BISHOP HEBER COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-17

II B.Sc Mathematics Course Code: U17MA303

SEQUENCES AND SERIES
QUESTION BANK

UNITI

1. The range of the sequence 1,2,3,..., n is ________

(a) N (b) Z (c) R (d) Q
2. The range of the sequence (− 1) ( n −1
)is __________
(a) {1} (b) {−1} (c) {−1,1} (d) φ
3. The general term of the sequence 2.1,2.01,2.001,... is _________
1 1 1 1
(a) 2 + (b) 2 + (c) 2 + (d) 2 +
10 n −1 10 10 n +1 10 n
n
4. The range of the sequence f (n) =   where [x ] means the integral part of x is_________
2  
(a) {2,4,6,....} (b) {0,1,2,....} (c) {1, 2,....} (d) {1,3,5,....}
5. The function f : N → R given by f (n ) = x n −1 determines _________

(a) Geometric sequence (b) Arithmetic sequence

(c) Harmonic sequence (d) Constant sequence

,
6. Thefunction f : N → R givenby = determines the sequence ____

(a) − 1,1,−2,2,... (b) 0,1,−1,2,−2,... (c) 1,−1,2,−2,... (d) 0,1,2,...

7. The sequence (− 1) ( n
) is_________
(a) Unbounded (b) not bounded above
(c) Bounded below only (d) bounded
1
8. The greatest lower bound of the sequence   is__________
n
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) 0.555555
9. Which of the following sequence is a bounded sequence?
 n 
(a) (− n ) (b) (c) (n ) (d)  
 (n +1) 
10. The sequence (− n ) is __________
(a) Bounded (b) bounded below (c) bounded above (d) oscillating
11. The sequence (n ) is __________
(a) bounded (b) bounded below (c) bounded above (d) oscillating
 ( n
)
12. The sequence (− 1) n is _________

(a) bounded (b) bounded above (c) bounded below (d) oscillating

13. Fibonacci sequence is __________

(a) not bounded above (b) not bounded below (c) bounded (d) oscillating

2 3 4
14. The sequence , , ,...,
(n + 1) ,... is _________
3 4 5 (n + 2)
(a) Bounded (b) diverge to ∞(c)diverge to −∞ (d) oscillating

15. The least upper bound of the sequence

2 3 4
, , ,...,
(n + 1) ,... is__________
3 4 5 (n + 2)
2
(a) ( b) -1 (c) 0 (d) 1
3

16. The sequence 1,−1,2,−2,3,−3,..., n,− n,... is _______

(a) Bounded above (b) bounded below (c) bounded (d) unbounded

1 1 1 1
17. The sequence , 2
, 3 ,..., n ,... converges to________
2 2 2 2

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) ∞

18. Which of the following is true for the sequence (− 1) ? ( n

)
(a) bounded and convergent (b) bounded but not convergent

(c) not bounded but convergent (d) neither bounded nor convergent

19. Which of the following statement is true?

(a) A sequence can converges to two different limits.

(b) Every convergent sequence is bounded.

(c) Every bounded sequence is convergent.

(d) Every bounded sequence is divergent

5 6 7
20. What is the limit of the sequence 3,2, , , ,.... ?
3 4 5

(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) ∞ (d) 0

  1 
21. lim   is_________
n→∞ n 2
 

(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) ∞

1 1 1
22. The sequence 1, , , ,... is________
2 2 2 23

(a) a divergent sequence (b) a null sequence

(c) a monotonic increasingsequence (d) an oscillating sequence

1 1 1
23. The sequence ,2, ,3, ,4,... is _________ sequence.
2 3 4

(a) Convergent (b)divergent (c)bounded (d) oscillating

2
( )
24. The sequence − n ________

(a) diverges to ∞ (b) diverges to − ∞

(c) converges to 1 (d) neither convergent nor divergent

1 2 3 4
25. The sequence , , , ,... is__________
2 3 4 5

(a) unbounded (b) null sequence (c) divergent (d) convergent

26. The sequence 1,2,3,4,..... is_________

(a) not convergent but bounded (b) convergent but unbounded

(c) both divergent and unbounded (d) convergent but is not unbounded

1
27. The sequence  (1 − (− 1))n  is__________
2 
(a) convergent b) divergent (c) oscillating finitely (d) oscillating infinitely
n
28. The sequence 1,−2,3,−4,5,..., (− 1) n,... is__________

