Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
FOR
Prepared by
P.MAHENDER
Assistant Professor
of experiment 3.
11. Design an 8 bit parallel load and serial out shift register using two 4 bit shift register.
12. Design an 8 bit Serial in and serial out shift register using two 4 bit shift register.
13. Design a Ring counter and Twisted ring counter using a 4-bit shift register
14. Design a 4 digit hex counter using synchronous one digit hex counters.
15. Design a 4 digit hex counter using Asynchronous one digit hex counters.
5. Design a 4 bit pseudo random sequence generator using 4 – bit ring counter. 24-26
7. Design a 16 bit Adder / Subtractor using 4 – bit Adder / Subtractor IC’s 32-35
10. Design a two Digit 7 segment display unit using this display the Mod counter
11. Design an 8 bit parallel load and serial out shift register using two 4 bit
12. Design an 8 bit Serial in and serial out shift register using two 4 bit shift register. 56-61
13. Design a Ring counter and Twisted ring counter using a 4-bit shift register 62-66
14. Design a 4 digit hex counter using synchronous one digit hex counters. 67-70
15. Design a 4 digit hex counter using Asynchronous one digit hex counters. 71-74
EXPERIMENT-1
DESIGN A 16×4 PRIORITY ENCODER USING TWO 8×3
PRIORITY ENCODER
AIM: To verify the truth table of 16x4 Priority Encoder.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1. 16x4 Priority encoder trainer kit.
2. Patch Cards.
3. Power Supply.
THEORY:
A priority encoder is a circuit or algorithm that compresses multiple binary inputs into a
smaller number of outputs. The output of a priority encoder is the binary representation of the original
number starting from zero of the most significant input bit. They are often used to control interrupt
requests by acting on the highest priority encoder.
If two or more inputs are given at the same time, the input having the highest priority will
take precedence. An example of a single bit 4 to 2 encoder , where highest-priority inputs are to the
left and "x" indicates an irrelevant value - i.e. any input value there yields the same output since it is
superseded by higher-priority input. The output V indicates if the input is valid.
Priority encoders can be easily connected in arrays to make larger encoders, such as one 16-to-
4 encoder made from six 4-to-2 priority encoders - four 4-to-2 encoders having the signal source
connected to their inputs, and the two remaining encoders take the output of the first four as input. The
priority encoder is an improvement on a simple encoder circuit, in terms of handling all possible
input configurations.
A simple encoder circuit is a one-hot to binary converter. That is, if there are 2n input lines, and
at most only one of them will ever be high, the binary code of this 'hot' line is produced on the n-bit
output lines.
The Priority Encoder solves the problems mentioned above by allocating a priority level to
each input. The priority encoders output corresponds to the currently active input which has the
highest priority. So when an input with a higher priority is present, all other inputs with a lower
priority will be ignored.
PIN DIAGRAM:
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
Encoder Data (Active Low):
Inputs Outputs
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 EI GS 3 2 1 0
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X H H H H H H
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H H L L L L L H
L L L L L L L L L L L L L H H H L L L L H L
L L L L L L L L L L L L H H H H L L L L H H
L L L L L L L L L L L H H H H H L L L H L L
L L L L L L L L L L H H H H H H L L L H L H
L L L L L L L L L H H H H H H H L L L H H L
L L L L L L L L H H H H H H H H L L L H H H
L L L L L L L H H H H H H H H H L L H L L L
L L L L L L H H H H H H H H H H L L H L L H
L L L L L H H H H H H H H H H H L L H L H L
L L L L H H H H H H H H H H H H L L H L H H
L L L H H H H H H H H H H H H H L L H H L L
L L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L L H H L H
L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L L H H H L
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L L H H H H
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Truth table:
Encoder Data (Active High):
Inputs Outputs
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 EI GS 3 2 1 0
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H H H H H
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L H H H H H
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H H L H H H H L
L L L L L L L L L L L L L H H H L H H H L H
L L L L L L L L L L L L H H H H L H H H L L
L L L L L L L L L L L H H H H H L H H L H H
L L L L L L L L L L H H H H H H L H H L H L
L L L L L L L L L H H H H H H H L H H` L L H
L L L L L L L L H H H H H H H H L H H L L L
L L L L L L L H H H H H H H H H L H L H H H
L L L L L L H H H H H H H H H H L H L H H L
L L L L L H H H H H H H H H H H L H L H L H
L L L L H H H H H H H H H H H H L H L H L L
L L L H H H H H H H H H H H H H L H L L H H
L L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L H L L H L
L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L H L L L H
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L H L L L L
Results: Hence the truth table of 16x4 Priority Encoder has been verified.
EXPERIMENT-2
DESIGN A 16 BIT COMPARATOR USING 4 BIT COMPARATORS
THEORY:
Digital comparators actually use Exclusive-NOR gates within their design for comparing their
respective pairs of bits. When we are comparing two binary or BCD values or variables against each
other, we are comparing the “magnitude” of these values, a logic “0” against a logic “1” which is
where the term Magnitude Comparator comes from.
