOO

gbo&b&u
286

do&rooo.. sj-S) ^(^^"SD^S), tfd&oStf "Sofia

V-

rbocs-co

83- T

nd&s> ro

S7B*^C5'e30,

Q .

..

sS^S^pfioeo.- s75S' 5oao6oOcS oj

""
cr
 a-fc"

<So*"&

ri Scr-cr
fiftf^JTotfoo

2s5"l).

c-^. (1977:

184188).
(1977:247-301)
288

Sfiago
&tfS$*aoodfcSa73s3b

(Sun god-
dess) r

(Hero Cult)
"3 570^5io ^eo*. sy ^oio^ 25(^D "Sai'OS "S&Sf Sr 6 A"

(Phocians)

Q
Sofia.

, 33*5 5S4gc&tfdSij& 'SSa ODORS'* (Tsui

goab)
 289

S Zeus

Herbert-spencer
^CPd&esoS S.sSpJS^)^ ^5A*s5o^b^brr
""*
^o^^o^^S^iD

)5be?^^5 ^^oC^^i^CfsSix) C'^'S^oSbo^tocS) o<" (1977:

252-253)

i so .<^o ^o
(magic)
'S ^d

?gpo|jSSa5)9

9-

XiP55*a?eorfcD ftSo S^) 5&

toD*
sjo^s^oo, ^^^o "Sco^B^JS '"&esojyvx&

zs^
 .<5f)

w&gtfra,
"

Soootfo

So o.o <So
sj-aoa-s.ac?o5DCQ
 281

(Sympathetic magic)
(contagiousmagic C *

i^>- 3

</

AO^POOO,
282

3*0^

sboO

sSa2)d.&tf>ao6.
oJ
 293

&6cs&$a'S*otfo,3* a,Sd. Q3 s*

4)gb

sjo .
.^
294

60^)06.

1. "Primitive, folk and civilized religions number

more than 5,000 in the world today, and each is a
composite of varying beliefs, behavior, specialists,
and groups. Religious beliefs, to be so defined, must
involve supernatural entities toward which sacred
attitudes are directed by groups of people" John
C. Messenger, Folklore and Folklife, Richrard
M. Darson (ED.), 1972. p. 218.

2. Alexander H, Krappe ^^Sympathetic magic

ad^tfcSo.,'
"Its
logic assumes the continuance of a
relationship that has in fact ceased". Homeopathic
magic & rt>.aoQ33 L """^"3 lts may
Io 9ic rendered by
the latin proverb Similia Simlibus "wRrjtfr ib

iUa/P "s'cSsStf etfgdSbcS" sg). 260.

(S'JS^o),
o QO

Sbefc. isS"Sofi>

r**3S ^^5' So^od t^ 5

(w4
- 25, 27)

;$& c?2|JSo*^
"3 eon- e^e*
39).
. s$o&rfa>

sSoiSbT?.
296

3*0 oS* CPS^CO,

wtfdotffib. .

ejfi
 297

e
|jf*

tffiotftfo, ^eofotfp ^o^Qotfrfo, ^od) S^i^^o, SofiT*

8
tftfff

3*00 5^ S&^fDS Sooo6oOS.

i^^So SCPCS*
SSotf^tfea
298

^oefsS<3"b

3*000.

""oi/TJf So o.ocr
1

S^.ooo.
8,

5-0

^0^35
ggg

53-6

i3o^SSrSo

SsSjofloa
."3 Ws6cp^o J6DO

'&cS^a. (J. tf. 5^

SSWSo&o'O. .
 301

35^

"I
a$c$|teQ SCPCT

r?),
^

"So*

(^6'SaS'S.
 303

oi*s5o63

.,
ro A
304 woitfbo
v*,

-$8 o&tf& wtfd^33C&. ^8 6^0

e$tfd>e?cx>, So^sS6j f

tfaa<sr*
 21 &
. 21

w&o^co

"So^ib fil&^co

e>g><5~
306 woidfc
**

->, Sescj&^S'Sis

aSco.- -Cb53cD t fibS. So&

 S)e*5o

jtfw^AS afceo
Ib^fib. sSo&rf, ao

to

55).

So^-od.
 I^AsSo^A", Si$tfS5o(^S$>e9S*oo
Sb

Sfto
fij i- (X

SSo
^3*0-9 SSy*|^o gpC^p^?^)^ w&SOotSA. S2?5^0 18,14

, "o^b ^a"o^ SirsSoa. 53*3*

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(1878: 457-

68).

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 1978 :
459).

la

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 ? i

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a
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312

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1)

3)

4) sSo^^e:^ ^Soaoaoo^ stf^o> (Sohinder Singh Bedi,

Folklore of the Puhjab, p. 71).

