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DELHI SULTANATE (1206-1526)
The rulers who ruled over Delhi between
the 13th and 16th Century AD are known
as Sultans and the period is commonly
known as Delhi Sultanate
The rulers of Delhi Sultanate basically
belongs to Turkey except the Lodi they
belongs to Afghanistan
During this period five dynasties ruler
over Delhi
Slave Dynasty 1206-1240
Khilji Dynasty 1290-1320
Tughlaq Dynasty 1320-1414
Sayyid Dynasty 1414-1451
Lodi Dynasty 1451-1526
Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)
Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-1210)
1. A Turkish slave by origin, he was
purchased by Mohammad Ghori who later
made him his Governor.
2. After the death of Ghori, Aibek became
the master of Hindustan and founded the
Slave dynasty in 1206.
3. For his generosity, he was given the
title of Lakh Bakhsh (give of Lakhs.)
4. He constructed two mosque-Quwat-ul-
Islam at Delhi and Adhai din ka Jhonpra
at Ajmer.
5. He also began the construction of
Qutub Minar, in the honors of famous Sufi
Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhityar Kaki.
6. Aibek was great patron of learning and
patronized writers like Hasan-un-Nizami,
author of 'Taj-ul-Massir' and Fakhruddin,
author of 'Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shah'
7. He died in 1210 while playing Chaugan
or Polo in 1210 A.D
Shamsuddin Iltutmish
1211-1236
1. He was a slave of Qutubuddin Aibek
and occupied the throne of Delhi in 1211
after deposing Aram Bakhsh.
2. He was a very capable ruler and is
regarded as the 'real founder of the Delhi
Sultanate'. He made Delhi the capital in
the place of Lahore.
3. He saved Delhi Sultanate from the
wrath of Chengiz Khan, the Mongol
leader, by refusing shelter to Khwarizm
Shah, whom Chengiz was chasing.
4. He introduced the silver coin (Tanka)
and the copper coin (jital).
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5. He organized the lqta System and
introduced reforms in civil administration
and army, which was now centrally paid
and recruited.
6. He set up an official nobility of slaves
known as Chahalgani/Chlisa (group of
40)
7. He completed the construction of
Qutub Minar which was started by Aibek
8. He patronized Minhaj-us-Siraj, author
of 'Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'.
Razia Sultan
1236-1240
1. Though Iltutmish had nominated his
daughter Razia as the successor, the
nobles placed Ruknuddin Firoj on the
throne. However, Razia got rid of
Ruknuddin and ascended the throne.
2. She was the 'first and only Muslim lady
who ever ruled India'
3. She was popular among the people but
she was not acceptable to the nobles and
theologians.
4. She further offended the nobles by her
perference for an Abyssian slave Yakut.
Soon after her accession, the governors
of Multan, Badaun, Hansi & Lahore openly
revolted against her.
5. There was a serious rebellion in
Bhatinda. Altunia, governor of Bhatinda
refused to accept suzerainty of Razia.
Razia accompanied by Yakut marched
against Altunia. However, Altunia got
Yakut murdered and imprisoned Razia.
6. Subsequently, Razia married Altunia
and both of them marched towards Delhi.
7. In 1240 AD, Razia became the victim
of a conspiracy and was assassinated
near Kaithal (Haryana)
Bahram Shah
1240-1242
1. After Razia, Iltutmish' third son
Bahram Shah was put on throne by
powerful Turkish council Chalisa.
2. He was considered only as de jure
ruler, while Naib-e-mamlakat (the
regent) was de facto ruler.
3. Bahram Shah lost his life after failed
attempt to assert his authority once on
the throne.
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Masud Shah
1242-1246
1. He was son of Ruknuddin but was
disposed after Balban and Nasiruddin
Mahamud' Mother, Malika-e-Jehan,
conspired against him and established
Nasiruddin Mahamud as the new Sultan.
Nasiruddin Mahamud
1246-1266
1. He was the son of Iltutmish and was
known as the Darvesi King as he was very
pious and noble. He died in 1266.
Ghiyasuddin Balban
1266-1287
1. Balban ascended the throne in 1266.
2. He broke the power of Chalisa and
restored the prestige of the crown. That
was his greatest contribution towards the
stability of the Sultanate.
3. To keep him well-informed Balban
appointed spies.
4. He created a strong centralized army
to deal with internal disturbances and to
cheek Mongols who were posing a serious
danger to Delhi Sultanate.
5. He established the military department
Diwani-i-Arz
6. The Persian court model influenced
balban's conception of Kingship. He took
up the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God)
7. He destroyed Mewati Rajputa
brigandage in the doab, where forests
were cut and forts built.