(a) oscillating finitely (b) convergent (c) oscillating infinitely (d) divergent

29. Which of the following is true?

( n
)
(a) (− 1) n oscillating infinitely ( n
)
(b) 2 + (− 1) n oscillating finitely
 1
( n
)
(c) (− 1) diverges to ∞ (d)  (− 1)n  converges to 1
n 

 (− 1) 
n
30. Which of the following is not true for the sequence  an = n + 2 

 n 
(a) divergent(b) lower bound is 0 (c) upper bound is 1(d) not bounded above

31. Which of the following is not an oscillating sequence?

n −1
(a) n(− 1) (
(b) n 1 + (− 1)
n
) n
(c) 2 + (− 1) (d) 2 +
(− 1)
n

n
32. Every constant sequence is__________

(a) null sequence ( b) divergent sequence (c) convergent (d) oscillating

Unit II

 n 1 
1. The sequence  (− 1) .  , p > 1 is _________
 np 

(a) a null sequence (b) Oscillating (c) diverges to ∞ (d) diverges to − ∞

2. Which of the following is true for the sequences (a n ) = (− 1) ( n

) (
& (bn ) = (− 1)
n +1
)?
 an 
(a) (a n + bn ) → 1 (b) (a n bn ) → 0 (c)   → −1 (d) (a n bn ) → 1
 bn 
 (− 1) 
n

3. The sequence  2 +  converges to ________
n 
 

(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) − 1

1 3 1 4 1 5
4. Which of the following is true for the sequence , , , , , ,... ?
4 4 5 5 6 6

(a) Monotonically increasing (b) convergent

(c) bounded (d)monotonically decreasing

 2n 2 + 5n − 6 
5. lim 2  = __________
n →∞
 n + n −1 
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 0
 1 2 3 4
6. What is the limit of the sequence , , , ,... ?
2 3 4 5

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) ∞ (d) - ∞

7. lim → ____________
(a) (b)−∞ (c)1 (d) 0
8. Every monotonic increasing sequence is _________

(a) bounded above (b) bounded below (c) bounded (d) convergent

9. Which of the following sequence is neither monotonically increasing nor monotonically

decreasing?
 1   1 
(a) (− n ) (
(b) (− 1)
n
) (c) 1 + 
nn 
(d)  n 
 2 
10. Every monotonically decreasing sequence is _________

(a) bounded below (b) bounded above (c) bounded (d) convergent

11. A monotonic increasing sequence which is bounded above _______

(a) converges to its l.u.b (b) diverges to ∞

(c) diverges to − ∞ (d) converges to its g.l.b

12. A monotonic decreasing sequence which is not bounded below _______

(a) converges to its l.u.b (b) diverges to ∞

(c) converges to its g.l.b (d) diverges to − ∞

( )
13. The geometric sequence r n converges if _____

(a) − 1 < r ≤ 1 (b) r > 1 (c) r ≤ −1 (d) r = 2

( )
14. If r > 1 , the geometric sequence r n ________

(a) convergent (b) divergent (c) oscillates (d) bounded

( )
15. The geometric sequence r n oscillates finitely if _______
(a) r > 1 (b) r = 1 (c) r = −1 (d) r < −1
$% &' (
→ 2 and ≠ 0 for every ∈ # then
&'
16. If ( converges to _________
(a) 8 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3
17. If divergent and ) divergent then + ) ____________
 (a) Divergent (b) convergent (c) need not be divergent (d) oscillating

18. If → + then _________

&- %&( %⋯%&'

(a) + + ⋯+ →+ (b) →+

&- &( ⋯ &'

c) − −⋯− →+ (d) →+

19. If → and ) → ) then _________

&- .- %&( .( %⋯%&' .' &- .- &( .( ⋯ &' .'