(Shyam Parmar, Flok lore of Madhya Pradesh,p*48,

s^s-oS). "S^e^oSb So^sio sfor^oS). "SsStfo

6^5700 1
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1. "Someone has said that there

nothing in is

the end which is not in the beginning and the un-

broken continuity can be traced between most of our
customs and those of our barbarian forefathers, who,
in their turn, received them from their savage ances-
tors. Existing barbarians and savages are belated
stragglers in the race of life, and that is why we con-

sider that their customs are not curiosities to be

gaped at or scoffed at, since for us, as well as for
them they are full of significance Customs of the -

World (Ed. by Walter Hutchinson). Introduction by

A. C. Haddon,p. xxiv.

2. /'Festival is a complex unit of customs and

other folklore to celebrate a special occasion usually
annually; and of public interest :

SDFML, Boggs, Vol. II. p. 1144.

 3

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 325

9-30)

sj).
75)
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 327

p^^ s565oSSo
(Allopathy) .

357^

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 r ni

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^Q ^ *o^b3 o^coDK3- B&fcoci,

.
3**^ 830^0^)0^0

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 >j^o 329

oft

CD

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. *aoO
CO CO CJ
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.
(sjj. 81-84);
o ^co cpC^ 1^ ^PsS^eo, ^oS'sS^eo Sb<&i&ir

S^SS)
 S31

81)
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<y<5"\

wtfgd&So SdSngO^a ^d^po^ 4s

.
(Standard Dictionary of Folklore,
P. 1146)
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 385

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"Flok medicine reaches very far back in time. Nature,

opened the first drugstore. Primitive man and the
animals depended on preventive use of its stock of
plants and herbs to avoid disease and to maintain
health and vigor. Because man and the animals were
constantly on the move, Nature's drugstore had
branches every where. Wherever in the world you
were sick, you would find in the fields* its medielnes
to cure you, 'its materials for curative herbal teas
and Ointments" D.
Jarvis, C. Flak Medicine, A
Fawcelt Crest Book, 1958, p. 9.

2. "Folk medicine is the substance of all the

traditionalview points on sickness and the healing
methods applied against disease which exist among
the people" Oswald A. Erich and Richard Beitle, As
quoted in Folklore FoMife, 1972' p.'' 193-1 94.
 300

2.

4,

5.
 345

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7.

10-

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Georges)' a60o3*&'
x
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173).
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rf

a sS

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 347

(Jerome
Fried)
: "A game then may be defined as form of play
in which two or more participants vie, either as
individuals or as groups or teams, under limitations
of rules either tacitly or explicitly understand by the
cantestants, for the purpose of determining play; a
game is a dramatic play contest" (Standard Dictionary
of Folklore. P. 433).

S3 coco. >eoco t

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^ds (games
6
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2.

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1. "Play is a form of expressive behavior com-

mon among all human beings and manifested ovortly
in., all' cultures", Robert
A. Georges, Folklore and
Folkfife, (Ed- Richard M, Dorson), p. 173.

2. "We
cannot then define game only as pastime
or sport or amusement, for the dividing line between
game and serious pursuit must be sharper if it is to
be discussed with any degree of case or profit, To
begin with, a game must be social activity; more than
one must play. A baby fingering its toes; a child, all
alone, mothering its doll; a boy toring pebbles at a
tree; ahuntsman practicing with bow and arrow by
shooting at a stick are all engaged in activities which
form the basis for games but which of themselves are
not games" (Dictionary of Folklore, p. 432).

3. Sulton - Smith, The games of New

Brian
Zealand children (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1959),
p.9.
 cOO cO _,_
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378

JDC CODOx?

1. "Ho\A/ men aid wo.nen in tradition-oriented

societies build theirfood, farm and fish, process the
earth's bounty, fashion their tools and implements,
and design their furniture and utensils are questions
that concern the student of material culture''. Richard
M.Dorson, Folklore and Folklife. p. 2-3

cookery can be readily defined as tradi-

2. '.'Folk
11

tionaldomestic cookery marked by regional variation

Pony yoder. Folklore and Folk-life,
Richard MDorson (Edi) p. 325.
 "
5 o oo 05 $$ 6

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D CO

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Bogatyrel),

oeoo<5Q;$>,

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SCPCT ^s ^ era 3*^000.

11

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apparel, garb, clothing

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2.
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4.
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. SaSflf* -Sato nto Spjr tf05)&oa.

