Design of Concrete Structures

Amit Das
Department of Civil Engineering
I.I.T Bombay
2
Measures to enhance durability

3
Temperature effects

Concrete and steel expand with temperature rise and
shrink when temperature falls.

Provide expansion joints to prevent formation of
cracks.

Differential expansion and shrinkage is not much of a
problem because thermal coefficients for steel and
concrete are similar.

E.g. Dams, top floors of buildings, water tanks,
chimneys etc.

Solutions: provide reinforcement, limit differential
temperatures. 4
Example: Durability
Q. A simply supported concrete beam 310 X 510 mm has to
be reinforced with 25 mm diameter Fe 415 steel for
longitudinal reinforcement. The structure is to be
constantly under fresh water.
Determine (a) exposure classification
(b) Minimum grade of concrete
(c) minimum cement content
(d) maximum water cement ratio
(e) cover for one hour fire resistance
(f) effective depth for design

5
Solution

Use IS 456 table 5 and 16

Exposure: moderate

Grade: M25

Cement content: 300 kg/m3

Max water cement ratio: 0.50

Cover for M25 concrete: 30 mm

Cover for 1 hour fire resistance: 20 mm

Choose 20 mm

Effective depth: 510-30-12.5 = 467.5 mm
6
Beams

Purpose: to safely transfer loads from slabs to
columns

Loads: Generally subjected to uniformly
distributed loads which lead to generation of
bending and shear stresses.

Location of maximum shear stresses are near the
ends of the beam

Location of maximum bending stresses are at the
mid span.
7
Traditional rectangular concrete beam of fixed cross-section
8
Concrete beam of varying cross-section
(suitable for roofs) 9
Modern V shaped concrete beam of fixed cross-section
10
Modern V shaped concrete beam of fixed cross-section
11
Beam Design (assumptions)

Plane sections remain plane in bending up to the point of
failure. Strains are proportional to the distance from neutral
axis.
b
ε cu

εs
cross-section strain 12
Beam Design (assumptions)

Ultimate limit state of bending failure is deemed to have
been reached when the concrete at extreme bending
compression fibre reaches 0.0035
b
ε cu = 0.0035

εs
cross-section strain 13
Beam Design (assumptions)

In order to avoid sudden and brittle compression failure in
singly reinforced beams the strain in steel should be at
least the expression shown in fig.
b
ε cu = 0.0035

x
d

0.87 f y
εs = + 0.002
Es
cross-section strain 14
Concrete (idealized stress-strain)

characteristic lab strength

choose 2/3rds
f ck
σ apply factor of safety of 1.5
0.67 f ck
0.45 f ck

ε co ε cu
0.002 0.0035
ε 15
 Beam design (assumptions)

The stress distribution across the compression face will
correspond to the stress strain diagram for concrete in
compression.
b
ε cu = 0.0035 σc

εs σs
cross-section strain stress 16
 Beam design (assumptions)

Maximum compressive strength in the structure is assumed
to be 0.67 times the characteristic laboratory cube strength.
An additional safety factor of 1.5 is also applied.
b
ε cu = 0.0035 σ c = 0.45 f ck

εs σs
cross-section strain stress 17
 Beam design (assumptions)

The stress in steel for a given strain is read from the stress-
strain graph of steel. A safety factor of 1.15 is applied.

b
ε cu = 0.0035 σ c = 0.45 f ck

εs σ s = 0.87 f s
cross-section strain stress 18
Concrete and Steel
(stress-strain behavior)

steel ductile

concrete brittle

ε 19
 Balanced section

The sections in which tensile strain in steel reaches yield
strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches the
compressive failure strain.
b
ε cu = 0.0035 σ c = 0.45 f ck

ε s = ε su σ s = 0.87 f y
cross-section strain stress
20
 Over-reinforced section

The sections in which tensile strain in steel is less than the
yield strain when the concrete reaches the failure strain.

b
ε cu = 0.0035 σ c = 0.45 f ck

ε s < ε su σ s < 0.87 f y

cross-section strain stress
21
 Under-reinforced section section

The sections in which tensile strain in steel reaches yield
strain before the concrete reaches the compressive failure
strain.
b
ε cu = 0.0035 σ c = 0.45 f ck

ε s > ε su σ s = 0.87 f y
cross-section strain stress
22
Links for videos of beam failure

