ARTICLE IN PRESS

Signal Processing 86 (2006) 2703–2711

www.elsevier.com/locate/sigpro

Analysis of damped vibrations of linear viscoelastic plates

with damping modeled with fractional derivatives
Yu. A. Rossikhin, M.V. Shitikova
Department of Theoretical Mechanics, Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, ul.Svobodu 45-53,
Voronezh 394018, Russia
Received 12 April 2005; received in revised form 29 October 2005; accepted 6 December 2005
Available online 9 March 2006

Abstract

Damped vibrations of a rectangular viscoelastic plate, whose dynamic behaviour is described by a set of three linear
equations in three mutually orthogonal displacements of points of its median surface, are considered. Damping features of
the plate are determined by fractional derivatives with respect to time. Viscosity is referred to modal character. The
Laplace integral transform method is employed as a method of solution, which is followed by the expansion of the desired
functions in series with respect to eigenfunctions of the problem. However, unlike in the traditional approach, when
rationalization of a characteristic equation with fractional powers is carried out during the transition from image to pre-
image, here the nonrationalized characteristic equation is solved by the method suggested by the authors. The solution is
obtained in the form of the sum of two terms, one of which governs the drift of the system’s equilibrium position and is
defined by the quasi-static processes of creep occurring in the system, and the other term describes damped vibrations
around the equilibrium position and is determined by the systems’s inertia and energy dissipation. The influence of
viscosity on the solution is shown, and the time dependence of the plate points displacements is analyzed.
r 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Viscoelastic plates; Fractional derivative; Damped vibrations; Laplace transform method

1. Introduction for ordinary Newtonian viscosity mx, _ where x is the

displacement, and an overdot denotes time-deriva-
The notion of modal viscosity is often used for tive, lies in the fact that the viscosity coefficient m is
analyzing linear damped vibrations of plates, i.e., it a linear combination of the system’s rigidity E and
is assumed that each mode of vibrations has its own its mass m, i.e.,
viscous coefficient. Such an assumption is corrobo-
m ¼ aE þ bm (1)
rated by experimental data obtained via ambient
tests of various structures and its elements [1–3]. For or
theoretical investigation of linear vibrations of m
mechanical systems, along with the modal viscosity ¼ o2 t, (2)
m
the Rayleigh hypothesis is of frequent use [3], which
where a and b are coefficients of proportionality,
Corresponding author. Tel./fax:+7 0732 773992. o2 ¼ Em
1 , and t ¼ a þ bo
2 is the retardation
E-mail address: shitikova@vmail.ru (M.V. Shitikova). time.

0165-1684/$ - see front matter r 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2006.02.016
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
2704 Yu.A. Rossikhin, M.V. Shitikova / Signal Processing 86 (2006) 2703–2711

2 
If Newtonian viscosity is defined by the Rie- Eh q u 1
n q2 u 1 þ n q 2 v
mann–Liouville fractional derivative mDg x, where þ þ
1
n2 qx2 2 qy2 2 qxqy
Z
d t xðtÞdt q2 u
Dg x ¼ ; ð0og  1Þ, (3) ¼ rh 2
q1 ,
dt 0 Gð1
gÞðt
tÞg qt

