ICS 27.

100
CCS F 24
Record Number: 19448-2007

DL
Professional Power Standard of the People’s Republic of China
中华人民共和国电力行业标准
DL/T 1027-2006
_____________________________________________________________

Acceptance Test Specification of

Industrial Cooling Tower
工业冷却塔测试规程

Issued on December 17, 2006 Implemented on May 01, 2007

Issued by National Development and Reform Commission
 Contents
Foreword....................................................................................................................................................3
1 Scope.......................................................................................................................................................4
2 Normative references..............................................................................................................................4
3 Terms and definitions.............................................................................................................................4
4 General provisions..................................................................................................................................7
5 Preparation works before tests...............................................................................................................7
6 Test for thermal performance of cooling tower......................................................................................9
7 Noise test..............................................................................................................................................26
8 Water flow rate of drift loss..................................................................................................................28
9 Test report.............................................................................................................................................29
 Foreword
This standard is formulated according to the requirements of "Notice on Issuing Supplement
Plan of Professional Standards by General Office of National Development and Reform
Commission in 2003" (Document Fa Gai Ban Gong Ye [2003] No. 873).
By integrating the development actuality of circulating water cooling tower in fossil-fuel
power plant and the actual requirements of test works, this standard is formulated on the basis of
the former standard NDGJ 89-1989 “Acceptance Test Specification of Industrial Cooling Tower”
issued by the Ministry of Energy and CECS 118-2000 “Specification for Acceptance Test of
Water-cooling Tower” issued by China Association for Engineering Construction
Standardization. In the development of the standard, expert opinions from domestic organizations
related to cooling tower test, design and research were solicited widely.
This standard specifies the acceptance test for three major processing properties of industrial
circulating water wet cooling tower in fossil-fuel power plant, such as thermal performance,
water flow rate of drift loss and noise. In order to carry out test conveniently and meet various
requirements of test items, test works for thermal performance, water flow rate of drift loss and
noise for cooling tower are listed in separate chapters.
The former standard NDGJ 89-1989 "Acceptance Test Specification of Industrial Cooling
Tower" shall be abolished simultaneously from the implementation of this standard.
This standard was proposed by China Electricity Council.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of and explained by Technical Committee for
Standardization of Power Planning and Design of China Power Industry.
Drafting organizations: Northeastern Electric Power Design Institute
Participating organizations: Xi'an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., China
Institute of Water resources and Hydropower Research, and Xi'an University of Architecture and
Technology
Chief drafting staffs: Li Zhiti, Hu Sanji, Duan Jiehui, Wang Dazhe, Zhao Shun’an, and Shi
Luping.

1
 Acceptance Test Specification of Industrial Cooling Tower
1 Scope
This standard specifies the integrated process of tests for thermal performance, noise and
water flow rate of drift loss of industrial circulating water wet cooling tower. It also specifies the
measuring methods for parameters, processing method of test data, and the assessment method
for test results.
This standard is applicable to the acceptance test for newly-built or renovated wet type
industrial circulating water cooling tower with mechanical draft and natural draft. It also can be
applied to non-acceptance test for cooling tower.
This standard is not applicable to the acceptance tests for cooling-chimney combined tower,
and cooling towers.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this standard. For dated reference, standard sequent amendments to (excluding
correction contents), or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply, however, parties to
agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent editions of the standards indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of
the normative document referred to applies.
GB/T 3785 Electric, sonic Properties and Measuring Methods for Sound Level
Meters
GB/T 7190.1 Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Cooling Tower —Part 1: Middle and
Small Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Cooling Tower
GB/T 7190.2 Glass Fibers Reinforced Plastic Cooling Tower —Part 2: Large Glass
Fiber Reinforced Plastic Cooling Tower
GB 12348 Standard of Noise at Boundary of Industrial Enterprises
GB/T 12349 Method of Measuring Noise at Boundary of Industrial Enterprises
GB/T 50050 Code for Design of Industrial Recirculating Cooling Water Treatment
DL 5000 Technical Code for Designing Fossil Fuel Power Plants
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions are applicable to this standard.
3.1
Circulating water cooling tower
It is referred to a kind of facility used for cooling circulating water. Water shall be
delivered into the tower to realize the heat transfer or heat-mass transfer between water and
air, so as to reduce the water temperature.
3.2
Wet cooling tower
It is referred to a kind of cooling tower in which air and water directly contact each
other and heat-mass transfers run simultaneously.
3.3
Natural draft cooling tower
It is referred to the cooling tower that is ventilated by means of inlet and outlet air-
density difference, or natural draught.
3.4
Chimney type natural draft cooling tower
It is referred to the natural draft cooling tower in proper height and with different
geometric shapes. Hyperbolic-type chimney is usually used for cooling tower of fossil fuel
power plant.

2
3.5
Mechanical draft cooling tower
It is referred to cooling tower that drafts with fan.
3.6
Counter-flow cooling tower
Water-flow and airflow are opposite in direction in cooling tower, what is to say, the
former one flows from top to bottom and the latter one flows from bottom to top.
3.7
Cross-flow cooling tower
In cooling tower, water-flow and airflow flow in cross, what is to say, the former one
flows from top to bottom and the latter one flows horizontally.
3.8
Packing
It is referred to a kind of device set in cooling tower, which is used to make water spray
as drip or water film with aim to increase water-air contact area and time.
3.9
Packing height
It is referred to the vertical distance from packing superface to subface.
3.10
Packing length
It is referred to the horizon distance between two vertical faces of packing of cross-flow
cooling tower.
3.11
Area of water drenching
It is referred to the net area exposes to water and air in cooling tower, which is a part of
packing superface.
3.12
Mass water flow per unit plan area of packing
It is referred to the mass flow of circulating water per unit plan area of packing in unit
time.
3.13
Distribution system of cooling tower
It is referred to the water distribution system in cooling tower, which is composed of
tank, water pipe or pond and spray nozzle.
3.14
Spray nozzle
It is referred to a part of distribution system of cooling tower, which is used to make
water splash into petty drip.
3.15
Vertical well for water distribution
It is referred to the well-type structure in counter-flow type natural draft cooling tower,
which is used to distribute water in tower to the distribution system.
3.16
Drift eliminator
It is referred to the device set in cooling tower, which is used to intercept and collect
drift in outlet airflow.

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3.17
Water flow rate of drift loss
It is referred to water flow rate of drift which is carried out of cooling tower by outlet
airflow.
3.18
Cooling range
It is referred to the temperature difference between hot water in cooling tower and the
cooled water.
3.19
Ambient air dry-wet bulb temperature
It is referred to the air dry-wet bulb temperature measured without the influence of
regurgitation of outlet air, which is measured at upwind of cooling tower.
3.20
Inlet air dry-wet bulb temperature
It is referred to air dry-wet bulb temperature measured at the air inlet of cooling tower.
3.21
Air/water ratio
It is referred to the mass flow ratio of dry air and circulating water in the cooling tower.
The symbol λ is always used to express the ratio.
3.22
Number of transfer units (NTU)
NTU is referred to performance number of heat-mass transfer ability of liquid
distribution including drenching region, packing region and hyetal region under packing. It
is also named as transfer number and expressed with Ω or N.
3.23
Coefficient of transfer mass
It is referred to performance number of heat-mass transfer ability of unit volume of
cooling tower liquid distribution. It usually is expressed with the symbol K a or βxv.
3.24
Cell of cooling tower
It is referred to a self contained unit of mechanical draft cooling tower group, which
possesses separate distribution system and fan. It shall separate from other cells by fender
structure.
3.25
Group cooling towers
It is referred to single row or multi-rows of tower groups composed of several
independent mechanical draft cooling towers.
3.26
Test cooling capability
It is referred to the heat dissipating capacity of tower when the conditions for the test
are revised to the designed conditions.
3.27
Thermal performance curves of cooling tower
It is referred to the relation curve, Ω=f (λ), of air/water ratio λ and NTU Ω which is
determined by property and volume of cooling tower's packing. It is a straight line in
double-log rectangular plane coordinates and features that Ω shall increase when λ
increase.

