KOg; gjpg;GupikAilaJ

,yq;if fzf;fl
P L
; j; njhopDl;gtpayhsu;fs; fofk;
AA1 guPli
; r – 2018 rdtup
(AA13) tpahghuk; kw;Wk; fzf;fl
P b
; w;fhd nghUspay;
2018-01-27
(ECONOMICS FOR BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING) gpw;gfy;
[1.45 – 5.00]
• guPlr
; hu;jj
; pfSf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; (jaTnra;J ftdkhf thrpf;fTk;):
(1) mDkjpf;fg;gl;l Neuk; : thrpj;jy; - 15 epkplq;fs;
vOJjy; - 03 kzpj;jpahyk; gf;fq;fs; : 07
tpdhf;fs; : 06
(2) vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;Ff.
(3) tpilfs; ahTk; jug;gl;l tpilg;Gj;jfj;jpy; guPli
; rf;F tpz;zg;gpj;j
xNu nkhopapy; kl;Lk; vOjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
(4) rfy nra;KiwfisAk; fzpg;GfisAk; rku;gg ; pf;fTk;. VjhtJ vLNfhs;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gl;bUg;gpd; mtw;iwj; njspthff; Fwpg;gplTk;.
(5) epuw;gLj;jg;glhj fzpg;ghd;fspd; ghtid khj;jpuk; mDkjpf;fg;gLk;.
(6) tiuGj; jhs; toq;fg;gLk;.
(7) tiutpyf;fzq;fSld;$ba nray; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU
tpdhtpYk; xU tpidr;nrhy; cs;slq;fpUf;fpwJ. (OTQ’s jtpu;ej
; ). guPlr
; hu;jj
; pfs; nray;
tpidr;nrhy; gl;baypy; jug;gl;l tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(8) 100 Gs;spfs;.

gFjp A

Nehf;fr; Nrhjid tpdhf;fs; (OTQs)

,UgJ (20) fl;lha tpdhf;fs;
(nkhj;jk; 40 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 01

,y. 1.1 Kjy; 1.10 tiuAs;s tpdhf;fSf;F kpfr; rupahd tpiliaj; njupTnra;f. ePqf ; s;
njupTnra;j tpilapd; ,yf;fj;ij tpdh ,yf;fj;Jld; cq;fsJ tpilg;Gj;jfj;jpy; vOJf.

1.1 kdpjj; NjitfisAk; tpUg;gq;fisAk; epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd tsq;fspd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

fpilg;gdT (limited availability) vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

(1) mupjhd jd;ik (Scarcity)

(2) ; r; nryT (opportunity cost)

re;ju;gg

(3) msTj;jpl;lg; nghUspay; (Economics of scale)

(4) njupT (Choice)

1.2 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; rkgad; tisap (Indifference curve) xd;wpd; gz;gpay;ghf (characteristic)
miktJ vJ?

(1) ,uz;L rkgad; tisapfs; xd;iwnahd;W ,ilntl;lhJ (do not intersect).

(2) xU rkgad; tisap rha;T ,lkpUe;J tykhff; fPoN

; ehf;fp nry;Yk;.

(3) ; vy;iy tPjk; (MRS) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

rkgad; tisapapd; rha;T gjpyPlL

(4) NkYs;s midj;Jk;.

1.3 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; epiwNghl;bapd; (Perfect competition) xU gz;gpay;ghf mikahjJ vJ?

(1) mjpfsthd tpw;gidahsu;fs; ,Uj;jy;.

(2) mJ Xupdg; nghUl;fis (homogeneous products) tpw;gid nra;jy;.
(3) re;ijapy; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; ve;jnthU tpw;gidahsUk; Rje;jpukhf Eioaf;$bajhf
,Uj;jy;
(4) mJ FWq;fhy Xl;lj;jpy; rhjhuz ,yhgq;fis (normal profit) khj;jpuk; cioj;jy;

1.4 ePzl
; fhy Xl;lk; njhlu;gpy; jug;gl;Ls;s gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fspypUe;J gpioahd $w;wpidj;
njupTnra;f.

