Declarations and Initializations Discuss in Forum

.How would you round off a value from 1.66 to 2.0?
A.ceil(1.66)
B. floor(1.66)
C. roundup(1.66)
D.roundto(1.66)
Your Answer: Option A
Correct Answer: Option A
Explanation:
/* Example for ceil() and floor() functions: */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
printf("\n Result : %f" , ceil(1.44) );
printf("\n Result : %f" , ceil(1.66) );
printf("\n Result : %f" , floor(1.44) );

printf("\n Result : %f" , floor(1.66) );
return 0;
}
// Output:
// Result : 2.000000
// Result : 2.000000
// Result : 1.000000
// Result : 1.000000
Learn more problems on : Declarations and Initializations
Discuss about this problem : Discuss in Forum
2.What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
int addmult(int ii, int jj)

{
int kk, ll;
kk = ii + jj;
ll = ii * jj;
return (kk, ll);
}
int main()
{
int i=3, j=4, k, l;
k = addmult(i, j);
l = addmult(i, j);
printf("%d %d\n", k, l);
return 0;
}
A.12 12
B. No error, No output
C. Error: Compile error
D.None of above
Your Answer: Option C
Learn more problems on : Functions
3.Macro calls and function calls work exactly similarly.

A.True
B. False
Correct Answer: Option B
Explanation:
False, A macro just replaces each occurrence with the code assigned to it. e.g. SQUARE(3)
with ((3)*(3)) in the program.
A function is compiled once and can be called from anywhere that has visibility to the
funciton.
Learn more problems on : C Preprocessor
4.The '.' operator can be used access structure elements using a structure variable.
A.True
B. False
Learn more problems on : Structures, Unions, Enums
5.Which bitwise operator is suitable for checking whether a particular bit is on or off?
A.&& operator
B. & operator
C. || operator
D.! operator
Your Answer: Option B
Learn more problems on : Bitwise Operators
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
char c;
for(i=1; i<=5; i++)
{
scanf("%c", &c); /* given input is 'b' */
ungetc(c, stdout);
printf("%c", c);
ungetc(c, stdin);
}
return 0;
}
A.bbbb
B. bbbbb
C. b
D.Error in ungetc statement.
Correct Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The ungetc() function pushes the character c back onto the named input stream, which must be
open for reading.
This character will be returned on the next call to getc or fread for that stream.
One character can be pushed back in all situations.
A second call to ungetc without a call to getc will force the previous character to be forgotten.
Learn more problems on : Library Functions
7.size of union is size of the longest element in the union

A.Yes
B. No
Learn more problems on : Structures, Unions, Enums
8.What will be the output of the program ?
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
float a=3.15529;
printf("%2.1f\n", a);
return 0;
}
A.3.00
B. 3.15
C. 3.2
D.3
Explanation:
float a=3.15529; The variable a is declared as an float data type and initialized to value
3.15529;
printf("%2.1f\n", a); The precision specifier tells .1f tells the printf function to place only one
number after the .(dot).
Hence the output is 3.2
Learn more problems on : Input / Output
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
const c = -11;
const int d = 34;
printf("%d, %d\n", c, d);
return 0;
}
A.Error
B. -11, 34
C. 11, 34
D.None of these

Explanation:
Step 1: const c = -11; The constant variable 'c' is declared and initialized to value "-11".
Step 2: const int d = 34; The constant variable 'd' is declared as an integer and initialized to
value '34'.
Step 3: printf("%d, %d\n", c, d); The value of the variable 'c' and 'd' are printed.
Hence the output of the program is -11, 34
Learn more problems on : Const
10.What will be the output of the program (in Turbo C)?
#include<stdio.h>
int fun(int *f)