As well as comparing individual bits, we can design larger bit comparators by cascading
together n of these and produce a n-bit comparator just as we did for the n-bit adder in the previous
tutorial. Multi-bit comparators can be constructed to compare whole binary or BCD words to produce
an output if one word is larger, equal to or less than the other.
A very good example of this is the 4-bit Magnitude Comparator. Here, two 4-bit words
(“nibbles”) are compared to each other to produce the relevant output with one word connected to
inputs A and the other to be compared against connected to input B as shown below.
Some commercially available digital comparators such as the TTL 74LS85 or CMOS 4063 4-
bit magnitude comparator have additional input terminals that allow more individual comparators to be
“cascaded” together to compare words larger than 4-bits with magnitude comparators of “n”-bits being
produced. These cascading inputs are connected directly to the corresponding outputs of the previous
comparator as shown to compare 8, 16 or even 32-bit words.
When comparing large binary or BCD numbers like the example above, to save time the
comparator starts by comparing the highest-order bit (MSB) first. If equality exists, A = B then it
compares the next lowest bit and so on until it reaches the lowest-order bit, (LSB). If equality still
exists then the two numbers are defined as being equal.
If inequality is found, either A > B or A < B the relationship between the two numbers is
determined and the comparison between any additional lower order bits stops. Digital Comparator are
used widely in Analogue-to-Digital converters, (ADC) and Arithmetic Logic Units, (ALU) to perform
a variety of arithmetic operations. Magnitude Comparator is a logical circuit , which compares two
signals A and B and generates three logical outputs, whether A > B, A = B, or A < B . IC 7485
is a high speed 4-bit Magnitude comparator , which compares two 4-bit words . The A = B Input
must be held high for proper compare operation.
PIN DIAGRAM :
data inputs
A0
A1
A2
A<B
A3
A=B 7485 IC
A>B A>B
data inputs B0
B1
B2
B3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
A0
A1
A2
A3
B0 7485
B1
B2
B3
Cascaded inputs
A4
A5
A6
A7
B4
B5 7485
B6
B7
Cascaded inputs
A8
A9
A10
A11
7485
B8
B9
B10
B11
Cascaded inputs
A12
A13
A14 A>B
A15 7485
B12 A=B
B13
B14 A<B
B15
Circuits outputs
A3,B3 A2,B2 A1,B1 A0,B0 A>B A<B A=B A>B A<B A=B
A3>B3 X X X X X X H L L
A3<B3 X X X X X X L H L
A3=B3 A2>B2 X X X X X H L L
A3=B3 A2<B2 X X X X X L H L
PROCEDURE:(16-bit Comparator)
1. Connect Inputs ( A0,A1,A2,A3,A5,A6,A7,A8,A9,A10,A11,A12,A13,A14,A15,
B0,B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7,B8,B9,B10,B11,B12,B13,B14,B15) to Input Switches.
2. Connect Cascade Inputs (A<B,A>B,A=B) of the LSB COMPARATOR to Input Switches.
3. Connect the 1st( LSB) comparator OUTPUTS to 2nd(LSB) comparator CASCADED inputs.
4. Connect the 2nd ( LSB) comparator OUTPUTS to 3rd (LSB) comparator CASCADED inputs.
5. Connect the 3rd ( LSB) comparator OUTPUTS to 4th(MSB) comparator CASCADED inputs.
6. Connect Outputs (A<B,A>B,A=B) of MSB COMPARATOR to Output Switches.
7. Observe the Truth Table.
Result: Hence the truth table of 16- Comparator has been verified.
EXPERIMENT-3
DESIGN A MODEL TO 53 COUNTER USING TWO DECADE COUNTER
AIM: To Verify The Truth Table of Decade Counter.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
Outputs
Reset INPUTS
RESET RESET
0 0 R3 R2 QD2 QC2 QB2 QA2 QD1 QC1 QB1 QA1
(PIN 2) (PIN 3)
H H L X L L L L L L L L
H H X L L L L L L L L L
X X H H H L L H H L L H
X L X L L L L L L L L L
L X L X L L L L L L L H
L X L X L L L L L L H L
L X L X L L L L L L H H
L X L X L L L L L H L L
L X L X L L L L L H L H
L X L X L L L L L H H L
L X L X L L L L L H H H
L X L X L L L L H L L H
L X L X L L L H L L L L
L X L X COUNT
L X L X COUNT
L X L X COUNT
L X L X L H L H L L H L
H H H H L L L L L L L L
PROCEDURE:
1. Short the pin3,6&7,1&12 of first counter and short the 2,6&7,1&12of second counter.
2. Connect +VCC to pin 5 of first and second of counters and shorted to the pin14 of four input AND
gate IC (7421).
3. Short the GND to 10thpin of first and second counters and 7thpin of IC7421.
4. Connect the clock pulse to the 14th pin of first counter.
5. Short the 14th pin (clock pulse) of second counter to first counter 11thpin (QD1).
6. Short the first counter 12thpin (QA1) to first pin of 7421 IC.
7. Connect the first counter 9th pin (QB1) to 2nd pin of 7421 IC.
8. Connect the 8th pin(QC2) of second counter to 4th pin of 7421 IC.
9. Connect the 12th pin (QA2) of second counter to 5th pin of 7421 IC.
10 Short the Reset pins and set pins of the both the decade counter IC's.
11. Connect the output pin (6pin) of the four input AND gate 7421 IC to shorted SET and RESET
pins.