(1) cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs;> epiyahd fhuzpfshfTk; khWk; fhuzpfshfTk; gpupf;fg;

gLfpd;wd.
(2) epWtdj;jpdhy; rfy fhuzpfisAk; khw;wf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
(3) cw;gj;jpapy; epiyahd fhuzpfs; vJTkpy;iy.
(4) msTj;jpl;l tpisT (Returns to Scale) ePzl
; fhy Xl;lj;jpy; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

1.5 xLq;fpa gz epuk;gypd; njhifAk; tu;jj

; f tq;fpfspy; nghJkf;fshy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLfpd;w
fhy kw;Wk; Nrkpg;G itg;GfSk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?

(1) ehzaj; jsk; (Monetary base)

(2) tpupe;j gzg; ngUf;fp (Broad Money Multiplier)
(3) jpul;ba tpupe;j gz epuk;gy; (Consolidated Broad Money Supply)
(4) tpupe;j gz epuk;gy; (Broad Money Supply)

1.6 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; tu;j;jf tq;fpfspd; Xu; njhopw;ghL my;yhjJ vJ?

(1) nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J itg;Gfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

(2) jdpegu;fSf;F ghJfhg;Gg; ngl;lfq;fis (Safety vaults) toq;Fjy;
(3) fld; trjpfis toq;Fjy;
(4) ehza (Currency) tpepNahfKk; KfhikAk;

2|Page
1.7 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; gzj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tpapd; (demanding money) xU Nehf;fk; my;yhjJ vJ?

(1) nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; (Transactions) Nehf;fk; (2) fpua (cost) Nehf;fk;

(3) Kd;ndr;rupf;if (precautionary) Nehf;fk; (4) Cf (speculative) Nehf;fk;

1.8 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehzaf; nfhs;iff;fhd msTuPjpahd

fl;Lg;ghl;bd; (quantitative control) Xu; fUtpahf (instrument) ,Ug;gJ vJ?

(1) njhFjpg; gl;bay; cr;rq;fs; (Portfolio ceilings)

(2) ; pjpg;gLj;jy; trjpfis Vw;gLj;jy; (Provision of refinance facilities)
kPse
(3) tq;fp tPjf; nfhs;if (Bank rate policy)
(4) eatpzf;fk; (Moral suasion)

1.9 gpd;tUk; ve;j ,uz;bw;Fkpilapy; xU kPjpapid guhkupg;gJ tq;fpfshy; Kfq;nfhLf;f

Ntz;bapUf;fpd;w rthyhf ,Uf;fpwJ?

(1) jputj;jd;ik (liquidity) kw;Wk; tl;b tPjk; (2) jputj;jd;ik kw;Wk; ,yhgj;jd;ik
(3) ,yhgj;jd;ik kw;Wk; itg;Gfs; (4) ,yhgj;jd;ik kw;Wk; gztPff
; k;

1.10 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; 2016 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mz;lwpf;iff;F ,zq;f> 2016 Mk;
Mz;bw;fhd ,yq;ifapd; jdpegu; tUkhdk;:

(1) 3,821 mnkupf;f nlhyu; (2) 3,924 mnkupf;f nlhyu;

(3) 3,280 mnkupf;f nlhyu; (4) 3,835 mnkupf;f nlhyu;

,y. 1.11 njhlf;fk; 1.15 tiuapyhd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; “rupahdjh” my;yJ
“jtwhdjh” vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf. ckJ tpilapid (rupahdJ / jtwhdJ) tpdhTf;Fupa
,yf;fj;Jld; ckf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s tpilg;Gj;jfj;jpy; vOJf.

1.11 ntspaPlb; y; Vw;gLk; tPjg;gbahd mjpfupg;ghdJ cs;sl P b

; y; Vw;gLk; tPjg;gbahd
mjpfupg;ig tpl cau;thf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> msTj;jpl;l tpisT FiwtilAk;.

1.12 vy;iyf; fpuak;> jug;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapYs;s ntspaPlL

; myF xd;wpw;fhd fpuaj;Jld;
njhlu;GilaJ.

1.13 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; xU gpujhd Nehf;fk; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; tpiy

];jpuj;jd;ikiag; NgZtjhFk;.