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3.28
Working performance curve of cooling tower
It is referred to the relation curve, Ω'=f (λ), of air/water ratio and cooling tasks
determined by designed meteorologic parameter and inlet/outlet water temperature. It is a
curve in double-log rectangular plane coordinates and features that Ω’ will reduce when λ
increase.
3.29
Input water head of tower
For natural draft cooling tower, it is referred to the difference between water level of
vertical well for water distribution and that of tower reservoir; for mechanical draft cooling
tower, it is referred to the difference between the total head at center line of inlet water pipe
and the surface of tower reservoir. It is also named as distribution height or water supply
height.
3.30
Input power of fan
It is referred to the power acts on transmission shaft of fan blade hub, which excludes
power wasted at transmission section.
3.31
Environmental noise
It is referred to noise generates from noise source out of cooling tower.
3.32
Noise for cooling tower at boundary of power plant
In the field sensitive to noise for cooling tower, it is referred to noise for cooling tower
measured at the place 1.0m away from legal boundary of power plant and 1.5m away from
surface elevation. For boundary with fence, it is referred to noise measured at fence crown.
3.33
Noise for cooling tower
It is referred to noise for cooling tower measured at fixed position around the cooling
tower.
4 General provisions
4.1 When newly-built or renovated industrial circulating water cooling tower is used in normal
running, one or more acceptance tests shall be carried out for cooling capability, water flow rate
of drift loss and noise for the cooling tower. When acceptance tests cannot be implemented after
using the cooling tower because of unsuitable test conditions, the tests shall be finished within 1
year after using the cooling tower.
4.2 The organizations with the ability and experience in cooling tower test shall be responsible for
acceptance tests for the cooling tower.
4.3 It should be illuminated clearly at the preliminary design stage when newly-built or renovated
cooling tower is required with acceptance test. Expense required for the acceptance tests shall be
listed in the rough estimate of engineering investment.
4.4 Acceptance test for cooling tower should be carried out according to the following process.
a) Compiling the outline of test works;
b) Preparation works before tests:
c) On-site test;
d) Treatment and analyses for test data;
e) Compiling reports for acceptance test.
5 Preparation works before tests
5.1 The test tower shall be assigned by the client. When tests are carried out for single cell of

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group of cooling towers, test tower may be selected through the negotiation between client and
test organization.
5.2 Test organization shall be present at the test tower for on-site examination before tests.
5.3 Test organization shall compile an outline before carrying out tests for the cooling tower. The
outline shall include the following contents.
a) Test purposes and requirements
b) Design, construction and general running situation of the test cooling tower shall be
consisted of the following contents.
1) Type of cooling tower, major physical dimension and designed area of water
drenching.
2) Packing style, materials, packing height, packing length of cross-flow cooling tower,
erection support style of packing, and support materials; heating power and drag
characteristics of the designed packing.
3) Style and material of drift eliminator, mounting position, installation mode, designed
drag characteristics of drift eliminator.
4) Style and arrangement of distribution system, style of spray nozzle, nozzle diameter
at different distribution sub-zone, space between spray heads, the quantity of spray
heads of different diameters, and design pressure at nozzle
5) Fan style of mechanical draft cooling tower, impeller diameter, characteristic curve of
fan, air volume and total pressure at designed working point, and designed input power
of fan.
6) Designed thermal performance curves of cooling tower
7) Problems existing in practical operation of cooling tower
8) Water quality analysis report of circulating water
c) Completion drawing or construction drawing of the test cooling tower shall comprise:
1) Location plan of cooling tower in the general layout of fossil-fuel power plant;
2) Plane figure and sectional view of cooling tower
d) Test contents and operating mode
e) Test items, arrangement of measuring points, test method and instrument
f) Test tools and equipment require processing
g) Processing method for test data
h) Assessment method for test results
i) Composition and division of test personnel
j) Scheduled plan for test works
k) Precautions for safe operation and safety measures shall be adopted
1) Items require the cooperation of client (proprietor).
5.4 Overall check shall be carried out for cooling tower before the test, and defects at each part of
the cooling tower shall be eliminated according to design and test requirements. In order to
guarantee the cooling tower in favorable operation condition during the test, each part and
equipment of the cooling tower shall meet the following requirements.
a) Distribution system of the cooling tower shall be clean and fluent. There shall be no
sundries jamming, no water leakage or water spilling in the system. The nozzle shall remain
intact and splash in good order.
b) The packing shall keep tidy appearance, without defect or deformation. There shall be no
algae, oily soil and other sundries on the packing surface.
c) Packing of counter-flow cooling tower shall be filled with packing layers. Direct air
channel shall not be set at top of packing of cross-flow cooling tower.
d) The drift eliminator shall be clean, without any sundries, algae and other attachment which
may resist normal through-flow of air.
e) The layer of drift eliminator shall be studded with drift eliminators without bypass channel
for air.

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 f) Water inlet pipe valves of cooling tower, connection pipe valves between cooling towers
shall be flexible for start-stop and also convenient for regulation.
g) Fan, electromotor and reduction gear of mechanical draft cooling tower shall run
faultlessly.
h) Water level of collecting tank in cooling tower shall lay in normal operating level or the
water level of test requirement.
i) Other requirements proposed in the test outline.
5.5 Certificated instrument shall be used for cooling tower test. The instrument shall be inspected
during operation so as to guarantee the instrument reach the precision of test requirement.
5.6 The following works shall be finished in test site before testing the cooling tower.
a) Determining position of measuring points for test items;
b) Setting up test platform and weather kiosk;
c) Laying temporary power supply;
d) Processing and installation test equipment and instrument; preparing platforms and racks
for laying instrument during the test.
5.7 Different kinds of record forms for test shall be prepared before the test.
5.8 Personnel that work for the test shall get familiar with each test item and useful instrument
before the test. Pretests for different items also shall be carried out according to the requirements
of test outline.
6 Test for thermal performance of cooling tower
6.1 Test conditions
6.1.1 Meteorological conditions shall comply with the following provisions when carrying out the
test for thermal performance of cooling tower.
a) The test should be carried out in summer approach the designed meteorological
conditions, or in daytime of the season of higher air temperature.
b) The test shall not be carried out in the rain or immediately after rain. Test after rain should
be carried out after 1h of the rain stops.
c) Average ambient wind velocity of mechanical draft cooling tower shall not be larger than
4.5m/s, and average wind velocity per minute of gust shall not be larger than 7.0m/s. average
ambient wind velocity of natural draft cooling tower shall not be larger than 3.0m/s, and average
wind velocity per minute of gust shall not be larger than 5.0m/s.
d) During the test process for natural draft cooling tower, test personnel shall conduct visual
observation on the ground and the hot and damp airflow vented from chimney outlet of natural
draft cooling tower shall fully fill the chimney outlet.
e) When there is thermal inversion layer in atmosphere, thermal performance test for natural
draft cooling tower shall not be carried out.
6.1.2 Quality of circulating water entering into the cooling tower shall comply with relevant
regulations of GB/T 50050 and DL 5000.
6.1.3 During the acceptance test for cooling tower, the range of permissible values deviated from
design values of major parameters are listed in table 1. Measuring range of major parameters of
non-acceptance test for cooling tower may be determined according to test requirements. When
inlet water temperature and water temperature difference are different from the designed values, it
is required calculating the influence of inlet water temperature to heat dispersion of cooling
tower.
Table 1 Range of permissible values deviated from design values of major parameters
The range of permissible values deviated from
Parameter name
design values
Inlet dry-bulb temperature θ1 ±14.0℃
Inlet wet-bulb temperature τ1 ±8.5℃
Inlet water flow rate Q ±10%