{
*f = 10;
return 0;
}
int main()
{
const int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
printf("Before modification arr[3] = %d", arr[3]);
fun(&arr[3]);
printf("\nAfter modification arr[3] = %d", arr[3]);
return 0;
}
Before modification arr[3] = 4
A.
After modification arr[3] = 10
B. Error: cannot convert parameter 1 from const int * to int *
C. Error: Invalid parameter
D.
Explanation:
Step 1: const int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; The constant variable arr is declared as an integer
array and initialized to
arr[0] = 1, arr[1] = 2, arr[2] = 3, arr[3] = 4, arr[4] = 5
Step 2: printf("Before modification arr[3] = %d", arr[3]); It prints the value of arr[3] (ie. 4).
Step 3: fun(&arr[3]); The memory location of the arr[3] is passed to fun() and arr[3] value
is modified to 10.
A const variable can be indirectly modified by a pointer.
Step 4: printf("After modification arr[3] = %d", arr[3]); It prints the value of arr[3] (ie. 10).
Hence the output of the program is
Learn more problems on : Const
11.Point out the error in the following program.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str[] = "IndiaBIX";
printf("%.#s %2s", str, str);
return 0;
}
A.Error: in Array declaration
B. Error: printf statement
C. Error: unspecified character in printf
D.No error
Correct Answer: Option D

12.Point out the error in the following program.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char str1[] = "Learn through IndiaBIX\0.com", str2[120];
char *p;
p = (char*) memccpy(str2, str1, 'i', strlen(str1));
*p = '\0';
printf("%s", str2);
return 0;
}
A.Error: in memccpy statement
B. Error: invalid pointer conversion
C. Error: invalid variable declaration
D.No error and prints "Learn through Indi"
Correct Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Declaration:
void *memccpy(void *dest, const void *src, int c, size_t n); : Copies a block of n bytes from
src to dest
With memccpy(), the copying stops as soon as either of the following occurs:
=> the character 'i' is first copied into str2
=> n bytes have been copied into str2
13.What will be the output of the program ?
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[5] = {5, 1, 15, 20, 25};
int i, j, m;
i = ++a[1];
j = a[1]++;
m = a[i++];
printf("%d, %d, %d", i, j, m);
return 0;
}
A.2, 1, 15
B. 1, 2, 5
C. 3, 2, 15
D.2, 3, 20
Explanation:
Step 1: int a[5] = {5, 1, 15, 20, 25}; The variable arr is declared as an integer array with a
size of 5 and it is initialized to
a[0] = 5, a[1] = 1, a[2] = 15, a[3] = 20, a[4] = 25 .
Step 2: int i, j, m; The variable i,j,m are declared as an integer type.
Step 3: i = ++a[1]; becomes i = ++1; Hence i = 2 and a[1] = 2
Step 4: j = a[1]++; becomes j = 2++; Hence j = 2 and a[1] = 3.
Step 5: m = a[i++]; becomes m = a[2]; Hence m = 15 and i is incremented by 1(i++ means

2++ so i=3)
Step 6: printf("%d, %d, %d", i, j, m); It prints the value of the variables i, j, m
Hence the output of the program is 3, 2, 15
Learn more problems on : Arrays
14.Which of the declaration is correct?

A.int length;
B. char int;
C. int long;
D.float double;
Explanation:
int length; denotes that variable length is int(integer) data type.
char int; here int is a keyword cannot be used a variable name.
int long; here long is a keyword cannot be used a variable name.
float double; here double is a keyword cannot be used a variable name.
So, the answer is int length;(Option A).
Learn more problems on : Declarations and Initializations
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char far *near *ptr1;
char far *far *ptr2;
char far *huge *ptr3;
printf("%d, %d, %d\n", sizeof(ptr1), sizeof(ptr2), sizeof(ptr3));
return 0;
}
A.4, 4, 8
B. 4, 4, 4
C. 2, 4, 4
D.2, 4, 8
Learn more problems on : Complicated Declarations

16.Point out the error, if any in the program.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 10, b;
a >=5 ? b=100: b=200;
printf("%d\n", b);
return 0;
}
A.100
B. 200
C. Error: L value required for b
D.Garbage value
Explanation:
Variable b is not assigned.
It should be like:
b = a >= 5 ? 100 : 200;
Learn more problems on : Control Instructions
17.What would be the equivalent pointer expression for referring the array element a[i][j][k][l]
A.((((a+i)+j)+k)+l)
B. *(*(*(*(a+i)+j)+k)+l)
C. (((a+i)+j)+k+l)
D.((a+i)+j+k+l)

Learn more problems on : Pointers
18.Data written into a file using fwrite() can be read back using fscanf()
A.True
B. False
Explanation:
fwrite() - Unformatted write in to a file.