8. In his last days he overlooked
Sultanate affairs due to dealth of his
eldest and most loving son, Muhammad,
and rebellion by his closed and most
loved slave, Tughril. Muhammad died
fighting Mongolians in 1285 and Tughril
was captured and beheaded.
Kaiqubad
1287-1290
1. A grandson of Balban was established
on the throne by Fakruddin, the Kotwal of
Delhi who assumed high political
authority during last days of Balban. But
Kaiqubad was killed by the Khiliji family,
which saw end of Slave dynasty and
beginning of Khiliji dynasty at Delhi
throne.
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Khilji dynasty (1290 – 1320)
The Khiljis were Turks who had for a long
time settled in the region of Afghanistan;
called Khalji had adopted Afghan
manners and customs. There for their
coming to the thrown of Delhi is called
"Khalji" revulsion. The Ghazani's and
Ghori's invasions and Mongol pressure
from Central Asia had pushed them into
India.
Jalaluddin Khilji 1290-1296
1. Jalauddin Khilji founded Khilji dynasty
2. He followed mild and generous policies
because he became the king at the age of
70 years
3. This generous policy of the Sultan
affected his foreign policy as well.
4. In 1290, he invaded the fort of
Ranthambhor.
5. In 1294, Ala-ud-din nephew of Jalal-
ud-din, invaded Ramchandra, the ruler of
Devagiri in the south. Ramchandra was
defeated and Ala-ud-din returned with an
immense booty.
6. He was murdered by Alauddin Khiji in
the year 1296
Alauddin Khalji
1296-1316
1. He was a nephew and son-in-law of
Jalauddin Khilji. Alauddin Khilji killed him
and succeeded the throne in 1296.
2. He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi
who separated religion from politics. He
proclaimed 'Kingship knows no Kinship'.
3. Alauddin's Imperialism: Alauddin
annexed Gujarat (1298), Ranthambhor
(1301), Mewar (1303), Malwa (1305),
Jalor (1311).
4. He renamed Chittorgarh as Khizrabad
on the name of his son Khizir Khan he
also killed the ruler of Mewar Rawal Ratan
singh and tried to marry his queen
Padmavati but she committed Jauhar
along with the other Rajput women’s
5. He built Hauz Khas, Siri Fort, Jamat-e-
Khana Mosque, Mahal Hazaar Satoon etc
6. In Deccan, Aluddin's army led by Malik
Kafur defeated Ram Chandradev, Pratap
Rudradeva, Vir ballal III and Vir Pandya.
Malik Kafur was a slave who was brough
from the slave market of Gujarat for 1000
dinars that is why he was also known by
the name of Hazaar Dinari. He is only
eunuch in the history to become the
general of the empire
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7. The most important experiment
undertaken by the Alauddin was the
attempt to control the markets. Alauddin
sought to control the prices of all
commodities, from food grains to horse,
and from cattle and slaves to costly
imported cloth.
Economic Reforms:-
1. Introduction of Dagh or branding of
horses and Chehra
2. Confiscation of the religious
endowments and free grants of lands
3. Creation of new department viz Diwan-
i-Mustakhraj to enquire into the revenue
arrears and to collect them
4. Establishment of separate markets for
food grains cloth, horses, fruits etc.
Administrative Reforms Ordinances
1. Reorganized the Spy system
2. Prohibition on use of wine in Delhi
3. Nobles should not intermarry without
his permission.
4. Confiscated the properties of Nobles
classes.
Military Reforms:-
1. Introduced the first permanent
standing army of India
2. Abolition of Iqtas of royal troppers and
the payment of their salaries in crash.
3. Regular muster of the army.
Regular master of the army.
Shihabuddin Omar
1316
He ascended the throne as a minor with
the death of his father Alauddin Khilji in
January 1316.
He became Sultan with the help of Malik
Kafur, the Military Commander.
After the assassination of Kafur, his
brother Qutb-ud-din Mubarak became
Sultan.
Mubarak Khan
1316-1320
1. After the death of Kafur (1316),
Mubarak Khan was freed from prison and
was appointed as regent for Shiab-ud-
din.
2. He captured the throne at the first
opportunity he got, but could rule only for
4 years as he sank into debauchery and
could not give up his dissipated lifestyle.
3. He awarded his lover Hassan authority
over the army and place guards, and the
latter soon obtained full control over the
Sultan's palace.