JSolo,
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1. "Petr
Bogatyrer categorizes magical; religious,
regional and national, age - group, erotic, and every-
day functions of traditional attire. The form of the
costume reflects its particular function" -Richard
1VL Doreon, Folklore and Folk/ife,
1972, p. 25,

2. A typical narrow - gauge definition is the follow-

ing : '"Folk costume in the present context means the
dress of the population in the time before the
rural

changing of the dress custom in the nineteenth

century, which at that juncture erased the difference
between town and country, between higher and lower
estates". This peasant costume "was the subject of
a set of rules, in every detail prescribing the correct
costume for every situation likely to be encountered
by a member of the old village community in the
course of the year and a whole life." - As quoted in
folklore and Fo/klife, 1972, p, 296.

3. A favored tale among anthropologists is that

of Baron von Nordenskiold, who in his Amazonian
travels undertook to purchase the facial plugs of a
Botocudo woman, who stood all unabashed in

customary nudity before him. Only irresistible offers

of trade goods at long last tempted her to remove and
hand over her labrets, When thus stripped of her
398 u

proper raiment, she fled in shame and confusion into

the jungle. Aftergall, the close identificati on between
the Botocudo as a person and the botocudo as a
plug such that to become unplugged is most un~
in

Botocudo" - E. Adamson Hoebel, Man in the

Primitive World, 1958, p 240.

4. "...What is Host physically is gained socially.

Mind triumphs over matter. No matter if the psychic
satisfactions are not rational. The need that is met
is elemental. The fashion and jewelry industries, the
cosmetic manufacturers and purveyors, the beauti-
cians, all may rest secure that their services have a
future -as long as all mankinds" -
E,Adamson Hoebel,
Man in the Primitive World, 1958, p. 251 .
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850 ijS'Sg^ ^63br"B3cyeotfo

M 852

M 853

IVI 854 -"2>osS)2ib eso&ogoo "Scon

M 855

M 856

M 857
M 858

M 860

M 862

M 864

IVI 866
M 868

M' 880
434

M 882

M 883

M 885

M 887

.
a^fif^-

1 . "Folk architecture may be said to be traditional

architecture. concerned with all traditional aspe-
It is

cts of building; the shapes, sizes and layouts of build-

ings, of all kinds, such as dwellings, barns, sheds, and
craft shops; the materials used and the tools and

techniques of building, the sites chosen and the pla-

cement, of various buildings on the site; and the use
to which buildings and various parts of buildings were
puf'-Warren E.Roberts, Folk/ore and Folklife (Ed.
Richard M- Dorson), 281 .
oSagon

o^* S'OAo^.
436 w

^ Sssbtf xSotf-S aaaS&ocp^&cStfcO "3 eo &",

3*3 3 oS? csSreso^* S'So^aO "SsfioO

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1872 . cJ
47

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Ibg"

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Oefc.

1978, 5^ 03);

1.

2.

3*

4,

5.

6.

7.

8.

'9.

Ifl.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.
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20,

21.

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i. 1.
tfc^s&O^
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3. ^^SJ6^ ^5oAs5D^, 25 ?5 oo^ |5tfdo^efo 4.

8
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) \@
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cS ossa

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Aa"o, a'

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o. stf

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cSS) srrftfo
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tfJOSb&oa. GJ^ O'er*

4
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'

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3. #

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ro

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e-SStf JSoA^o
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melodic Contour. W3 a^e.g, iall)oO o0 .
fl ^^^
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phrases) 3. wsatfod

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30

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c.oI>

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4.
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(action}

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s5^ 1975:28)

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1.875:1
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jp E>STQ^

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* ssj^tf" taiO^'Obo^ arj

, "be.

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Sa ""

ro ro

tJO
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sj-r?

Ao*jo.

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Tlcfibo, SoAtfo, S^go, .

eC)^c33bo ^0^)c5 stf.

12 ^oO 15

i^
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ao ^fibo lift

"Soo^S cS &rS&ja> "8^0 ?v

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70-75
a-ao^S rf?^o. (sS&tfo ff-Si

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CO CO

,
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oo*

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gbo ^o^d^^u w ^d'S'^fi^cS t^o^SidS) 0*^0 s^

1. "SeiB

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8.
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a ^QESOKO o "Sfioo^cp.
"^"3

2.

3. SSbS i&oa cS^sSr? :Sd3toa)

06

SosSeo

t."We must interpret them as manifestations of a

flexibility which is a basic characteristic of all traditional
music" - Maria Leach (Ed.,) Standard Dictionary of Folklore,
Mythology, and Legend, 1 975, p. 1 037.

