Chapter Three - Green Building Methods and Materials

Chapter Three:
Green Building Methods and Materials

GREEN BUILDING METHODS & MATERIALS
This section provides more detailed descriptions of green
building practices, material applications, as well as the
associated environmental benefits. The items are ordered by
ease of implementation as well as cost effectiveness.
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A. Site
1. Recycle Job Site Construction for reuse. There are a number of 4. Protect Native Soil
and Demolition Waste licensed contractors that offer
dismantling services to salvage Description:
Description: materials for reuse. Many firms are Typically, a building site is cleared
Construction waste generally consists non-profits and will provide itemized of vegetation and the topsoil is
of wood, drywall, metals, concrete, donation receipts. Usable items removed. After building, sod is laid
dirt and cardboard – materials that can also be dropped off at used on subsoil, beginning a cycle of high

can be reused or recycled if prepared building material stores. Refer to water and chemical dependency.
properly. Each year over 300,000 the Green Building Materials Listing. Ideally, construction is coordinated
tons of construction and demolition with a landscape professional to
debris is disposed of at Alameda Benefit: protect the soil, which is a valuable,
County landfills. Salvaging reusable building materials living resource.
decreases disposal costs, saves
Application: natural resources and increases Application:
Identify the types and quantities landfill capacity. Donations can be Design for minimum building &
of materials generated at the job tax deductible. hardscape footprints and little or
site and recycle at least 50% of no grading. Retain native vegetation.
the construction/demolition Delineate and limit the construction
debris. Contact local recycling 3. Remodel for Mixed Use, footprint; restrict heavy equipment
facilities and haulers to identify Adaptive Reuse, and Historic that compacts soil, including cars,
terms and conditions required for Preservation to areas that will be paved or built
recycling materials. Allocate space over. When grading is unavoidable,
for recycling bins and containers. Description: identify areas to be paved as a
Call the Alameda County Recycling Reusing existing buildings is one place to store native topsoil during
Hotline 1.877.STOPWASTE for of the most straightforward ways to construction. Amend soil with
more information. conserve resources. Older buildings compost and re-spread topsoil
typically feature high-quality materials after construction.
Benefit: in the structure, doors, windows,
GREEN BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR HOME REMODELING

Recycling reduces pressure on land- and finishes. When working with Benefit:
fills, saves money by reducing tipping historic buildings, remodelers Preserving native soils, along with
fees, and provides raw materials for should also review the Department nurturing the health of disturbed
future building products. of the Interior Standards for soils, can significantly reduce
Historic Preservation. storm runoff, reduce fertilizer
and pesticide requirements,
2. Salvage Reusable Application: improve water quality and conserve
Building Materials Many high quality materials found irrigation water.
in older structures can be left in
Description: place or reused. Large timbers,
Various building materials can be beams, columns, and trusses can
salvaged and reused, such as floor- be regraded and certified for use in
ing, doors and windows, tubs and structural applications.
sinks, cabinets, fixtures, etc.
Benefit:
Application: The reuse of older buildings conserves
When remodeling, consider salvage resources, diverts demolition waste
and deconstruction, by selectively from landfills, and preserves neigh-
and carefully removing materials borhood character.
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5. Minimize Disruption of Existing
Plants and Trees Application: Benefit:
Complete a landscape survey to Preserving existing, mature landscape

Description: determine the feasibility of preserv- features helps prevent soil erosion,
Through careful planning and ing or relocating mature trees and maintains existing sources of natural
construction practices, valuable shrubs. Fence trees and shrubs for cooling (e.g. shade from a mature
trees and plants can be preserved protection from equipment. tree), diverts waste from landfills,
in existing developments and and keeps the unique character of

neighborhoods. the community.
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1 Permeable paving on driveway 8 Plants selected to match 14 Drip irrigation for vegetable
and walkway to front door the microclimates beds, shrubs, trees and
2 Water from roof channeled to 9 Irrigation controller waters elsewhere where feasible.
rainbarrel. hydrozones according to 15 Raised beds are constructed
3 Water for wildlife habitat. plant needs, soil moisture from plastic or composite
4 Lawn in front replaced with and weather lumber
low water use native 10 Deciduous trees placed to 16 Compost bin recycles plant
groundcovers. the west & southwest of the and kitchen debris
5 Pavers with spaces and low house & patio for summer 17 Evergreen windbreak blocks
water use plants between. cooling north winter winds
6 Diverse plantings with many 11 Repository for leaves to collect 18 Trees not topped but pruned
California native groundcovers, under trees as mulch properly
shrubs and trees, but no 12 Mulched paths keep soil 19 Small lawn in backyard where
invasive species covered family will use it
7 All plants given the space to 13 All plants grouped by water 20 Integrated pest management
grow to their natural size needs into hydrozones used for controlling weeds,
insect and disease pests
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6. Implement Construction Site walkways, patios, and driveways.
Stormwater Practices Install like conventional pavers.
Design infiltration basins, swales
Description: and berms to keep water on site.
Stormwater runoff is part of a natural
hydrologic process. However, land Benefit:
development and construction Allowing stormwater percolation

activities can significantly alter reduces the volume of polluted
natural drainage patterns and water that flows into rivers or the
pollute stormwater runoff. Bay, while replenishing soil moisture
and local aquifers. Additional benefits
Application: include reduction in irrigation
Identify all storm drains, drainage requirements, non-source pollution
swales and creeks located near the Permeable Pavers as well as lower risk of flooding.
construction site, and make sure all
subcontractors are aware of their storm drains minimizes erosion
locations to prevent pollutants from and water pollution and protects 8. Design Resource-Efficient
entering them. Train employees not local creeks, reservoirs and the Landscapes and Gardens
to dump anything down storm Bay. For more information, visit
drains. Protect all storm drain inlets www.cleanwaterprogram.com or Description:
using filter fabric cloth to prevent call 888/BAYWISE. Conventional landscapes have high
sediments from entering the storm inputs of water and chemicals and
drainage system during construction are often overplanted or planted
activities. Keep materials out of the 7. Protect Water Quality with without regard for climate and soil
rain, and prevent runoff pollution Landscape Design conditions. This results in excess
at the source. Store hazardous water and fuel consumption, water
Description:
waste in drums and covered bins pollution and waste generation.
and contract a company to dispose Designing landscapes to allow
irrigation and stormwater to soak Application:

of it properly.
into the soil recharges groundwater Specify plants that are appropriate
Benefit: systems and filters out pollutants. for the climate and soil; select
Properly managing a gallon of water slow-growing, drought tolerant,
Application:
on site saves money in avoided preferably California native
engineering costs downstream. Use permeable paving, which allows plants. Design with perennials
Keeping pollutants out of the water to percolate into the soil, for instead of annuals; choose and
GREEN BUILDING TIP COMPOST FRUIT, VEGETABLE AND YARD TRIMMINGS
Compost is nature’s way of recycling. Turn fruit, vegetable and yard trimmings into a first
rate soil conditioner. Use compost to replace store-bought soil conditioners. Compost adds
nutrients and beneficial microbes to soil, improves soil fertility and reduces watering
needs. Composting saves money by lowering garbage bills, increases the ability of soil to
hold water, improves soil health, and helps extend the life of our landfills. Contact the
Alameda County Rotline 510.444.SOIL for more information and discounts on
compost bins.
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site trees to reduce building Application: or weather based controllers. Use
heating and cooling energy. Give captured rainwater. Group plants
Use salvaged or recycled-content
plants plenty of room to mature, by water requirements.
materials for hardscapes (patios,
reducing the need for pruning.
decks, walkways and driveways)
Avoid invasive species and hedges Benefit:
and other landscape structures.
that require constant shearing. High-efficiency irrigation systems
Limit turf to the smallest area Benefit: dramatically reduce landscape water
that will meet recreational needs. use, and are critical to preventing
The durability of plastic or composite
Recycle yard trimmings by grass- disease & minimizing weed growth.
lumber is greater than wood as
cycling, mulching and composting.
they do not rot, crack or splinter.
Salvaging or buying recycled-content
Benefit: 11. Provide for On-Site Water
landscaping products conserves
Sustainable landscape techniques are
natural resources and strengthens
Catchment / Retention
in harmony with the local environment
markets for recycled materials.
and help conserve water, reduce use Description:
of chemicals, create healthier soil Rainwater is channeled through

and plants, and increase bio-diversity gutters and downspouts to an above
10. Install High-Efficiency
in landscape areas. ground cistern or underground
Irrigation Systems
gravel dry well. Stored water is
Description: used for landscape irrigation.
9. Reuse Materials/Use New irrigation technologies apply
Recycled-Content Materials for Application:
water to the soil at the plant root
Landscape Areas zones at the rate the soil can
Install wherever there is guttered
roof runoff and room for the cistern.
absorb it, significantly reducing
Description:
water waste from overspray.
Plastic or composite lumber makes Benefit:
a very durable landscape edging, Application: Water catchment reduces the need
broken concrete can make a very to use treated, drinkable water for
Install low-flow drip, sub-surface
attractive retaining wall or path, watering of lawns and gardens.

drip, or low-flow sprinklers in place
and ground glass cullet can be
of standard sprinkler systems for
used for walkways.
all landscape applications. Base
watering levels on moisture sensors
GREEN BUILDING TIP BAY-FRIENDLY GARDENING: FROM YOUR BACKYARD TO THE BAY
Create Healthy Landscapes, Build Healthy Soil, and Reduce Waste.