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KY2DcHc2W
GI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z99IKAOBJb
4

23
Calculations for design

Need to compute

Compressive force in concrete, C

Tensile force in steel, T

Depth of neutral axis, x
C

Lever arm, z
x

z
T

24
Compressive force in concrete

C is equal to the area of the concrete stress block
and it acts along the centroid of the area.
C = 0.36 xf ck b

It acts at a distance of C

0.42x from the top x

See clause IS 456 38.1c z

T

25
Tensile force in steel

Total tension in steel is equal to
T = f st Ast

It’s a product of stress in

steel times the area of steel C
x

For under-reinforced and

balanced sections z
T
f st = 0.87 f y

26
Depth of neutral axis and lever arm

Total tension T is equal to total compression C
0.36 f ck xb = f st Ast
f st Ast
x=
0.36 f ck b
C

Lever arm length can be x

d′
computed by knowing the
location of C. z
T
z = d ′ − 0.42 x

27
Moment capacity of the beam section

Tensile force T in steel and compressive force C in
concrete form a couple, which is equal to the moment
capacity of the beam
M = Tz = Cz
M = 0.36 f ck xb ( d ′ − 0.42 x ) C
x
M = f st Ast ( d ′ − 0.42 x )
d′

For under-reinforced and
balanced sections z
T
M = 0.87 f y Ast ( d ′ − 0.42 x )
28
Guidelines for RC beam design

The minimum percentage of tension steel used in
beams should be around 0.3 % . The depth of the
beam is so arranged that the percentage of steel
required is only around 75 % of the balanced steel.

At least 2 bars should be used in tension steel and
not more than 6 bars should be used in one layer
in a beam.

The diameter of steel bars should not be less than
10 mm.
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Guidelines for RC beam design

Guidelines for width of the beam. See table 4.6 in
the textbook or IS 456

The depth of the beam should also satisfy the
deflection requirements w.r.t the L/d ratios. In
addition, for economy the ratio of overall depth to
width should be between 1.5 and 2.

For main steel bars choose one size if possible.

The usual width of beams adopted in mm are 150,
200 …300 .
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Example 1: Analysis of an under-
reinforced beam

Calculate the ultimate moment carrying capacity of a
rectangular beam with b = 250 mm, d` = 350 mm, Area of
steel = 1800 mm2. Assume grade 30 concrete and Fe 250
steel. The young’s modulus of steel is Est = 2x105 N/mm2

Solution:

Compute the depth of neutral axis for a balanced section and
then find the corresponding area of reinforcement.

If the actual area of steel is less than that for a balanced
section, then it is an under reinforced section.

After a section is verified to be an under reinforced section,
use the appropriate formulas to get the moment capacity.
31
Example 1 contd.

Depth of neutral axis for balanced failure.
x 0.0035
= ε cu = 0.0035
d ′ − x 0.87 ( f y / Est ) + 0.002
x
0.0035d ′
x=
0.0035 + 0.87 ( f y / Est ) + 0.002 
d′ − x
x = 0.53d ′
0.87 f y
x = 185.5 mm ε su =
Est
+ 0.002

32
Example 1 contd.

Area of steel for balanced failure
T =C
0.87 f y Ast = 0.36 f ck xb
0.36 × 30 × 185.5 × 250
Ast = C
0.87 × 250
x
Ast = 2303 mm2 d′

Since actual area of steel
(1800 mm2) is less than that for a z
T
balanced section, it is an under-
reinforced beam.
33
Example 1 contd.

Compute the actual depth of neutral axis
T =C C
0.87 f y Ast = 0.36 f ck xb x
d′
0.87 × 250 × 1800
x=
0.36 × 30 × 250 z
x = 145 mm T

Compute moment capacity

M u = Tz
M u = 0.87 f y Ast ( d ′ − 0.42 x )
M u = 113182650 Nmm = 113.2 KNm 34
Example 2: Analysis of an over-
reinforced beam

Consider a rectangular beam with b = 250 mm, d` = 400
mm, Area of steel = 1700 mm2. Assume grade 20 concrete
and Fe 415 steel. Use table 6.1 and 6.2 to compute stress in
steel for a given strain.