2. refrain is incontestably sprung from singing of

"The
the people dance,
at play, work, going back to that choral
repetition which seems to have been the protoplasm of all
poetry'', Francil B. Gummere, The Popular Ballad, 1959, pp.
73-74.

3. ''drama differs from games in being concerned with

providing not only a conventional conflict but a fore known

resolution to the conflict*' - Richard M. Dorson, 'Folklore and
Folklife, 1972.
 Q

(field methods)

'&$

(descriptive folklore,), sj*

folklore) gbo^^isT ^^^^f Se'So (comparative folklore)

508

"

*;"

:
usttgtftf
 & fi*5S:Stf.
S^KraS tftftf

at ft

: "SttTeaSb. eS

ID
5l

&
go

ODD i
 11

S. a"StfSbo- "afib 4. 3d&'o^ 5. ^cs". &rs easS^a 6,

7. S^pd Ofiae^ofr" 8. 83c6^Soo ^"5cr
$?&o> ifl. &^Q 11,
SiygsrgSo 12.
*
13,

14. ^"S^Sbo dawS <^ao^ 15.

1. ScSSpca, 2. tfos-Sd^'eo, -3. ^tf^oSeo, 4.-^oB5o) f

, 5. ^^^GJ, . 2r&siWea. 7. $?&, 8-
^_a, 8.

. &&)oo,H. iroCJSJjo. 12.

^sSp^^'J^'So, 13-
&fo' f 16, 3o&rfe, tftfaeo. 17

18. tooo. IS. ^5 3* 20. <&c5xa t Pi. ^^^co. 22

sao 23. ws2rtf ^fcc^co 24. ^^*sS^^a> 25.

27. sS^'go. 28. ^sS^o 29.

-
Sfc*
jc&oftr-Ob.

etfeo"!
512

.SfcJ$.S7fi.

830S"

Sfcofi,

sSStfd&o do"& "Stfffea

tfoli tfo5*Sbj ^"3 ^eo^cxadSb ^bo^o "4 fib-

(text)

'

1b--$do
3*0^5 ^p>^o (text)

(texture) t Sotf^o (Context)

7?d6o .' 2^^,

u ^^^ S'tftf tfoD.

 .
6D

sjos* s&sgofcoa. i cSs5tf

Ae^o

^"^a'

S^So (metafolkloreV ^D^ ^nSpl?gSi&5j (oral literary -cri

ticism)
^ ST63
tfcs^S &.&S (^o^^oSS 1978 :
38-49).

5?
514
Bf

sS?5j

crSJfi
 515

S^oa. S^c6s5

, ^o^o/^co,

o.. of studying Folklore*

(**Ways
1969 in Tristram Coffin Ed, American Folklore)

57 A^o^c* Q^8dS>o ^cxroo. 5Sxpt&d*ol3a

516 wo^&o src5sStf
agg&o

(motif index) &p<5 &r (type.

index)

(folk)

sS&loS
 snSsStf -asSSo 517

3 CD

^^dSpco
'

tfotf 0|JS

53*"S.

if Bi #&.,
3o&o5*

Doo)S^sSc?lb -S&otoooo- 5icSo3t>

518

cr>eo 4. S$>S 5* ^^3*6 ^cr, ^&ia% #c&oer 6

(psychemer) 7. $FP So&otflfccS 3"f^>eo 8.

(data)

1.
tfotftf^p (context)-S)^

-2- 77'cfi&Sbcpo
(singers)- s$a$)oa'3. *+
-* ^'0 .fa&rr 3.
:

Ixsgi^^^j e-^
or
(group song solo) J^O^ODD"!. *+"

(instruments)
f *
5.
f)3tf^.

(dance)

C S G I
"

(I) -f- .

(p) + + + ^ .

!J. SSsD'es ABPCO (m) +

4 o>3> d"too) :

(c) 4-
Ss-So 019

As-

ba 4
ss-o-^co

5J-K0.7T-

atfj-tf
^^ eS^a ^g^ 0-50.

S*
functional approach)

.sg>oa.
 ed&tf
(Franz Boas),
S3*5^ (j

dS)
(Ja&a

Bcfipgtfo

s&S

53" SD
g

SCfttf Q53^ WO S0025&

821

, Si

Td (structuralism)

tfo

unit
a*a_.RP |^.|8d3b^ W^orS)^ (minimal )
-

t&*5 (1988). 80-^5 (1863), (197T),

522 eo^fito

<>

(pycheme)

(Edmund
Leach, ed. 1967) J>
(S cS^ooDotftfftoa.

&OD-O.

