7/10/2017

BURUUJ REAL ESTATE & CONSTRUCTION

In conjunction with
Amaana Engineering & Construction

Presents
Theory and Analysis of Structures

Calculation of Bending Moments (BM) &

Shear Forces (SF) of Simple Beams
Presented by: Eng A. A. Ahmed

7/10/2017 By: Eng A. A. Ahmed 1

Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Introduction
Why study structural engineering?

→ The main purpose of structural analysis is to determine

forces and deformations of the structure due to
applied loads.

→ Structural design involves form finding, determination

of loadings, and proportioning of structural members
and components in such a way that the assembled
structure is capable of supporting the loads within the
design limit states.
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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• REVIEW of STATICS
• Fundamental Principles
• ∑H=0 ∑V=0 ∑M=0

• Newton's third law of motion

→ To every ac on there is an equal and
opposite reaction.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Reaction Forces for Planar Structures

→ 1 In the analysis of structures, it is o en
easier (but not always necessary) to start by
determining the reactions.
→ 2 Once the reac ons are determined, internal
forces are determined next; finally, internal
stresses and/or deformations (deflections and
rotations) are determined last.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Reaction Forces for Planar Structures

→ 3 Reactions are necessary to determine
foundation load.
→ 4 Depending on the type of structures, there
can be different types of support conditions;

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Support (Boundary) Conditions

Actual (Real)
a. Frictionless pin support; hinge or pinned joint
allows rotation but does not allow
translational movements.
b. Frictionless roller support; provides a
restraint in only one direction in a 2D
structure, A roller will allow rotation.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Support (Boundary) Conditions ……

c. Fixed support; will prevent rotation and
displacements in all directions.
d. Rotational spring; provides some rotational
restraint but does not provide any
translational restraint.
e. Translational spring; can provide partial
restraints along the direction of deformation

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams
• Support (Boundary) Conditions ….

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Fundamental Principles
• Principle of Superposition;
→ The principle states that if the structural
behavior is linearly elastic, the forces acting on
a structure may be separated or divided into
any convenient fashion and the structure
analyzed for the separate cases.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Principle of Superposition;
→ The final results can be obtained by adding
up the individual results. This is applicable to
the computation of structural responses such
as moment, shear, deflection, etc.
→ However there are excep ons to this rule!
For example, Non-linear stress, etc.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams
• Beams
→ One of the most common structural elements
is a beam; it bends when subjected to loads
acting transversely to its centroidal axis or
sometimes by loads acting both transversely
and parallel to this axis.
A beam is laterally loaded member, whose
cross-sectional dimensions are small as
compared to its length.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Types of beams: According to their support

1. Simply Supported beam: their supports create
only the translational constraints.
Sometimes translational movement may be
allowed in one direction with the help of
rollers.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams
• Types of beams: According to their support
2. Overhanging beam: A beam which is simply
supported at point A and B and projects
beyond point B.
The segment BC is similar to cantilever beam
but also the beam axis may rotate at point B.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Types of beams: According to their support

3. Cantilever beam: fixed at one end and free at
other end.
At the fixed support the beam can neither
translate nor rotate, whereas at the free end it
may do both.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams
4. Fixed beam: When both ends are fixed.

5. Continuous beam: there are more than two

supports.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams
• Types of loading of beams
There are three types of loading:
a. Concentrated or point load: When external
load acting on the beam is concentrated at a
single point on the beam.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams
Concentrated or point load:

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Types of loading of beams …

b. Uniformly distributed load (UDL): When
external load acting on the beam is
distributed over a length of beam, is said to
be a UDL.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams
Uniformly distributed load (UDL):

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Types of loading of beams ….

c. Uniformly varying load (UVL): Load spread
over a beam in such a manner that rate of
loading varies uniformly from point to point.
Also known as triangular load.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams
Uniformly varying load (UVL)

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Shear Force (SF)

→ When the beam is loaded in some arbitrarily
manner, the internal forces and moments are
developed and the term shear force and
bending moment come into pictures.
The algebraic sum of vertical forces at any
section of beam to the right or left of section
is known as SF.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Bending Moment (BM)

→ Algebraic sum of moments of all the forces
acting to the right or left of the section is
known as BM.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Sign Convention for SFs & BMs:

• Shear Force at section will be considered as:
• Positive (+) when resultant of forces to the left
to the section is upwards or right of the
section is downwards.
• Negative (-) when the left hand portion tend
to slide downwards or right hand portion tend
to slide upwards

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Sign Convention for SFs & BMs:

• BM at section will be considered as:
• Positive (+) or Sagging BM
• We take bending moment at a section as
positive, if it tends to bend the beam at that
point to a curvature having concavity at top or
convexity at the bottom.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Sign Convention for SFs & BMs:

• BM at section will be considered as:
• Negative (-) or Hogging BM
• We take bending moment as a section as
negative, if it tend to bend the beam at that
point to a curvature having convexity at top or
concavity at the bottom.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• SF and BM Diagrams
• Before taking up the design of any structural
element, the structure is to be analysed and
magnitude of BMs and SFs should be
determined.
• The structural element is designed for max BM
and for max SF.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• SF and BM Diagrams ….
• The BMD help to a great extent in identifying
the tensile zones in reinforced concrete
structure for providing steel reinforcement at
appropriate place.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Important points for drawing SFD & BMD:

1. Consider a left or right portion of section.
2. Add forces (including reactions) normal to
the beam on one of the portion.
3. The positive value of SF and BM are plotted
above the base line and negative value below
the base line (could be vice versa!).

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Important points for drawing SFD & BMD:

4. The SFD will increase or decrease suddenly
i.e. by a vertical straight line at a section
where there is a vertical point load but BM
remains the same.
5. SF between any two vertical loads will be
constant and hence SFD between two
vertical loads will be horizontal.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Important points for drawing SFD & BMD:

6. If there is no load between two points, then
the SF does not change (SF is horizontal) but
BM changes linearly (inclined straight line).
7. If there is UDL between two points, then the
SF changes linearly (SF is inclined by straight
line) but BM changes according to parabolic
law (BM will be parabola curve).

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Important points for drawing SFD & BMD:

8. If there is UVL between two points, then the
SF changes parabolic law (SF will be a
parabola curve) but BM changes according to
cubic law.
9. The BM at the two supports of a simply
supported beam and the free end of
cantilever will be zero.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Important points for drawing SFD & BMD:

10.Bending moment variation is 1-order a head
than shear force variation as follows.

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams
Can you solve this question?

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Calculation of Bending Moments &

Shear Forces of Simple Beams

• Any questions about the lecture?

• Home work for next week:

• How does civil engineering compare with
other professions?

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