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© 2019 Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 1
Eurocode 2 - Contents
1. General 7. Serviceability limit state
2. Basis of design 8. Detailing – general
3. Materials 9. Detailing – particular rules
4. Durability 10. Precast concrete
5. Structural analysis 11. Lightweight concrete
6. Ultimate limit state 12. Plain concrete
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Design moment
UK Guidance: PD 6687-1
The column design moment is: Cl. 2.11
MEd = Max {M02; M0e + M2; |M01 - 0.5 M2 - 2NEdei|}
Where: Exp (5.32)
M0e = 0.6 M02 + 0.4 M01 ≥ 0.4 M02
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Design moments
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Worked example
A pinned-based 350 x 350 square column, has a design axial
load, NEd = 1824.1 kN and the major axis bending ULS moment
at the top of the column from the analysis is 146.1 kNm. The
equivalent quasi-permanent moment is 108.1 kNm.
It has been shown that the
column is slender. The
effective length of the
column, l0 is 2965 mm.
Determine the design moment
when the cover, cnom to the 8
mm links is 35 mm and the
concrete class is C30/37.
Assume that 8 No H32 bars
are required.
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Worked example
Solution
MEd = Max {M02; M0e + M2; |M01 - 0.5 M2 - 2NEdei|}
Where:
M0e = 0.6 M02 + 0.4 M01 ≥ 0.4 M02
M02 = Mz +ei NEd ≥ e0NEd
Mz = 146.1
ei = l0/400 = 2965/400
= 7.41 mm
e0 = Max {h/30, 20} = {350/30, 20}
= 20 mm
M02 = 146.1 + 0.0074 x 1824.1 ≥ 0.02 x 1824.1
= 146.1 + 13.4 ≥ 36.5
= 159.5 kNm
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Worked example
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Worked example
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Worked example
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Worked example
where (cont):
K = 1 + ef 1
where
b = 0.35 + fck /200 – λ/150
where
λ = 3.46lo/h = 3.46 x 2965 /350 = 29.3
b = 0.35 + 30/200 – 29.3/150 = 0.305
ef = (∞,t0) MOEqp/M0Ed
where
(∞,t0) from chart . . . . .
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Concrete - creep
t0
1
N R
2 S
3
5 C20/25
C25/30
C30/37
10 C35/45
C40/50
C45/55
C50/60
20 C55/67
28 days assumed C60/75
C70/85
30 C80/95
C90/105
50
(∞,t0) = 2.4
100
7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
(t 0) h 0 (mm)
h0 = 2Ac/u, where:
Ac = 350 x 350 = 122500 mm2
u = 4 x 350 = 1400 mm
h0 = 2 x 122500/1400 = 175 mm
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Worked example
where (cont):
ef = (∞,t0) MOEqp/M0Ed
where
(∞,t0) = 2.4
MOEqp = 108.1 (given)
M0Ed = 159.5 (a.b.)
ef = 2.4 x 108.1/159.5 = 1.62
K = 1 + bef 1
K = 1 + 0.305 x 1.62 = 1.50 1
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Worked example
where (cont):
1/r = KrK/r0
= 0.75 x 1.5 x 16.6 x 10-6 = 18.7 x 10-6
Therefore:
e2 = (1/r)l02/2
= 18.7 x 10-6 x 29652/2
= 16.5 mm
M2 = NEd e2
= 1824.1 x 0.0165 = 30.1 kNm
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Worked example
Finally . . .
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Bending and axial force
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Slenderness
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Slenderness
Table 12.1
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As a simplification:
hf/a 2 may be used
hF
a a
bF
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Unreinforced bored cast-in-place
concrete piles EN 1536 cl.7.1
The execution standard EN 1536 states that bored piles may
be designed as unreinforced if:
• Pile head reinforcement is provided, i.e.
• Reinforced for accidental loads (e.g. arising from construction
works)
• Starter bars ‘or other system’ to locate centre of pile
• Actions produce only compressive stresses in the pile, i.e.