Sotf s?o#sSgo
a. u)^

^ s5i
tfg
JboS o|^Sao

8
"t^tfea, sycSaS.-P.'fcw*
f*>
ifirfiS- QO5 2)
"

CO

1854

197?

1977

1978

(cr.)

1 979 ("Sorf* 'S&ltf a)

1963 4

1976
si^S,
 *1 9 '"I

,1961

1965

1968

L
1973

1961

(a-.)
1972
o

1972

1975

1975

1980
 wo|jS>o

1881

1974

1 97 1

I960
SSoA^ artotf
eo^sfSr
So.)
1968 (^-
1978 Ico/fc g-^sS^ ^cSi) '^fr^gSSx> ("So^sS

1877

1974

IS 10
 527

(o.)
1979 #*#&#*;$> (T"&3) iftfeo)

(a-.)
si#&o* (So.)
1974

1981

1975

1878

S (cr.)

1970

1872 eOOsS^CB ^eSsJjoirjcoi (ajs^CSboS* So.)

^-

1876

1879 Ico^) - tfS^tf

e^ti^tf Ds^S
a^
.

Qptfd v

1881 5T^ - sr&Stfo

528 eottfb
v

*$\

196&

&. ^5.
(a-.)
1969

/T.fib.
(So.)
197? JToft* ag-sJtf-

1971

19*76

- 4

1978

". f So. (cy.

1972 tfS^tf

1973 SSb s^SSfi'

 529

1970 glStf atfsStf

1878 a^SsStf pp^g S^S,. ^?oj^ - 6

1879

1977

1971

1970

1872

<^o.^. SsSotf*sSrS"*,
(So) |g5 ^sS^tfS, ^?^C3b
- 6

1875 r?"S^6
SsSD^ (So.)

1978

& <

1979

A.3.-1. S5bj=5 t "^a^ocpol) 4

"

1975
530

t iS.^S. (cr)
1981 Sa^toS scSs$tf (So),

1973

1975

1978
sSjS tf )co"2o

1
6".2>.
,
(a .)
1974

English
Bascom, William R.
1981 Contributions to Folkloristics
Folklore Institute,. Meerut.
Bowra C.M.
1963 Primitive Song
A MENTOR Book
Clarke Kenneth W, Mary Clarke w.
1963 Introducing Folklore
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

1965 A Folklore Reader (Ed.)

Coffin III, Tristram
1969 American Folklore (Ed)
Higgin Bothams Madras.
.

Dorson Richard M.
1 972 Folklore and Folklif e (Ed)
The University of Chicago Press.
Dundes, AIar>
1965 The Study of Folklore
University of California, Berkeley,
1978 Essays in Folkloristics
Folklore Institute
Girija Khanna, Han Mohan Khanna
1974 Ail About Superstitions
Vikas Publishing House Pvt Limited.
Gummere, Francis B
1 9O7 The Popular Ballad
Hoebel, Adamson E
1958 Man in the Primitive World
MC Graw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

Jarvis, D.C.
1958 Folk Medicine
A Fawcett Crest Book
Krappe, Alexander H,
1964 The Science of Folklore
Newyork W. W. Norton.
:

Lakshmanan Chettiar, S.M.L.

1973 Folklore of Tamil Nadu
National Book Trust, India.

Leach, Edmund
1967 The Structural Study of Myth and Totemism
Levi - Strsnss, Claude
1972 Structural Anthropology
Penguin books
1977 Structural Anthropology, vol II

Penguin
Marand, Pierre
1973 Mythology
Penguin Education
JVlanafLeacl\(Ed.)
1975 StandardDictionary of Folklore
Mythologyfand Legend
One vol. Edition, New EnglishJLibrary.

Propp, V.
1975 Morphology of the Folktale

(5 th printing). Universityf;of Texas Press.

532

Rama Raju, B,
1 974Folktales of Andhra Pradesh
Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd., Mew Delhi.
1978 Folklore of Andhra Pradesh
National Book Trust, India, New Delhi.
Subramanian, P.R.
1972 An Introduction to the study of Indian Folklore
Tuticorin

Sundaram, R.V.S.
1976 Structural Study of Folk song
Paper presented at the AH India Conference of Dravsdian
Linguists, Waltair.
1978 Quantitative Analysis of Folk song
paper presented at the All India Conference
of Dravidian Linguists, Madurai.

1981 Methodology of Field work and Research in

Folkloj
Key - note paper presented at the All India Conference q
Folklore, Osmania University, Hyderabad.
Thomson, George
Marxism and Poetry
Thompson Stith
1946 The Folktale
New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston
;

SSi&s'OD - )T*

-
SS-oSj.>jS

English Encyclopaedia Britannica

Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences
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