In the Bay Area, how you care for your garden – from applying fertilizer to planting a lawn
– affects the Bay. Bay-Friendly Gardening means simplifying garden care, preventing and
reusing plant waste, and using as few resources as possible. Bay-Friendly Gardening
builds healthy soils, reduces waste and protects local ecosystems by working with nature.
Start with some simple steps such as leaving your clippings on the lawn, composting
your plant trimmings and planting native species in your garden. For a copy of the Bay-
Friendly Gardening how-to guide, call the compost information hotline – 510-444-SOIL
or visit www.stopwaste.org.
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B. Foundation
1. Incorporate Recycled 2. Use Recycled-Content 3. Insulate Foundation

Flyash in Concrete Aggregate Before Backfill
Description: Description: Description:
Flyash is a byproduct of coal Concrete and rubble can be All foundations, including slab
burning power plants and can be crushed and used for backfill and floors, can be insulated to minimize
an inexpensive substitute for a drainage purposes at the base of heat loss.

portion of portland cement used in foundations.
concrete. Application:
Application: Insulate foundation with extruded
Application: Use recycled materials for backfill. polystyrene insulation of at least
Typically, 15-50% of cement can be R-4 (1” or greater).
replaced with flyash in residential Benefit:
concrete mixes, however, installers Using recycled instead of virgin Benefit:
should know that it has slightly materials saves money and natural Insulating the foundation minimizes
different curing characteristics resources. heat loss from the floors and
than standard concrete. basement, reduces energy loss
and therefore reduces utility bills.
Benefit:
Flyash increases the strength and

durability of the concrete. Using
flyash also reduces the amount of
cement needed, thereby decreasing
the overall environmental impacts
of cement production.
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C. Structural Frame
1. Substitute Solid Sawn Lumber 2. Use Forest Stewardship 3. Use Wood I-Joists
with Engineered Lumber Council (FSC) Certified Wood for Floors and Ceilings
for Framing
Description: Description:
Solid sawn lumber in sizes of 2x10 Description: Wood I-joists are engineered to use
or greater typically comes from old- FSC certification assures that the only the wood fiber necessary for
growth forests. Engineered lumber forest from which the wood is the structural function required.
products, on the other hand, come produced is managed in an They typically use oriented strand
from small-diameter and fast growing environmentally and socially board (OSB) for the web and either
plantation trees. These products responsible manner. laminated veneer lumber or solid
include gluelams, laminated veneer sawn lumber for the chords (top
lumber, wood I-joists, oriented Application: and bottom pieces).
strand board, parallel strand lumber, Use FSC wood whenever new
and other manufactured wood fiber wood framing is required. Certified Application:
structural materials. framing materials and plywood are Replace solid sawn lumber with
available at many local suppliers. wood I-joists for floor and ceiling
Application: Refer to the Green Building joists. Often they can be used at
Engineered lumber should be used Materials Listing. 19.2” centers to save material.
whenever structural members are Specify wood I joists with MDI
replaced. They substitute for 2x10 Benefit: resin whenever possible.
and 2x12 in most interior applica- FSC certification guarantees that
tions such as the structural framing forests are managed in a way that Benefit:
of floors, walls and roofs. will assure the long-term availability Wood I-joists use 50% less wood
of precious woods while protecting fiber to perform the same structural
Benefit: old-growth forests. function as similar sized solid
Reducing demand for large dimen- sawn lumber and will never twist,
sional lumber decreases pressure warp or split. They are stronger and
to cut down old-growth forests. lighter than 2x10 or 2x12 and can
Engineered lumber uses wood fiber span greater distances. MDI resin
more efficiently than conventional reduces the amount of formaldehyde
lumber, resulting in stronger and used in the adhesive and improves
higher quality homes. indoor air quality.
Forest Stewardship Council Smart Wood and Scientific

Certification Series
The FSC logo on a product provides These groups verify that forest
consumers with an assurance that management is accomplished
the wood they use comes from forests according to the FSC program.
managed in an environmentally
and socially responsible manner. I-Joists use 50% less wood fiber than
solid sawn lumber.
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4. Use Web Floor Trusses 6. Use Finger-Jointed Studs for 7. Use Engineered Studs for
Vertical Applications Vertical Applications
Description:
Web floor trusses use solid wood or Description: Description:
laminated veneer lumber top and Finger-jointed studs use short Engineered studs are laminates,
bottom chords that are connected pieces of 2x4 or 2x6 material like OSB and plywood, that are used
by wood or steel webbing for glued together to form standard in vertical structural applications.

structural integrity. stud lengths.
Application:
Application: Application: Use for interior or exterior wall
Use primarily for long-span floor joists. Use finger-jointed studs (graded applications except where pro-
equivalent to full dimensional hibited by seismic codes. They
Benefit: studs – 1997 UBC Standard, are particularly appropriate for tall
Web trusses eliminate waste since Chapters 23 and 35) wherever cathedral wall applications.
they are made to order. They reduce conventional studs are typically used,
the pressure on old growth forests in vertical applications. Use of finger- Benefit:
by replacing 2x10s and 2x12s jointed studs may require code Engineered studs are straighter
traditionally used for floor joists. approval by your local jurisdiction, than conventional studs and will
and may need to be submitted to not deform, twist, split or warp.
the structural engineer of record They save wood by using small
5. Design Energy Heels on Roof for approval. laminated pieces.
Trusses 6” or More
Benefit:
Description: Finger-jointed studs reduce the use
Energy heels raise the height of of solid sawn wood studs. They are
the truss at exterior wall top plates straighter and stronger than solid
to accommodate increased insula- sawn studs, eliminating crooked
tion at the perimeter of the house. walls and reducing material waste.

Application: ventilation baffle
Install where conventional trusses

are used for an addition. An energy
heel needs to be specified when Standard Heel Height
less than 4” for a
ordering roof trusses. The increased 4/12 pitch
height may require modifications compressed
to exterior soffit and trim details. insulation
in this area
Benefit:
The perimeter intersection between

walls and roof framing is often an
area of increased heat loss since
conventional trusses reduce insula- Energy Heel
tion to less than the required depth.
Raising the heels allows for full
insulation around the house, saving
energy dollars.
Energy Heels on Trusses Allow More Insulation
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8. Use Recycled-Content Steel Benefit: 11. Use Reclaimed Lumber for
Studs for Interior Framing SIPs are more energy-efficient, provide Non-Structural Applications
excellent soundproofing and reduce
infiltration relative to frame construc-
Steel studs can be either stand- tion. They can be erected quickly, High quality dimensional lumber in
alone or provide a “c” channel over allowing for faster construction. They long lengths can often be salvaged
wood stud pieces. Steel contains save wood by eliminating much of from old buildings that are being
up to 95% recycled-content. Steel the conventional framing lumber. deconstructed or salvaged.

contains high recycled-content,
which typically increases in Application:
proportion to the steel’s thickness. Use reclaimed lumber for non-

structural applications, in place of
Application: new material. For structural applica-
For use in interior walls. tions, look for reclaimed lumber
that is engineer-stamped and graded.
Benefit:
Steel reduces the need for wood Benefit:
and provides strong interior walls. Reclaimed lumber from decon-

structed buildings reduces resource
consumption and landfill deposits.
Reclaimed lumber is often of higher
quality than new lumber.
Construction using SIPs
10. Apply Advanced Framing 12. Use Oriented Strand Board

Techniques (OSB) for Subfloor and Sheathing
Steel Studs
Advanced framing involves using OSB is manufactured from fast

9. Use Structural Insulated wood to its maximum structural growing farm trees. OSB comes in
Panels (SIPs) potential. For a comprehensive sheets and is used for sheathing
overview, visit www.nrdc.org. and subfloors.
Description:
SIPs are high-performance, load- Application: Application:
bearing panels that consist of a core Advanced framing includes: framing Use OSB as an alternative to plywood
of foam insulation with OSB on either exterior and interior walls 24" on center, for sheathing or subfloors.
side. SIPS can be used for floors, 2 stud corners, ladder blocking at wall
walls and roofs in residential build- partitions, stacking trusses over studs Benefit:
ings. They are generally R-4 per inch. and other wood saving strategies. OSB is as strong as traditional
plywood sheet material and is less
Application: Benefit: expensive. OSB reduces the need
Use SIPs for structural exterior Advanced framing saves up to 20% for large diameter old-growth trees
walls and roofs in place of stick on wood and framing labor costs and required for plywood. Some OSB
framing. SIPs can be designed to makes the home more energy efficient uses lower formaldehyde content
meet seismic Zone 4 requirements. by allowing for a higher percentage adhesives which contribute to a
Note: It’s important to seal the joints of the wall to be insulated, reducing healthier indoor air quality.
well, to avoid water penetration. frame conduction heat loss.
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D. Exterior Finish
1. Use Sustainable Decking Materials 2. Use Treated Wood That Does

Not Contain Chromium or Arsenic
A. Recycled-Content Decking B. Forest Stewardship Council for Decking and Sill Plates
(FSC) Certified Wood Decking
There are two types of recycled- Description: Alkaline Copper Quaternary (ACQ)
content decking: plastic lumber Certified, sustainably harvested (commonly sold as ACQ Preserve)

and composite lumber. Recycled lumber comes from forests and Copper Boron Azole (CBA)
plastic lumber contains only managed in an environmentally (commonly sold as Wolman Natural
recycled plastic resins, while and socially responsible manner. Select) are alternative treated woods
composite lumber is made by that do not contain chromium – a
combining recycled wood fiber and Application: heavy metal – and arsenic, which
recycled plastic resins that are Use FSC Certified lumber for all are detrimental to human health.
then formed into deck boards. exterior decking applications or
Application:
as structural deck members in
Application: conjunction with recycled-content Use non-chromium/arsenic treated
Use recycled-content decking in decking. wood for any application that specifies
all non-structural deck applications. treated lumber including decking,
Both products can be used in Benefit: fencing, and site furnishings.
place of old-growth redwood, FSC certification guarantees that
Benefit:
cedar and pressure treated pine. forests are managed in a way that
These products accept screws and will assure the long-term availability ACQ and CBA use copper as its
nails, and cut like wood. Follow of precious woods while preserving main component, and is a healthier
manufacturer recommendations old-growth forests. alternative to lumber treated with
closely regarding the amount of chromium and arsenic, particu-
expansion that will occur when larly for children who play on or
using plastic lumber. near decks.