fscanf() - Formatted read from a file.
19.It is necessary that for the string functions to work safely the strings must be terminated with
'\0'.
A.True
B. False
Explanation:
C string is a character sequence stored as a one-dimensional character array and terminated

with a null character('\0', called NULL in ASCII).
The length of a C string is found by searching for the (first) NULL byte.
20.Input/output function prototypes and macros are defined in which header file?
A.conio.h
B. stdlib.h
C. stdio.h
D.dos.h
Your Answer: Option D
Explanation:
stdio.h, which stands for "standard input/output header", is the header in the C standard
library that contains macro definitions, constants, and declarations of functions and types used
for various standard input and output operations.
*** END OF THE TEST ***
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Planning
Definition: Planning is the fundamental management function, which involves deciding
beforehand, what is to be done, when is it to be done, how it is to be done and who is going to
do it. It is an intellectual process which lays down an organisation’s objectives and develops
various courses of action, by which the organisation can achieve those objectives. It chalks out
exactly, how to attain a specific goal.
Planning is nothing but thinking before the action takes place. It helps us to take a peep into
the future and decide in advance the way to deal with the situations, which we are going to
encounter in future. It involves logical thinking and rational decision making.
Characteristics of Planning
1. Managerial function: Planning is a first and foremost managerial function provides the base for
other functions of the management, i.e. organising, staffing, directing and controlling, as they
are performed within the periphery of the plans made.
2. Goal oriented: It focuses on defining the goals of the organisation, identifying alternative
courses of action and deciding the appropriate action plan, which is to be undertaken for
reaching the goals.
3. Pervasive: It is pervasive in the sense that it is present in all the segments and is required at all
the levels of the organisation. Although the scope of planning varies at different levels and
departments.
4. Continuous Process: Plans are made for a specific term, say for a month, quarter, year and so
on. Once that period is over, new plans are drawn, considering the organisation’s present and
future requirements and conditions. Therefore, it is an ongoing process, as the plans are framed,
executed and followed by another plan.
5. Intellectual Process: It is a mental exercise at it involves the application of mind, to think,
forecast, imagine intelligently and innovate etc.
6. Futuristic: In the process of planning we take a sneak peek of the future. It encompasses looking
into the future, to analyse and predict it so that the organisation can face future challenges
effectively.
7. Decision making: Decisions are made regarding the choice of alternative courses of action that
can be undertaken to reach the goal. The alternative chosen should be best among all, with the
least number of the negative and highest number of positive outcomes.
Planning is concerned with setting objectives, targets, and formulating plan to accomplish them.
The activity helps managers analyse the present condition to identify the ways of attaining
the desired position in future. It is both, the need of the organisation and the responsibility of
managers.
Importance of Planning
 It helps managers to improve future performance, by establishing objectives and selecting a

course of action, for the benefit of the organisation.
 It minimises risk and uncertainty, by looking ahead into the future.
 It facilitates the coordination of activities. Thus, reduces overlapping among activities and
eliminates unproductive work.
 It states in advance, what should be done in future, so it provides direction for action.
 It uncovers and identifies future opportunities and threats.
 It sets out standards for controlling. It compares actual performance with the standard
performance and efforts are made to correct the same.
Planning is present in all types of organisations, households, sectors, economies, etc. We need to
plan because the future is highly uncertain and no one can predict the future with 100%
accuracy, as the conditions can change anytime. Hence, planning is the basic requirement of any
organization for the survival, growth and success.
Steps involved in Planning

By planning process, an organisation not only gets the insights of the future, but it also helps the
organisation to shape its future. Effective planning involves simplicity of the plan, i.e. the plan
should be clearly stated and easy to understand because if the plan is too much complicated it
will create chaos among the members of the organisation. Further, the plan should fulfil all the
requirements of the organisation.
Planning
reaching the goals.
departments.
effectively.
managers.


Planning
reaching the goals.
departments.
effectively.
managers.


Planning
reaching the goals.
departments.
effectively.
managers.