Find

The type of section (under-reinforced or over-reinforced)

Depth of neutral axis

Stress and strain in steel

Check if tension in steel is equal to compression in concrete

Ultimate moment carrying capacity

35
Example 2 contd.

Depth of neutral axis for balanced failure.
x 0.0035 ε cu = 0.0035
=
d ′ − x 0.87 ( f y / Est ) + 0.002
x
0.0035d ′
x=
0.0035 + 0.87 ( f y / Est ) + 0.002  d′ − x

x = 0.48d ′ 0.87 f y
ε st = + 0.002
x = 191.64 mm Est

36
Example 2 contd.

Area of steel for balanced failure
T =C
C
0.87 f y Ast = 0.36 f ck xb
x
0.36 × 20 × 191.64 × 250 d′
Ast =
0.87 × 415
Ast = 955.43 mm 2 z
T

Since actual area of steel
(1700 mm2) is more than that for
a balanced section, it is an over-
reinforced beam.
37
Example 2 contd.

An over-reinforced beams is
analyzed using a trial and error ε cu = 0.0035
method. First assume a neutral axis
depth, a value higher than that for a x
balanced failure.
x = 210 mm
d′ − x

Find the strain and stress in steel.
0.87 f y

Check if tension is equal to ε st <
Est
+ 0.002
compression

38
Example 2 contd.

Compute the strain in steel
0.0035 ( d ′ − x )
ε st =
x ε cu = 0.0035

0.0035 ( 400 − 210 )

ε st = = 0.00317 x
210

Compute the stress in steel from
d′ − x
table 6.2 in the textbook. Note that
there is no yielding in steel. Also
0.87 is already included. ε st

f st = 354.8 N / mm 2
39
Example 2 contd.

Find tension in steel.
T = f st Ast
T = 354.8 ×1700 = 603.16 KN
C

Find compression in concrete x
d′
C = 0.36 f ck xb
C = 0.36 × 20 × 210 × 250 z
C = 378 KN T

Since compression in concrete is

less than the tension in steel. The
actual neutral axis depth is higher. 40
Example 2 contd.

Choose a neutral axis depth
x = 280 mm
ε cu = 0.0035

Compute the strain in steel
0.0035 ( d ′ − x ) x
ε st =
x
0.0035 ( 400 − 280 ) d′ − x
ε st = = 0.0015
280

Compute the stress in steel from ε st
table 6.2 in the textbook.
f st = 293.7 N / mm 2 41
Example 2 contd.

Find tension in steel.
T = f st Ast
T = 293.7 ×1700 = 499.2 KN
C

Find compression in concrete x
d′
C = 0.36 f ck xb
C = 0.36 × 20 × 280 × 250 z
C = 504 KN T

Since, compression in concrete is

almost equal to the tension in steel.
The assumed neutral axis depth is ok 42
Example 2 contd.

Compute lever arm
z = d ′ − 0.42 x C

z = 400 − 0.42 × 280 x

d′
= 282.4 mm
z
T

Compute moment capacity
M u = Tz
M u = 499.2 × 0.2824
= 140.9 KNm
43
Ex. 3: Analysis of a trapezoidal beam

Find the ultimate moment capacity of a reinforced
trapezoidal beam shown in the figure. Assume grade 20
concrete and Fe 415 steel. The tension steel comprises of 4
nos 25 mm rods. Width of the beam at the level of
reinforcement is 300 mm. The effective depth is equal to
550 mm. The young’s modulus of steel is Est = 2x105
N/mm2. 500

d'

44
Example 3 contd.
ε cu = 0.0035

The depth of neutral axis for a
balanced section. x
x 0.0035
=
d ′ − x 0.87 ( f y / Est ) + 0.002
d′ − x
0.0035d ′
x= 0.87 f y
0.0035 + 0.87 ( f y / Est ) + 0.002  ε st =
Est
+ 0.002

x = 0.48d ′
x = 264 mm

45
 ε cu = 0.0035

Example 3 contd. x

Compute area of compression

500 d′ − x
b= × ( 550 − x )
550
1 0.87 f y
ε st = + 0.002
Ac = × ( b + 500 ) x Est
2

Compute compressive force 500

C = 0.36 f ck Ac
x
1
C = 0.36 f ck × × ( b + 500 ) x d'
2 b
C = 0.18 f ck (1000 − 0.91x ) x
46
Example 3 contd.