2 
and Gð1
gÞ is the Gamma-function, then (2) takes Eh q v 1
n q2 v 1 þ n q2 u
þ þ
the form 1
n2 qy2 2 qx2 2 qxqy
m q2 v
¼ o2 tg . (4) ¼ rh
q2 , ð8Þ
m qt2
For a one-degree-of-freedom system, whose
damping features are described by fractional deri- q2 w
vative Kelvin–Voigt model [4] Dr4 w ¼
rh þ q3 , (9)
qt2
g g
F ¼ Eðx þ t D xÞ, (5)
where uðx; y; tÞ, vðx; y; tÞ, and wðx; y; tÞ are displace-
where F is the force, formula (4) is obtained ments of the points of the plate’s median surface in
automatically, since the equation of motion of such three mutually orthogonal directions x; y; z, two of
a system has the form which, x and y, lie in the plate surface, and the third
x€ þ o2 tg Dg x þ o2 x ¼ f , (6) one, z, is out of the plate plane; q1 , q2 , and q3 are the
intensities of the given external loads applied in the
where f is the external force per unit mass. x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively, r is the density,
The corresponding characteristic equation is n is Poisson’s ratio, h is the plate thickness,
written as [4]
p2 þ o2 ðtpÞg þ o2 ¼ 0, Eh3
(7) D¼ ; r4 ¼ r2 r2
12ð1
n2 Þ
where p is the Laplace transform variable.
q4 q4 q4
If a linear system possesses an infinite number ¼ þ 2 þ .
degrees-of-freedom, then the introduction of the qx4 qx2 qy2 qy4
modal viscosity and Rayleigh hypothesis allows one
Eqs. (8) and (9) are subjected to the initial
to obtain for each mode the characteristic equation
conditions
of the type of (7), i.e., the behaviour of each mode is
modeled in terms of the behaviour of a mechanical _ t¼0 ¼ 0;
ujt¼0 ¼ uj vjt¼0 ¼ v_jt¼0 ¼ 0,
oscillator, in so doing the oscillators corresponding
to different modes are not depend on each other. _ t¼0 ¼ 0
wjt¼0 ¼ wj ð10Þ
Thus, the problem of oscillations of a viscoelastic
rod with fractional derivative constitutive equations and the boundary conditions (of Navier type) for
has been reduced to an infinite set of single-mass the simply supported edges free in the x-direction
oscillators in [5].
wjx¼0 ¼ wjx¼a ¼ 0; vjx¼0 ¼ vjx¼a ¼ 0,
Further it will be shown that for rectangular    
plates, whose dynamic motion is described by two qu qu q2 w q2 w
¼ ¼ 0; ¼ ¼ 0, ð11Þ
coupled and one uncoupled linear equations, the qxx¼0 qxx¼a qx2 x¼0 qx2 x¼a
behaviour of each mode of the coupled equations is
modeled already by the behaviour of a two-mass and for the simply supported edges free in the y-
oscillator [6], in so doing the oscillators correspond- direction
ing to different modes are separated from each
other.
wjy¼0 ¼ wjy¼b ¼ 0; ujy¼0 ¼ ujy¼b ¼ 0,
   
qv  qv q2 w q2 w
2. Governing equations and the method of solution ¼ ¼ 0; ¼ ¼ 0, ð12Þ
qyy¼0 qyy¼b qy2 y¼0 qy2 y¼b
Let us consider a rectangular isotropic plate,
whose dynamic behaviour is described by three where a and b are the plate’s dimensions along the
linear equations [7] x- and y-axes, respectively.
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
Yu.A. Rossikhin, M.V. Shitikova / Signal Processing 86 (2006) 2703–2711 2705