1.14 epWtdk; xd;W ,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;Jk;NghJ mjd; vy;iy tUkhdk; (Marginal Revenue
- MR) MdJ vy;iyf; fpuaj;jpw;F (Marginal Cost - MC) rkdhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

1.15 tu;j;jf tq;fpfs; itg;Gfspy; Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU tpfpjj;ij xJf;fq;fshfg; Ngz Ntz;Lk;

vd ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp epu;zapj;Js;sJ.

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,y. 1.16 njhlf;fk; 1.20 tiuahd tpdhf;fspYs;s ,ilntspfis epug;Gtjw;Fr; rupahd nrhy;
/ nrhw;fis milg;Gf;Fs;spUe;J njupTnra;f. njupTnra;ag;gl;l nrhy; / nrhw;fis mjw;Fupa
tpdh ,yf;fj;Jld; ckJ tpilg;Gj;jfj;jpy; vOJf.

1.16 …………………… (re;ij / jpl;lkplg;gl;l) nghUshjhuk; xd;wpy;> tpiyg; nghwpKiwapidg;

gad;gLj;Jtjd; Clhf mbg;gilg; nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfs; jPuf
; f
; g;gLfpd;wd.

1.17 …………………… (vy;iy cw;gj;jp / ruhrup cw;gj;jp) G+r;rpakhf MFk;NghJ> nkhj;j cw;gj;jp
cr;r epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

1.18 …………………… (cw;gj;jpahsu; kpif / Efu;Nthu; kpif) vd;gJ gz;lk; xd;wpd; rkepiy
tpiyf;Fk; toq;Feu; tpw;gidf;fhfj; jahupj;j tpiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL MFk;.

1.19 2015 Mk; Mz;by; khwh tpiyfspy; (2002) nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp &.2,500/- gpy;ypad;
MFk;. 2016 Mk; Mz;by; khwh tpiyfspy; (2002) nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp &.2,600/-
; p tPjk;……………… (2% / 4%) MFk;.
gpy;ypad; MFk;. 2016 ,y; nghUshjhu tsu;rr

1.20 fhyg;Nghf;fpy; nghUshjhuk; xd;wpd; cz;ikahd nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapy; Vw;gLk;

mjpfupg;G …………………… (nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp / nghUshjhu tsu;rr
; p) vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. (xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; 02 Gs;spfs; tPjk;> nkhj;jk; 40 Gs;spfs;)

gFjp A KbT

gFjp B
ehd;F (04) fl;lha tpdhf;fs;

(nkhj;jk; 40 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 02

(a) cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; (nghUshjhu tsq;fs;) ehd;fpid (04) tpgupf;Ff. (06 Gs;spfs;)

(b) gz;lk; xd;wpd; gpd;tUk; Nfs;tp ( ܳ݀ ) kw;Wk; epuk;gy; ( ܳ‫ )ݏ‬rkd;ghLfs; cq;fSf;Fj;

jug;gLfpd;wd.

ܳ݀ = 100 − 2‫݌‬ Qd = Nfs;tpf; fzpak;

Qs = epuk;gy; fzpak;
ܳ‫ = ݏ‬−50 + 3‫݌‬. P = tpiy

(i) gz;lj;jpd; rkepiy tpiyia (Equilibrium price) fzpf;Ff. (02 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) gz;lj;jpd; rkepiyf; fzpaj;ijf; (Equilibrium quantity) fzpf;Ff. (02 Gs;spfs;)

(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

4|Page
 tpdh 03

(a) “Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iyg; gad; tpjp (Law of Diminishing marginal utility)” vd;gjhy;
fUjg;gLtJ ahJ vd;gij cjhuzk; xd;Wld; tpgupf;Ff. (06 Gs;spfs;)

(b) ; hdpg;gitfs; (determinants of demands) ehd;fpid (04) tpgupf;Ff.