12. Connect the output pins QA1 (12), QB1 (9), QC1 (8), QD1 (11), QA2 (12), QB2 (9), QC2 (8),
QD2 (11), of both counters to seven segment display inputs.
13. Feed the logic signals either H/L as shown in the truth table.
14. Monitor the outputs QA1, QB1, QC1, QD1, QA2, QB2, QC2, and QD2.
15. Verify the truth table.
Result: Hence the display the mod 53 counter using two decade counters has been verified.
EXPERIMENT-4
DESIGN A 450KHZ CLOCK USING NAND/NOR GATES
AIM: To design a 450 KHZ clock using NAND/NOR gates.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. CDT KIT.
2. CRO & CRO Probes.
3. IC 7400/IC4093.
4. Connecting wires.
5. Capacitor-0.0001uF.
6. Resistor-3.5kΩ.
7. Power Supply.
THEORY:
The NAND (Not – AND) gate has an output that is normally at logic level “1” and only goes “LOW”
to logic level “0” when all of its inputs are at logic level “1”. The Logic NAND Gate is the reverse or
“Complementary” form of the AND gate.
The logic or Boolean expression given for a logic NAND gate is that for Logical
addition, which is the opposite to the AND gate, and which it performs on the complements of the
inputs. The Boolean expression for a logic NAND gate is denoted by a single dot or full stop symbol,
( . ) with a line or Over line, ( ‾‾ ) over the expression to signify the NOT or logical negation of
the NAND gate giving us the Boolean expression of: A.B = Q.
Then we can define t he operation of a 2-input digital logic NAND gate as being:
Logic NAND Gates are available using digital circuits to produce the desired logical function and is
given a symbol whose shape is that of a standard AND gate with a circle, sometimes called an
“inversion bubble” at its output to represent the NOT gate symbol with the logical operation of
the NAND gate given as.
The Boolean Expression for this 4-input logic NAND gate will therefore be: Q = A.B.C.D
Various Logic Gates: various Logic gates using only NAND Gates As well as the three common
types above, Ex-Or, Ex-Nor and standard NOR gates can be formed using just
individual NAND gates.
Commonly available digital logic NAND gate IC’s include:
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Voutput
PROCEDURE:
Theoretical Calculations:-
F=450 KHz
F= 1/2πRC
Assume C=0.0001uF
R= 1/2π*450K*0.0001uF
R=3.5KΏ
EXPECTED OUTPUT:
Result: Hence the design of a 450 KHZ clock pulse using NAND/NOR gates has been verified
practically.
EXPERIMENT-5
DESIGN A 4 BIT PSEUDO RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATOR
USING 4-BIT RING COUNTER
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect Input pins A,B & CLR to the input switches, CLK to the pulsar switch.
2. Connect the outputs QA, QB, QC and QD to the output switches.
3. First make the clear input high, then make both input A & B high.
4. Now give the clock pulse, for every pulse the output shifts from one flip flop to another.
5. Verify the 4-bit ring counter truth table.
TRUTH TABLE:
INPUTS OUTPUTS
A B CLK CLR QA QB QC QD
L L 0 L L L L L
X X L L L L L
H H H H L L L
H H H H H L L
H H H H H H L
H H H H H H H
H H L L L L L
NOTE: When you are giving the clear input high all the outputs may not become zero and hence
count continues in the same manner.
Result: Hence the truth table of 4-bit Ring Counter has been verified.
EXPERIMENT-6
DESIGN A 16:1 MULTIPLEXER USING 8:1 MULTIPLEXER
AIM: To verify the truth table of Multiplexer.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. 16X1 MULTIPLEXER TRAINER KIT.
2. PATCH CORDS.
3. Power Supply.
THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
INPUTS
OUT
SELECTION PUT
INPUTS FROM I’0-I’15
LINES
S S S S I I I I I I
I9 I8 I7 I6 I5 I4 I3 I2 I1 I0 Z
3 2 1 0 15 14 13 12 11 10
L L L L X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
L
L L L L X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X H
I0
L L L H X X X X X X X X X X X X X X H X
I1
L L H L X X X X X X X X X X X X X H X X
I2
L L H H X X X X X X X X X X X X H X X X
I3
L H L L X X X X X X X X X X X H X X X X
I4
L H L H X X X X X X X X X X H X X X X X
I5
L H H L X X X X X X X X X H X X X X X X
I6
L H H H X X X X X X X X H X X X X X X X
I7
H L L L X X X X X X X H X X X X X X X X
I8
H L L H X X X X X X H X X X X X X X X X
I9
H L H L X X X X X H X X X X X X X X X X
I10
H L H H X X X X H X X X X X X X X X X X
I11
H H L L X X X H X X X X X X X X X X X X
I12
H H L H X X H X X X X X X X X X X X X X
I13
H H H L X H X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
I14
H H H H H X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
I15
PROCEDURE:
Result: Hence the truth table of 16:1 Multiplexer has been verified.