1. Planning is goal-oriented.
a. Planning is made to achieve desired objective of business.
b. The goals established should general acceptance otherwise individual efforts &
energies will go misguided and misdirected.
c. Planning identifies the action that would lead to desired goals quickly &
economically.
d. It provides sense of direction to various activities. E.g. Maruti Udhyog is trying to
capture once again Indian Car Market by launching diesel models.
2. Planning is looking ahead.
a. Planning is done for future.
b. It requires peeping in future, analyzing it and predicting it.
c. Thus planning is based on forecasting.
d. A plan is a synthesis of forecast.
e. It is a mental predisposition for things to happen in future.
3. Planning is an intellectual process.
a. Planning is a mental exercise involving creative thinking, sound judgement and
imagination.
b. It is not a mere guesswork but a rotational thinking.
c. A manager can prepare sound plans only if he has sound judgement, foresight and
imagination.
d. Planning is always based on goals, facts and considered estimates.
4. Planning involves choice & decision making.
a. Planning essentially involves choice among various alternatives.
b. Therefore, if there is only one possible course of action, there is no need planning
because there is no choice.
c. Thus, decision making is an integral part of planning.
d. A manager is surrounded by no. of alternatives. He has to pick the best depending
upon requirements & resources of the enterprises.
5. Planning is the primary function of management / Primacy of Planning.
a. Planning lays foundation for other functions of management.
b. It serves as a guide for organizing, staffing, directing and controlling.
c. All the functions of management are performed within the framework of plans
laid out.
d. Therefore planning is the basic or fundamental function of management.
6. Planning is a Continuous Process.
a. Planning is a never ending function due to the dynamic business environment.
b. Plans are also prepared for specific period f time and at the end of that period,
plans are subjected to revaluation and review in the light of new requirements and
changing conditions.
c. Planning never comes into end till the enterprise exists issues, problems may keep
cropping up and they have to be tackled by planning effectively.
7. Planning is all Pervasive.
a. It is required at all levels of management and in all departments of enterprise.
b. Of course, the scope of planning may differ from one level to another.
c. The top level may be more concerned about planning the organization as a whole
whereas the middle level may be more specific in departmental plans and the
lower level plans implementation of the same.
8. Planning is designed for efficiency.
a. Planning leads to accompishment of objectives at the minimum possible cost.
b. It avoids wastage of resources and ensures adequate and optimum utilization of
resources.
c. A plan is worthless or useless if it does not value the cost incurred on it.
d. Therefore planning must lead to saving of time, effort and money.
e. Planning leads to proper utilization of men, money, materials, methods and
machines.
9. Planning is Flexible.
a. Planning is done for the future.
b. Since future is unpredictable, planning must provide enough room to cope with
the changes in customer’s demand, competition, govt. policies etc.
c. Under changed circumstances, the original plan of action must be revised and
updated to male it more practical.
Planning Function of Management

Planning means looking ahead and chalking out future courses of action to be followed. It is a
preparatory step. It is a systematic activity which determines when, how and who is going to
perform a specific job. Planning is a detailed programme regarding future courses of action.
It is rightly said “Well plan is half done”. Therefore planning takes into consideration available
& prospective human and physical resources of the organization so as to get effective co-
ordination, contribution & perfect adjustment. It is the basic management function which
includes formulation of one or more detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or
demands with the available resources.
According to Urwick, “Planning is a mental predisposition to do things in orderly way, to think

before acting and to act in the light of facts rather than guesses”. Planning is deciding best
alternative among others to perform different managerial functions in order to achieve
predetermined goals.
According to Koontz & O’Donell, “Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do and
who is to do it. Planning bridges the gap between where we are to, where we want to go. It
makes possible things to occur which would not otherwise occur”.
Steps in Planning Function