(a) → ) (b) → )

&- .'%⋯%&' .- &- .' ⋯ &' .-

(c) → ) (d) → )

-
20. lim → ' =_________
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) - ∞ (d) ∞

&'
21. If is any sequence and lim → /& / = + > 1 then _________
'0-
(a) →0 (b) →∞ (c) → −∞ (d) oscillating

3 +1 +2 ⋯ +
'
22. A sequence converges to ___________ where “ ” is a fixed
number.

4 4
(a) e (b) 2e (c) (d)

-
23. [ +1 +2 ⋯ + ]' converges to __________

$
4 4
(a) e (b) (c) 4e d)

% %⋯%
24. lim → 7 ( 8=___________

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) 2

25. lim → 71 + 8 =___________

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) e (d) 2

9'
26. lim → 7 8= ______________
!
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) 2
!
27. lim → 7 ' 8= ______________
 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)

28. lim → '

√ !
________________
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ∞ (d) - ∞
29. lim <1 + √2 + √3 + ⋯ + √ ? ___________
( > '
→
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ∞ (d) - ∞
→∞ ≠0∀ ∈ # Aℎ lim
&'
30. If _________________
→
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ∞ (d) - ∞

Unit III

1. Every bounded sequence has _______________ subsequence.

(a) Null (b) convergent (c) divergent (d) oscillating

2. If the subsequences and of a sequence converge to the same limit + then

_________
(a) → +(b) need not be convergent

(c) must divergent (d) is null sequence

3. Every sequence has a _______________ subsequence

(a) Null (b) monotonic (c) divergent (d) oscillating

4. If a sequence diverges to ∞, then every subsequence of is_____________

(a) Convergent (b) bounded (c) diverges to ∞ (d) need not be divergent

5. Which one of the following is not a Cauchy sequence.

(c) (1 + (d) ( 2
!
(a) ( ) (b) ( ) )

6. Any convergent sequence is _____________ sequence.

(a) unbounded (b) Cauchy (c) monotonic (d) null

7. Any Cauchy sequence in ___________ is convergent.

(a) N (b) Q (c)R (d) Z

8. Let be a Cauchy sequence and has a subsequence C

converging to + then
________
(a) Need not be convergent (b) converges to + (c) must divergent (d) monotonic
1 1
9. The series 1 + + ... + + .. is ____________ series.
2 n
(a) convergent (b)divergent (c) oscillatory (d) alternating
10. The geometric series is divergent if __________
(a)−1 < E < 0 (b) 0 < E < 1 (c) E > 1 (d) E < −1

11. The geometric series is convergent if ----------.

(a) |E| < 1(b) E > 1 (c)E < −1 (d)E < 0

'0-
12. The series 1 − + − ⋯ + + ⋯ is ____________
G

(a) convergent (b) diverges to ∞ (c) oscillatory (d) diverges to -∞

13. The series 1 + !

+ !
+ G! + ⋯ is ____________series

(a) convergent (b) divergent (c) oscillatory (d) alternating

14. Let C
be a convergent subsequence of a sequence , then _____________
(a) Must convergent (b) need not be convergent
(c) null sequence (d) must divergent

15. Which of the following statement is true?

(a) There is a sequence which does not have monotonic subsequence.
(b) Every convergent sequence has divergent subsequence
(c) If converges to + then every subsequence of also converges to +.
(d) There is a bounded sequence which does not have a convergent subsequence

16. If a sequence has two subsequences converging to two different limits, then ________
(a) Does not convergent (b) must convergent

(c) either convergent or divergent (d) must be oscillate finitely

17. If the sequence of partial sum I → , where I = + + ⋯+ G then the series ∑

converges to ______________
(a) I (b) (c) (d) lim →
18. Which of the following is a Cauchy sequence in R?
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d)

19. If = −1 then | − | is__________

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) -1
20. A series of positive term _______________
(a) Oscillate finitely (b) oscillate infinitely
(c) Will converges or diverges (d) must divergent