Let us introduce the dimensionless values For solving the problem, let us apply the Laplace
u v w x y transform method. The displacements of the points
u ¼ ; v ¼ ; w ¼ ; x ¼ ; y ¼ , lying in the median surface (18) in the Laplace
asffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
affi a a b
domain have the form
t E qi ð1
n2 Þ
t ¼ ; qi ¼ ði ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ, 1 X
X 1
a rð1
n2 Þ Eb2 ūðx; y; pÞ ¼ x̄1 mn ðpÞZ1 mn ðx; yÞ,
ð13Þ m¼1 n¼1
X1 X 1
and rewrite the equations of motion (8) and (9) in v̄ðx; y; pÞ ¼ x̄2 mn ðpÞZ2 mn ðx; yÞ,
the dimensionless form omitting asterisks near the m¼1 n¼1
dimensionless values X1 X 1
w̄ðx; y; pÞ ¼ x̄3 mn ðpÞZ3 mn ðx; yÞ, ð20Þ
1
n 2 1þn m¼1 n¼1
uxx þ b1 uyy þ b1 vxy ¼ u€
q1 ,
2 2
where p is the Laplace variable, and an overbar
1
n 1þn
b1 vyy þ vxx þ b1 uxy ¼ v€
q2 , ð14Þ denotes the Laplace transform.
2 2 Rewrite Eqs. (14) and (15) in the Laplace domain,
2
b2 substitute formulae (20) in the net equations and
ðwxxxx þ 2b21 wxxyy þ b41 wyyyy Þ ¼
w€ þ q3 , ð15Þ
12 consider that
as well as the boundary equations (11) for the 1 X
X 1
simply supported edges free in the x-direction q̄i ðx; y; pÞ ¼ q̄i mn ðpÞZi mn ðx; yÞ
m¼1 n¼1
wjx¼0 ¼ wjx¼1 ¼ 0; vjx¼0 ¼ vjx¼1 ¼ 0,
ði ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ. ð21Þ
ux jx¼0 ¼ ux jx¼1 ¼ 0; wxx jx¼0 ¼ wxx jx¼1 ¼ 0, ð16Þ
Using condition of orthogonality of eigenfunctions
and the boundary conditions (12) for the simply
within the domain of x and y, as a result we obtain
supported edges free in the y-direction
ðp2 þ P1 mn Þx̄1 mn þ P2 mn x̄2 mn ¼ q̄1 mn ,
wjy¼0 ¼ wjy¼1 ¼ 0; ujy¼0 ¼ ujy¼1 ¼ 0,
P2 mn x̄1 mn þ ðp2 þ P3 mn Þx̄2 mn ¼ q̄2 mn , ð22Þ
vy jy¼0 ¼ vy jy¼1 ¼ 0; wyy jy¼0 ¼ wyy jy¼1 ¼ 0, ð17Þ
where b1 ¼ a=b and b2 ¼ h=a are the parameters ðp2 þ P4 mn Þx̄3 mn ¼ q̄3 mn , (23)
depending on the plate’s dimensions, the lower
indices x and y denote differentiation with respect to where
the corresponding coordinate, and overdots refer to

2 2 1
n 2 2
the time-derivative. P1 mn ¼p m þ b1 n ,
2
Represent the functions of the dimensionless
displacements in terms of the following expansions: 1þn
P2 mn ¼ p2 b1 mn,
X
1 X
1
2 
uðx; y; tÞ ¼ x1 mn ðtÞZ1 mn ðx; yÞ, 2 1
n 2 2 2
P3 mn ¼p m þ b1 n ,
m¼1 n¼1 2
X1 X 1
b2  2
vðx; y; tÞ ¼ x2 mn ðtÞZ2 mn ðx; yÞ, P4 mn ¼ p4 2 m2 þ b21 n2 .
m¼1 n¼1
12
X1 X 1 The characteristic equation for the set of Eqs. (22) is
wðx; y; tÞ ¼ x3 mn ðtÞZ3 mn ðx; yÞ, ð18Þ written in the form
m¼1 n¼1

where the eigenfunctions have the form f 0mn ðpÞ ¼ p4 þ ðP1 mn þ P3 mn Þp2
þ P1 mn P3 mn
P22 mn ¼ 0 ð24Þ
Z1 mn ðx; yÞ ¼ cos pmx sin pny,
Z2 mn ðx; yÞ ¼ sin pmx cos pny, and possesses two roots
Z3 mn ðx; yÞ ¼ sin pmx sin pny, ð19Þ p21 mn ¼
p2 ðm2 þ b21 n2 Þ,
and m and n are integers, and x1 mn , x2 mn , and x3 mn 1
n 2
p22 mn ¼
p2 ðm þ b21 n2 Þ, ð25Þ
are the generalized displacements. 2
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
2706 Yu.A. Rossikhin, M.V. Shitikova / Signal Processing 86 (2006) 2703–2711