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Inlet and outlet water temperature difference △t ±20%
6.2 Test items
6.2.1 The following parameters shall be tested for thermal performance of cooling tower.
a) Ambient meteorologic parameter, including air dry-wet bulb temperature, atmospheric
pressure, wind speed and wind direction;
b) Inlet air dry-wet bulb temperature;
c) Inlet water flow rate;
d) Inlet and outlet water temperature;
e) Inlet airflow;
f) Input power of fan and established angle of fan blade of mechanical draft cooling tower.
6.2.2 According to the test requirements and on-site test conditions, the following elective
parameters may be tested through the negotiation between client and test organization.
a) Outlet air dry-wet bulb temperature and distribution;
b) Distribution of mass water flow per unit plan area of packing;
c) Distribution of cooled water temperature;
d) Distribution of wind speed in tower;
e) Resistance of each several parts in cooling tower and total resistance of the whole tower;
f) Distribution reservoir or water depth in tank;
g) Water pressure at splashing nozzle of tube-type distribution system;
h) Water level of vertical well for water distribution of natural draft cooling tower; or input
water head of mechanical draft cooling tower.
6.2.3 When collecting tank of the test cooling tower is filled with compensation water, or
circulating water of adjacent cooling tower inject through connection channel between towers,
and sewer of circulating water system is discharged from cooling tower, as well as extracted
water temperature of cooling tower is measured at collecting tank outlet, the flow rates and the
water temperatures of the makeup water, the circulating water from adjacent tower, and sewer
also shall be measured. Otherwise, during the testing process in each operating mode, it is
required stop making up water for collecting tank, stop venting sewer from collecting tank, and
shut off the valve of connection channel between towers.
6.3 Test requirements
6.3.1 Test for each parameter shall be carried out after steady running for a period after adjusting
test operating mode. From finish adjusting test operating mode to conducting the test, test
duration of each parameter should be: no less than 30 min for single cell mechanical draft cooling
tower; no less than 1h for group of mechanical draft cooling towers and natural draft cooling
tower.
6.3.2 During the test process in each operating mode, permissible variation range of values of
major parameters measured at every time and that of arithmetic mean values of all measured
values shall comply with the following provisions:
Inlet air wet bulb temperature τ1 ±0.5℃
Inlet air dry bulb temperature θ1 ±3.0℃
Inlet water temperature t: ±0.5℃
Inlet water flow rate Q ±5.0%
6.3.3 Duration of test in each operating mode shall not be less than 1h. Test times and interval of
each parameter shall not be less than those specified in table 2 and table 3.
Table 2 Test times and interval of required parameters
No. Parameter name Times Interval min
Ambient wind velocity and
1 3 20
wind direction
Atmospheric pressure and
2 ambient air dry-wet bulb 6 10
temperature
3 Inlet water flow rate 2~3 30~20
4 Inlet water temperature 6 10

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 5 Outlet water temperature 2~6 30~10
6 Inlet airflow; 1~2 60~30
Inlet air dry-wet bulb
7 6 10
temperature
Flow rate and temperature of
8 2 30
compensation water
Flow rate and temperature of
9 2 30
sewer
10 Input power of fan 1~2 30
Note: When catchment container is used for measuring outlet water temperature, the test times shall be no less than two when six
times is impossible owing to too much points setting.
Table 3 Test times and interval of elective parameters
No. Parameter name Times Interval min
Outlet air dry-wet bulb
1 1~2 60~30
temperature
Resistance at each several part
2 1~2 30
and fan total pressure
3 Input water head of tower 2 30
Distribution of wind speed in
4 1 60
tower
Mass water flow per unit plan
area of packing and
5 1~2 60~30
distribution of cooled water
temperature
Water depth of distribution
6 2 30
reservoir or tank
6.3.4 Parameters in each test operating mode shall be measured at the same time. When the test
points of outlet water temperature locate far from the collecting tank of cooling tower, and the
period of cooling water falling into collecting tank and flowing to the temperature-sensing point
is larger than 5 min, test time for outlet water temperature shall be retarded later than that for
other parameters. The retarded period shall be calculated according to formula (1):
60  wV w
Th  (1)
Qt
Where,
Th —Retarded time, min;
ρ —Water density, kg/m3;
Vw —Sum of the water volume in collecting tank and the volume between channel inlet and
measuring point, m3:
Qt —Inlet water flow rate of actual measurement, kg/h.
6.3.5 Effective status points for acceptance test of cooling tower shall not be less than 3 groups.
6.4 Test instrument sum measuring method
6.4.1 Measurement for ambient wind velocity and wind direction shall comply with the following
provisions.
a) Spinning-cup type wind indicator with vane shall be used as measuring instrument.
b) Measuring points shall be arranged at clearway of upwind of test cooling tower or tower
group. For mechanical draft cooling tower and natural draft cooling tower whose air inlet height
is equal to or less than 8.0m, the distance from measuring points to the tower or tower group
fringe shall not be less than 30m; for natural draft cooling tower whose air inlet height is larger
than 8.0m, the said distance shall not be less than 40m.
c) Measuring points of wind indicator shall locate at the section 1.5m ~ 2.0m above the
ground.
6.4.2 Measurement for ambient air dry-wet bulb temperature shall comply with the following
provisions.
a) Mechanical draft psychrometer or other instrument, whose accuracy is not lower than
mechanical draft psychrometer accuracy, used to measure dry-wet bulb temperature may be
selected as measuring instrument. Thermometer shall possess distinguishability no larger than

9
0.2℃ and precision no less than grade 0.5. When calculate relative humidity according to dry-
wet bulb temperature measured with different psychrometers, the coefficient A shall be taken
according to table 4.
Table 4 A value of psychrometer
Wind speed passing
No. Psychrometer style Draft type through temperature- Coefficient A℃-1
sensing element m/s
Standard thermometer
1 screen aspirated Mechanical draft 3.5 0.000667
psychrometer
Assmann aspirated
2 Mechanical draft 2.5 0.000662
psychrometer
Thermoneter screen ball
3 Natural draft 0.4 0.000857
psychrometer
Thermoneter screen
4 natural draft 0.4 0.000815
columner psychrometer
5 E.P. Guste Hygrometer natural draft 0.8 0.0007947
b) At upwind of the test cooling tower, one measuring point shall be set at the section 30m ~
50m away from air inlet of cooling tower or tower group.
c) The thermometric instrument shall be hung in draughty weather tin and protected from
direct sunlight. It shall be set 1.5m ~ 2.0m away from the ground.
6.4.3 Measurement of atmospheric pressure
Fortin-type or aneroid barometer should be used and it shall be equipped with thermometer.
6.4.4 Measurement for inlet air dry-wet bulb temperature shall comply with the following
provisions.
6.4.4.1 For natural draft cooling tower, 2~4 measuring points shall be evenly arranged around the
tower according to tower size and surrounding environment. These measuring points shall be 3m
~ 5m away from the lower margin of tower air inlet. Instrument shall be installed at 1.5m ~ m
above the upper margin of collecting tank. Measured values of ambient air dry-wet bulb
temperature also may be adopted.
6.4.4.2 Distribution of measuring points of mechanical draft cooling tower shall comply with the
following provisions.
a) Rectangular cooling tower with unilateral and bilateral inlet air.
1) When air inlet height is no larger than 4.0m and breadth is no larger than 6.0m, one
measuring point shall be set for each side at the section which is 1/2 of air inlet
breadth. The distance from measuring points to air inlet shutter shall be less than
2.0m. Instrument shall be set at the section 1.5m ~ 2.0m above the upper margin of
collecting tank.
2) When air inlet height is larger than 4.0m and breadth is larger than 6.0m, one
measuring point shall be separately set at the section which is 1/4 and 3/4 of air
inlet breadth and height. The distance from measuring points to air inlet shutter
shall be 2m ~ 3m.
3) For polygon and round cooling tower with precinct inlet air, 4 measuring points
shall be evenly arranged around the tower. The distance from measuring points to
air inlet shall be 2m ~ 3m. When air inlet height is no larger than 4.0m, instrument
shall be set at the section 1.5m ~ 2.0m above the upper margin of collecting tank;
when air inlet height is larger than 4.0m, one measuring point shall be separately
set at the section which is 1/4 and 3/4 if air inlet height.
6.4.4.3 Thermometric instrument shall comply with provisions of 6.4.2a).
6.4.5 Measurement for inlet water flow rate shall comply with the following provisions.
6.4.5.1 Inlet water flow rate should be measured on water inlet pressure pipe. When it is difficult
to measure on water inlet pressure pipe, the measurement also may be carried out in outlet pipe
(channel) of cooling tower. Steam output, blown amount, discharge capacity and water
supplement capacity of cooling tower (when circulating water blow-down and water make up are