21. If = 1+ then 2 converges to ____________

 4
(a) e (b) (c) 2e (d)
22. If the subsequence and of converges to 1 and m respectively 1 ≠ K then
________________
L%
(a) Converges to (b) does not convergent (c) converges to m (d) converges to 1

23. Which of the following is a subsequence of 1,2,3, … , , … ?

(a) 1,2,4,3,5, … (b) 4,3,5,6,7, … .. (c) 2,4,6,8, … (d) 10,9,11,12,13, …

24. Let be a sequence. A natural number K is called a _______ of the sequence if

< L for all > K.
(a) Limit point (b) peak point (c) least upper bound (d) greatest lower bound

25. The peak point of the sequence 1,2,3,...,n,... is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) No peak point

26. The peak point of the sequence 1, , G , … , , …

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) All the natural numbers

27. If ( an ) = (( −1) ) then  a + a n+ ... + a

n 1 2 n 


(a) Converges (b) diverges to ∞ (c) oscillating (d) diverges to -∞

28. lim → 1 + + + ⋯+ =_____________

G T
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ∞ (d)

29. If → +, ) → + and ≤ V ≤ ) for all n, then_______

W
(a) V → 2+(b) V →0 (c) V →+ (d) V →

&'
= 5 and ) =
.'
30. If then _________
(a) Converges to 1 (b) converges to 5 (c) diverges to ∞ (d) oscillating

UNIT IV

1. The series C + C + ⋯+ C + ⋯ is (C) if ____________

(a) X < 1 (b) X = 1 (c) X > 1 (d) X > 0

2. The series C + C + ⋯+ C + ⋯ is (D) if ____________

(a) X > 1 (b) X > 2 (c) X ≤ 1 (d) X > 0

 3. If ∑ Y converges and ∑ diverges then ∑ Y + _____________
(a) Converges (b) diverges (c) need not convergent (d) need not divergent

4. Let ∑ be a convergent series of positive terms and ∑ Y be a series of positive terms. If there
exists K ∈ # such that Y ≤ for all ≥ K then the series ∑ Y __________
(a) Converges (b) diverges (c) need not convergent (d) need not divergent

5. Let ∑ be a divergent series of positive terms and ∑ Y be a series of positive terms. If there
exists K ∈ # such that Y ≥ for all ≥ K then the series ∑ Y __________
(a) Converges (b) diverges (c) need not convergent (d) need not divergent

['
6. If ∑ converges and if lim → \'
exists and is finite ≠ 0 then ∑ Y _______________
(a) Converges (b) diverges (c) need not convergent (d) need not divergent

['
7. If ∑ diverges and if lim → exists and is finite ≠ 0 then ∑ Y _______________
\'
(a) Converges (b) diverges (c) need not convergent (d) need not divergent

8. The series ∑ ' converges to ______________

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d)

['
9. Let = and lim → \'
= G. Then ∑ Y _____________
(a) Convergent (b) divergent (c) oscillate finitely (d) oscillate infinitely

10. The series ∑ > is _____________

(

(a) Converges (b) diverges (c) oscillate finitely (d) oscillate infinitely
n ( n − 1) n ( n − 1)...( n − r + 1)
(1 + x ) n = 1 + nx + x 2 + ... + x r + ...
11. 2! r ! is valid only if
(a) x > 1 b) x > 1 c) x < 1 d) x ∈ R
12. The ratio of E + 1 th term and E th term in the expansion of (1 + x)n is _____.

n + r +1 n − r +1 n + r −1 n − r −1
x x x x
(a) r b) r c) r d) r

x x 2 x3
1+ + + + ...
13. The series 1! 2! 3! is ____________

(a) convergent b)absolutely convergent c) diverging to ∞ d) diverging to - ∞

 x2 x3 (−1) n n
14. The expansion log(1 + x) = x − + − ... + x + ... is valid if _______.
2 3 n
(a) x > 1 b) x > 1 c) x < 1 d) x ∈ R

15. log 2 = _____.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( a) 1 + + + ... b) 1 − + − ... c) 1 + + + + ... d) 1 − + − + ...
2! 3! 2! 3! 2 3 4 2 3 4

16. 1 − ] = _______.