which correspond to the natural frequencies where

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3
n 1
n
o1 mn ¼ p m2 þ b21 n2 , a¼ ; b¼ ; b ¼ a
1.
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 2
1
n 2
o2 mn ¼ p ðm þ b21 n2 Þ ð26Þ Let us change the variables in the characteristic (33)
2 using the formulas
of the in-plane horizontal vibrations of the plate, in
so doing 2o22 mn =ð1
nÞ ¼ o21 mn ¼ o2mn . p ¼ p omn ; tmn ¼ t o
1
mn . (34)
The natural frequency of the out-of-plane vertical As a result we obtain the basic equation
vibrations
f  ðp Þ ¼ p4 þ 2tg p2þg þ t2g p2g
p2 b b
Omn ¼ pffiffi2ffi ðm2 þ b21 n2 Þ ¼ p2ffiffiffi o2mn (27) þ aðp2 þ tg pg Þ þ b ¼ 0. ð35Þ
2 3 2 3
corresponds to the root of the characteristic Eq. (35) can be represented in the form
equation for Eq. (23). f  ðp Þ ¼ ðp2 þ tg pg þ 1Þðp2 þ tg pg þ bÞ ¼ 0.
Let us introduce the modal viscosity m in Eqs. (22)
(36)
by formula m ¼ o2mn tgmn pg , but in Eq. (23) by
formula m ¼ O2mn tg3 mn pg , where tmn and t3 mn are Equating to zero each expression in parenthesis of
the retardation times of the mnth mode of the in- (36) yields
plane and out-of-plane vibrations, respectively.
As a result we obtain p2 þ tg pg þ 1 ¼ 0, (37)

ðp2 þ o2mn tgmn pg þ P1 mn Þx̄1 mn þ P2 mn x̄2 mn ¼ q̄1 mn , p2 þ tg pg þ b ¼ 0, (38)
P2 mn x̄1 mn þ ðp2 þ o2mn tgmn pg þ P3 mn Þx̄2 mn ¼ q̄2 mn , 
whence at t it follows that
ð28Þ pffiffiffi
p10 ¼ i; p20 ¼ i b. (39)
2
ðp þ O2mn tg3 mn pg þ P4 mn Þx̄3 mn ¼ q̄3 mn . (29) Putting in Eqs. (37) and (38) p ¼ r eic and


separating the real and imaginary parts, respec-

tively, yields
3. Analysis of the characteristic equations r 2 R
1 cosð2c
FÞ þ 1 ¼ 0,
The characteristic equation for the set of Eqs. (28) r2 R
1 sinð2c
FÞ ¼ 0, ð40Þ
has the form
r 2 R
1 
1 cosð2c
F1 Þ þ 1 ¼ 0,
f mn ðpÞ ¼ p4 þ 2o2mn tgmn p2þg þ o4mn t2g
mn p
2g

r 2 R
1 
1 sinð2c
F1 Þ ¼ 0, ð41Þ
þ ðp2 þ o2mn tgmn pg ÞðP1 mn þ P3 mn Þ
þ P1 mn P3 mn
P22 mn ¼ 0 ð30Þ where
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
but the characteristic equation for Eq. (29) is written R ¼ 1 þ 2x cos gc þ x2 ,
in the form qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
R1 ¼ b2 þ 2bx cos gc þ x2 ,
f 3mn ðpÞ ¼ p2 þ O2mn tg3mn pg þ O2mn ¼ 0. (31)
Considering that x sin gc
tan F ¼ ,
3
n 2 1 þ x cos gc
P1 mn þ P3 mn ¼ o21 mn þ o22 mn ¼ omn , x sin gc
2 tan F1 ¼ ; x ¼ ðr t Þg .
1
n 4 b þ x cos gc
P1 mn P3 mn
P22 mn ¼ omn , ð32Þ
2 From Eqs. (40) and (41) we obtain, respectively,
rewrite Eq. (30) in the following form:
2c
F ¼ p; r 2 R
1 ¼ 1, (42)
f mn ðpÞ ¼ p þ 2o2mn tgmn p2þg þ o4mn t2g
4
mn p
2g