Planning function of management involves following steps:-
1. Establishment of objectives
a. Planning requires a systematic approach.
b. Planning starts with the setting of goals and objectives to be achieved.
c. Objectives provide a rationale for undertaking various activities as well as indicate
direction of efforts.
d. Moreover objectives focus the attention of managers on the end results to be achieved.
e. As a matter of fact, objectives provide nucleus to the planning process. Therefore,
objectives should be stated in a clear, precise and unambiguous language. Otherwise
the activities undertaken are bound to be ineffective.
f. As far as possible, objectives should be stated in quantitative terms. For example,
Number of men working, wages given, units produced, etc. But such an objective cannot
be stated in quantitative terms like performance of quality control manager,
effectiveness of personnel manager.
g. Such goals should be specified in qualitative terms.
h. Hence objectives should be practical, acceptable, workable and achievable.
2. Establishment of Planning Premises
a. Planning premises are the assumptions about the lively shape of events in future.
b. They serve as a basis of planning.
c. Establishment of planning premises is concerned with determining where one tends to
deviate from the actual plans and causes of such deviations.
d. It is to find out what obstacles are there in the way of business during the course of
operations.
e. Establishment of planning premises is concerned to take such steps that avoids these
obstacles to a great extent.
f. Planning premises may be internal or external. Internal includes capital investment
policy, management labour relations, philosophy of management, etc. Whereas external
includes socio- economic, political and economical changes.
g. Internal premises are controllable whereas external are non- controllable.
3. Choice of alternative course of action
a. When forecast are available and premises are established, a number of alternative
course of actions have to be considered.
b. For this purpose, each and every alternative will be evaluated by weighing its pros and
cons in the light of resources available and requirements of the organization.
c. The merits, demerits as well as the consequences of each alternative must be examined
before the choice is being made.
d. After objective and scientific evaluation, the best alternative is chosen.
e. The planners should take help of various quantitative techniques to judge the stability of
an alternative.
4. Formulation of derivative plans
a. Derivative plans are the sub plans or secondary plans which help in the achievement of
main plan.
b. Secondary plans will flow from the basic plan. These are meant to support and
expediate the achievement of basic plans.
c. These detail plans include policies, procedures, rules, programmes, budgets, schedules,
etc. For example, if profit maximization is the main aim of the enterprise, derivative
plans will include sales maximization, production maximization, and cost minimization.
d. Derivative plans indicate time schedule and sequence of accomplishing various tasks.
5. Securing Co-operation
a. After the plans have been determined, it is necessary rather advisable to take
subordinates or those who have to implement these plans into confidence.
b. The purposes behind taking them into confidence are :-
i. Subordinates may feel motivated since they are involved in decision making
process.
ii. The organization may be able to get valuable suggestions and improvement in
formulation as well as implementation of plans.
iii. Also the employees will be more interested in the execution of these plans.
6. Follow up/Appraisal of plans
a. After choosing a particular course of action, it is put into action.
b. After the selected plan is implemented, it is important to appraise its effectiveness.
c. This is done on the basis of feedback or information received from departments or
persons concerned.
d. This enables the management to correct deviations or modify the plan.
e. This step establishes a link between planning and controlling function.
f. The follow up must go side by side the implementation of plans so that in the light of
observations made, future plans can be made more realistic.
1. Planning is goal-oriented.
a. Planning is made to achieve desired objective of business.
b. The goals established should general acceptance otherwise individual efforts &
energies will go misguided and misdirected.
c. Planning identifies the action that would lead to desired goals quickly &
economically.
d. It provides sense of direction to various activities. E.g. Maruti Udhyog is trying to
capture once again Indian Car Market by launching diesel models.
2. Planning is looking ahead.
a. Planning is done for future.
b. It requires peeping in future, analyzing it and predicting it.
c. Thus planning is based on forecasting.
d. A plan is a synthesis of forecast.
e. It is a mental predisposition for things to happen in future.
3. Planning is an intellectual process.
a. Planning is a mental exercise involving creative thinking, sound judgement and
imagination.
b. It is not a mere guesswork but a rotational thinking.
c. A manager can prepare sound plans only if he has sound judgement, foresight and
imagination.
d. Planning is always based on goals, facts and considered estimates.
4. Planning involves choice & decision making.
a. Planning essentially involves choice among various alternatives.
b. Therefore, if there is only one possible course of action, there is no need planning
because there is no choice.
c. Thus, decision making is an integral part of planning.
d. A manager is surrounded by no. of alternatives. He has to pick the best depending
upon requirements & resources of the enterprises.
5. Planning is the primary function of management / Primacy of Planning.
a. Planning lays foundation for other functions of management.
b. It serves as a guide for organizing, staffing, directing and controlling.
c. All the functions of management are performed within the framework of plans
laid out.
d. Therefore planning is the basic or fundamental function of management.
6. Planning is a Continuous Process.
a. Planning is a never ending function due to the dynamic business environment.
b. Plans are also prepared for specific period f time and at the end of that period,
plans are subjected to revaluation and review in the light of new requirements and
changing conditions.
c. Planning never comes into end till the enterprise exists issues, problems may keep
cropping up and they have to be tackled by planning effectively.
7. Planning is all Pervasive.
a. It is required at all levels of management and in all departments of enterprise.
b. Of course, the scope of planning may differ from one level to another.
c. The top level may be more concerned about planning the organization as a whole
whereas the middle level may be more specific in departmental plans and the
lower level plans implementation of the same.
8. Planning is designed for efficiency.
a. Planning leads to accompishment of objectives at the minimum possible cost.
b. It avoids wastage of resources and ensures adequate and optimum utilization of
resources.
c. A plan is worthless or useless if it does not value the cost incurred on it.