(a) 1 + x + x 2 + ... (b) 1 − x − x 2 − ... (c) 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + ... (d) 1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x 3 + ...

17. 1 − ] =__________

(a) 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 + ... (b) 1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x 3 + ...

(c) 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ... d) 1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x 3 + ...

%
18. The series ∑
√ >%
is ____________
(a) Convergent (b) divergent (c) oscillatory (d) alternating

( % ( %⋯% (
19. The series ∑ ^% is __________
(a) Convergent (b) divergent (c) oscillatory (d) alternating

20. The series ∑ sin ( is ______________

(a) Convergent (b) divergent (c) oscillatory (d) alternating

√
21. The series ∑ (% is _______________
(a) Convergent (b) divergent (c) oscillatory (d) alternating

22. The series + + + + ⋯ is _____________

G T a
(a) Convergent (b) divergent (c) oscillatory (d) alternating

23. The series 1 + + + + ⋯ is _____________

! ! G!
(a) Oscillate finitely (b) oscillate infinitely (c) convergent (d) divergent

G T
+ + + ⋯ is
. .G .G.$ G.$.T
24. The series
(a) Oscillate finitely (b) oscillate infinitely (c) convergent (d) divergent
25. The harmonic series + + + ⋯ where & ) are positive numbers is _________
& &%. &% .
(a) Oscillate finitely (b) oscillate infinitely (c) convergent (d) divergent

26. The series∑ √ + 1 − is _____________

(a) Oscillate finitely (b) oscillate infinitely (c) convergent (d) divergent

27. The series ∑ sin is _____________

(a) Oscillate finitely (b) oscillate infinitely (c) convergent (d) divergent

28. The series ∑ √ + 1 − √ is ___________

(a) Oscillate finitely (b) oscillate infinitely (c) convergent (d) divergent

+ + +⋯+ + ⋯ is ___________
. G.$ T.c
29. The series
(a) Oscillate finitely (b) oscillate infinitely (c) convergent (d) divergent

! '
30. The series ∑ ' is __________
(a) Oscillate finitely (b) oscillate infinitely (c) convergent (d) divergent

UNIT V

1. If the series ∑u n is (c), then lim un = ---------.

n→∞

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) 3

un +1
2. The series ∑u n of positive terms is ( c ) if lim
n →∞ un
is --------

(a) < 1 (b)= 1 (c)> 1 (d) =2

un +1
3. D’ Alembert’s ratio test fails if lim is -------------
n →∞ un
(a) 0 (b)1 (c)< 0 (d) > 1
un +1
4. The series ∑u n of positive terms is ( D ) if lim
n →∞ u
is ---------

(a) < 1 (b)= 1 (c)> 1

n

d) =2

5. If ∑ n is convergent, then ∑
2
u u n
is -------------------
(a) convergent ( b)divergent (c)oscillatory (d) need not be convergent
un
6. If ∑u n is convergent, then ∑ 1 + un
is ----------------

(a) convergent (b)divergent (c)oscillatory (d) need not be convergent

7. If ∑u n and ∑v n are convergent series of positive terms, ∑ (u n + vn )

is -------
(a) convergent (b)divergent (c)oscillatory (d) need not be convergent
-
8. If ∑u n and ∑v n are convergent series of positive terms, ∑ Y ( is ---------
(a) convergent (b)divergent (c)oscillatory (d) need not be convergent
9. If ∑u n and ∑v n are convergent series of positive terms, ∑u v n n is -------------
(a) convergent (b)divergent (c)oscillatory (d) need not be convergent
1
10. The series ∑u n
n
of positive terms is convergent if lim u is ---------------
n

(a) < 1 (b)> 1

n →∞

(c)= 1 (d) = 0
1
11. The series ∑ un of positive terms is divergent if lim unn is ---------------
n →∞