EXPERIMENT NO: 7
16 BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR USING 4 BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR
AIM:- To study and implement 16 bit adder/subtractor using 4 bit adder/ subtractor
APPARATUS:-
PIN CONFIGURATION:-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:-
ADDITION:-
1) Connect the A0-A15 to the logic switches provided on the trainer kit.
2) Connect the B0-B15 to the logic switches provided on the trainer kit.
3) Connect the outputs to the led indicators.
4) Connect the mode switch to the logic switches.
5) Now put the mode switch in logic ‘0’ it is indicated that addition operation performing.
6) Now give the input data using the A0-A15 and B0-B15 logic switches. Ex:-
Input data A0-A15 = 0000 0000 0000 1010
Inputdata B0-B15 = 0000 0000 0000 0101
SUBTRACTION:-
1) Connect the A0-A15 to the logic switches provided on the trainer kit.
2) Connect the B0-B15 to the logic switches provided on the trainer kit.
3) Connect the outputs to the led indicators.
4) Connect the mode switch to the logic switches.
5) Now put the mode switch in logic ‘1’ it is indicated that Subtraction operation performing.
6) Now give the input data using the A0-A15 and B0-B15 logic switches.
7) To perform the subtraction operation we 1’s compliment the data of the ‘B’ input.
8) Now Add two data’s A and B when u get the result add ‘1’ to the result data.
Ex:-
Input data A0-A15 = 0000 0000 0000 1010
Input data B0-B15 = 0000 0000 0000 0101
1’s compliment i/p B data 1111 1111 1111 1010
Output data
1 0000 0000 0000 0100
Carry bit
EXPERIMENT -8
PLOT THE TRANSFER CHARATERSTICS OF 74H, LS, HS SERIES ICs
AIM: Plot the transfer characteristics of 74H, LS, HS series ICs.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:-
1. 74LS04-1.
2. 74HC86-1.
3. DMM.
4. PATCH CORDS.
5. POWER SUPPLY.
6. CDT KIT.
THEORY:
74LS Series ICs
The 74LS (Low-power Schottky) family (like the original) uses TTL (Transistor-
Transistor Logic) circuitry which is fast but requires more power than later families. The
74 series is often still called the 'TTL series' even though the latest ICs do not use TTL!
74HC Series ICs
The 74HC family has High-speed CMOS circuitry, combining the speed of TTL with the
very low power consumption of the 4000 series. They are CMOS ICs with the same pin
arrangements as the older 74LS family. Note that 74HC inputs cannot be reliably driven
by 74LS outputs because the voltage ranges used for logic 0 are not quite compatible, use
74HCT instead.
74HCT Series ICs
The 74HCT family is a special version of 74HC with 74LS TTL-compatible inputs so
74HCT can be safely mixed with 74LS in the same system. In fact 74HCT can be used as
low-power direct replacements for the older 74LS ICs in most circuits. The minor
disadvantage of 74HCT is a lower immunity to noise, but this is unlikely to be a problem
in most situations.
drawn out to hold inputs at logic 0. In a permanent circuit it is wise to connect any
unused inputs to +Vs to ensure good immunity to noise
Outputs can sink up to 16mA (enough to light an LED), but they can source only
about 2mA. To switch larger currents you can connect a transistor.
Fan-out: one output can drive up to 10 74LS inputs, but many more 74HCT inputs.
Gate propagation time: about 10ns for a signal to travel through a gate.
➢ Inputs have very high impedance (resistance), this is good because it means they
will not affect the part of the circuit where they are connected. However, it also
means that unconnected inputs can easily pick up electrical noise and rapidly
change between high and low states in an unpredictable way. This is likely to make
the IC behave erratically and it will significantly increase the supply current. To
prevent problems all unused inputs MUST be connected to the supply (either
+Vs or 0V), this applies even if that part of the IC is not being used in the circuit!
The CMOS circuitry used in the 74HC and 74HCT series ICs means that they are static
sensitive. Touching a pin while charged with static electricity (from your clothes for
example) may damage the IC. In fact most ICs in regular use are quite tolerant and
earthling your hands by touching a metal water pipe or window frame before handling
them will be adequate. ICs should be left in their protective packaging until you are ready
to use them.
➢ 74HC Supply: 2 to 6V, small fluctuations are tolerated.
➢ Inputs have very high impedance (resistance), this is good because it means they
will not affect the part of the circuit where they are connected. However, it also
means that unconnected inputs can easily pick up electrical noise and rapidly
change between high and low states in an unpredictable way. This is likely to make
the IC behave erratically and it will significantly increase the supply current. To
prevent problems all unused inputs MUST be connected to the supply (either
+Vs or 0V), this applies even if that part of the IC is not being used in the circuit!
➢ Note that 74HC inputs cannot be reliably driven by 74LS outputs because the
voltage ranges used for logic 0 are not quite compatible. For reliability use 74HCT
if the system includes some 74LS ICs.