Nfs;tpiaj; jPuk
(04 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 04

(a) murhq;fg; ghjPlb

; d; gz;gpay;Gfs; ehd;fpidf; (04) $Wf. (04 Gs;spfs;)

(b) murhq;fj;jpdhy; Neupy; tup xd;whf gz;lnkhd;wpw;F myF tup (unit tax) xd;W tpjpf;fg;
gLtjdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis (consequences) tpgupf;Ff. (06 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 05

(a) xg;gl ; eak; (comparative advantage) kw;Wk; KO eak; (absolute advantage) Mfpatw;Wf;
P L
fpilapyhd NtWghl;bid tpgupf;Ff.
(04 Gs;spfs;)

(b) ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpd; gpujp$yq;fs; %d;wpid (03) tpgupf;Ff. (06 Gs;spfs;)

(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)
gFjp B KbT

gFjp C
xU fl;lha tpdh
(nkhj;jk; 20 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 06

(A) nghUshjhuk; xd;wpd; xU tUl fhyj;jpw;fhd Njrpa fzf;FfSld; njhlu;Gila gpd;tUk;

mDkhdj; juTfs; cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
&. (kpy;ypadpy;)
jdpahu; Efu;Tr; nryTfs; 1,000
murhq;f Efu;Tr; nryTfs; 1,500
nkhj;j cs;ehl;L %yjd mikg;G (formation) 2,500
epfu (Net) Vw;Wkjpfs; 1,300
ntspehl;bypUe;J epfuf; fhuzp tUkhdk;
(epfu ntspehl;L Kjd;ik tUkhdk;) 650

%yjdg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T 500

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 NkYs;s jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jp>

ePqf
; s; nra;aNtz;bait :

gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fzpf;Ff :

(a) nkhj;j cs;ehl;L nryT (Gross Domestic Expenditure) (04 Gs;spfs;)

(b) nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (GDP) - re;ij tpiyapy; (02 Gs;spfs;)

(c) nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp (GNP) - re;ij tpiyapy; (02 Gs;spfs;)

(d) epfu Njrpa cw;gj;jp (NNP) - re;ij tpiyapy; (02 Gs;spfs;)

(B) xU ehl;by;> ehzaf; nfhs;if (Monetary Policy) kw;Wk; ,iwf; nfhs;if (Fiscal Policy)
vd ,uz;L gpujhd Ngupdg; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

; s; nra;aNtz;baJ:
ePqf
,iwf; nfhs;if fUtpfSf;fhd (instruments) Xu; cjhuzj;Jld; ,iwf; nfhs;if
vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahnjd tpgupf;Ff. (04 Gs;spfs;)

(C) xU ehl;bd; nghJ tpiy kl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Xu; cWjpahd mjpfupg;G gztPff ; k; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Nfs;tpj; J}z;ly; gztPff ; k; (demand full inflation) kw;Wk; nryT cijg;G
; k; (cost push inflation) vd;gd gztPff
gztPff ; j;jpd; gpujhd VJf;fs; (causes) MFk;.

; s; nra;aNtz;baJ:
ePqf

(a) Nfs;tpj; J}z;ly; gztPff

; j;ij tpgupf;Ff. (03 Gs;spfs;)

(b) gztPff ; j;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf xU ehl;bdhy; vLf;fg;gLk; %d;W (03) eltbf;iffisf;

(steps) $Wf. (03 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 20 Gs;spfs;)