Area of steel for balanced failure
T =C
0.87 f y Ast = 0.18 f ck (1000 − 0.91x ) x
0.18 × 20 × 760 × 264
Ast = C
0.87 × 415
x
Ast = 2000.56 mm 2 d′

Since actual area of steel
(1963 mm2) is less than that for z
T
a balanced section, it is an under-
reinforced beam.
47
Example 3 contd.

Compute the actual depth of neutral axis
T =C
0.87 f y Ast = 0.18 f ck (1000 − 0.91x ) x
0.87 × 415 ×1963
(1000 − 0.91x ) x =
0.18 × 20
0.91x 2 − 1000 x + 196872.54 = 0
1000 ± 1000000 − 4 ×196872.54 × 0.91
x1 , x2 =
2 × 0.91
1000 ± 532.34
x1 , x2 = = 256.96, 832.79
2 × 0.91 48
Example 3 contd.
C

Compute tensile force
x
T = 0.87 f y Ast d′

T = 0.87 × 415 × 1963

z
T = 708.74 KN T

Compute compressive force

C = 0.18 f ck (1000 − 0.91x ) x
C = 0.18 × 20 × (1000 − 0.91× 256.96 ) × 256.96
C = 708.74 KN

Tension is equal to compression, hence ok
49
Example 3 contd.

Compute lever arm
z = d ′ − 0.42 x C

z = 550 − 0.42 × 256.96 x

d′
= 442.08 mm
z
T

Compute moment capacity
M u = Cz
M u = 708.74 × 0.4421
= 313.33 KNm
50
Example 4: Beam design

Design a beam to carry a factored moment of 145 KNm.
Use grade 25 concrete and Fe415 steel.

Procedure

Based on RC beam guidelines choose a suitable ratio of b and d.

Provide suitable cover based on serviceability criteria and find
effective depth d`.

Find the moment resistance capacity of the beam assuming it’s a
balanced section. It should be greater than the factored moment .

Compute the area of steel for a balanced failure.

Provide actual area of steel less than that for a balanced section.

Check for clear spacing of rebars.

Analysis the actual beam and CHECK your design.
51
Example 4 contd.

Choose
b = 0.5d ′ min cover = 30mm
ε cu = 0.0035

Depth of neutral axis balanced section
x 0.0035 x
=
d ′ − x 0.87 ( f y / Est ) + 0.002

0.0035d ′ d′ − x
x=
0.0035 + 0.87 ( f y / Est ) + 0.002 
0.87 f y
ε st = + 0.002
Est
x = 0.48d ′
52
Example 4 contd.
C

Compute lever arm x
z = d ′ − 0.42 x d′

z = d ′ − 0.42 × 0.48d ′
z
z = 0.7984d ′ T

Compute moment capacity

M u = Cz
M u = 0.36 f ck xbz
M u = 0.36 × 25 × 0.48d ′ × 0.5d ′ × 0.7984d ′
3
M u = 1.724544 ( d ′ ) Nmm
53
Example 4 contd.

The moment capacity of beam should be greater than
the factored moment
3
1.724544 ( d ′ ) > 145 × 106
d ′ > 438 mm
choose b = 250, d = 500 d ′ = 460

Depth of neutral axis for balanced section

x = 0.48d ′
x = 0.48 × 460 = 220.8
54
Example 4 contd.
C

Area of steel for balanced failure x
T =C d′

0.87 f y Ast = 0.36 f ck xb

z
0.36 × 25 × 220.8 × 250 T
Ast =
0.87 × 415
Ast = 1376 mm 2

Choose bar size based on the beam design guidelines.
For this case provide 4 bars 20 mm.
Ast = 4 × π × 102
Ast = 1256 mm 2 55
Example 4 contd.

Check for cover and spacing between b
the bars.

Calculate clear space between rebars.
1
b − ( 4 × 2 × r ) − ( 2 × cover )  d
3
1
[ 250 − 8 ×10 − 60] = 36.67
3

Clear spacing is greater than the diameter of rebars.

Hence ok. (more details on this later)

Do an analysis of this designed beam to check if it is
56
safe to support the design moment.
Assignment 2

Watch the videos given in the links (page 23) for
the failure of under reinforced and over reinforced
sections. Draw figures in MS Word (3-4 figs each)
showing different stages of failure. Also enumerate
the reasons for the behavior observed during
different stages of failure. This assignment is to be
completed individually and is due on 5th Aug, 2014.

57