Benefit:
The durability of these materials is

greater than wood, providing cost
savings to the homeowner over
the life of the products. They will
not rot, crack or splinter, do not
require staining and are not treated
with potentially toxic chemicals.
Using recycled-content decking
also reduces pressure on old-
growth forests.
Recycled-Content Decking
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3. Install House Wrap Under 4. Use Fiber-Cement Siding
Siding Materials
House wrap protects the sheathing Fiber-cement siding is composed

from moisture and allows vapor of cement, sand and cellulose
from inside to escape and provides fibers. It is currently available
an effective air infiltration barrier. available in shingles, planks or

4x8, 4x9, or 4x10 sheets. It is
Application: usually textured to look like wood
Install house wrap according to siding or stucco finish.
manufacturer specifications over
all sheathing before exterior finish Application:
is installed. To provide an effective Replace conventional wood siding or

drainage plane for water, it needs stucco finishes with fiber-cement
to be lapped and edges should be siding. This product can be cut with
taped with manufacturer's tape, a carbide-tipped saw blade, snapper
and all flashing elements deep to shears or with a guillotine cutter. Dust
be properly installed in shingle protection and control are required
fashion. Special products have when cutting with a circular saw.
been developed for wrapping
window and door openings and for Benefit:
stucco applications. Fiber-cement siding is more

durable than wood, termite resistant,
Benefit: noncombustible and warranted to
House wrap provides a continuous last 50 years. Using fiber-cement
drainage plane that diverts water siding reduces the demand for
away from the stud cavity and old-growth redwood or cedar siding.
provides an effective air infiltration It may also reduce homeowner's

barrier. It can also help reduce insurance rates due to fire resistance.
moisture build up in stud cavities Fiber-Cement Siding
by allowing water vapor to migrate
through the material.
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E. Plumbing
1. Install Water Heater Jacket Benefit: 4. Replace Toilets with

Insulated pipes save energy and Ultra-Low-Flush Models
Description:
water. The water does not need to
Water heater jacket insulation is an Description:
run as long to get hot water to a
insulated wrapper that goes around the distant faucet, thereby reducing New high-efficiency toilets use 1.6
hot water tank and is secured in place. hot water heating costs. gpf (gallons per flush) or less. Some
manufacturers offer dual flush toilets

Application:
Install on existing hot water heaters. Application:

3. Retrofit all Faucets and
For new water heaters, make sure Showerheads with Flow Reducers Whenever possible, replace
that installation will not void warranty. existing toilets with a new 1.6 gpf
Description: – or less – models. Select a toilet
Benefit: from EBMUD (www.ebmud.com)
Flow reducers fit into the aerator at
Jacket insulation reduces heat loss the tip of the faucet and reduce pre-tested list to ensure the model
by about 10% and more on older the rate of water flow through the actually uses no more than 1.6 gpf
water heaters. faucet. Low-flow showerheads and performs well.
replace standard showerheads.
Benefit:
2. Insulate Hot and Application: Ultra-Low-Flush toilets reduce the

Cold Water Pipes Specify low-flow water conservation amount of water usage.
devices according to East Bay
Description:
Municipal Utility District’s
Insulating water pipes reduces (EBMUD) recommendations: 5. Install Chlorine Filter
heat loss or gain in the pipes while • Kitchen faucets ≤ 2.0 gpm on Showerheads
the water is standing. • Bathroom faucets ≤ 1.5 gpm
Description:
• Showerheads ≤ 2.5 gpm
Application: Water filters on showerheads
Limit showerheads to one fixture
Insulate hot water pipes in all runs per shower reduce chemicals and particulates

through unconditioned spaces: from the water stream.
basements, crawl spaces, attics, Benefit:
etc. At a minimum, insulate both Application:
Flow reducers can cut water usage
hot and cold pipes at least 6 feet of faucets and showers by as much Install the water filter between the
from the hot water heater to prevent as 40% with little noticeable effect. pipe and the existing showerhead.
convective circulation from the heater
through the pipes. Benefit:
Chlorine is absorbed 6 times faster

through the skin than through the
digestive system. It has been shown
that chlorine absorption can have
adverse health effects on some
people and especially children.
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6. Convert Storage to Tankless 7. Install Water Filtration Units 8. Install On-Demand Hot Water
Water Heaters at Faucets Circulation Pump
Tankless water heaters (flash or on- Water filtration units can be installed An on-demand hot water circulation
demand heaters) heat water as needed under counter at individual fixtures pump can send hot water to fixtures
rather than having a tank in which or for the whole house. They reduce in seconds; without wasting water
hot water is stored. Their capacity to chlorine and many other chemicals, while waiting for it to get hot. It uses
provide hot water is virtually unlimited. particulates and microorganisms. a pump to rapidly move water from a
water heater to fixtures. It stops when
Application: Application: water reaches a pre-set temperature.
Install tankless water heater as close Whole house filters are for drinking
to the point of use as possible. The water and plumbing (not for hosebibs Application:
device should have a variable-set or toilets). Install filtration system Install the pump at the furthest faucet
thermostat and be appropriately between the cold water line and from the water heater. Only one pump
sized. Gas tankless water heaters the main drinking water faucets in is needed to supply hot water to any
typically have more capacity than the house. fixture and can easily be installed.
electric tankless heaters.
Benefit: Benefit:
Benefit: Agricultural run-off, chemical leaching Both water and energy are saved
Typical storage water heaters lose and microorganisms increasingly since water doesn’t have to be
15% of their energy through standing contaminate public water systems wasted until it reaches the correct
tank losses, whereas tankless heaters across the country. House filtration temperature for use. Hot water
use energy only for immediate hot systems reduce the health threat of arrives to the fixture 5 times faster
water needs. Tankless water heaters these contaminants. than on average.
often are quicker and more reliable.
.
On-Demand Water Circulation Pump
Cold
Hot
“On-demand” Switch
Water Heater
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F. Electrical
1. Install Compact Fluorescent Benefit: Benefit:

Light Bulbs (CFLs) Typical recessed fixtures are not Lighting controls reduce energy
energy efficient because they use use by having the lights on for
Description:
incandescent lamps, generate signif- shorter periods of time.
CFLs screw in like conventional icant heat, and allow conditioned
bulbs but consume up to one- air to infiltrate out of the house.
fourth of the electricity used by IC-AT fixtures eliminate the air 4. Install High Efficiency Ceiling

incandescent bulbs to produce an leakage, while compact fluorescent Fans with CFLs
equivalent amount of light. lamps stay cool and use less energy.
Description:
Application:
Ceiling fans improve interior
Install CFLs in place of standard 3. Install Lighting Controls comfort by circulating cold and
incandescent bulbs. Choose a CFL warm air. They can be adjusted
that is one-fourth the wattage of Description: to either draw warm air upward
the incandescent bulb. Lighting controls use dimmers, during summer months or push
sensors and timers to turn lights it downward during the winter.
Benefit:
off in unused areas or during times
Compact fluorescent bulbs are a when lighting is not needed. Application:
profitable investment, saving Preferable locations are bedrooms
several times their purchase price Application: and living rooms where occupants
through reduced electricity bills Install lighting controls either at spend time. Ceiling fans must be
and fewer replacement bulbs specific locations or as a whole supported adequately between
because they last eight times longer. house system. Lighting controls are ceiling joists.
especially applicable for exterior
uses. Dimmable CFLs are available Benefit:
2. Install Insulation Compatible at a premium. Ceiling fans can reduce the need
Air-Tight (IC-AT) Recessed for air conditioning.
Lighting Fixtures with Compact

Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
Description:
Conventional IC recessed fixtures ENERGY STAR ® qualified compact fluorescent

are not energy efficient because they lighting lasts up to eight times longer than incandes-
use incandescent bulbs and they cent lighting. Save $22 to $65 in energy costs over
the life of a compact fluorescent bulb. You'll replace
allow the “chimney effect” to occur,
an incandescent eight times to match the life
in which the heat of the bulb and
expectancy of a single compact fluorescent.
fixture naturally draws the room’s
conditioned air up through the fixture’s How do you choose the right compact
holes and exhausts it into the attic fluorescent bulb? The following is a
or ceiling/floor cavity. IC-AT fixtures general guide to assist you:
are sealed, eliminating this effect
Source: www.pge.com
and also allowing for insulation to
be blown on top to keep the heat in. Existing Incandescent Lamp Proposed ENERGY STAR® Savings over the
Compact Fluorescent Bulb life of the bulb
Application: 40 - 60 watts 11 - 15 watts $22 - $35
Use IC-AT fixtures with CFLs 75 watts 16 - 20 watts $43 +
90 - 100 watts 23 - 40 watts $52 +
wherever recessed cans are specified.
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G. Appliances
1. Install Energy Star® Dishwasher Benefit: Benefit:
Horizontal axis machines save resour- New, efficient refrigerators can

Description:
ces by using less water and energy. save over 10% of the total annual
ENERGY STAR® dishwashers use They use up to 40% less water and electrical bill. Check with your local
water and energy more efficiently. 50% less energy than conventional utility company for rebate programs.
top loading washers, translating into
Application:
lower energy and water bills for the
Select ENERGY STAR® dishwashers. resident. Manufacturers claim that 4. Install Built-In Recycling
These dishwashers use an internal there is less wear and tear on clothes Center
water heater to boost temperatures compared to the traditional agitator
inside the dishwasher. For this (top loading) machines. Some of the Description:
reason, water heaters can be newer model top loading washing Built-in recycling centers provide bins
turned down to 120 degrees, machines offer water and energy for separated recyclables and food waste.
saving water heating costs. savings as well.
Application:
Benefit: Horizontal Axis Washing Machines
To be most effective and make recycling
Water-efficient dishwashers are easy, recycling bins should be built
also energy-efficient because most into kitchen cabinets, while stand alone
energy consumed by dishwashers units in the garage will also be helpful.
is used to heat water. ENERGY
STAR® dishwashers use 25% less Benefit:
energy than comparable models. A built-in recycling center offers an
easy and convenient choice between
the trash bin and the recycling bins
2. Install Washing Machine with rather than having to move between
Water and Energy Conservation two separately located bins.
Features 3. Install Energy Star® Refrigerator
Built-In Recycling Center
Horizontal axis machines load from Refrigerators and freezers are among
the front, spinning clothes in and the largest users of electricity in
out of the water to tumble them most homes. They can account for
clean. Some newer model top up to 25% of household energy
loading washing machines offer water use. New appliances are much
and energy conservation features. more energy-efficient.
Application: Application:
Select ENERGY STAR® horizontal Use ENERGY STAR® rated refriger-
axis and conservation model ators when replacing old units.
washing machines.
You will find the ENERGY STAR® label on products that exceed energy performance
guidelines for energy efficiency. If all consumers, businesses, and organizations in
the United States chose ENERGY STAR® products over the next decade, the
national annual energy bill would be reduced by about $200 billion. For more infor-
mation, visit www.energystar.gov.
28
H. Insulation
1. Upgrade Wall and Ceiling 2. Install Floor Insulation Over 3. Install Recycled-Content,
Insulation to Exceed Crawl Space Fiberglass Insulation with
Title 24 Requirements No Added Formaldehyde
Description:
Description: Insulate and seal floors over Description:
Insulation in exterior walls and unconditioned crawl spaces with Many fiberglass insulation
ceilings can reduce the demand for R-19 or greater. products include recycled glass,

air conditioning and heating and formaldehyde-free binders, no
make homes more comfortable. Application: asphalt adhesives or colored dyes.
Seal all penetrations through the
Application: floor, including electrical, plumbing Application:
A. Wall Insulation and ductwork, with expanding foam When using fiberglass insulation,
Insulate walls of existing wood frame to prevent migration of air, moisture, specify recycled-content and no
houses to the capacity of the wall and mold spores. Install insulation formaldehyde. This type of fiber-
cavity, exceeding the Title 24 Standard with vapor barrier towards the floor glass insulation is installed exactly
for your climate zone by 20%. Wall (warm side). Protect underside of as traditional fiberglass.
cavities with existing insulation fiberglass with inexpensive sheath-
can be blown full of new cellulose ing or wire mesh materials that act Benefit:
or fiberglass to increase the density, as a barrier to vermin. Formaldehyde-free binders reduce

thereby increasing the R-value. indoor air quality problems and
Exterior walls can be wrapped with Benefit: insulation contains up to 30%
a minimum of 1” (R-4) rigid foam Improves comfort by insulating the recycled glass.
to increase R-value if total exterior floor, protects indoor air quality
refinish is being performed. from moisture that can grow in
damp crawl spaces. 4. Use Advanced Infiltration
B. Ceiling Insulation Reduction Practices
Increase ceiling insulation in
existing structure to exceed Title Recycled-Content Fiberglass Insulation Description:
with No Added Formaldehyde

24 Standard for your climate zone Expanding foam and caulk are
by 20%, when possible. Installation used to prevent infiltration where
is generally intended to be in ceilings wood connections are made or
below attic space, with appropriate framing is drilled to provide
gable or soffit ventilation. If existing plumbing and electrical runs.
cathedral or flat ceilings are already
insulated, and re-roofing is being Application:
done at the same time, add addi- These methods are especially
tional rigid foam insulation on top important when fiberglass insulation
of the existing roof sheathing. is installed, since fiberglass does
Special products are available that little to reduce infiltration. Seal holes
come pre-vented for new roofing. between floors and between stud
cavities around wire runs. Caulk
Benefit: top and bottom plates on all floors.
Increased wall and ceiling insulation
improves comfort, decreases heating Benefit:
and cooling requirements, saves Reduction in infiltration increases

money, and makes the home quieter. comfort and reduces energy bills.
29
5. Use Cellulose Insulation 6. Install Alternative Insulation
Materials
A. Walls B. Ceilings
Description:
Description: Description: Advanced insulation materials such
Cellulose is a highly effective insu- Dry-blown or loose-fill cellulose is as spray foam, recycled cotton and
lation made out of recycled news- treated with borates for fire and others are alternatives to conven-
paper. Damp-spray cellulose wall insect resistance. Cellulose does not tional products.
insulation is mixed with low-toxic contain formaldehyde, which is com-
binders to adhere to itself and the mon in many fiberglass insulations. Application:
stud and joist cavity surfaces. Varies per product type. Cotton
Application: comes in both batt and loose fill
Application: Spread cellulose over ceiling joists or while spray foam is spray applied
This installation is intended for blow into tight cavities to increase and expands in place.
new construction or total “gut” ceiling R-value. It is important to
renovation, where existing wall maintain attic or ceiling ventilation Benefit:
surfaces have been removed to the pathways, especially in cathedral Cotton uses recycled-content fabric
studs. It is not cost effective in ceiling applications. Avoid excessive (such as blue jeans trimmings)
other applications. Avoid damp blown-in cellulose behind netting as while spray foam provides superior
blown cellulose during wet months it may make it difficult to achieve air infiltration resistance. Both
and install drywall only after testing flat walls and ceilings with drywall. types have no added formaldehyde.
for 25% (maximum) moisture content. Best to use 5/8" drywall only over
Use boric acid treatment only; dry-blown cellulose insulation. Use
avoid ammonium sulfate treated boric acid treatments only and avoid
cellulose insulation. ammonium sulfate treated cellulose.
Benefit: Benefit:
Spray insulation completely fills Cellulose insulation is fire-resistant,

cavities and penetrations, thus manufactured with recycled materials,

reducing air infiltration. The binder and has no added formaldehyde.
in the insulation reduces the It also reduces air leakage and
chance of settling. The cellulose is contributes to a more comfortable
treated to retard insects and fire; and energy-efficient home.
use boric acid treatment only. Using
cellulose insulation makes the
home quieter, more comfortable
and reduces energy use.
Loose-Fill Cellulose Insulation (Left),

Damp-Spray Cellulose (Right).
30
I. Windows
1. Install Energy-Efficient Windows B. Low-Emissivity (Low-E) C. Low-Conductivity Frames

Windows
Windows play a big role in the energy Description:
efficiency of homes. In the summer, Description: Most window frames and sashes
they can allow unwanted heat into Low-E coatings, virtually unnoticeable are made of wood, vinyl, fiberglass
the house, and in the winter, windows to the eye, are installed inside the or aluminum. Wood, vinyl and
can account for as much as 25% air space of a double-paned window. fiberglass generally insulate better

of the heat loss. When replacing The low-E coatings help prevent than aluminum frames.
windows, look for models with the heat from escaping through the
following energy saving features: glass in winter and block heat from Application:
entering the home during summer. Consider specifying wood windows

A. Double-Paned Windows as standard window packages.
Application:
Description: Use low-E, double-paned windows Benefit:
Double glazing insulates almost whenever windows are replaced. Wood windows create greater
twice as well as single glazing. Check with your local utility com- comfort and better energy efficiency
pany for rebate programs. and are an environmentally prefer-
Application: able material.
Replace single-paned windows with Benefit:
double-paned windows whenever Low–E windows reflect heat, making

possible. Check with your local the home more comfortable in cold
utility company for rebate programs. weather and on hot summer days.
The cost premium of 10-15% for
Benefit: low-E glass typically pays for itself
High quality double-paned windows in a few years. Low-E, double-paned
make the whole house quieter and glass coating increases glass R-value
more comfortable during all seasons, to 3 compared to R-1 for single-
while saving energy and money. glazed windows.