➢ Outputs can sink and source about 4mA if you wish to maintain the correct output
voltage to drive logic inputs, but if there is no need to drive any inputs the maximum
current is about 20mA. To switch larger currents you can connect a transistor.
➢ Fan-out: one output can drive many inputs (50+), except 74LS inputs because
these require a higher current and only 10 can be driven.
➢ Gate propagation time: about 10ns for a signal to travel through a gate.
➢ Frequency: up to 25MHz.
➢ Power consumption (of the IC itself) is very low, a few µW. It is much greater
at high frequencies, a few mW at 1MHz for example.
PROCEDURE:
74LS04:
1) Assemble the circuit as per the circuit on the digital IC trainer kit.
2) Switch ON the power supply.
3) Apply the input voltage = 0 and note down the output.
4) Repeat step 3 for input voltages = 1V, 2V, 3V, 4V, 5V and note down the corresponding
outputs.
74HC86:
1. Assemble the circuit as per the circuit on the digital IC trainer kit.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Apply the input voltage = 0 and note down the output.
4. Repeat step 3 for input voltages = 1V, 2V, 3V, 4V, 5V and note down the corresponding
outputs.
OBSERVATIONS:
74LS04:
S.NO. VOLTAGE I/P VOLTAGE O/P
1 0V
2 1V
3 2V
4 3V
5 4V
6 5V
74HS86:
RESULT: The transfer characteristics of 74H, LS, HS series ICs are studied, observed, and
verified.
EXPERIMENT-9
DESIGN A 4-BIT GRAY TO BINARY AND
BINARY TO GRAY CODE CONVERTER
AIM: Observe Binary to Gray & Gray to Binary Code Conversion
.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1) Gray - binary - gray Trainer kit.
2) Patch Cords.
3) Power Supply.
THEORY:
The logical circuit which converts binary code to equivalent gray code is known
as binary to gray code converter. The gray code is a non weighted code. The successive gray
code differs in one bit position only that means it is a unit distance code. It is also referred as
cyclic code. It is not suitable for arithmetic operations. It is the most popular of the unit distance
codes. It is also a reflective code. An n-bit Gray Code can be obtained by reflecting an n-1 bit
code about an axis after 2n-1 rows, and putting the MSB of 0 above the axis and the MSB of 1
below the axis.
In gray to binary code converter, input is a multiplies gray code and output is its
equivalent binary code. Let us consider a 4 bit gray to binary code converter. To design a 4 bit
gray to binary code converter, we first have to draw a conversion table.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INPUTS OUTPUTS
GRAY CODE BINARY CODE
A B C D B4 B3 B2 B1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
PROCEDURE:
BINARY TO GRAY:
1. Connect Inputs (A, B, C, D) to Input Switches (Red LED).
2. Connect Outputs (G1, G2, G3, G4) to Output Switches (Green LED).
3. Give Binary Inputs at A, B, C, D & Observe Gray Code Outputs as per Truth Table.
GRAY TO BINARY:
1. Connect Inputs (A, B, C, D) to Input Switches (Red LED).
2. Connect Outputs (B1, B2, B3, B4) to Output Switches (Green LED).
3. Give Gray Code Inputs at A, B, C, D & Observe Binary Code Outputs as per Truth
Table.
Result: Hence the Binary to Gray & Gray to Binary Code Conversion has been verified.
EXPERIMENT-10
DESIGN A TWO DIGIT 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY UNIT
USING TO DISPLAY THE MOD 53 COUNTER.
AIM:To verify the modulo to 53 counter using two digit 7 Segment Display
7421 IC diagram:-
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect BCD Outputs (Qa, Qb, Qc, Qd) to 7 Segment Display (A, B, C, D).
2. a,b,c,d,e,f,g Connections are Internally Connected.
3. Verify the Count Outputs 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
7 SEGMENT DISPLAY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
H H X L L L L L L L L L 0 0
X X H H H L L H H L L H 9 9
X L X L L L L L L L L L 0 0
L X L X L L L L L L L H 0 1
L X L X L L L L L L H L 0 2
L X L X L L L L L L H H 0 3
L X L X L L L L L H L L 0 4
L X L X L L L L L H L H 0 5
L X L X L L L L L H H L 0 6
L X L X L L L L L H H H 0 7
L X L X L L L L H L L L 0 8
L X L X L L L L H L L H 0 9
L X L X L L L H L L L L 1 0
L X L X COUNT
COUNT
L X L X COUNT
COUNT
L X L X COUNT
COUNT
L X L X L H L H L L H L
5 2
H H H H L L L L L L L L
0 0
PROCEDURE:
1. Short the pin 3, 6&7,1&12 of first counterand short the 2,6&7,1&12 of second counter.
2. Connect +VCC to pin 5 of first and second of counters and shorted to the pin 14 of four
input AND gate IC (7421).
