REFLECTION

When a light ray falls on smooth surface it

bounces back in same medium, it is called
reflection of light. Convex Mirror Nature of Image and its Formation
Whose reflecting surface is curved
outward. Also called diverging mirror Image
Focal length = positive Object ? Between F & P
Magnification (m) = positive i M ? Diminished
Laws of Reflection At 4 r
A ? Virtual and erect
? Incident ray, reflected ray and normal all lie in
A′
same plane at same point.
B
? Angle of incidence (∠i) = angle of reflection Object P B′ F C
(∠r). Spherical Mirror At any point
Whose reflecting surface is curved. between 4 & P
N
Object M Image
Mirror At 4 ? Virtual
It is a smooth reflecting surface whose one Concave Mirror ? Point sized
side is polished. Whose reflecting surface is curved ? Behind mirror
inward. P F
Also called converging mirror
Focal length = negative
Plane Mirror Magnification (m) = – ve or + ve N
Whose reflecting surface is
plane.
Focal length = infinity (¥)
Nature of image
? Always forms virtual image
? Object distance (u) is always Nature of Image & its Formation
equal to the image distance
(v). M
Object (beyond C)

M M A D
Object (At C)

? Always erect image is formed A D A

i
Object (at 4)

behind the mirror. r B

B′ P B′ C P
? Magnification (m) of the plane P B F
mirror is +1, which means C F C F
A′ A′ E
the size of object is equal to
B N
size of image. N D N Image
Image Image
? Real, inverted
? Real, inverted ? Real, inverted
? At C
? At F ? Between C and F
? Same size
? Diminished ? Diminished
Image Formation
Flat mirror Where, M E Object (between F & P)
Object (between F & C) M E Object (at F)
(u = v) A′
A D M E
A D B
C C A
B′ P
P F
BF i
C F B r P B′
At infinity N
N
A′ Image Image
? Real, inverted ? Virtual, erect N
u v Image
? Real, inverted ? At infinity ? Behind mirror
? Beyond C ? Magnified ? Enlarged
? Enlarged
 REFRACTION Laws of Refraction
When light rays travel from one medium to other, ? Incident ray, refracted ray and normal all lie in
either they bend towards the normal or away from the same plane, at a same point.
the normal, it is called refraction of light. ? Ratio of sine of angle i and sine of angle r is a
constant called refractive index.
i.e., sin i = constant = µ
sin r
? It is also called Snell's law . Concave Lens
Lens ? It is also called diverging lens.
A piece of glass or other transparent material with
curved sides for concentrating or dispersing light ? Focal length = – ve
rays, used single (in magnifying glass) or with ? Magnification (m) = + ve
other lens (in a telescope) is called lens.

Image Formation & its Nature

Object (at infinity) M Image
Sign Convention Convex Lens ? At focus
A ? It is also called converging ? Virtual, erect
Direction of lens. ? Point sized
Height upwards

incident light ? Focal length = + ve 2F1 F1 O

positive

? Magnification (m) = – ve
Distance towards or + ve
Distance towards right positive
B BN left negative N
XN X
P Object (any point between 4 and O)
Height downwards M
A Image
negative
? Between F1 and O
Mirror A′
? Virtual, erect
A′ ? Diminished
2F1 B F1 B′ O

Image Formation & its Nature Power of Lens (P)

If is defined as the reciprocal of
Object (4) Image focal length in metre.
Image
? Real
? Real, inverted
i.e. Power (P) = 1 (meter)
? At focus Object f
F 2F P ′ F 2F ? Beyond 2F SI unit of Power = dioptre (D)
P P P ′
2F′ F′ 2F ′ F′ Image
(Between F and 2F)
Image
? Real, inverted
? Between F & 2F Image For convex lens, For concave
Object F 2F Object F 2F ? Real, inverted P = + ve lens, P = – ve
Image P ′
P
(at F ′) 2F ′ F ′ P ′ ? At 4
Beyond 2F ′ F′
2F ′

Image
Object
2F
? Real, inverted Image
F 2F Image
F P ′ ? At 2F P ? Virtual, erect
P
2F ′ F′ Image 2F ′ F′ P′
(Between ? On same side
(at 2F)
F and O) of object