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4. Hassan was given the tittle Khusarau
Khan by the Sultan and within months
Khasrau killed Mubarak Khan and
assumed the title of Nasir-ud-din in mid-
1320.
Khusro Khan
1320
1. Khusrau Khan was killed by Ghazi
Khan, governor of Dipalpur when he
tried to oppose a rebellion by Ghazi
Malik and his son Fakruddin Jauna
Khan. This marked the need of the
Khalji dynasty and the rise of Tughlaq
dynasty at the throne of Delhi.
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)
Ghiasuddin Tughlaq
• Tughlaq Dynasty was founded
by Ghiasuddin Tughlaq. His real
name was Ghazi Malik.
• Ghiasuddin Tughlaq founded the
dynasty after killing Khusro Khan
in 1320.
• He built the Tughlaqabad Fort in
Delhi the third city of Delhi to the
east of Qutub complex.
• Ghiassudhin Tughlaq was the first
Sultan to start irrigation works.
• He was killed by his son Jauna
Khan in the year 1325
Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
• Ghiassuddin Tughlaq was
succeeded by his son Jauna Khan,
popularly known as Muhammed
Bin Tughlaq.
• Muhammed Bin Tughlaq is
considered as the single most
responsible person for the decline
of Delhi Sultanate.
• Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was known
as a mixture of opposites, wisest
fool, Pagal padushah, unfortunate
idealogue and the predecessor of
Akbar in intellectual and religious
matters.
• Ibn Batuta called him ‘‘an illstared
idealist’’.
• He shifted his capital from Delhi to
Devagiri (Daulatabad) in 1327.
• In 1330 he introduced token currency
of bronze and copper.
• He started the seprate department
for agriculture known as Diwan-i-
Amirkohi
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• Moroccan Traveller Ibn Batuta visited Other rulers of Sayyid Dynasty

India during his period. • Mubarak Shah (1421-1434)
• Edward Thanas described him as • Muhammad Shah (1434-1443)
‘prince of moneyers’. • Alam Shah (1443-1451)
• He died in the year 1338
The last ruler of the Sayyid dynasty was
Firoz Shah Tughlaq Alam Shah the Prime Minister of Alam
• Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was Shah was Hami Khan he gave invitation
succeeded by his elderly cousin, Firoz to Bahlol Lodi to come to India.
Shah Tughlaq. Bahlol Lodi came to India and Alam Shah
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the first ran away with this the Sayyid Dynasty
Sultan to impose Jaziya on Brahmins. came to an end.
It was a religious tax for the freedom
of worship. Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)
Bahlol Lodhi (1451-1488)
• He built 300 towns in India including
• He founded the Lodhi dynasty by
Firoz Shah Kotla, Firozepur,
usurping the throne from the last of
Fatehbad, Firozabad, Hissar, Jaunpur
the Sayyid rulers.
etc
• Bahlol belonged to the Shahu Khel
• He built the longest canal in India clan of the Lodhi Pashtun tribe.
from Satluj to Hansi
• He started many department Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517)
• Diwan-I- Bangadan-Department for • He was the son of Bahlol Lodhi.
the slaves he has the maximum • In 1504, he founded the city of Agra
number of slaves 180000 and made it his capital.
• He introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari
• Diwan-i-Khairat- Department to
(Sikandar's yard) of 32 digits for
helpmuslim parents in marriage of
measuring cultivated fields.
their daughters
• Diwan-i- Istikaka- Department of old Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-1526 AD)
age pension in India • He was the last king of Lodhi dynasty
• He stared the charitable hospital in and the last Sultan of Delhi.
Delhi known as Darul Shafa • He was the son of Sikandar Lodhi.
• He transplanted two Ashokan Pillars • He was a very cruel ruler
to Firozabad. • In the year 1523 Daulat Khan
Lodi(Governor of Punjab), Mahmud
• He is the author of Fatuhat -i-
Lodi(Brother of Ibrahim Lodi) and
Firozshahi
Rajput king Rana Sanga or Sangram
• He died in the year 1388 Singh gave invitation to Babur to
• After Firozshah Tughlaq Muhammed come to India
Shah Tughlaq or Naziruddin • He was defeated and killed by Babur
Muhammed came to the throne. in the first battle of Panipat in 1526
• It was during the period of his reign AD
that Timur the Lame or Tamerlain a
Turkish conqueror of Tartar tribe
from Samarkhand attacked India in
1398.
• Timur appointed Khizr Khan, the
governor of Multan his authority in
India.

Sayyid Dynasty (1414 - 1451)

• Sayyid Dynasty was founded
by Khizr Khan in 1414.