3. Short the GND to 10th pin of first and second counters and 7th pin of IC 7421.
4. Connect the clock pulse to the 14th pin of first counter.
5. Short the 14th pin (clock pulse) of second counter to first counter 11th pin (QD1).
6. Short the first counter 12th pin (QA1) to firstpin of 7421 IC.
7. Connect the first counter 9th pin (QB1) to 2nd pin of 7421 IC .
8. Connect the 8th pin (QC2) of second counter to 4th pin of 7421 IC.
9. Connect the 12th pin(QA2) of second counter to 5th pin of 7421 IC .
10. Short the Reset pins and set pins of the both the decade counter IC's.
11. Connect the output pin(6 pin) of the four input and gate 7421 IC's to shorted SET and
RESET pins.
12. Connect the output pins QA1 (12), QB1 (9), QC1 (8), QD1 (11), QA2 (12), QB2 (9),
QC2 (8), QD2 (11), of both counters to seven segment display inputs.
13. Feed the logic signals either H/L as shown in the truth table.
14. Monitor the outputs QA1, QB1, QC1, QD1, QA2, QB2, QC2, QD2.
15. Verify the truth table.
Result: Hence the display the mod53 counter using two digits7 Segment Display has been
verified.
EXPERIMENT NO: 11
8 BIT PARALLEL LOAD AND SERIAL OUT USING TWO 4 BIT SHIFT
REGISTER
Aim: - To study and implementation of 8 bit parallel load and serial out
using two 4 bit shift Register.
Apparatus:-
1) 8 bit shift register Trainer kit.
2) Patch chords.
3) Power supply.
Theory:-
A register is simply a group of flip flops that can be used to store a binary
number. A shift register is a group of flip flops connected such that the binary number can be
entered (shifted) into the register and possibly shifted out. There are two ways to shift the data
(bits in the binary number) from one place to another. The first method involves shifting the data
1 bit at a time in a serial fashion, beginning with either MSB or LSB. This technique is referred to
as serial shifting. The second method involves shifting all the data bits simultaneously and is
referred to as parallel shifting. There are two ways to shift data into a register (serial or parallel)
and similarly two ways to shift data out of the register. This leads to the construction of four
basic types of registers.This bidirectional shift register is designed to incorporate virtually all of
the features a system designer may want in a shift register; they feature parallel inputs, parallel
outputs, right- shift and left-shift serial inputs, operating-mode-control inputs, and a direct
overriding clear line. The register has four distinct modes of operation, namely:
Parallel (broadside) load Shift right (in the direction QA toward QD) Shift left (in the
direction QD toward QA) Inhibit clock (do nothing) Synchronous parallel loading is
accomplished by applying the four bits of data and taking both mode control inputs, S0 and S1,
HIGH. The data is loaded into the associated flip-flops and appear at the outputs after the
positive transition of the clock input. During loading, serial data flow is inhibited. Shift right is
accomplished synchronously with the rising edge of the clock pulse when S0 is HIGH and S1 is
LOW. Serial data for this mode is entered at the shift-right data input. When S0 is LOW and S1
is HIGH, data shifts left synchronously and new data is entered at the shift-left serial input.
8 bit parallel load and serial out using two 4 bit shift register:-
Circuit Diagram:-
Procedure:-
2. Here the selection lines of the two IC can be shorted then it can be form the S0 and S1.
3. Connect the first pin of the two IC’s then it can be form a clear then it connect to the logic
switch.
4. Short the pin number 11 of the both the IC’s then it forms a common clock line then it is
connected to the 1Hz clock generator or the pulsar switch.
5. Now connect the parallel data inputs of the first IC and the second IC to the logic switches
6. Connect the QA, QB, QC and QD of the first IC to the led’s shown in the circuit.
7. Connect the QA, QB, QC and QD of the second IC to the led’s shown in the circuit assume it
as QE, QF, QG and QH.
8. Connect the serial input of the second IC (pin7) to the logic switch put in logic‘0’.
9. Connect the 2pin of the second IC to the 12pin of the first IC.
10. Connect the 7pin of the second IC to the 15pin of the first IC.
11. Connect the parallel inputs (ABCD) first IC to the logic switches similarly connect the
Parallel inputs (ABCD) of the second IC to the logic switches and assume it as EFGH.
12. Now put the selection lines both are high that is S0=’1’ and S1=’1’ now apply the input Data.
Whatever you given it will be indicated on the led’s.
Ex:
1. After applying the parallel data put the S0=’1’ and S1=’0’ then the data is shifted
right side.
2. The input data serially exited at the QA you will observe that using the pulsar
switch giving a single pulse at a time.
Truth Table:
SERIA
PARALLEL OUTPUTS L
INPU TS OUTPU
T
Mode S0 S1 Clear Clock Q Q Q Q QH
A B C D E F G H A QB QC D QE QF G H
Hold 1 1 H 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 H 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 H 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shift 1 0 H 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
right 1 0 H 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 H 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 H 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 H 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Result: - Hence the 8 bit parallel load and serial out using two 4 bit shift Register constructed
and verified.
EXPERIMENT NO: 12
Procedure:-
Now put the selection lines S0=’0’ and S1=’1’ now apply the input data through
the pin7 of second IC Data serially by varying the logic switch. Whatever you
given it will be indicated on the led’s and it is exited at the top led.