þ ðp2 þ o2mn tgmn pg Þao2mn þ bo4mn ¼ 0, ð33Þ 2c
F1 ¼ p; r 2 R
1

1 ¼ 1. (43)
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
Yu.A. Rossikhin, M.V. Shitikova / Signal Processing 86 (2006) 2703–2711
Tending x to 1 in (42) and (43), respectively, yields
p
c11 ¼  ; r11 ¼ 1,
2
g
p
c21 ¼  ; r21 ¼ 1.
2
g
Behaviour of the roots of Eqs. (37) and (38) as the
function of the parameter t is well understood [8],
and therefore the investigation of the roots of the
characteristic Eq. (36) is not a particular problem.
The behaviour of the roots (indicated by figures 1
and 2, respectively) in the complex plane as function
of the parameter t is presented in Fig. 1, where the
magnitudes of the value g are indicated near the
corresponding curves, and only the upper part of
the complex half-plane is shown. Reference to Fig. 1
shows that two curves for the t -dependence of the
roots p1;2 issue out of two different points defined by
Eq. (39) and, as t tends to 1, come close to one
and the same asymptote leaving the origin of the
coordinates under the angle c ¼ p=ð2
gÞ (see
Eqs. (44) and (45)).
Note that the roots of a two-mass oscillator
behave similarly to those of the basic Eq. (36) [6].
Having determined the roots of the basic Eq. (35),
all roots of the characteristic Eq. (33) could be
found by the formulas
 decrease by the law tmn ¼ t o
1 mn (Fig. 2).
pmn ¼ omn r eic ; tmn ¼ o
1 
mn t .
Fig. 1. Behaviour of the complex conjugate roots of the basic
Eqs. (35) and (48).
2707
(44)
(45)
Fig. 2. Behaviour of the roots of the characteristic Eqs. (30)
and (31).
Reference to Eqs. (46) shows that the roots of the
characteristic Eq. (33) for each fixed magnitude of
t locate on two straight lines issuing from two
points of the basic lines under the angles ca ða ¼
1; 2Þ at the distances ra mn ¼ ra omn , in so doing the
magnitudes of tmn corresponding to these roots
(46) Now let us change the variables in the character-
istic (31) using the formulas
p ¼ p3 Omn ; t3 mn ¼ t3 O
1
mn . (47)
As a result we obtain the basic equation
p3 2 þ ðp3 t3 Þg þ 1 ¼ 0, (48)
which coincides with Eq. (37).
With the variation of t3 from 0 to 1 the roots of
the basic Eq. (48) on the complex plane p are
depicted by the basic curves which are indicated by
figure 3 in Fig. 1.
Having determined the roots of basic Eq. (48),
one can find all roots of characteristic Eq. (31) by
the formulas

pmn ¼ Omn r3 eic3 ; t3 mn ¼ O
1 
mn t3 . (49)
Reference to Eq. (49) shows that all roots of the
characteristic Eq. (31) locate on the complex plane
on one straight line intersecting the origin and a
certain initial point p (Fig. 2) which is determined
from the basic Eq. (48) at the initial retardation time
t3 . The initial retardation time, in its turn, is defined
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
2708 Yu.A. Rossikhin, M.V. Shitikova / Signal Processing 86 (2006) 2703–2711

Table 1
The magnitudes of the roots for the characteristic Eqs. (31)
and (33)

m n omn Omn tmn t3mn rð1Þ

mn rð2Þ
mn rð3Þ
mn

1 1 4.443 0.285 0.225 3.510 5.466 4.342 0.351

1 2 7.025 0.712 0.142 1.404 8.643 6.865 0.876
2 1
2 2 8.886 1.139 0.112 0.877 10.933 8.684 1.402
1 3 9.935 1.425 0.100 0.702 12.223 9.708 1.723
3 1
2 3 11.327 1.852 0.088 0.540 13.937 11.070 2.279
3 2
1 4 12.167 2.137 0.082 0.467 14.97 11.89 2.629
4 1
3 3 13.329 2.564 0.075 0.390 16.400 13.025 1.402
2 4 14.049 2.849 0.071 0.351 17.286 13.73 3.506
4 2
3 4 15.708 3.561 0.064 0.281 19.327 15.350 4.382
Fig. 3. Contour used to calculate the complex inversion integral 4 3
in the Laplace method. 1 5 16.019 3.704 0.062 0.270 19.709 15.654 4.557
5 1
2 5 16.978 4.131 0.059 0.242 20.816 16.533 5.083
by the initial temperature of the plate by Arrhenius 5 2
4 4 17.772 4.559 0.056 0.219 21.866 17.367 5.609
formula 3 5 18.318 4.844 0.055 0.207 22.539 17.901 5.959
5 3
t3 ¼ const expð
VR
1 T
1 Þ, (50)
1 6 19.109 5.271 0.052 0.189 23.512 18.674 6.485
where T is the absolute temperature, R is the gas 6 1
constant, and V is the energy of activation. 2 6 19.869 5.698 0.050 0.176 24.447 19.417 7.011
6 2
With the variation in the plate’s initial tempera- 4 5 20.116 5.841 0.049 0.171 24.750 19.658 7.186
ture and, hence, the initial point p , the location of 5 4
this line on the plane p changes. 3 6 21.074 6.411 0.047 0.156 25.929 20.595 7.887
The magnitudes of the roots for the characteristic 6 3
Eqs. (31) and (33) are presented in Table 1 at the 5 5 22.214 7.123 0.045 0.140 27.330 21.709 8.764
4 6 22.654 7.408 0.044 0.135 27.873 22.139 9.114
following magnitudes of the parameters: g ¼ 0:8, 6 4
b1 ¼ 1, b2 ¼ 0:05, 1  m; n  6 for the initial re- 5 6 24.540 8.690 0.041 0.115 30.189 23.978 10.692
tardation times t ¼ 1 and t3 ¼ 1, what corresponds 6 5
to the basic roots p1;3 ¼
0:5314  1:1097i and 6 6 26.657 10.257 0.037 0.098 32.800 26.050 12.620
p2 ¼
0:6467  0:7326i. For specificity, the roots
given in Table 1 are depicted in Fig. 2 by crosses and
light circles for Eqs. (33) and (31), respectively. The
basic roots are marked by the dark circles.