10
implemented in collecting tank) during the test in such operating mode also shall be accounted
into the water flow rate measured in outlet pipe (channel).
6.4.5.2 Survey accuracy of instrument shall not be less than grade 2.5 when water flow rate is
measured in water inlet pipe.
6.4.5.3 Measuring weir or velocity meter should be used when water flow rate is measured in
pressure-less outlet channel.
6.4.5.4 Installation site of measuring instrument shall be arranged according to operating
instructions.
6.4.5.5 The following provisions shall be complied with when Pitot-tube is used to measure inlet
water flow rate.
a) Straight pipe which is 5~8 times of water inlet pipe diameter shall be reserved before
measuring point, and straight pipe which is 3~5 times of the diameter shall be reserved behind
measuring point. Intercept valve must not be set in the range of straight pipe.
B) Respectively set up measuring points on two orthogonal diameters of water inlet pipe.
Measuring point may be arranged on one diameter when the pipe diameter is less than 500 mm.
C) Divide homalographic rings on the test cross section of inlet pipe. The number of
homalographic rings shall complied with those specified in table 5.
Table 5 Number of homalographic rings division
Pipe diameter mm ≤300 400~900 1000~1500 ≥1600
Number of rings ≥3 ≥5 ≥7 ≥9
Distance from each measuring point of homalographic ring to the pipe center shall be calculated
according to the formula (2):
2n  1
Rn  R (2)
2m
Where,
Rn —The distance from pipe center to each measuring point, m;
R —Pipe inside radius of the test cross section, m;
N —Number of measuring points counted from pipe center;
m —Number of homalographic rings.
6.4.6 Measurement for inlet water temperature shall comply with the following provisions.
A) Distinguishability of thermometric instrument shall be no larger than 0.1 ℃ and precision
shall be no less than grade 0.2
b) Measuring points should be set in inlet water pipe or vertical well for water distribution.
For cross-flow cooling tower, the measurement also may be implemented in distribution
reservoir.
c) When measure in inlet water pipe, thermometric sleeve shall be installed on the pipe in
advance. A little mobile oil shall be injected into the sleeve, and the oil shall submerge
temperature-sensing element of the thermometer. Water also may be delivered into container
through blow-down pipe of upper tower pipe and then water temperature shall be measured in the
container.
d) When mercury thermometer is used for temperature measurement in distribution reservoir,
vertical well or channel, the thermometer should be equipped with protection sleeve. Water in
sleeve shall submerge temperature-sensing element of thermometer.
e) When steel pipe under water surface of collecting tank is the water inlet pipe of natural
draft cooling tower, the influence of steel pipe heat dissipating capacity to inlet and outlet water
temperature shall be considered and corrected according to position of temperature-sensing
points. The corrected value shall be no larger than 0.10℃.
6.4.7 Measurement for outlet water temperature shall comply with the following provisions.
6.4.7.1 Thermometric instrument shall comply with provisions of 6.4.6a).
6.4.7.2 For single cooling tower or group of cooling towers, water temperature may be measured
in outlet water pipe (channel) or at water pump outlet on the basis of complying with the

11
following provisions.
a) When measure in outlet pipe, temperature measuring sleeve may be installed or water may
be delivered to container for measurement.
b) When measure in outlet channel, measuring points arranged along breadth direction
should not be less than 3 points, and should not be less than 2 points in depth direction. When
distribution of water temperature of test cross section is non-uniform or in layers, measuring
points shall be increased along the direction of channel breadth and depth.
c) Water temperature increase caused by energy loss of water pump shall be accounted when
measure the water temperature at pump outlet.
6.4.7.3 When test single cell tower of mechanical draft cooling tower group, collecting annulus or
container shall be equipped at collecting tank surface if collecting tanks connect with each other.
Water temperature shall be measured at outlet of collecting annulus or in the container.
Installation of collecting annulus and container shall comply with the following provisions.
a) When collecting annulus is installed, its catchment area should not be less than 10% of
collecting tank area. According to the collecting tank area, there should be no less than 4
collecting annuluses and the width of collecting annulus should not be larger than 300 mm.
b) When collecting container is installed, its catchment area should not be less than 0.05m 2.
Collecting containers shall be distributed with equal space. Area of water drenching of each
measuring point should not be larger than 4m2.
6.4.8 Measurement for inlet air capacity shall comply with the following provisions.
6.4.8.1 Measurement for inlet airflow of natural draft cooling tower shall comply with the
following provisions.
a) Spinning paddle-type anemoscope or other measuring instruments should be adopted.
b) Test cross section should be selected at chimney throat, or on cross section free form
influence of surrounding wind speed near chimney outlet. For counter-flow cooling
tower, the cross section also may be set at the place no less than 4.0m above drift
eliminator in tower.
c) Measuring points shall be distributed with the method of dividing homalographic rings.
Divide 10~20 homalographic rings according to size of cross-section. Measuring points
shall be arranged on the two typical orthogonal diameters. The distance from measuring
points of homalographic ring and tower center shall be calculated according to formula
(1).
6.4.8.2 Measurement for inlet airflow of mechanical draft cooling tower shall comply with the
following provisions.
a) Pitot tube and micropressure gauge should be adopted.
b) Measuring points should be arranged in chimney cross section at the suction side of fan.
Airflow of the test cross section shall be steady, and airflow direction shall be
perpendicular to the cross section. The vertical distance between test cross section and
center line of fan blade should not be less than 0.4m.
c) Measuring points shall be distributed with the method of homalographic rings. The area
of each homalographic ring should not be larger than 3.0m 2. Measuring points shall be
distributed on two typical orthogonal diameters. The distance between measuring points
of each homalographic ring and chimney center shall be calculated according to formula
(3):
R2  r2
R0   2n  1  r 2 (3)
2m
Where,
r —Redius of null zone of the test cross section, m
d) Null zone area shall be deducted when calculate the air volume.
e) Measurement also may be carried out when it is impossible to measure in chimney at

12
 suction side of fan
1) Measure at air inlet of cooling tower when inlet-air shutter is not installed at
cooling tower air inlet. When spinning paddle-type or hot-bulb type anemoscope is
adopted, several homalographic or non-homalographic squares shall be divided
according to size of the air inlet. Therefore, measure wind speed at center of each
square. Otherwise, the square should not be larger than 1.0m × 1.0m
2) Spinning paddle-type anemoscope should be adopted when measure at chimney
outlet of cooling tower. Measuring points shall be distributed with homalographic
ring method according to this article.
f) Airflow may be measured at the section 0.5m ~ 0.8m above the drift eliminator or
packing, when there is no water drenching in counter-flow mechanical draft cooling tower.
Spinning paddle-type or hot-bulb anemoscope may be adopted.
1) For rectangular cooling tower, several homalographic squares may be divided in the
tower so as to measure wind speed in square center. Each square shall be no larger
than 1.0m × 1.0m.
2) For polygon and round cooling tower, 5~10 homalographic rings may be divided
according to tower size. Measuring points shall be distributed on two typical
orthogonal diameters (on diameter of inscribed circle for polygon tower). The
distance between measuring points of homalographic ring and tower center shall be
calculated according to formula (1).
6.4.9 Measurement for outlet air dry-wet bulb temperature shall comply with the following
provisions.
a) Remote ventilated psychrometer, hot resistance thermometer or mercury thermometer
shall be adopted. Distinguishability of thermometer shall not be larger than 0.2℃, and
instrument precision shall not be less than grade 0.5.
b) When it is difficult to measure air dry bulb temperature, air wet bulb temperature may
be measured only. When outlet air is considered as almost saturated, its relative
humidity may take 98%.
c) Measuring points of natural draft cooling tower should be distributed at chimney throat,
or on cross section free form influence of surrounding wind speed near chimney outlet.
For counter-flow natural draft cooling tower, these points also may be set on drift
eliminator or the section under steady airflow and convenient for measurement.
d) Measuring points of mechanical draft cooling tower may be distributed at chimney
outlet or in chimney at inlet-air side of fan.
e) Measuring points should be distributed according to 6.4.8.2 with the method of dividing
homalographic rings.
f) Arithmetic mean value of the temperature of measuring points shall be taken as outlet
air temperature. When wind speed and temperature distribution of the test cross section
are greatly different, weighted means of temperature and air volume should be adopted.
6.4.10 Measurement for mass water flow per unit plan area of packing and distribution of cooled
water temperature shall comply with the following provisions.
a) Water flow and water temperature shall be measured with collecting container or
automatic counting udometer with turning plate on the collecting tank surface.
b) Measuring lines of natural draft cooling tower should not be less than 4 Redius and also
with equal centre angle. According to diameter size of tower bottom, 8~15 measuring
points with equal space shall be distributed on each measuring line. No less than 4
measuring lines should be set on collecting tank surface for mechanical draft cooling
tower. According to tower size, 6~12 measuring points shall be distributed on each
measuring line.
c) Thermometric instrument shall be selected according to 6.4.6a).
6.4.11 Measurement for distribution of wind speed in tower shall comply with the following