When replacing windows, use the following as a guide to selecting the most energy efficient windows for
your climate zone:
Albany
Berkeley
Oakland
Alameda
ZONE 3
San Castro Dublin
Leandro Valley
Livermore
San Lorenzo Pleasanton
In hot climates (Zone 12) Hayward

choose windows with SHGC and Union City ZONE 12
U-factor values of .45 or lower.
In moderate climates (Zone 3) ZONE 3
make sure that the U-factor Fremont
Newark
value is also .45 or lower.
31
2. Install Low Solar Heat Gain
Coefficient (SHGC) Window Film
on Single-Glazing 5.
Description:
1. 6.
Low solar heat gain coefficient
window film reduces solar heat 7.
gain through glass (particularly

2. 8.
during late afternoon and evening
hours) while still transmitting light
and visibility.
3. 9.
Application: 4.
Reflective film should only be
used on single-glazed windows.
Look for a SHGC of less than the
code requirement of 0.4. Consider
using on all east or west facing
1. Look for this label as your assurance that 7. The NFRC “rating”, a numerical value,
windows. this window has been independently rated represents the applicable energy performance
using a procedure established by the NFRC. characteristic. Residential (or “AA”) and
Benefit: Although other labels may be present, the Non-residential (or ”BB”) are NFRC size
NFRC label is your best source of energy designations. Representative test sizes are
Low SHGC window film reduces performance information. chosen for each product type and identical sizes
overheating, improves comfort and are compared among different manufacturers.
2. U-factor is a measure of heat transferred
can significantly lower the need for by the entire window (frame, sash and glass) 8. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is a
additional cooling. either into or out of the building. A smaller measure of the solar energy entering the
U-factor will provide a window which is more building though the entire window. A lower
comfortable on cold days. Try to purchase a SHGV will reduce air conditioning costs and
window with the lowest U-factor. provide more comfort on hot days.
3. Visible Transmittance (VT) is a measure of 9. Air Leakage (AL) is a measure of the

the amount of visible light entering the window. amount of air that can pass through the
Try to select a window with a high VT. It will cracks and joints in the window assembly.
bring more natural day-light into your home. The lower the AL, the less air will pass through.
4. NFRC technical procedures by which the 10. Independent Certification and

window was evaluated. Inspection Agency (IA) selected by the window
manufacturer. All testing is done by an NFRC-
5. Name of the window manufacturer. accredited laboratory, and results are sent to
the IA for evaluation. Both laboratories and
6. Manufacturer’s description of the manufacturers are inspected annually to
labeled product. ensure that NFRC standards are maintained.
Source: www.NFRC.org
32
J.Heating,Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
1. Use Duct Mastic on all 2. Install New Ductwork within 3. Vent Range Hood to the
Duct Joints Conditioned Space Outside
Leaks in the joints between Ducts in exterior walls, attics and Steams, gases, smoke and other
ductwork allow conditioned air to in uninsulated spaces lose a combustion by-products (such as
escape into attics and basements. significant amount of heated or unburned hydrocarbons) can result

Nationally, leaks at the joints cooled air capacity. from cooking. Stovetop range
between ductwork connections hoods expel these by-products to
allow, on average, 25% of the Application: the outside.
conditioned air to escape into All ductwork for heating or cooling
attics and basements. Duct tape should be run through conditioned Application:
loses its effectiveness in 3-5 years. space inside the insulated envelope. Range hoods are particularly
Mastic maintains the seal for decades. Ducts run through attic space can be important for gas stoves and can
buried under new loose fill insulation. be installed most easily where
Application: stoves are adjacent to exterior walls.
Install mastic at every metal duct Benefit:
joint and around the bends in elbows. Locating ducts in the conditioned Benefit:
It is important for all ducts to be space significantly reduces energy Range hoods improve indoor air
sealed. Professional testing for a loss and improves occupant comfort. quality, prevent overheating and
duct leakage rate of under 10% can excess moisture build-up.
be helpful in determining success.
Benefit:
Leaky air ducts can cause negative

pressure in the house which can
allow carbon monoxide from gas
water heaters and furnaces into the

home. Well-sealed ductwork also
keeps the house more comfortable.
GREEN BUILDING TIP INSPECT AIR DUCTS REGULARLY
Ducts should be inspected, tested and sealed to ensure adequate airflow and eliminate
loss of conditioned air. Ducts can leak as much as 20-30% of the air passing through
them and can bring dust, unconditioned outdoor air and humidity into living spaces. To
find out how leaky your ducts are have them professionally tested and seek to have them
repaired so that you accomplish a leakage rate of under 10%. Thorough duct sealing can
cut heating and cooling costs in many homes by 20%.
33
4. Clean all Ducts Before 6. Install Attic Ventilation 7. Install Whole House Fan
Occupancy Systems
Description:
Description: Description: Whole house fans can cool a house
Debris and dust from construction can Soffit/eave ventilation and without using an air conditioner by
cause allergic reactions in occupants. gable/continuous ridge ventilation exhausting warm, indoor air and
exhaust excess heat and moisture bringing in large volumes of fresh,
Application: from attic spaces by natural cool, outdoor air at night.

Cover or seal all ductwork in work convection.
space during construction. Clean Application:
or vacuum all ductwork before Application: The fan must be mounted in a

occupancy to eliminate dust. Clean Install equal amounts of ventilation hallway ceiling on the top floor. An
ducts before carpet is laid and between the soffits/eaves and the insulated, airtight seal is necessary
finishes are applied. gables/ridges. The code requirement to prevent air leakage through the
of 1 square foot of net free area of fan in winter. Fans should be sized
Benefit: venting for every 150 square feet of to produce between 4-5 air changes
Children are especially sensitive to attic floor area should be doubled. per hour and should have two
micro particulates like drywall dust. Keep insulation from blocking the speeds: low speed for continuous
Cleaning and vacuuming ductwork soffit/eave vents. ventilation and high speed.
reduces dust around the house after PLEASE NOTE: Keep a window
occupancy. Benefit: open when fan is running to avoid
Attics can reach up to 150º F on back drafting of carbon monoxide
a hot summer day. That heat from gas appliance flues.
5. Install Solar Attic Fan migrates into the house, exchanging
air with the living space. Eave and Benefit:
Description: soffit venting and continuous ridge An average whole house fan uses
Solar attic fans exhaust heat from venting increases comfort, reduces one-tenth the electricity of an air
attic spaces in summer and clear air conditioning costs and reduces conditioning unit. Moving large
condensation in the winter. problems associated with excess volumes of air can achieve indoor
attic moisture. comfort at higher temperatures
Application: without air conditioning.
Solar attic fans are powered by the sun
and are most effective when placed
on the southern side of the roof and Air Flow with Whole-House Fan
centered between the roof rafters. Avoid
installing under overhanging trees or
other structures creating shade.
Benefit:
In the summer, attics can reach up

to 150ºF. That heat migrates into the
home and increases the temperature
inside. A solar attic fan removes
much of this hot air and reduces the
burden on the air conditioning system.
34
8. Install Sealed Combustion 9. Replace Wall-Mounted Electric 10. Install 13 SEER and 11 EER
Furnaces and Hot Water Heaters and Gas Heaters with Through- or Higher Air Conditioning with a
the-Wall Heat Pumps Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TXV)
Description:
Sealed combustion furnaces and Description: Description:
water heaters duct fresh, outdoor Wall-mounted electric and gas Air conditioning equipment is one
air directly into a sealed jacket heating units are potential health of the greatest loads on power grids.

around the combustion chamber and fire hazards. Gas units produce SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency
eliminating the use of conditioned both unburned hydrocarbons and Ratio) measures cooling system
house air for combustion. carbon monoxide, a deadly unnotice- efficiency at low temperatures while
able gas. A wall heat pump has an EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) is a
Application: exterior compressor and an interior high temperature performance
Install in place of conventional air handler that blows conditioned rating. The higher the SEER/EER
furnaces or hot water heaters. air throughout the home. number the less power is required
to provide comfort. This assures that
Benefit: Application: the air conditioning system operates
Traditional natural gas furnaces and Replace any wall-mounted heater at high efficiency during the full
hot water heaters use conditioned, with a heat pump. Replacement range of summer temperatures.
indoor air for combustion. When with a heat pump is potentially TXV is a refrigerant regulation
a negative pressure situation is expensive. Another option is to use device that can help ensure that the
created in the home by exhaust the water heater as the heat source air conditioning system operates at
fans, dryers or leaky ducts, carbon using fan coils in each room to maximum efficiency over a wide
monoxide can be pulled into the distribute heat in the home. range of conditions.
house from the combustion
chamber and exhaust flue. Sealed Benefit: Application:
furnaces and hot water heaters Eliminating wall-mounted electric Higher SEER (13 – 18 SEER)
eliminate that condition, thereby and gas heaters results in greater and EER (11 or greater) units are
improving indoor air quality and safety and more energy savings. installed like any other AC equip-

reducing the danger of carbon ment. Some AC equipment comes
monoxide contamination. They also with a factory installed TXV and
improve energy efficiency by not others accept a TXV that can be
taking your home’s conditioned air bolted on. Zoned AC systems allow
and sending it outdoors through 2 to 4 zones to be conditioned at
the exhaust flues. different temperatures so only the
spaces being used are cooled. These
require thermostats in each zone.
Benefit:
High SEER units save money and

energy and reduce peak load
problems for utilities. High EER
systems not only save money and
energy but offer more cooling when
you need it most, on very hot days.
Installing air conditioning systems
with a TXV lowers utility bills and
saves energy.
35
11. Install Air Conditioning with Benefit: Benefit:
Non-HCFC Refrigerants A properly sized, high efficiency EPA certified stoves or fireplace
furnace costs less to operate. It inserts reduce the amount of
Description:
saves natural resources, reduces pollutant particulate matter by
R-22 is an HCFC refrigerant used in air emissions and helps create a 75-90% compared to a standard
residential heating and cooling sys- cleaner environment. fireplace. A properly operating
tems. R–22 contains chlorine which damper reduces drafts throughout
is an ozone-destroying chemical. In the house when the fireplace is not