Ex: Shift right serial input=1
a. The input data serially exited at the QA you
will observe that using the pulsar switch
giving a single pulse at a time.
b. Observe the truth table below.
Truth table:-
Result: - Hence the 8 bit serial in and serial out using two 4 bit shift register Constructed and
verified.
EXPERIMENT NO: 13
Aim: - To study and implementation of 4 bit ring and twisted ring counter.
Apparatus:-
1) 4-bit ring counter Trainer kit.
2) Patch chords.
3) Power supply.
Theory:
The Ring Counter
In the previous Shift Register tutorial we saw that if we apply a serial data signal to the
input of a serial-in to serial-out shift register, the same sequence of data will exit from the last
flip-flip in the register chain after a preset number of clock cycles thereby acting as a sort of time
delay circuit to the original signal. But what if we were to connect the output of this shift register
back to its input so that the output from the last flip-flop, QD becomes the input of the first flip-
flop, DA. We would then have a closed loop circuit that "recalculates" the DATA around a
continuous loop for every state of its sequence, and this is the principal operation of a Ring
Counter. Then by looping the output back to the input, we can convert a standard shift register
The synchronous Ring Counter example above, is preset so that exactly one data bit in the
register is set to logic "1" with all the other bits reset to "0". To achieve this, a "CLEAR" signal
is firstly applied to all the flip-flops together in order to "RESET" their outputs to a logic "0"
level and then a "PRESET" pulse is applied to the input of the first flip-flop (FFA) before the
clock pulses are applied. This then places a single logic "1" value into the circuit of the ring
counter. On each successive clock pulse, the counter circulates the same data bit between the
four flip-flops over and over again around the "ring" every fourth clock cycle. But in
order to cycle the data correctly around the counter we must first "load" the counter
with a suitable data pattern as all logic "0"'s or all logic "1"'s outputted at each
clock cycle would make the ring counter invalid.This type of data movement is
called "rotation", and like the previous shift register, the effect of the movement of
the data bit from left to right through a ring counter can be presented graphically
Since the ring counter example shown above has four distinct states, it is also known as a
"modulo-4" or "mod-4" counter with each flip-flop output having a frequency value equal to
one-fourth or a quarter (1/4) that of the main clock frequency.The "MODULO" or "MODULUS"
of a counter is the number of states the counter counts or sequences through before repeating
itself and a ring counter can be made to output any modulo number. A "mod-n" ring counter will
require "n" number of flip-flops connected together to circulate a single data bit providing "n"
different output states. For example, a mod-8 ring counter requires eight flip-flops and a mod-16
ring counter would require sixteen flip-flops. However, as in our example above, only four of the
possible sixteen states are used, making ring counters very inefficient in terms of their output
state usage.
The Johnson Ring Counter or "Twisted Ring Counters", is another shift register with
feedback exactly the same as the standard Ring Counter above, except that this time the inverted
output Q of the last flip-flop is now connected back to the input D of the first flip-flop as shown
below. The main advantage of this type of ring counter is that it only needs half the number of
flip-flops compared to the standard ring counter then it’s modulo number is halved. So a "n-
stage" Johnson counter will circulate a single data bit giving sequence of 2n different states and
can therefore be considered as a "mod-2n counter".
This inversion of Q before it is fed back to input D causes the counter to "count" in a
different way. Instead of counting through a fixed set of patterns like the normal ring counter
such as for a 4-bit counter, "0001"(1), "0010"(2), "0100"(4), "1000"(8) and repeat, the Johnson
counter counts up and then down as the initial logic "1" passes through it to the right replacing
the preceding logic "0". A 4-bit Johnson ring counter passes blocks of four logic "0" and then
four logic "1" thereby producing an 8-bit pattern. As the inverted output Q is connected to the
input D this 8-bit pattern continually repeats. For example, "1000", "1100", "1110", "1111",
"0111", "0011", "0001", "0000" and this is demonstrated in the following table below.
As well as counting or rotating data around a continuous loop, ring counters can
also be used to detect or recognize various patterns or number values within a set
of data. By connecting simple logic gates such as the AND or the OR gates to the
outputs of the flip-flops the circuit can be made to detect a set number or value.
Standard 2, 3 or 4-stage Johnson ring counters can also be used to divide the
frequency of the clock signal by varying their feedback connections and divide-
by-3 or divide-by-5 outputs are also available. A 3-stage Johnson Ring Counter
can also be used as a 3-phase, 120 degree phase shift square wave generator by
connecting to the data outputs at A, B and NOT-B. The standard 5-stage Johnson
counter such as the commonly available CD4017 is generally used as a
synchronous decade counter/divider circuit. The smaller 2-stage circuit is also
called a "Quadrature" (sine/cosine) Oscillator/Generator and is used to produce
four individual outputs that are each "phase shifted" by 90 degrees with respect to
each other, and this is shown below.