13
provisions.
6.4.11.1 When inlet air capacity of counter-flow natural draft cooling tower is measured at the
section no less than 4.0m above superface of drift eliminator, measurement for wind speed
distribution may be carried out at the same time of measuring inlet air capacity.
6.4.11.2 For counter-flow mechanical draft cooling tower, the measurement may be carried out at
the same time of measuring inlet air capacity according to provisions of 6.4.8.2f).
6.4.11.3 Cross-flow cooling tower shall comply with the following provisions.
a) Test cross-section shall be set at the section 0.5m ~ 1.0m behind the drift eliminator.
b) The tower shall be divided into several homalographic or non-homalographic squares
according to packing height and breadth. Square height shall be no more than 1.0m, and
its breadth shall be 1.0m ~ 2.0m. Wind speed shall be measured at the center of each
square.
c) Spinning paddle-type anemoscope shall be adopted.
6.4.12 Flow rate of compensation water and sewer, as well as water temperature measurement
shall comply with the following provisions.
a) Flow rate and temperature of compensation water and sewer should be measured at
supply pipe and sewage pipe.
b) Measurement for compensation water and sewer flow shall be carried out according to
the relevant regulations of 6.4.5.
c) Measurement for compensation water and sewer temperature shall be carried out
according to the relevant regulations of 6.4.6.
6.4.13 Wind speed distribution, mass water flow per unit plan area of packing, and cooled water
temperature distribution shall be carried out at the same time. The said three measurement works
also shall be carried out at the same time of measuring inlet air capacity, inlet water flow rate and
inlet water temperature.
6.4.14 Measurements for resistance at several parts and fan total pressure shall comply with the
following provisions.
a) Flute-shape pipe or pitot-tube and micropressure gauge should be adopted in the
measurement for resistance of several parts and fan total pressure.
b) According to the test requirements, flute-shape pipes may be distributed at air inlet of
cooling tower, top and bottom of packing, top of drift eliminator, as well as fan inlet and outlet.
c) Flute-shape pipe should be made with steel pipe, aluminum pipe or copper pipe. Diameter
of the pressure hole should not be less than 5 mm and holes distance should be about 250 mm.
total areas of pressure holes should not be larger than 30% of inside sectional area of the flute-
shape pipe.
d) Piezometer tubes shall be uniformly distributed on the test cross section. The number of
flute-shape pipes on each test cross section should not be less than 3, and eyehole shall positively
face the airflow direction.
e) Water-proof cap may be arranged on the eyehole so as to prevent jamming the eyehole by
drips during water drenching.
6.4.15 Measurement for input power of fan of mechanical draft cooling tower shall comply with
the following provisions.
a) The input power of fan should be directly measured with power meter, also may be
determined through calculation after measuring electric current, voltage and power
factor of electromotor.
b) When the power is measured in control room, and if distribution lines are far from
electromotor, the numerical reading shall be corrected in consideration of the voltage
drop of the lines.
6.4.16 The measuring points for water inlet pressure of cooling tower should be arranged on
center line of inlet water pipe. The static pressure may be measured with pressure gauge; the
dynamic pressure may be determined through calculating inlet water flow rate and cross-sectional

14
area of pipe at pressure-sensing point. The pressure generated from the vertical distance between
measuring point and upper margin of pond may be calculated according to the vertical distance.
6.4.17 The depth of distributing trough or distribution reservoir may be directly measured with
ruler. Water pressure at splashing nozzle of tube-type distribution system should be measured
with piezometer tube on the pipe section before its nozzle.
6.4.18 The install angle of fan blade shall be measured according to position and method
specified in product description of the fan manufacturer, as well as with special protractor.
6.4.19 Atmospheric inversion layer may be determined with the following methods.
a) The resolution of thermometric instrument must not be larger than 0.1℃ and the
precision hereof must not be less than grade 0.2.
b) The measuring points may be set at the section 30m ~ 50m away from fringe of cooling
tower air inlet of upwind. The measure shall be free from disturbance of thermal
radiation and others heaters.
c) One low-level measuring point shall be set at the section 1.5m above the ground. The
other high-level measuring point shall be set by using rope or hydrogen balloon to raise
the temperature-sensing element to the height above 25m. The atmospheric dry-bulb
temperatures shall be respectively measured at two points.
d) If the atmospheric temperature of low-level measuring point is lower than that of high-
level measuring point, or their difference is less than 0.15℃ even the former is higher
than the latter one (account according to temperature rate of change 0.65℃/100m), it
can be considered that temperature inversion existing in atmosphere.

6.5 Treatments of test data

6.5.1 As for parameters under each working condition, the arithmetic mean of measured values of
previous working conditions shall be adopted as the representative values hereof.
6.5.2 If the dry-wet bulb temperature of the outlet air is available in the selected test items, the
heat balance calculation may be taken out according to the formula (4) to select effective status
point.
The absolute value of the thermal balance deviation △ε of the effective status points should
not be larger than 7%.
 G (h  h1 ) 
  1  a 2   100 % (4)
 cW Qt (t1  t 2 ) 
Where,
△ε—Thermal balance deviation, %;
Ga—Volume of inlet dry air, kg (DA)/h, (DA Indicates dry air, the same applies below);
h1—Specific enthalpy of inlet wet air, kJ/kg (DA);
h2—Specific enthalpy of outlet wet air, kJ/kg (DA);
cw—Specific heat capacity of water, kJ/(kg ℃ );
Qt—Test inlet water-flow, kg/h;
t1—Inlet water temperature, ℃;
t2—Outlet water temperature, ℃.
6.5.3 Based on test data of effective status points, the number of transfer units and the coefficient
of transfer mass should be calculated according to the following formulas:
6.5.3.1 Counter-flow cooling tower

K aV t1 cW dt

Qt
 t2 h' ' h
(5)

Where,
Ω—Number of transfer units;

15
 Ka—Coefficient of transfer mass, kg/(m3·h);
V—Packing volume, m3;
h"—Specific enthalpy of saturated air corresponding to water temperature, kJ/kg(DA);
t—Water Temperature, ℃;
h—Specific enthalpy of wet air, kJ/kg(DA).
The right side of the formula (5) may be calculated through Simpson approximate integration
method or other methods. As for the Simpson approximate integration, the integration field of
water temperature t1 to t2 shall be divided into not less than 4 equal amounts; if the water
temperature differential (t1 —t2) is less than 15℃, the integration field of water temperature t 1 to
t2 shall be divided into 2 equal amounts, and can be calculated according to the formula (6).
t1 c d c t  1 4 1 
   W t  w     (6)
t 2 h ' ' h 6  h2 ' ' h1 hm ' ' hm h1 ' ' h2 
h1  h2
hm 
2
Where,
Δt—Cooling range, ℃;
hm—Average value of specific enthalpies of inlet and outlet wet air, kJ/kg (DA);
h1’’—Specific enthalpy of saturated air which the temperature is equivalent to the inlet water
temperature t1, kJ/kg (DA)
h2’—Specific enthalpy of saturated air which the temperature is equivalent to the inlet water
temperature t2, kJ/kg (DA)
hm’’—Specific enthalpy of saturated air which the temperature equivalent to the average water
temperature (tm) of inlet and outlet water, kJ/kg(DA).
6.5.3.2 Cross-flow cooling tower
a) Round head cross-flow cooling tower
Padding cell (central angle θ) is selected in ring form packing of round head cross-flow cooling
tower, water is packed upward, and the air enters circumferentially. A column coordinate system
is established, the grid origin hereof is the crossing point of the axle wire and the extension line of
the packing top surface, z directs downward positive, and r directs outward positive.
t h
cw q  gi   K a (h' ' h) (7)
z r
The boundary conditions are r = r1, h = h1; z= 0, t = t1.
Where,
r—The semidiameter of the tower calculated point, m;
r1—Semidiameter of tower air inlet, m;
q—Mass water flow per unit plan area of packing, kg/(m 2·h);
gi—Ventilation density (air mean-quality speed of tower air inlet), kg/(m 2·h) .
b) Rectangle cross-flow cooling tower
A padding cell is selected in the rectangle cross-flow cooling tower. The water is packed
upward, and the air enters from the air inlet. A rectangular coordinate system is established on the
left of the air inlet, the grid origin hereof is the crossing point of the packing top surface and the
air inlet, z directs downward positive, and x directs at the direction of air flow as positive.