gFjp C KbT

6|Page
 nray; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay;
mwpT kl;lk; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tiutpyf;fzk; (nghUs; tiuaiw)
nghUs; tiuiw nra;f /
jd;ik> tpahgfk; my;yJ nghUs; gw;wp tpgupj;jy;
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;f (Define)
tiuf (Draw) tupg;glk; my;yJ tiuglk; tbtpy; tiue;J fhl;Ljy;
milahsq; fhz;f / fUj;jpw;nfhz;l gpd;du; njupe;J nfhs;sy; my;yJ njupT
,dq;fhz;f (Identify) nra;jy;
epuw;gLj;Jf / gl;baypLf (List) njhlu;Ggl;l cUg;gbfis xd;wpd; fPo; xd;whf vOJJy;
ju;f;f uPjpahf my;yJ fhuz uPjpahf njhlu;Gfis
njhlu;GgLj;Jf (Relate)
epiyehl;ly;
$Wf / Fwpg;gpLf (State) jpl;ltl;lkhf my;yJ njspthf njuptpj;jy;
kl;lk; 01 fzpf;Ff / fzpg;gpLf
fzpj uPjpahf fzpg;gl
P b
; id Nkw;nfhs;sy;
fpufpj;jy; (Calculate / Compute)
Kbnthd;wpid milAk; Nehf;fpy; NtWgl;l tplaq;fis
Kf;fpa jftiy Muha;f (Discuss)
tpthjj;jpd; %yk; tpgukhf Ma;T nra;jy;
Qhgfg;gLj;jp
cupa cz;ikfis ntspf;fhl;b> njspthd tptuzj;ij
tpgupj;jy; tpgupf;Ff (Explain)
tpgukhfj; njuptpj;jy;
nghUs; tpsf;Ff / fUj;Jf;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; njspTgLj;jy;
$Wf (Interpret)
mwpit my;yJ mit rhu;ej; mDgtj;jpidf; nfhz;L>
Vw;gpirT nra;jy; (Recognize) nry;Ygbj; jd;ikia my;yJ mjd; ,y;yhikiaf;
fhl;Ljy;
gjpT nra;f (Record) cupa gjpTfis tpupthfg; gjpT nra;jy;
njhFf;Ff / RUf;fj;ijj; jUf gpujhd tplaq;fspy; (cz;ikfs; my;yJ ngWkjpfs;)
(Summarize) RUf;fkhd $w;wpidj; jUjy;

mwpT kl;lk; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;

gpuNahfpf;Ff
Ff (Apply) eilKiwg; gad;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;
kjpg;gpLf (Assess) ngWkjp> jd;ik> ,aYik my;yJ juj;jpidj; jPu;khdpj;jy;
kl;lk; 02 vLj;Jf; fhl;Lld; tpgupf;Ff
gpNahfpj;jy; tpNrlkhf cjhuzq;fSld; epWTjy;
(Demonstrate)

fw;wijf; nfhz;L tiuglj; jhspy; tiuf (Graph) tiuglk; xd;wpd; %yk; fhl;Ljy;
NtW xd;wpid jahupf;Ff (Prepare) Nfl;fg;gl;l tplaj;jpid cupa Kiwapy; ntspf;fhl;ly;
mwptjw;F mwpitg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; / Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; xOq;F gLj;Jjy; my;yJ
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;Jf (Prioritize)
tpdhf;fisj; jPuj
; j
; y; tupirg;gLj;Jjy;
fzf;fpzf;fk; nra;f /
Ntnwhd;Dld; ,zq;Fjiy xg;Gtpj;jy;
,zf;fk; nra;f (Reconcile)
jPuf
; F
; f (Solve) fzpg;gL
P my;yJ tpsf;fq;fspd; %yk; jPuT
; fhzy;

mwpT kl;lk; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;

jPut
; pid my;yJ ntspg;ghl;bidj; njupe;J nfhs;Sk;
gFg;gha;T nra;f (Analyze)
Nehf;fpy; tpgukhf Ma;T nra;jy;
kl;lk; 03
gFg;gha;T xw;Wikfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; guPlr
; pj;jy; /
xg;gpLf (Compare)
Ma;T nra;jy;
vz;zq;fSf;F
,ilapy; Ntw;Wikfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; guPlr
; pj;jy; /
NtWgLj;Jf (Contrast)
njhlu;Gfis Ma;T nra;jy;
Vw;gLj;jp xg;gpLjYk; Ngjg;gLj;Jf/tpj;
f tpj;jpahrg;gLj;Jf rpytw;iw NtWgLj;Jk; tpj;jpahrq;fisf; fhl;Ljy; /
NtWgLj;jYk; /
jpwe;j tpdhf;fisj; tifapLf (Differentiate)
/tifapLf tifg;gLj;jy;
jPuj
; ;jy; RUf;fkhff; fhl;Lf / Fwpg;gpLf Kf;fpa Fzhk;rq;fspd;/rpwg;gpay;Gfspd; njhFg;gpidj;
(Outline) jUjy;

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