• Design actions
• Actions caused by construction
• Actions resulting from the ground
Bored piles should be reinforced over any length of:
• soft soil i.e. low strength fine soil, cuk 40 kPa
• loose soil i.e. ID 35%
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Shear resistance of unreinforced
piles (EN 1992-1-1 cl.12.6.3(2))
Verification of shear resistance of plain concrete piles is
demonstrated by: VEd VRd ,pl
VRd,pl = design shear resistance of an unreinforced pile:
fcvd Acc
VRd ,pl
k
fcvd = design strength of concrete subject to combined shear
and compression
Acc = cross-sectional area of concrete in compression
k = model factor (= 1.5) 2
cp c ,lim
fcvd fctd ,pl cp fctd ,pl
2
, cp c ,lim
fcvd fctd ,pl cp fctd ,pl , cp c ,lim
2
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VRd,pl/Acc
cp
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Combined bending and
compression
Design bending moment effect in pile’s cross-section must not
exceed the design bending resistance of the plain section:
MEd MRd ,pl
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Assumptions used to develop
N:M interaction charts
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Reinforced concrete piles – shear
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Guidance
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Circular members not requiring
design shear reinforcement
EN 1992-1-1 cl.6.2.1(3)
No shear reinforcement is needed when:
100 Asl fck
VEd VRd ,c CRd ,c k 3 k1 cp Aeff vmin k1 cp Aeff
Aeff
VEd = design value of applied shear force
VRd,c = memberdesign shear resistance without shear reinf’t
vmin = minimum shear resistance (as stress)
Av = effective pile cross-sectional area (replacing ‘bwd’ term)
Asl = area of longitudinal bars (ρl = Asl / A) 2%
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete (in MPa)
cp = compressive stress in section at its centroid
CRd ,c 0.18 c and k 1 200mm d 2
NEd f
k1 0.15 and cp 0.2fcd 0.2 cc ck
Ac c
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Members not requiring design
shear reinforcement
Simple method: use value from table and, if required, add 0.15 NEd/Ac
l (%) Effective depth, d (mm)
200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.36
0.50 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.45
0.75 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.51
1.00 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.57
1.25 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.61
1.50 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.65
1.75 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.68
2.0 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.74 0.71
Values for fck = 30 MPa. Where rI > 0.40% the following factors may be used:
fck 25 28 32 35 40 45 50
factor 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.19
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bw = 2√((dv - z ) (2r – dv + z ))
bw
2rs/π = h/π
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Concrete strut capacity
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Coefficient αcw
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Effect of Compressive Stress on cw
1.2
cw 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Stress/fcd
cp/fcd
Concrete crushing strength increased for 0 < cp < 0.6fcd
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Helical (Spiral) shear links
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Minimum reinforcement for concrete
piles
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Minimum reinforcement
EN 1992-1-1 cl.9.2.1.1 &
9.5.2(2)
As,min = minimum area of reinforcement, given by (for
columns): N
As,min 0.1 Ed
fyd
As,min 0.002Ac 0.2% Ac
Sections containing less reinforcement than As,min should be
considered as unreinforced
© 2019 Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 42
Minimum longitudinal
reinforcement for bored piles EN
1536 cl.7.5.2,EN 1992-1-1
cl.9.8.5(3)
When reinforcement is required, minimum longitudinal
reinforcement:
• As 0.5% Ac for Ac 0.5 m2
• As 0.0025 m2 (i.e. 25 cm2) for 0.5 m2 < Ac 1.0 m2
• As 0.25% Ac for Ac > 1.0 m2
Minimum number and size of bars:
• For reinforced piles, 4 x l 12 mm
Eurocode 2 has different recommendations for minimum
number and size of bars:
• For reinforced piles, 6 x l 16 mm
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Minimum reinforcement
Minimum area of reinforcement,
5000
4500
4000
3500
As,bpmin (mm2)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Pile diameter, mm
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