d. Therefore planning must lead to saving of time, effort and money.
e. Planning leads to proper utilization of men, money, materials, methods and
machines.
9. Planning is Flexible.
a. Planning is done for the future.
b. Since future is unpredictable, planning must provide enough room to cope with
the changes in customer’s demand, competition, govt. policies etc.
c. Under changed circumstances, the original plan of action must be revised and
updated to male it more practical.
Advantages of Planning
1. Planning facilitates management by objectives.
a. Planning begins with determination of objectives.
b. It highlights the purposes for which various activities are to be undertaken.
c. In fact, it makes objectives more clear and specific.
d. Planning helps in focusing the attention of employees on the objectives or goals of
enterprise.
e. Without planning an organization has no guide.
f. Planning compels manager to prepare a Blue-print of the courses of action to be
followed for accomplishment of objectives.
g. Therefore, planning brings order and rationality into the organization.
2. Planning minimizes uncertainties.
a. Business is full of uncertainties.
b. There are risks of various types due to uncertainties.
c. Planning helps in reducing uncertainties of future as it involves anticipation of future
events.
d. Although future cannot be predicted with cent percent accuracy but planning helps
management to anticipate future and prepare for risks by necessary provisions to meet
unexpected turn of events.
e. Therefore with the help of planning, uncertainties can be forecasted which helps in
preparing standbys as a result, uncertainties are minimized to a great extent.
3. Planning facilitates co-ordination.
a. Planning revolves around organizational goals.
b. All activities are directed towards common goals.
c. There is an integrated effort throughout the enterprise in various departments and
groups.
d. It avoids duplication of efforts. In other words, it leads to better co-ordination.
e. It helps in finding out problems of work performance and aims at rectifying the same.
4. Planning improves employee’s moral.
a. Planning creates an atmosphere of order and discipline in organization.
b. Employees know in advance what is expected of them and therefore conformity can be
achieved easily.
c. This encourages employees to show their best and also earn reward for the same.
d. Planning creates a healthy attitude towards work environment which helps in boosting
employees moral and efficiency.
5. Planning helps in achieving economies.
a. Effective planning secures economy since it leads to orderly allocation ofresources to
various operations.
b. It also facilitates optimum utilization of resources which brings economy in operations.
c. It also avoids wastage of resources by selecting most appropriate use that will
contribute to the objective of enterprise. For example, raw materials can be purchased
in bulk and transportation cost can be minimized. At the same time it ensures regular
supply for the production department, that is, overall efficiency.
6. Planning facilitates controlling.
a. Planning facilitates existence of certain planned goals and standard of performance.
b. It provides basis of controlling.
c. We cannot think of an effective system of controlling without existence of well thought
out plans.
d. Planning provides pre-determined goals against which actual performance is compared.
e. In fact, planning and controlling are the two sides of a same coin. If planning is root,
controlling is the fruit.
7. Planning provides competitive edge.
a. Planning provides competitive edge to the enterprise over the others which do not have
effective planning. This is because of the fact that planning may involve changing in
work methods, quality, quantity designs, extension of work, redefining of goals, etc.
b. With the help of forecasting not only the enterprise secures its future but at the same
time it is able to estimate the future motives of it’s competitor which helps in facing
future challenges.
c. Therefore, planning leads to best utilization of possible resources, improves quality of
production and thus the competitive strength of the enterprise is improved.
8. Planning encourages innovations.
a. In the process of planning, managers have the opportunities of suggesting ways and
means of improving performance.
b. Planning is basically a decision making function which involves creative thinking and
imagination that ultimately leads to innovation of methods and operations for growth
and prosperity of the enterprise.
Disadvantages of Planning
Internal Limitations
There are several limitations of planning. Some of them are inherit in the process of planning
like rigidity and other arise due to shortcoming of the techniques of planning and in the planners
themselves.
1. Rigidity
a. Planning has tendency to make administration inflexible.
b. Planning implies prior determination of policies, procedures and programmes and
a strict adherence to them in all circumstances.
c. There is no scope for individual freedom.
d. The development of employees is highly doubted because of which management
might have faced lot of difficulties in future.
e. Planning therefore introduces inelasticity and discourages individual initiative and
experimentation.
2. Misdirected Planning
a. Planning may be used to serve individual interests rather than the interest of the
enterprise.
b. Attempts can be made to influence setting of objectives, formulation of plans and
programmes to suit ones own requirement rather than that of whole organization.
c. Machinery of planning can never be freed of bias. Every planner has his own
likes, dislikes, preferences, attitudes and interests which is reflected in planning.
3. Time consuming
a. Planning is a time consuming process because it involves collection of
information, it’s analysis and interpretation thereof. This entire process takes a lot
of time specially where there are a number of alternatives available.
b. Therefore planning is not suitable during emergency or crisis when quick
decisions are required.
4. Probability in planning
a. Planning is based on forecasts which are mere estimates about future.
b. These estimates may prove to be inexact due to the uncertainty of future.
c. Any change in the anticipated situation may render plans ineffective.
d. Plans do not always reflect real situations inspite of the sophisticated techniques
of forecasting because future is unpredictable.
e. Thus, excessive reliance on plans may prove to be fatal.
5. False sense of security
a. Elaborate planning may create a false sense of security to the effect that
everything is taken for granted.
b. Managers assume that as long as they work as per plans, it is satisfactory.
c. Therefore they fail to take up timely actions and an opportunity is lost.
d. Employees are more concerned about fulfillment of plan performance rather than
any kind of change.
6. Expensive
a. Collection, analysis and evaluation of different information, facts and alternatives
involves a lot of expense in terms of time, effort and money
b. According to Koontz and O’Donell, ’ Expenses on planning should never exceed
the estimated benefits from planning. ’
External Limitations of Planning