t h
 cW q  gi   K a (h' ' h) (8)
z x
The boundary conditions are as z = 0, t = t1; x = 0, h = h1.
The formula 7 and the formula 8 may be calculated through analytic method or difference
method.
6.5.4 In the treatment calculation of the test data, other parameters should be calculated according

16
to the following formulas:
a) Specific enthalpy of wet air
h  c d   x( 0  cV  ) (9)
Where,
cd—Specific heat capacity of dry air, it may be 1.005 kJ/(kg· ℃) ：
cv—Specific heat capacity of steam, cv may be 1.846 kJ/(kg·℃)：
θ—Dry bulb temperature of air, ℃;
γ0—Vaporization heat of water (0℃), it may be 2500 kJ/kg;
χ—Moisture content of air, kg/kg(DA).
b) Density of wet air
1
  (0.003483PA  0.001316P ' ' ) (10)
T
Where,
ρ—Density of wet air, kg/m3;
ф—Relative humidity of air, %;
PA—Atmospheric pressure, Pa;
Pθ’’—Pressure of saturated steam (θ air temperature), Pa;
T—Kelvin degree of air, K.
c) Moisture content of air

P ' '

X  0.622 (11)
PA  P ' '
d) Pressure of saturated steam
 10 3 10 3  373.16
lg P' '  5.005717  3.142305    8.2 lg  0.0024804(373.16  T )
 T 373.116  T
(12)
Where,
P”—Pressure of saturated steam, Pa;
T—Kelvin degree of θ or t temperature, K.
e) Outlet air specific enthalpy
cW t
h2  h1  (13)

Where,
λ—Mass ratio of dry air and circulating water entering into cooling tower (air-water ratio)
f) Outlet air dry bulb temperature

h2  h1
 2  1  (t m   1 ) (14)
hm ' ' h1
Where,
θ2—Outlet air dry bulb temperature, ℃;
θ1—Inlet air dry bulb temperature, ℃;
tm—Arithmetic mean of inlet and outlet water temperatures, ℃.
g) Relative humidity of air
Pt ' ' APA (   )
 (15)
P ' '
Where,
Pt’’—Saturated steam pressure when the air temperature is the wet-bulb temperature τ, Pa;

17
 τ—Air wet-bulb temperature, ℃:
A—Psychrometer Coefficient, detailed in Table 4.
6.5.5 When the outlet water temperature is measured in the outlet pipe (trench) of the tower, and
the make-up water is poured in and the blow-off water is discharged in the tower collecting tank,
the measured water temperature t 2’ shall be corrected, and the actual outlet water temperature t 2
shall be calculated according to the formula (16).

Qt t 2 'Q pai t pai  Qbu t bu

t2  (16)
Qt  Q pai  Qtu
Where,
t2—Actual outlet water temperature, ℃;
t2’—Outlet water temperature measured in the tower outlet pipe (trench), ℃;
Qpai—Blow-off water flow, m3/h;
Qbu—Make-up water flow, m3/h;
tpai—Blow-off water temperature, ℃:
tbu—Make-up water temperature, ℃.
6.5.6 If the inlet airflow of the mechanical draft cooling tower cannot be measured in accordance
with the provisions in Item 6.4.8.2, the inlet air capacity may be based on the measured input
power of fan, and calculated according to the following formula.
a) Calculation of inlet airflow.
1/ 3 1/ 3
v  N t   d 
Gt  Gd  d     (17)
 vt  N d   t 
Where,
Gt, Gd—Calculated and design inlet airflows, kg (DA)/h;
Nt, Nd—Measured and design input powers of fan, kW;
vt, vd—Measured and design inlet air specific volumes, m3/kg(DA);
ρt, ρd—Measured and design inlet wet air densities, kg/m 3.
b) Air specific volume
461.5T
v  0.622  X  (18)
PA
Where,
v—Air specific volume, m3/kg(DA);
6.5.7 When the inlet airflow of the inlet-side blast column of the fan is measured through the
method that the air-velocity pressure is measured through are-equal ring division, the average
wind velocity of the cross-section should be calculated according to the formula (19):

vt 
1
n
 P1  P2  ...  Pn  2
t
(19)

Where,
Vt—Average wind velocity of the measured cross-section, m/s;
ρt—Wet air density of the measured cross-section, kg/m 3;
P1, P2…, Pn— Dynamic pressure of measure points, Pa;
n—Number of measure points .
6.5.8 When the inlet airflow of the natural draft cooling tower cannot be measured in accordance
with the provisions in Item 6.4.8.1, the inlet airflow may be calculated according to the measured
parameters of working conditions, on the condition that the draft and resistance of the cooling
tower are equal. And the evaluation procedures hereof are as follow:
a) According to the parameters of the design conditions, calculate the density of inlet wet air ρdl,

18
the density of outlet wet air ρd2, the average density of inlet and outlet wet air ρdm, and the density
difference of inlet and outlet wet air Δρd.
b) According to measured parameters of working conditions, calculate the density of inlet wet air
ρu, presume the inlet air capacity Gt” of four groups, and respectively work out four groups of the
density of outlet wet air ρt2, the average density of inlet and outlet wet air ρtm, and the density
difference of inlet and outlet wet air Δρt.
c) Calculate the density difference Δρc according to the formula (20).
2 K0
 c  Gt '    dm   Qt 
     (20)
   G d    tm   Qd 
Where,
Δρc—Density difference of inlet and outlet wet air (the draft is equal to the resistance), kg/m 3;
Δρd—Design density difference of inlet and outlet wet air, kg/m 3;
Gt’—Presumed inlet airflow, kg (DA)/h;
Gd—Design inlet wet airflow, kg (DA)/h;
ρdm—Design inlet wet air average density, kg/m3;
ρtm—Measured parameters and wet air average density under the condition of the presumed
inlet airflow, kg/m3;
Qd—Design inlet waterflow, kg/h;
Ko—Coefficient determined by the test, it may be Ko = 0.4, if the measure data is unavailable.
Presume 4 groups of the inlet airflow Gt’, work out 4 groups of corresponding wet air density
difference Δρc.
d) Presumed inlet airflow Gt’ and density difference Δρc are plotted on the graph paper on which
the airflow Gt’ is as horizontal ordinate, and the density difference Δρc is as longitudinal
coordinate, gain a relation curve Gt’= f(Δρc) (Figure 1). Additionally, presumed inlet airflow
Gt’and density difference Δρc are also plotted on the graph paper, gain a relation curve Gt’= f (Δρc).
Two curves intersect at pint O, and the corresponding airflow Gt0’ is the values required.

Figure 1: Calculating Chart of Air Capacity

6.5.9 When the area-equal rings are divided in the intake conduit of the cooling tower, and the
inlet water flow is measured through the pitot-probe measurement, the inlet water flow of the
cooling tower should be calculated according to the following formulas.
a) Measured inlet water flow of the cooling tower

19
  2
Q t  3600 D W D 2 vW (21)
4
Where,
Qt—Measured inlet waterflow, kg/h;
D—Averge inside diameter of pipe, m;
vW—Mean flow rate of water in pipe, m/s
ρW—Water density, kg/m3.
d) Mean flow rate of water in pipe
2 Pw 0
vW  K v (22)
W
Where,
Kv—Inpipe velocity distribution coefficient;
Pw0—Dynamic pressure of pipe centre, Pa.
c) Inpipe velocity distribution coefficient
PW 1  PW 2  ...  PWn
Kv  (23)
n PW 0
Where,
n—Number of measure points in pipe;
Pw1, Pw2, …, Pwn—Dynamic pressures of measure points, Pa.
6.5.10 in the cooling tower test, if the inlet water temperature tt1 is not equal to the design tower
water temperature td1, and the difference value of the water temperature is larger than 2 ℃, the
measured performance numbers shall be corrected according to the water temperature and then
treated with evaluation calculation, the correction computation is taken out according to the
formula (24):
 p0
t 
 tx '  t '  d 1  (24)
 t t1 
Where,
Ωtx’—Corrected performance number;
Ωt’—Measured performance number;
td1—Design inlet water temperature, ℃;
tt1—Measured inlet water temperature, ℃;
P0—Coefficient, selected according to the relative measured packing value, it may be 0.4 ~
0.45 if no data is available.
6.5.11 The inlet water pressure of the cooling tower is calculated according to the formula (25):
Pw  Pj  Pd  Pz (25)
Where,
Pw—Inlet Water Pressure, kPa;
Pj—Static pressure of cooling tower inlet pipe measure point or reflected to this pint, kPa;
Pd—Dynamic pressures of measure points, kPa;
Pz—Pressure generated of perpendicular distance from the measure point to the upper edge of
the collecting tank, kPa.
6.5.12 If the group number of measured effective status points is larger, the number of transfer
units and the coefficient of transfer mass of all effective status points should be calculated
through the least square method or other statistical methods according to the formula (26) and the
formula (27), namely
  A0  m (26)
K a  B0 gi m ' q n (27)

