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Aamir Hanif 1
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 Instructor: Dr. Aamir Hanif
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 Electromechanical
Systems-I
EE-121
Class: 2nd Semester
Dr. Aamir Hanif
Department of Electrical Engineering
WEC
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 Today's Lecture Article

Magnetic Circuits and

Calculations

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 Contents of Lecture-2

Classification of magnets and materials

Theory of Magnetism

Electromagnetism

Definition of some important terms w.r.t

electromagnetism

Solved examples

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 Classification of Magnets
and Magnetic Materials
Magnets may be classified into two general groups:

--- Natural
--- Artificial

Magnets can be further broken down into:

--- Permanent magnets

---Temporary magnets

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 Classification of Magnets
and Magnetic Materials
Permanent magnets
These magnets are magnetized permanently.

Loadstone, hard steel and certain alloys of nickel and

cobalt, when magnetized can be classified as permanent
magnets.
Temporary magnets
Usually, these magnets are produced by electric currents.

They are easily magnetized and loose their magnetism

when the electric current is turned off.
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 Classification of Magnets
and Magnetic Materials

Advantage of temporary magnets:

These temporary magnets do retain a very small amount

of residual magnetism, which play very important part in
the operation of generator.

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 Classification of Magnetic
Materials
Magnetic and non-magnetic materials

Materials that can be magnetized are called magnetic

materials e.g. steel, nickel and cobalt.

Materials that cannot be magnetized are classified as

non-magnetic material e.g. wood, rubber, paper and
wax.
• Magnetic materials can be classified as;
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 Classification of Magnetic
Materials
• Ferromagnetic materials
• Paramagnetic materials
• Diamagnetic materials

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 Classification of Magnetic
Materials
Ferromagnetic materials:
These are the materials that can be strongly
magnetized.

Examples:

These include iron, steel, nickel, and cobalt etc.

.

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 Classification of Magnetic
Materials
Paramagnetic materials:

These are the materials, which are only slightly

attracted by a magnetic field.

Examples:
These include aluminum, platinum, chromium, sodium
and oxygen.

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 Classification of Magnetic
Materials
Diamagnetic materials:
These are the materials, which are slightly repelled by
magnetic fields.

Examples:
These include bismuth, copper, zinc, mercury, silver,
gold, glass and water.

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 Classification of Magnetic
Materials
Permeability and its values
• The characteristic which determines if a substance is
non-magnetic, ferromagnetic, paramagnetic or
diamagnetic is its permeability.

• The permeability of a vacuum is assumed to be one and

it is used as the standard to which all other substances
are compared.

• Ferromagnetic material, µ 50 → 5000

• Paramagnetic material, µ slightly greater than 1
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 Theory of Magnetism

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 Theory of Magnetism
• Theory of magnetism starts with the electron.

• The electron has negative charge. This charge produces

an electric field that comes into the electron from all
directions.

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 Theory of Magnetism
Production of Magnetic Field by electron
• The electron while revolving around the nucleus also spins
about its own axis.

• This spinning action produces magnetic field which exist in

concentric circles around the electron as shown in fig [1.8(b)].

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 Theory of Magnetism
Production of electromagnetic field by electron
Fig [1.8(c)] shows the electrostatic lines of force and the
magnetic lines of force acting at right angles to each
other.

The combined field forms an electromagnetic field, around

each electron. "

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Dr. Aamir Hanif
 Theory of Magnetism
Why non-magnetic materials can’t be magnetized?

In a nucleus of an atom, some electrons spin in a clockwise
direction and others in a, counter clockwise direction.

Non-magnetic materials have equal number of electrons

spinning in clockwise and counter clockwise direction in
each orbit.

The magnetic fields cancel each other, resulting in no

magnetic field.

That is why non-magnetic materials cannot be magnetized.

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 Theory of Magnetism
 Magnetic materials have the number of
clockwise and counter clockwise spinning
electrons that are not equal; therefore magnetic
fields do not cancel to zero.

What are magnetic domains?

The spinning electrons arrange themselves into

groups called "domains".

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 Theory of Magnetism
In an un-magnetized magnetic material such as iron,
magnetic domains are haphazardly arranged as shown
in figure. Therefore no magnetic field in the iron can be
detected.

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 Theory of Magnetism
However when the iron is subjected to an external magnetic
field, the lines of force from the external magnetic field
travel through the iron causing the domains to align
themselves in the same direction as shown in fig [1.9(b)].
The iron is then magnetized.

 When the external magnetic field is removed from the iron, the domains rearrange
themselves to the haphazard pattern of figure 1.9(a).

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 Theory of Magnetism

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