1. Political Climate- Change of government from Congress to some other political party,
etc.
2. Labour Union- Strikes, lockouts, agitations.
3. Technological changes- Modern techniques and equipments, computerization.
4. Policies of competitors- Eg. Policies of Coca Cola and Pepsi.
5. Natural Calamities- Earthquakes and floods.
6. Changes in demand and prices- Change in fashion, change in tastes, change in income
level, demand falls, price falls, etc.

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.How would you round off a value from 1.66 to 2.0?

Your Answer: Option A

Correct Answer: Option A

/* Example for ceil() and floor() functions: */

printf("\n Result : %f" , floor(1.44) );

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2.What will be the output of the program?

int addmult(int ii, int jj)

Your Answer: Option C

Correct Answer: Option A

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3.Macro calls and function calls work exactly similarly.

Your Answer: Option A

Correct Answer: Option B

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Your Answer: Option A

Correct Answer: Option A

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Your Answer: Option B

Correct Answer: Option B

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6.What will be the output of the program?

Your Answer: Option B

Correct Answer: Option C

One character can be pushed back in all situations.

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7.size of union is size of the longest element in the union

Your Answer: Option A

Correct Answer: Option A

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8.What will be the output of the program ?

Your Answer: Option B

Correct Answer: Option C

Hence the output is 3.2

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9.What will be the output of the program?

Your Answer: Option B

Hence the output of the program is -11, 34

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10.What will be the output of the program (in Turbo C)?

int fun(int *f)

Your Answer: Option B

Correct Answer: Option A

arr[0] = 1, arr[1] = 2, arr[2] = 3, arr[3] = 4, arr[4] = 5

A const variable can be indirectly modified by a pointer.

Hence the output of the program is

Before modification arr[3] = 4

After modification arr[3] = 10

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11.Point out the error in the following program.

Your Answer: Option C

Correct Answer: Option D

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* END OF THE TEST *