20
Where,
A0, B0— Test constants;
m, n, m'—Test exponents.
6.5.13 The organization of the total resistance data should comply with the following provisions.
a) Total resistances of measured effective status points may be organized as the relation of the
formula (28):
hz  f  q, v0  (28)
Where,
ht—Total resistance, Pa;
v0—Calculated wind speed of packing cross-section, m/s.
b) The total resistance coefficient of the natural draft cooling tower may be calculated according
to the formula (29):
4 gH 0  1   2 
 (29)
 1   2  v02
Where,
ξ—Total resistance coefficient;
H0—Effective air draft height of the tower (the distance from the packing center to the tower
top), m;
ρ1—Density of inlet wet air, kg/m3;
ρ2—Density of outlet wet air, kg/m3;
6.6 Test Result Evaluation
6.6.1 The following methods should be adopted in the evaluation of cooling tower examination
test.
6.6.1.1 Cooling water volume comparison
a) According to the measured parameters of working conditions, the air-water ratio λc and the
cooling water volume Qc that are corrected to the design conditions should be worked out, and
compared with the design water flow Qd. the evaluating indicators are calculated according to the
formula (30):
Gt Q
 sQ   c  100% (30)
Qd  c Q d
Where,
ηsQ—Cooling capacity evaluated according to the cooling water volume, %;
Gt—Measured inlet airflow, kg (DA)/h;
Qd—Design cooling water flow, kg/h;
λc—Air-water ratio corrected to the design conditions;
Qc—Inlet waterflow corrected to the design conditions, kg/h.
b) If the design or manufacturing organizations provide design parameters of working conditions
and the thermal performance curve or formula of the tower, evaluation procedures for the
corrected air-water ratio λc are as follow:
1) Work out the measured air-water ratio λt according to the measured inlet waterflow Q t and
the inlet airflow Gt;
2) Calculate the measured performance number of working conditions Ω t according to the air-
water ratio λ t and the measured parameters of working conditions;
3) Plot the air-water ratio λ t and the performance numbers Ω t’ on the calculating chart of the
corrected air-water ratio, and gain the point b (Figure 2). In Figure 2, I is the design thermal
performance curve andⅡ is the working performance curve of cooling tower;
4) A parallel III of the thermal performance curve I is drawn at the point b, and intersects the
performance curve II at Point C. and the corresponding air-water ratio λ c is the value required.

21
 Figure 2: Calculating chart of corrected air-water ratio (1)
c) When design or manufacturing organizations provide the parameters of working condition, but
no thermal performance curve or formula of the tower, the evaluation procedures for the
corrected air-water ratio λc are as follow:
1) Respectively work out the air-water ratio λc and the performance number Ωt’ according to
two groups of different working condition parameters;
2) Plot two groups of air-water ratio λc and performance number Ω T on the calculating chart
of corrected air-water ratios, gain the points b1 and b2 (Figure 3);

Figure 3: Calculating chart of corrected air-water ratio (2)

3) Connect the pints b1 and b2, and gain the straight line III. The straight line III intersect the
performance curve II at the pints c, and the corresponding air-water ratio λc is the values
required.
6.6.1.2 Cooling water temperature comparison

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a) According to the measured parameters of working condition, and the cooling tower thermal
performance curves and formulas provided by design or manufacturing organizations, the ratio of
the cooling range Δtd under the measured parameters and the measured cooling range Δtt under the
working condition should be calculated, and the evaluating indicators are calculated according to
the formula (31).
t
 st  t  100 % (31)
t d
Where,
ηst—Cooling capacity evaluated according to the cooling water temperature, %;
Δtt—Measured cooling range, ℃;
Δtd—Calculated water cooling range, ℃.
b) If this evaluation method is adopted, design or manufacturing organizations must provide the
thermal performance curves or formulas of the tower.
c) The evaluation procedures of water temperature range Δtd are as follow:
1) Presume the outlet water temperature t2, calculate corresponding number Ω of transfer
units according to measured working condition parameters such as the atmospheric pressure
Pt, air dry/wet bulb temperature θt, τt, inlet water-flow Qt, inlet water temperature tt1 and inlet
airflow Gt. presume 3 groups of outlet water temperatures t2, work out 3 groups of
corresponding number of transfer units (Ω);
2) Plot above presumes 3 groups of outlet water temperatures t2 and corresponding number of
transfer units Ω on the graph paper where the water temperature t2 is as the horizontal
ordinate, and the number of transfer units Ω is as the longitudinal coordinate, and present the
relation Ω =f(t2);
3) The relation curve is detailed in Figure 4;

Figure 4: calculating chart of outlet water temperature

4) According to the thermal performance curves or formulas in the tower design, and the
measured air-water ratio λt, calculate the corresponding performance numbers, draw the
parallel line of the water temperature co-ordinate from the performance number ω (Figure 4),
and the parallel line intersect the curve Ω =f(t 2) at the point a, and the temperature of the point
a is ta. The differential of the water temperature t a and the inlet water temperature t t1 is the
calculated water cooling range Δtd.
6.6.2 The evaluation of cooling tower cooling capacity based on the test result shall comply with
the following provisions.

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 a) When the test cooling capability reaches 95% or higher, the tower may meet the design
requirements; if the test cooling capability reaches 105% or higher, the tower shall exceed the
design requirements.
b) If the test cooling capability is less than 95%, the reasons shall be analyzed, and the
improvement suggestions and measures shall be proposed by relative parties. The improved
cooling tower may be tested once again. If the test result always cannot meet the
requirements, it means the cooling tower cannot meet the design requirements.

7 Noise test
7.1 Test conditions
7.1.1 Weather conditions shall comply with the following provisions when test noise of cooling
tower.
a) The test shall be carried out in the climate without rain or snow.
b) Gust velocity shall not be larger than 5.5m/s during each test. The test shall stop when the
wind speed exceeds 5.5m/s.
c) Ambient temperature shall be in the permitted range of sound pick-up.
d) Test time is divided into two sections: daytime and nighttime. The time of daytime and
nighttime shall be calculated according to the time specified by the local government. If the local
government has not specification about the time division, the test may be carried out at daytime
of 9~15 o'clock and nighttime of 23~3 o'clock.
7.1.2 Noise test shall be carried out under the design water flow of cooling tower and design
parameters of mechanical draft cooling tower fan. At the beginning and testing process of the
noise test, deviation of cooling water volume and input power of fan shall not be larger than 10%
of design values.
7.1.3 When test noise of cooling tower, sound level of the environmental noise shall be at least
10dB (A) less than that of noise for cooling tower. If the difference between measured sound
level and the sound level of environmental noise is less than 10dB (A), necessary revision shall
be conducted according to table 6. When the difference is less than 2dB (A), noise of cooling
tower may be free from measurement.
Table 6 Corrected value of noise
Difference
3 4~6 7~9
dB(A)

Corrected value
-3 -2 -1
dB(A)

7.2 Test items

The following parameters shall be measured during the noise test for cooling tower.
a) Ambient air temperature and wind speed;
b) Input power of fan of mechanical draft cooling tower;
c) Water inflow of cooling tower;
d) Ambient environmental noise when cooling tower is out of action;
e) Noise when the cooling tower is running.
7.3 Test instrument and method
7.3.1 Measurement for ambient air temperature and wind speed shall comply with provisions of
6.4.1 and 6.4.2.
7.3.2 Measurement for inlet water flow rate of cooling tower shall comply with provisions of
6.4.5.
7.3.3 Measurements for input power of fan of mechanical draft cooling tower shall comply with
provisions of 6.4.15.
7.3.4 Precision sound level meter or automatic ambient noise monitor, whose precision is equal to
or higher than grade 11, shall be used for the noise test. Their properties shall comply with