4. Construction of the solution where f mn ðpÞ and f 3mn ðpÞ are defined by (30) and
(31), respectively.
From Eqs. (28) and (29) we can find From Eqs. (51) and (52) it is seen that the
functions x̄i mn ði ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ on the complex plane
x̄1 mn ¼ ½q̄1 mn ðp2 þ o2mn tgmn pg þ P3 mn Þ p are multivalued functions with the branch

q̄2 mn P2 mn f
1
mn ðpÞ,
points p ¼ 0 and p ¼
1 and possess the poles
at the magnitudes p ¼ pk which vanish the
denominators of (51) and (52), i.e., they are
x̄2 mn ¼ ½q̄2 mn ðp2 þ o2mn tgmn pg þ P1 mn Þ the roots of the characteristic equations (30)

q̄1 mn P2 mn f
1 and (31).
mn ðpÞ, ð51Þ
For multivalued functions possessing the
x̄3 mn ¼ q̄3 mn f
1
3mn ðpÞ, (52) branch points, the Mellin–Fourier inversion
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
Yu.A. Rossikhin, M.V. Shitikova / Signal Processing 86 (2006) 2703–2711 2709

formula X
2
ðaÞ
x2 mn ¼ d ðaÞ
2 mn e

dmn t
sinðoðaÞ ðaÞ
mn t
j2 mn Þ
Z cþi1 a¼1
1 Z
xi mn ðtÞ ¼ x̄i mn ðpÞept dp ði ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ 1 1
2pi c
i1 þ w2 mn ðsÞe
st ds, ð58Þ
(53) p 0

ð3Þ
is valid only for the first sheet of the Riemannian x3 mn ¼ d 3 mn e
dmn t sinðoð3Þ
mn t
j3 mn Þ
surface, i.e., when
po arg pop. Thus, the integra- Z 1
1
tion contour should be chosen in the form presented þ w3 mn ðsÞe
st ds, ð59Þ
p 0
in Fig. 3.
According to Jordan lemma, curvilinear integrals where
taken along the arcs cR tend to zero when R ! 1, 2
and the integral calculated along cr also tends to d ðaÞ
i mn ¼  
ðaÞ 2 2
H mn þ ðQðaÞ mn Þ
zero as r ! 0. qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Using the main theorem of the theory of residues, ðqðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ 2 ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ 2
mn H mn
hi mn Qmn Þ þ ðhi mn H mn þ qmn Qmn Þ ,
the solution of Eqs. (53) could be written in the
form
hðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ
i mn H mn þ qmn Qmn
xi mn ðtÞ ¼ xdrift xvibr ði ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ (54) tan jðaÞ
i mn ¼
i mn ðtÞ þ i mn ðtÞ; qðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ
mn H mn
hi mn Qmn