(a) < 1 (b)> 1 (c)= 1 (d) = 0

1
n
12. Cauchy’s root test fails if lim u is ----------------
n

(a) < 1 (b)= 1 (c)> 1 (d) E = 0

n →∞

{( n + 1) r}n
13. The series ∑ n n +1
is convergent if ---------------

(a) E < 1 (b) E = 1 (c)E > 1 (d) E > 0

n
{( n + 1) r}
14. The series ∑ n n +1
is divergent if ---------------

(a) E < 0 (b) E < 1 (c) r ≥ 1 (d) E = 0

un
15. The series ∑u n of positive terms is (c) if lim n(
n→∞ u n +1
− 1) is --------------

(a) <1 (b) =1 (c) >1 (d) = 0

un
16. The series ∑u n of positive terms is (D) if lim n (
n→∞ un +1
− 1) is ----------------

(a) >1 (b) <1 (c) 1 (d) 0

17. A series whose terms are alternatively positive and negative is ------------- series.
(a) Alternating (b) convergent (c) oscillatory (d) divergent

18. If ∑ u n is ( C ) , the series ∑u n is said to be -----------------

(a) divergent (b) oscillatory(c) absolutely convergent (d) conditionally convergent

19. If ∑u n is ( C ) but ∑ u n is (D ), then ∑u n is said to be ----------------

(a) absolutely convergent (b) conditionally convergent (c) divergent (d) oscillatory

20. An absolutely convergent series is ----------------

(a) convergent (b)divergent (c) oscillating (d) alternating

21. If the de term of the series does not tend to zero as → ∞ then the series must be___________
(a) convergent (b) divergent (c) alternating (d) oscillatory

22. The series 1 − + − + ⋯ is _____________

G $
(a) absolutely convergent (b) divergent (c) Conditionally convergent (d) oscillatory

23. The series ∑ −1 f whereg > 1 is ____________ series

(a) divergent (b) convergent (c) oscillatory (d) conditionally convergent

24. Iflim → exists then ∑ _______________

(a) Converges (b) need not converges(c) oscillatory(d) diverges

25. If lim → ≠ 0 then ∑ __________________

(a) Converges (b) need not converges (c) oscillatory (d) diverges

26. The series ∑ + h is ________________

(a) Convergent (b) divergent (c) oscillate finitely (d) oscillate infinitely

27. If ∑ is an absolutely convergent series and ) is a bounded sequence then the series ∑ )
is _____________
(a) Conditionally convergent (b) absolutely convergent
(c) Divergent (d) oscillatory
'
28. The series ∑ is _____________
(a) Conditionally convergent (b) absolutely convergent
(c) Divergent (d) oscillatory
'
29. The series ∑ ( is __________
(a) Conditionally convergent (b) absolutely convergent
(c) Divergent (d) oscillatory
'
30. The series ∑ > is __________
(a) Oscillatory (b) divergent (c) convergent (d) conditionally convergent

KEY:
UNIT I:

1. A 2. C 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. d 10. c
11. b 12. d 13. a 14. a 15. d 16. d 17. a 18. b 19. b 20. b
21. a 22. b 23. b 24. b 25. d 26. c 27. c 28. a 29. a 30. c
31. d 32. c

UNIT II:

1. a 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. c 6. a 7. d 8. b 9. b 10. b
11. a 12. d 13. a 14. b 15. c 16. c 17. c 18. b 19. c 20. b
21. a 22. c 23. d 24. c 25. c 26. a 27. a 28. a 29. b 30. a

UNIT III:

1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. d 6. b 7. c 8. b 9. b 10. c
11. a 12. a 13. a 14. b 15. c 16. a 17. b 18. d 19. c 20. c
21. c 22. b 23. c 24. b 25. d 26. d 27. a 28. a 29. c 30. b

UNIT - IV

1. c 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. a
11. c 12. b 13. b 14. c 15. d 16. a 17. a 18. b 19. a 20. a
21. a 22. b 23. c 24. c 25. d 26. d 27. d 28. d 29. c 30. c

UNIT-V

1. A 2. A 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. a 7. a 8. a 9. a 10. a
11. b 12. b 13. a 14. c 15. c 16. b 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. a
21. b 22. c 23. b 24. b 25. d 26. a 27. b 28. a 29. b 30. c