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provisions of GB/T 3785. The instrument shall be corrected before and after the test. The
difference of its sensitivity must not be larger than 0.5dB (A), otherwise, the measurement will be
considered as invalid. Microphone shall be equipped with wind shield cover during the test.
7.3.5 Distribution of measuring points shall comply with the following provision.
7.3.5.1 Measuring points at sound source
a) For natural draft cooling tower, no less than 4 rows of sampling points shall be uniformly
distributed around the air inlet. Each row of sampling points shall be laid out of the air inlet. The
horizontal distance from these sampling points to inwall at upper margin of collecting tank or to
outer edge of shutter at air inlet shall be 1.0m. One measuring point shall be respectively
distributed at the section 1/4 and 3/4 of air inlet height.
b) Noise test for mechanical draft cooling tower shall comply with relevant regulations of
GB/T7190.1 and GB/T7190.2.
7.3.5.2 Measuring points for noise for cooling tower at boundary of power plant shall be selected
according to GB/T12349.
7.3.6 Sampling measurement shall be adopted for the noise test and the sampling mode shall
comply with GB/T 12349.
7.3.7 Sampling period is 1 min every time and it shall be conducted once every 30 min. Sample at
daytime and nighttime shall be no less than three times.
7.4 Treatment for test data
7.4.1 Daytime or nighttime sampled data of every measuring point shall be respectively collected,
and then calculate daytime or nighttime equivalent continuous A-weighted level of the measuring
point, namely
1 n 
Leq  101g  10 0.1Li  (32)
 n i 1 
Where,
Leq —Equivalent continuous A-weighted level, dB(A);
N —Total sampling quantity;
Li —A sound level of the number reading at the ith sampling, dB(A).
7.4.2 Noise level of measuring point at sound source shall collect the noise level of all sampling
points, then the typical noise value of sound source point shall be calculated according to formula
(32).
7.4.3 Noise level of measuring point of noise for cooling tower at boundary of power plant shall
be calculated according to noise level of selected actual measuring point.
7.5 Evaluation for test results
Evaluation for results of noise test for cooling tower shall comply with the following provisions.
a) When the measured noise level of measuring point at sound source is larger than the
design noise level of the corresponding point, noise of the cooling tower shall be considered as
failing to meet the design requirement;
b) Measured value of noise for cooling tower at boundary of power plant shall be evaluated
according to GB12348;
c) When sampling points of measuring points at boundary of power plant are selected in the
center of inhabitant room adjacent to the boundary, the evaluation criteria shall comply with
GB/T12349.
8 Water flow rate of drift loss
8.1 Test conditions
8.1.1 When testing the water flow rate of drift loss for the cooling tower, the ambient air
temperature is higher than 0℃, and no natural hydrometeor shall occur during the testing process
and no obvious water vapor condensing in the sample section, moreover, the ambient wind
velocity shall be in accordance with those specified in 6.1.1 c).
8.1.2 Water quality of the circulating water shall not only be in accordance with those specified in

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6.1.2, but also shall meet the following requirement: within 3~5 days before making the test for
water flow rate of drift loss and during the testing process, it shall not add Surface Active Agent
(SAA) and dispersant for the circulating water.
8.1.3 When testing water flow rate of drift loss for the cooling tower, permissible off-design range
for the major parameters of the cooling tower shall be in accordance with those specified in Table
1.
8.1.4 During test process for water flow rate of drift loss of all working conditions, permissible
variation range between measured value of major parameters and arithmetical mean of the
measured values shall be in accordance with those specified in 6.3.2.
8.1.5 Before testing the water flow rate of drift loss for the cooling tower, it shall be in
accordance with those specified in 5.4~ 5.8 to do well the preparation work before testing.
8.2 Test items
8.2.1 When testing the water flow rate of drift loss for the cooling tower, the following
parameters must be tested, too.
a) Environmental meteorological parameters (including air dry-wet bulb temperature,
atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction);
b) Inlet air dry-wet bulb temperatures;
c) Inlet water flow;
d) Inlet and outlet water temperatures;
e) Inlet air flow
8.3 Test instrument and method
8.3.1 Measurement for parameters like environmental meteorological parameter, inlet air dry-wet
bulb temperature, inlet water flow, inlet and outlet water temperature; inlet air flow shall comply
with 6.4.1~6.4.8.
8.3.2 Appliance and facilities testing water flow rate of drift loss for the cooling tower with filter
paper moisture absorption method shall be in accordance with the following requirements.
a) Adopt circular filter paper in diameter of 11cm ~ 15cm;
b) Scale used for weighing filter paper mass is analytical balance with resolution of 0.1mg;
c) Be used for plastic bag with sealing moisture absorption filter paper is self-locking type
plastic bag or weighing machine;
d) Bracket clincher used for fixing moisture absorption filter paper in the tower; when
clamping the filter paper, the break-wind area of clincher on the windward side of the filter paper
shall be less than 4.75cm2 (be equivalent to 5% of filter paper area in diameter 11cm).
8.3.3 When testing water flow rate of drift loss for the cooling tower with filter paper moisture
absorption weight method, it should comply with the following steps.
a) Measure the round dry filter paper in diameter 11cm or 15cm by placing them in sealed
plastic bags or weighing machine as numbered respectively according to number and sequence of
the measuring points.
b) Take out the filter paper from plastic bag or weighing machine rapidity and then fix it on
the bracket. And then, send the bracket horizontally in the measuring point, make the filter paper
plane be perpendicular to the air flow direction at the measuring point site, stay for 1min ~ 5min
based on the drift volume, afterwards, take out the moisture absorption filter paper from the
bracket rapidity and placing it in sealed plastic bags or weighing machine.
c) Weigh the plastic bag or weighing machine (after loading with moisture absorption filter
paper) with analytical balance, and difference between the weighing values before and after the
moisture absorption is water flow rate of drift loss inside the control area of the measured point
for that piece of filter paper. It may calculate water flow rate of drift loss of the whole tower
according to sum of the hygroscopic capacity of all the tested filter paper, area of the tested
section and dwell time of filter paper stay in the measuring point.
8.3.4 Arrangement of filter paper moisture absorption measuring points should be in accordance
with the following requirements.

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 a) Mechanical draught cooling tower should be arranged at the blast column exit and the
natural draft cooling tower should be arranged on top of the water eliminator.
b) Divide the tested section into several homalographic circles be in accordance with those
specified in Table 7, and then arrange the measuring points along the two orthogonal diameters.
Table 7 Number of Homalographic Circles
Blower fan length m ≤4.7 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.53 9.14 >9.14
Number of 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
homalographic circle
Area of water drenching ≤1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 7000 ≥8000
of the natural tower
Number of 8 12 15 18 20 23 25
homalographic circle
8.3.5 Test of each working condition shall be no less than twice, and arithmetical mean of each
tested value is representative value for water flow rate of drift loss of that working condition.
8.4 Treatment for the test data
8.4.1 According to filter paper hygroscopic capacity of measuring points, it should calculate
water flow rate of drift loss for the cooling tower according to the equations (33) and (34),
namely
qF
QW   60  10 6 (33)
ft
1 n
q    M 2i  M 1i 
n i 1
(34)

Where,
ΔQw—Water flow rate of drift loss, m3/h;
Δq—Filter paper absorbing drift volume, g/min;
f—Area of the filter paper, m2;
t—Dwell time of the filter paper, min;
F—Area of the tested section, m2;
n—Number of the measuring point;
i—Serial number of the measuring point;
M1i and M2i—Weighing quality before and after the filter paper test for the i th measuring
point, g.
8.4.2 Drift loss rate of water flow Wpd for the cooling tower should be calculated according to
equation (35):
Q w
W pd  X100% (35)
Qt
9 Test report
After test for the cooling tower, the testing organization shall compile test report which shall
include the following content:
a) Test task, test purposes and requirement;
b) Design, construction and operational guidance profile for the cooling tower, plan and
sectional drawing of the tested cooling tower, and site drawing of measuring points for test items;
c) Test items, testing method, arrangement for the measuring points, and name, specification
and accuracy of the used instrument and appliance;
d) Test scope and test working condition;
e) Processing method and summarization for the test data;
f) Test result, evaluation and analysis for the test result;
g) Existing problems and suggestion;
h) Problems require special explanation according to the contract and requirement proposed
by the owner;
i) Organization and staff list taking part in the test.

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