Z ði ¼ 1; 2; a ¼ 1; 2Þ,
1
1
xdrift
i mn ðtÞ ¼ ½x̄i mn ðse
ip ip
Þ
x̄i mn ðse Þe
st
ds, ðaÞ
2pi 0 pa ¼ rðaÞ
mn e
icmn
¼
dðaÞ ðaÞ
mn  iomn ,
(55)
0 ðaÞ 3
H ðaÞ ðaÞ
mn ¼ Rf mn ðpa Þ ¼ 4rmn cos 3cmn
X
xvibr
i mn ðtÞ ¼ res½x̄i mn ðpk Þepk t , (56) þ 2ao2mn rðaÞ ðaÞ
mn cos cmn
k 1þg
þ 2ð2 þ gÞo2mn tgmn rðaÞ
mn cos½ð1 þ gÞcðaÞ
mn 
where summation is carried out over all isolated þ ao4mn tgmn grðaÞ
g
1
cos½ðg
1ÞcðaÞ
mn mn 
singular points (poles). 2g
1
In other words, the solution (54) is obtained in þ o4mn t2g ðaÞ
mn 2grmn cos½ð2g
1ÞcðaÞ
mn ,
the form of the sum of two terms, where the first one
3
(55) governs the drift of the system’s equilibrium QðaÞ 0 ðaÞ ðaÞ
mn ¼ If mn ðpa Þ ¼ 4rmn sin 3cmn
position and is defined by the quasi-static processes
of creep occurring in the system, and the other term þ 2ao2mn rðaÞ ðaÞ
mn sin cmn
1þg
(56) describes damped vibrations around the equili- þ 2ð2 þ gÞo2mn tgmn rðaÞ
mn sin½ð1 þ gÞcðaÞ
mn 
brium position and is determined by the systems’s g
1
inertia and energy dissipation. þ ao4mn tgmn grðaÞ
mn sin½ðg
1ÞcðaÞ
mn 
In order to obtain the solution in an explicit form, 2g
1
þ o4mn t2g ðaÞ
mn 2grmn sin½ð2g
1ÞcðaÞ
mn ,
let us put in Eqs. (51) and (52) q̄1 mn ðpÞ ¼ 1 ði ¼
1; 2; 3Þ for all m and n. Such an assumption 2
ðaÞ g ðaÞ ðaÞ g
qðaÞ ðaÞ
mn ¼ rmn sin 2cmn þ omn tmn rmn sinðgcmn Þ,
corresponds to the input signal in a form of Dirac
pulse. 2 g
Knowing the roots of the characteristic Eqs. (30) hðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ g ðaÞ ðaÞ
1 mn ¼ rmn cos 2cmn þ omn tmn rmn cosðgcmn Þ
and (31), and substituting Eqs. (51) and (52) in þ P3 mn
P2 mn ,
(54)–(56) yields
2 g
hðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ g ðaÞ ðaÞ
2 mn ¼ rmn cos 2cmn þ omn tmn rmn cosðgcmn Þ
X
2
ðaÞ
x1 mn ¼ d ðaÞ
1 mn e

dmn t
sinðoðaÞ ðaÞ
mn t
j1 mn Þ
þ P1 mn
P2 mn ,
a¼1
Z 1
1 Bmn ðsÞai mn ðsÞ
Amn ðsÞbmn ðsÞ
þ w1 mn ðsÞe
st ds, ð57Þ wi mn ðsÞ ¼ ,
p 0 ½Amn ðsÞ2 þ ½Bmn ðsÞ2
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
2710 Yu.A. Rossikhin, M.V. Shitikova / Signal Processing 86 (2006) 2703–2711

a1 mn ðsÞ ¼ s2 þ omn tgmn sg cosðgpÞ þ P3 mn
P2 mn ,

a2 mn ðsÞ ¼ s2 þ omn tgmn sg cosðgpÞ þ P1 mn
P2 mn ,

bmn ðsÞ ¼ omn tgmn sg sinðgpÞ,

Amn ðsÞ ¼ s4 þ ao2mn s2 þ 2o2mn tgmn s2þg cosð2 þ gÞp

þ ao4mn tgmn sg cos gp
þ o4mn t2g 2g 4
mn s cos 2gp þ bomn ,

Bmn ðsÞ ¼ 2o2mn tgmn s2þg sinð2 þ gÞp

þ ao4mn tgmn sg sin gp þ o4mn t2g 2g
mn s sin 2gp,

2
d 3 mn ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ,
H 3 mn þ Q23 mn
2