Result: - Hence the 8 bit serial In and serial OUT using two 4-bit shift register is constructed
and verified
EXPERIMENT NO: 14
Pin-diagram:-
Circuit Connection:
Procedure:-
1. Connect the first J-K flip-flop to logic switch using a patch chord.
2. Connect the output of 1st flip-flop ‘1QA’ to the 2nd flip-flop J-K.
Connect this point to the 7seg ‘A’ input using patch chord and connect
this point to the AND gate input.
3. Connect the output of 2nd flip-flop ‘1QB’ to the 3rd flip-flop J-K.
Connect this point to the 7seg ‘B’ input using patch chord and connect this
point to the AND gate input.
4. Connect the output of AND gate ‘1QC’ to the 4th flip-flop J-K. Connect
this point to the output LED ‘C’ input using patch chord connect this
point to the AND gate input.
5. Make the all connection shown in the circuit connection diagram.
6. Connect the 1st stage outputs QA, QB, QC and QD to the output LEDs.
7. Connect the 2nd stage outputs QA, QB, QC and QD to the output LEDs.
8. Connect the 3rd stage outputs QA, QB, QC and QD to the output LEDs.
9. Connect the 4th stage outputs QA, QB, QC and QD to the output LEDs.
Now switch on the trainer kit put the reset and the J-K flip-flop
switches in logic switch put in logic’1’.
10. Verify the counting on output LEDs. The first stage completes the
‘HHHH’ the second stage will be incremented by one this process is
continues until the all the stages reaches to the ‘HHHH HHHH HHHH
HHHH’.
11. After completion of the all the stages ‘HHHH’ the counter will be
automatically resets and it starts from ‘LLLL’.
OUTPUTS
COUNT
QD QC QB QA
0 L L L L
1 L L L H
2 L L H L
3 L L H H
4 L H L L
5 L H L H
6 L H H L
7 L H H H
8 H L L L
9 H L L H
10 H L H L
11 H L H H
12 H H L L
13 H H L H
14 H H H L
15 H H H H
EXPERIMENT NO: 15
Theory:-
Asynchronous Counters use flip-flops that are serially connected together so that the
input clock pulse ripples through the counter giving them the name of ripple counter. In this
asynchronous circuit the clock signal should be connected to the only the first J-K flip-flop and
the output of the first flip-flop that is ‘Q’ is connected to the clock input of the second flip-flop.
It means that whenever the first flip-flop complete its function then the output ‘Q’ will be
activated it gives a clock pulse to the next flip-flop. The second flip-flop will be activated then
the output of the second stage is given to the third stage clock input of the J-K flip-flop. The
sequence is four stages so the outputs will be QA, QB, QC and QD. The QA is the output of the
first stage and QB is the output of the second stage similarly remaining QC and QD respective
stages. The output of the single stage counts the 0000- 1111 it means that it counts the zero to
fifteen so it is called the one hex count. This is only for the single stage using this single stage we
are build the four digit hex counter. To build this we are using the 74LS73 it is having the two J-
K flip-flops.
PIN DIAGRAM:74LS73
Procedure:-
1) Connect the Reset to the logic switch through the patch chord.
2) Connect the first J-K flip-flop all to be shorted and give them to logic switch
using a patch chord.
3) Connect the output of 1st flip-flop ‘1QA’ to the 2nd flip-flop clk. Connect this point to
the 7seg ‘A’ input using patch chord.
4) Connect the output of 2nd flip-flop ‘1QB’ to the 3rd flip-flop clk. Connect this point
to the 7seg ‘B’ input using patch chord.
5) Connect the output of 3rd flip-flop ‘1QC’ to the 4th flip-flop clk. connect this point to
the 7seg ‘C’ input using patch chord.
6) Connect the output of 4th flip-flop ‘1QD’ to the output LED ‘D’ input using patch
chord this is only for the single digit.
7) Connect the output of 1st stage ‘1QD’ to the clock input of the 2nd stage.
8) Make the all connection shown in the circuit connection diagram.
9) Connect the 1st stage outputs QA, QB, QC and QD to the output LEDs.
10) Connect the 2nd stage outputs QA, QB, QC and QD to the output LEDs.
11) Connect the 3rd stage outputs QA, QB, QC and QD to the output LEDs.
12) Connect the 4th stage outputs QA, QB, QC and QD to the output LEDs.
13) Now switch on the trainer kit input the reset and the J-K flip-flop switches in logic
switch.
14) Verify the counting on output LEDs. The first stage completes the ‘F’ the second
stage will be incremented by one this process is continues until the all the stages
reaches to the ‘FFFF’.
15) After completion of the all the stages ‘F’ the counter will be automatically resets
and it starts from ‘LLLL’.
OUTPUTS
COUNT
QD QC QB QA
0 L L L L
1 L L L H
2 L L H L
3 L L H H
4 L H L L
5 L H L H
6 L H H L
7 L H H H
8 H L L L
9 H L L H
10 H L H L
11 H L H H
12 H H L L
13 H H L H
14 H H H L
15 H H H H
NOTE: All the inputs connected may be high or low.They are just connected to close the circuit.
For every count pulse should be given then only the output changes.
Result:- Hence the implementation of 4 digit hex counter using asynchronous one digit hex
Counter is verified