2010, under the Clean Air Act, HVAC 13. Retrofit Wood Burning in use. Airtight doors, when shut,
manufacturers can no longer produce Fireplaces can reduce the heat taken from the
new air conditioners using R-22. house as well as reduce drafts
Description: when the fireplace is not in use.
Application:
The burning of wood in fireplaces
Some new AC units already use is a major source of air pollution
alternatives to R-22 refrigerant such during the winter months, generat- 14. Install Zoned, Hydronic,
as R-410A, as well as the trade brand ing up to one-third of the particulate Radiant Heating
Puron and others. Additional care matter on cold evenings. In addition,
should be taken when handling open fireplaces suck air out of the Description:
refrigerants, always select a reputable house and extract more heat than Hydronic heating forces hot water
dealer who employs service technicians they provide. Retrofitting wood through radiators located in different
that have achieved Environmental burning fireplaces with airtight doors areas or zones throughout the
Protection Agency (EPA) certification and working dampers reduces down house. It is typically installed as
to handle refrigerants. drafting, heat loss and the amount baseboards or in floors.
of oxygen drawn from the house for
Benefit: Application:
combustion purposes.
Using alternatives to HCFC Use hydronic, radiant heating
refrigerants reduces depletion of Application: instead of forced air heating. The
the ozone layer in case of leakage Retrofit wood burning fireplaces system must be designed before
during replacement. with EPA certified wood stoves or construction starts.

fireplace inserts, pellet stoves or
natural gas units. These units should Benefit:
12. Install 90% Annual Fuel have direct outside combustion air Hydronic heating is more comfort-
Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) vented into the insert. If total able and saves energy by heating
Furnace retrofit is not feasible, then replace only the zone that requires heat.
old damper if it no longer seals the
Description:
flue due to mechanical failure,
High efficiency furnaces convert rust or soot buildup in the chimney.
gas to heat with greater efficiency. Retrofit sealed doors onto fireplaces.
Outside air, needed for combustion,
Application:
should be brought in behind the
Replace conventional furnaces with doors. Some fireplaces provide for
high efficiency models. Installing the controlled air intake from inside
proper size of furnace for the home the house that can be shut down
is just as important as its efficiency. when not in use.
Check with your local utility company
for rebate information.
36
15. Install High Efficiency Filter 16. Install Heat Recovery 17. Install Separate
Ventilation Unit (HRV) Garage Exhaust Fan
Description:
High efficiency filters remove 70% Description: Description:
or more of dust and particulates An HRV is a mechanical ventilation According to the U.S.
from the air. system that recovers heat from the Environmental Protection Agency,
exhausting, stale, indoor air and an attached garage is the single

Application: transfers it to the incoming, fresh, most significant contributor to
Filters are installed in the return outdoor air. poor indoor air quality. Car exhaust
air stream at the air handler, which contains many known carcinogens
should be sized to handle the Application: and can migrate into living spaces
reduced air pressure caused by the The unit should be designed into through doors and cracks in walls
filter. Some units have an air con- the HVAC system to distribute the adjacent to the garage.
ditioning setting for the fan that fresh air more evenly throughout
will handle the retrofit filter. the home. Note: Use of this equipment Application:
is particularly appropriate with Install exhaust fan on the opposite

Benefit: blower door test results of less wall from the door to the house. It
The EPA has identified micropar- than .35 Natural Air Changes per can be wired to an electric garage
ticulates as a leading cause of Hour (NACH). door or put on a timer to run for
respiratory discomfort. By removing 15 minutes after door has been
these particles, the filter makes Benefit: opened or closed. Do not install
the living space healthier. Heat recovery ventilators provide fan if water heater or gas furnace
fresh, outdoor air while exhausting are located in garage.
stale indoor air. They also save
energy by recovering the heat lost Benefit:
in the exhausting air and transfer An exhaust fan creates a healthier

it to the incoming air. indoor environment by reducing
the potential hazard of car exhaust

from entering the house.
Radiant Floor Heating
GREEN BUILDING TIP CHANGE FURNACE FILTERS OFTEN
Furnace filters capture large particles of dust, pollen, and other indoor pollutants
preventing them from build-up on the workings of the system and from distributing
throughout your home. The best option is to purchase high efficiency disposable filters
with a MERV rating of between 6 and 12; greater than 12 will restrict your system’s air
flow too much. Replace these filters as they become built-up with contaminants;
generally every two months or as needed. If utilizing reusable, high efficiency electronic
or electrostatic filters, remember to clean them often.
37
K. Renewable Energy and Roofing
1. Pre-Plumb for Solar Water Heating solar system can also supplement 3. Pre-Wire for Future
use of a standard water heater. Photovoltaic (PV) Installation
Description:
Insulated copper pipes are installed Application: Description:
from the attic to a hot water closet Provide sufficient south-facing roof Running wires from the roof to the
or mechanical room for future solar area for collectors, and space in a electric service entrance/circuit
installation. This option allows the hot water closet for the additional breaker panel can save costly
homeowner to install an active solar hot water storage tank. installation of photovoltaic panels
system at a later date if they desire. at a future date.
Benefit:
Application: Solar hot water systems can pay Application:
Provide south-facing roof area for back in as little as seven years and Run two pair #10 THHN wire plus
collectors and access for piping to reduce the use of gas or electricity #8 ground in conduit from the
a mechanical room. This is primarily for water heating. south facing roof to a junction box
applicable to homes that are being near the panel (don’t wire the
extensively rehabilitated on the panel). East and West facing
interior. The most cost-effective Solar Water Heating roofs can work if the South is
time to install this pre-plumbing is unavailable or shaded for panels.
during construction.
Solar Benefit:
Benefit: Collector Photovoltaic panels and systems
Solar hot water pre-plumbing during will continue to drop in price
the remodeling process can save over the next few years.
money for the homeowner if, at Homebuyers may not be able to
some point in the future, they want afford the system today but may
Cold
to install a solar system. be interested in the future when

Hot
the price comes down. Visit

www.consumerenergycenter.org
2. Install Solar Water Heating
for more information on rebates.
Description: Hot Water

Solar water heating systems use solar Storage Tank
panels to collect heat from the sun.
The hot water is stored for use at a Heat
later time. Water pre-heated by a Exchanger
GREEN BUILDING TIP CONSIDER THE BENEFITS OF INSTALLING PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) PANELS
Reliability: Generate your own electricity using renewable resources. Your electric utility
can “store” and buy the extra electricity you generate or supply it if your system does not
generate enough. Security: PV Panels provide a secure source of electricity. Environmentally
Friendly: PVs are a clean, replenishable resource that do not contribute to global warming.
Sustainability: Use PVs to help ensure our energy future by tapping into an “infinite” power
supply. Contact the California Energy Commission at 800.555.7794 for information on
cash rebates on eligible renewable energy electric-generating systems.
38
4. Install Photovoltaic (PV) System 5. Select Safe and Durable 6. Install Radiant Barrier
Roofing Materials
PV panels contain hundreds of Description: When radiant energy from the

small cells that collect the sun’s 40-50 year asphalt composition, sun strikes the roof surface, it is
energy and convert it into electricity. tile, slate, fiber-cement and metal converted to heat energy which
Excess electricity can be sent back are examples of safe and durable radiates downward into the attic

into the utility grid for a credit on roofing materials. Avoid cedar and and the adjoining rooms. A radiant
electric bills. The collected energy wood shake shingles. barrier reflects or blocks radiant
can also be stored in large batteries heat and does not emit it to the
to meet the needs of nighttime Application: cooler surfaces around it. Radiant
energy requirements. Applicable anytime roofing material barrier sheathing is a roof sheathing
is specified. material with a reflective layer
Application: (film or foil) applied to the under-
Typical PV installations include flat Benefit: side of the OSB. Another radiant
roof, sloped roof, building integrated A durable and safe roof is cost barrier application is reflective film
PV and ground mount. Items to effective and reduces landfill or foil that attaches to the rafters,
consider when installing PV include: deposits. Some products may reflects radiant heat upwards and
sunlight – minimum of 4 hours also reduce your homeowner does not emit it downward towards
required during peak period (8 a.m. insurance rates. the attic and the home’s interior.
to 4 p.m.) with no shade; orienta-
tion – anything but North; angle – Application:
flat to 60 degrees; adequate roof Photovoltaic Panel System Radiant barrier sheathing can be
area-depending on type of PV used in place of conventional roof
selected (monocrystal, polycrystal sheathing or apply reflective material
or amorphous). (foil or paint) to the underside of
rafters and decking.
Benefit:

PV panels can be used as a Benefit:
means to decrease reliance on Radiant barriers reduce heat

conventional power plants that build-up in attic spaces by not
contribute to air pollution. re-radiating heat from the roof to
the attic and eventually to the
interior rooms. They can prevent
up to 97% of the sun’s radiant
Installing Solar Water System Radiant Barrier Sheathing heat from entering the home and
can bring attic temperatures
down as much as 30 degrees on
hot days, keeping the whole
home cooler and reducing energy
consumption for air conditioning.
39
L. Natural Heating and Cooling
1. Incorporate Passive is allowed into the space, where it The additional cooling demanded
Solar Heating can be absorbed by thermal mass, by low-angle sun penetration of
and be re-radiated as heat. Also west windows in late summer after-
Description: consider shading devices on the west noons create the most significant
Passive solar systems provide heat and east facing windows to protect summer peak utility costs.
to the structure through south from morning and afternoon heat,
facing windows in conjunction especially in hotter climates. Application:
with internal thermal mass. Plant shade trees on the west and
Benefit: south sides of the home to provide
Application: Overhangs, awnings and trellises are shade and summer cooling. The
The house must incorporate windows an integral part of making passive most important areas to shade are
that face within 30 degrees of due solar heating and natural cooling windows and paved areas. Keep
south and have the ability to store work. Removable/retractable fabric trees an appropriate distance from
excess heat in massive elements awnings offer a low cost solution the home or utilities to avoid intro-
such as a slab floor or stone fireplace. to reduce heat gain, lower energy duction of pests and root/branch
bills, and make the home more intrusions as trees mature.
Benefit: comfortable in the summer.
Passive solar design can reduce Benefit:
heating requirements by 30-50%, Planting shade trees can reduce

saving energy and money. 3. Plant Deciduous Shade Trees summer air-conditioning costs
on the West and South Sides by 25% to 40%. Trees provide
numerous additional benefits to
2. Install Overhangs or Awnings Description: the environment including
over South Facing Windows During summer months, the sun cleansing the air, creating habitats
shines on the south and west sides for birds and play places for children
Description: of the home causing the home to as well as adding aesthetic beauty
Properly sized overhangs or awnings heat up which in turn makes air to the neighborhood. Through
on south facing windows are important conditioners work their hardest. shade and evapotranspiration,
components of passive solar heating Trees offer the best solution for trees can create a microclimate
and natural cooling. Overhangs and keeping out low-angle sunlight from that is up to 15 degrees cooler
awnings help keep the heat of the west and south windows in summer. than the surrounding area.
sun from entering the home during
summer, but allow heat to enter in
the winter. These shade control
devices can be oversized roof over-
hangs, wood trellises/arbors with
deciduous plants, or adjustable or
demountable awnings made of
fabric or metal.
Application:
The overhang or awning design

should keep out summer sun by
shading the entire window during
the hottest month(s) of the year.
Size overhangs or awnings above
south windows so that winter sunlight
Awning and Trellises to Reduce Heat Gain
40
M. Indoor Air Quality / Finishes
1. Use Low/No VOC Paint 2. Use Low VOC, Water-Based 3. Use Low/No-VOC Adhesives
Wood Finishes
Most paint releases volatile organic Description: Unlike solvent-based adhesives

compounds (VOCs), a major indoor Conventional solvent-based wood that off-gas toxic compounds for
air pollutant, into the home. Once finishes can offgas for months, and months, low/no-VOC adhesives
outside, VOCs react with other can be harmful to children. Low reduce toxic gasses such as aro-

pollutants, producing ground-level VOC finishes, such as water-borne matic hydrocarbons or solvents
ozone that also affects human health. urethane and acrylic, are lower in that contribute to air pollution.
Often low/no-VOC products are man- toxic compounds compared to
ufactured without mercury or mercury conventional solvent-based finishes Application:
compounds, or pigments of lead, while providing similar durability. Use low/no-VOC products in place
cadmium, chromium, or their oxides. of standard adhesives for all
Application: interior applications such as
Application: Low VOC wood finishes can be installation of flooring, countertops,
Paint with low/no-VOCs is available used in most applications where wall coverings, paneling and
from most major manufacturers solvent-based finishes are typically tub/shower enclosures.
and is applied like traditional paint used. If solvent-based wood finishes
products. High washability should must be used, they should be left Benefit:
be specified for bathrooms, to offgas for three to four weeks Low/No-VOC adhesives are often
kitchens and children's bedrooms. prior to occupancy. stronger, emit fewer pollutants,
Every finish and most colors are and reduce the potential harmful
available in low/no-VOC paints. Benefit: impacts on the health of the
Using low VOC wood finishes reduces occupants and installers.
Benefit: offgassing into the home, improving
Low/No-VOC paint reduces the indoor air quality, and reducing the
emissions of VOCs into the formation of urban smog.
home, improving indoor air quality

and reducing the formation of
urban smog.
Low/No-VOC paint
GREEN BUILDING TIP CONTACT BAY AREA BUILD IT GREEN
Build It Green is a program designed to provide Bay Area homeowners,

homebuyers, remodelers, and builders a trusted resource for information on
Green Building and its various applications. A local effort with far reaching
effects, the program is dedicated to creating healthier, more durable, and energy and
resource-efficient homes that will provide Bay Area residents years of higher quality living.
Visit www.build-green.org for more information on events, products, presentations and more.
41
Formaldehyde-Free Medium Density
Fiberboard (MDF)
shelving, cabinets, trim and
substrate for countertops.
Benefit:
Elimination of engineered sheet

goods containing urea formaldehyde
reduces exposure to residents,
4. Use Salvaged Building 5. Use Engineered Sheet Goods particularly children, who are most
Materials for Interior Finish with No Added Formaldehyde susceptible. Some boards made
from agricultural waste are superior
Description: Description: to wood-based particleboard in
Salvaged building materials are Engineered sheet goods such as moisture resistance and structural
selectively and carefully removed particleboard and medium density properties, and provides for the
from buildings for reuse. Many fiberboard (MDF) typically use reuse of a former waste product.
salvaged materials are superior to adhesives that contain urea
the products available today such formaldehyde, a suspected human
as old-growth non-structural beams, carcinogen. The formaldehyde is 6. Use Exterior Grade Plywood
flooring and interior trim. continuously released, referred to for Interior Uses
as "offgassing", for years after
Application: installation. Formaldehyde off- Description:
Use salvaged building materials the gassing contributes to poor indoor air Exterior plywood uses phenolic
same way conventional materials are quality. Better alternatives include resins that offgas one-tenth as
used. Please note, salvaged painted MDF without formaldehyde binders much as interior plywood. Interior
wood items often contain lead based as well as sheet goods made from plywood typically uses urea-
paint. Use lead safe painting and agricultural waste, such as straw- formaldehyde glue which offgasses
paint removal strategies identified based particleboard manufactured into the house.
by the Alameda County Lead with non-formaldehyde binders.
Poisoning Prevention Program – Application:
www.aclppp.org/hazard.shtml. Application: Substitute interior plywood with

Whenever possible, eliminate new exterior plywood for custom cabinets
Benefit: particleboard and formaldehyde and shelving.
Using salvaged building materials based MDF inside the home by using
keeps valuable resources out of solid wood for stair treads, exterior Benefit:
landfills, reduces pressures on the grade plywood (which uses the less Formaldehyde is a suspected
landfills as well as offering the dangerous phenol formaldehyde), human carcinogen and should be
homeowner inexpensive and MDF with formaldehyde-free avoided whenever possible.
unique materials for the home. binders, or straw-based MDF for
GREEN BUILDING TIP SELECT LESS-TOXIC CLEANING SUPPLIES
High-quality, non-toxic and environmentally responsible cleaning products are readily

available. Choose products that are non-toxic, ammonia and chlorine-free, as well as
biodegradable. These cleaning products are as effective as conventional cleaners, without
harsh chemicals that can lead to health problems and atmospheric ozone loss. For tips on
how to make and use toxic-free household cleaners, call 1.877.STOPWASTE for a copy of
Easy Recipes for A Healthy House.
42
7. Seal all Exposed FSC certified wood instead of Benefit:
Particleboard or MDF clear, knot-free trim as this material Finger-jointed or recycled-content
is typically harvested from non- trim is straighter and more stable
Description: sustainable, old growth forests. than conventional clear wood, and
Using non-toxic, low permeability paint uses materials more efficiently.
or sealer to seal exposed particleboard Application:
or MDF will reduce the release of Use FSC certified materials in any

harmful gasses and is the next best application that normally uses con- 10. Install Whole House Vacuum
solution to elimination of particleboard. ventional stain-grade materials. System
Application: Benefit:
Description:
Whenever formaldehyde-based Sustainable forest certification assures Whole house vacuums exhaust
MDF or particleboard is used, seal that the forest from which the trim is the dust to the outside rather than
all exposed edges of cabinets, produced is managed in a way that collecting it in a bag that may not
undersides of countertops, stairs, will assure the long-term availability filter the dust effectively.
shelving, etc. with at least two coats of these precious woods while pro-
of less-toxic, low permeability paint tecting ancient, old growth forests. Application:
or sealer prior to installation. Whole house vacuum systems
must be vented outdoors, not into
Benefit: 9. Use Finger-Jointed or a garage, and not to any area
Sealing all exposed particleboard Recycled-Content Trim where air may be taken back into
reduces exposure of harmful emissions the house.
to residents, particularly children, Description:
who are most susceptible. Finger-jointed trim is manufactured Benefit:

from short pieces of clear wood glued Whole house vacuums expel the
together to create finished trim. dust outside the house whereas
8. Use Forest Stewardship recycled-content trim is made from most vacuum cleaners do not filter
Council (FSC) Certified Material recycled polystyrene/plastics. the dust effectively and merely

for Interior Finish redistribute the dust that is most
Application:
harmful to the respiratory system.
Description: Use finger-jointed or recycled- This can aggravate asthma and
FSC certified materials (e.g. trim, content trim in any application other respiratory problems.
doors, shelving) come from forests where trim is to be painted.
that are managed in accordance
with sustainable forest practices.
It is particularly important to specify
GREEN BUILDING TIP PURCHASE VACUUM CLEANER WITH HEPA FILTER
If installing a whole house vacuum system is not feasible, consider purchasing a high
efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. It catches small dust particles that are typically
blown around the house during vacuuming. The EPA has determined that indoor
particulate dust is a significant health hazard. HEPA filters reduce exposure to these
harmful particulates. Children, asthmatics, senior citizens and others with respiratory
diseases can benefit from reduced dust in the living environment.
43
N. Flooring
1. Select Forest Stewardship 2. Use Rapidly Renewable Application:

Council (FSC) Certified Flooring Materials Install recycled-content tiles wher-
Wood Flooring ever conventional tiles are specified.
Description:
Description: Bamboo and cork flooring are alter- Benefit:
Certified wood flooring comes from natives to hardwood flooring. Bamboo Some recycled-content ceramic tile is
forests that are managed in accor- is a fast growing grass that can be very dense which significantly reduces
dance with sustainable forest practices. harvested in three to five years. the amount of moisture and stains that
Certified wood flooring products Cork is a natural flooring material are absorbed into the tile, making it
are available in a wide variety of that is obtained from the outer more durable and easier to maintain.
domestic and exotic species. bark of the cork oak tree that is
regenerated every 10 years.
Application:
4. Install Natural Linoleum In
Use FSC certified wood in place of Application:
Place of Vinyl
conventional hardwood flooring. Use these alternative flooring materials
in place of conventional hardwood. It Description:
Benefit: is important to specify a durable finish. Natural linoleum is manufactured
Sustainable forest certification assures from natural materials such as cork
that the forest from which the floor- Benefit:
and linseed oil. Unlike vinyl, linoleum
ing is produced is managed in a way Fast growing, rapidly renewable does not contain petroleum-based
that will assure the long-term avail- floor substitutes are attractive and products or chlorinated chemicals
ability of these precious woods while reduce pressure on hardwood forests. such as PVC, which may be a
protecting ancient, old-growth forests. Bamboo is as durable as wood; source of VOC offgassing. There is
cork is naturally fire and moisture also concern of byproducts such as
resistant as well as sound absorbing. cancer causing dioxins, which may
be produced during the manufac-
turing of vinyl.
3. Use Recycled-Content
Ceramic Tile Application:
Use natural linoleum in place of

Description:
vinyl flooring.
Recycled-content ceramic tile can
contain up to 70% recycled glass. Benefit:
Originally developed for high traffic Linoleum is low-toxic, easy to repair,
commercial conditions, recycled- durable, and stain resistant. Linoleum
content tiles are very durable and can last up to 40 years whereas
wear well in residential applications. vinyl lasts typically 7-10 years.
Bamboo Flooring
GREEN BUILDING TIP PLACE DOORMATS AT ALL EXTERIOR DOORS
Dust, dirt-borne contaminants, and chemicals such as fertilizer and pesticides are tracked
into the house on shoes. Using a doormat, or preferably leaving shoes at the door, reduces
this source of toxic contaminants. A doormat is an easy and inexpensive method to reduce
toxic materials that would otherwise be brought into the home.
44
Ingredients of Natural Linoleum
Used with permission from This Old House

5. Use Exposed Concrete 6. Install Recycled-Content Carpet with Low-VOCs
as Finished Floor
Description: Description: Benefit:
For slab-on-grade additions, the Recycled-content carpet is made Recycled-content carpet saves
concrete can be polished, finished from recycled plastic bottles, resources and diverts waste from
with expansion joints in various recycled nylon/wool or recycled landfills. Approximately 40 two-liter
patterns or stained with pigments to cotton. Recycled-content carpet soda bottles are recycled per square
make an attractive finish floor. This does not differ in appearance or yard of carpeting. Recycled carpet
approach is especially appropriate performance and the price is is often more resilient and colorfast
for radiant, in-floor heating systems. comparable to conventional carpet. than carpet made from virgin fibers.
Some recycled-content carpets
Application: include agricultural by-products
Use this approach for finished such as corn silk. Carpet tiles as
basements or additions on slab well as broadloom are available.

construction. Finish must be The Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI)
designed and constructed when has a Green Label Indoor Air
slab is being poured. Quality Test Program which labels
the VOC content of carpeting.
Benefit:
Application: Look for carpets that meet
When using the slab as a floor finish,
Use recycled-content carpet in all or exceeds the CRI Green
it eliminates the need to use other
applications where conventional Label requirements.
flooring materials. It is durable and
easy to clean and can be used to carpet is specified. Choose carpet
hold piping for active radiant floor that meets or exceeds the CRI
heating or as a thermal mass for Green Label requirements.
passive solar heating. Resource: www.carpet-rug.com
GREEN BUILDING TIP MINIMIZING OFFGASSING FROM ADHESIVES
Use low VOC, water-based sealants and low/no solvent adhesives when installing or
refinishing flooring. When installing laminate flooring, use glueless installation to
minimize offgassing from adhesives.
45

Chapter Three - Green Building Methods and Materials

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Chapter Three - Green Building Methods and Materials

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Chapter Three:

Green Building Methods and Materials

This section provides more detailed descriptions of green

building practices, material applications, as well as the

associated environmental benefits. The items are ordered by

ease of implementation as well as cost effectiveness.

GREEN BUILDING METHODS & MATERIALS

GREEN BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR HOME REMODELING

Complete a landscape survey to Preserving existing, mature landscape

in existing developments and and keeps the unique character of

development and construction Allowing stormwater percolation

GREEN BUILDING METHODS & MATERIALS

GREEN BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR HOME REMODELING

GREEN BUILDING TIP COMPOST FRUIT, VEGETABLE AND YARD TRIMMINGS

of chemicals, create healthier soil Rainwater is channeled through

attractive retaining wall or path, watering of lawns and gardens.

Create Healthy Landscapes, Build Healthy Soil, and Reduce Waste.

1. Incorporate Recycled 2. Use Recycled-Content 3. Insulate Foundation

Description: Description: Description:

GREEN BUILDING METHODS & MATERIALS

concrete mixes, however, installers Using recycled instead of virgin Benefit:

Flyash increases the strength and

GREEN BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR HOME REMODELING

Forest Stewardship Council Smart Wood and Scientific

Web floor trusses use solid wood or Description: Description:

GREEN BUILDING METHODS & MATERIALS

GREEN BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR HOME REMODELING

Install where conventional trusses

The perimeter intersection between

up to 95% recycled-content. Steel the conventional framing lumber. deconstructed or salvaged.

proportion to the steel’s thickness. Use reclaimed lumber for non-

Steel reduces the need for wood Benefit:

and provides strong interior walls. Reclaimed lumber from decon-

10. Apply Advanced Framing 12. Use Oriented Strand Board

Advanced framing involves using OSB is manufactured from fast

SIPs are high-performance, load- Application: Application:

1. Use Sustainable Decking Materials 2. Use Treated Wood That Does

GREEN BUILDING METHODS & MATERIALS

GREEN BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR HOME REMODELING

The durability of these materials is

House wrap protects the sheathing Fiber-cement siding is composed

an effective air infiltration barrier. available in shingles, planks or

is installed. To provide an effective Replace conventional wood siding or

stucco applications. Fiber-cement siding is more

provides an effective air infiltration It may also reduce homeowner's

1. Install Water Heater Jacket Benefit: 4. Replace Toilets with

GREEN BUILDING METHODS & MATERIALS

Install on existing hot water heaters. Application:

2. Insulate Hot and Application: Ultra-Low-Flush toilets reduce the

GREEN BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR HOME REMODELING

Chlorine is absorbed 6 times faster

Description: Description: Description:

On-Demand Water Circulation Pump

1. Install Compact Fluorescent Benefit: Benefit:

GREEN BUILDING METHODS & MATERIALS

GREEN BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR HOME REMODELING

Conventional IC recessed fixtures ENERGY STAR ® qualified compact fluorescent

1. Install Energy Star® Dishwasher Benefit: Benefit:

Horizontal axis machines save resour- New, efficient refrigerators can

GREEN BUILDING METHODS & MATERIALS

or fiberglass to increase the density, as a barrier to vermin. Formaldehyde-free binders reduce

GREEN BUILDING GUIDELINES FOR HOME REMODELING

and cooling requirements, saves Reduction in infiltration increases