H 3 mn
tan j3 mn ¼
,
Q3 mn
Fig. 4. The time dependence of the functions (a) udrift , and
(b) uðtÞ.
H 3 mn ¼ Rf 03 mn ðp3 Þ ¼ 2rð3Þ ð3Þ
mn cos cmn
g
1
þ gO2mn tg3 mn rð3Þ
mn cos½ðg
1Þcð3Þ
mn , 5. Conclusion

Q3 mn ¼ If 03 mn ðp3 Þ ¼ 2rð3Þ ð3Þ

mn sin cmn An original method for solving the problem on
g
1 transient vibrations of linear viscoelastic plates,
þ gO2mn tg3 mn rð3Þ
mn sin½ðg
1Þcð3Þ
mn , whose viscoelastic features are described by frac-
ð3Þ tional derivatives, has been presented in this article.
p3 ¼ rð3Þ
mn e
icmn
¼
dð3Þ ð3Þ
mn  iomn ,

B3 mn ðsÞ
w3 mn ðsÞ ¼
½A3 mn ðsÞ2 þ ½B3 mn ðsÞ2
O2mn tg3 mn sg sin gp
¼ .
s4 þ O4mn ð1 þ t2g 2g
3 mn s Þ þ 2O2mn s2 þ 2O2mn tg3 mn sg ðs2 þ O2mn Þ cos gp

Substituting the generalized displacements xi mn ði ¼
1; 2; 3Þ defined by Eqs. (57)–(59) into relation-
ships (18), we could obtain the desired displace-
ments u; v and w of the viscoelastic plate under
consideration.
The drifts of the equilibrium position udrift ðtÞ,
v ðtÞ, and wdrift ðtÞ, and the displacements uðtÞ, vðtÞ,
drift
and wðtÞ are presented in Figs. 4–6, respectively, for
the plate point x ¼ 12, y ¼ 12 with due account for 15
terms in the series (18). From Figs. (4a)–(6a) it is
evident that in the case of the input signal in a form
of Dirac pulse the drifts of the equilibrium position
quickly decay with time, therefore, their influence
on damped vibrations may be ignored when
calculating the displacements.
It is based on the assumption that each mode of
vibrations has its own damping coefficient and its
own retardation time. This assumption considerably
simplifies the solution of the problem under
consideration, since all roots of the characteristic
equations locate on two straight lines intersecting
the origin of the coordinates and two basic points.
The location of the basic points on the complex
plane depends on the temperature of the plate and
on the order of the fractional derivative.
The Laplace integral transform method has been
employed as a method of solution, with further
expansion of the desired functions in series
with respect to eigenfunctions of the problem.
However, unlike in the traditional approach, when
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
Yu.A. Rossikhin, M.V. Shitikova / Signal Processing 86 (2006) 2703–2711
Fig. 5. The time dependence of the functions (a) vdrift , and
(b) vðtÞ.
Fig. 6. The time dependence of the functions (a) wdrift , and
(b) wðtÞ.
rationalization of a characteristic equation with
fractional powers is carried out during the transition
from image to pre-image, here the nonrationalized
2711
characteristic equation has been solved by the
method suggested by the authors. As a result of
such an approach, the solution has been obtained in
the form of the sum of two terms, one of which
governs the drift of the system’s equilibrium
position and is defined by the quasi-static processes
of creep occurring in the system, and the other term
describes damped vibrations around the equilibrium
position and is determined by the systems’s inertia
and energy dissipation.
Acknowledgements
The research described in this publication has
been made possible in part by the Russian Founda-
tion for Basic Research under the Grant no. 05-08-
17936-a. The final part of this research has been
carried out during authors’ stay at Dresden
Technical University as Visiting Professors through
the DAAD Fellowship, which support is very much
appreciated. The authors also thank the reviewers
for the suggestions improving the manuscript.
This paper is dedicated to the 75th Birthday of
Professor Duis D. Ivlev.
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