Electronics Lab, 30th May 2019 Thursday

Mohd Harith Akmal bin Zulfaizal Fadillah

SIF170020

EXPERIMENT 5: INVERTING AND NON INVERTING AMPLIFIERS USING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVES

To study the inverting and non-inverting amplifiers using operational amplifier.

APPARATUS

Breadboard, 1𝜇𝐹 capacitor, resistors, 15V power supply, connecting wires, 741 operational amplifier,
oscilloscope

INTRODUCTION

An inverting amplifier using operational amplifier is a type of amplifier where the output
waveform will be phase opposite to the input waveform. The input waveform will be amplified by factor
AV (voltage gain of the amplifier) in magnitude and its phase will be inverted. In the inverting amplifier
circuit, the signal to be amplified is applied to the inverting input of the opamp through the input
𝑅𝑓
resistance. Inverting opamp gain can be expressed using the equation 𝐴𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 ≈ − . Negative sign
𝑅𝑖
implies that the output signal is negated.

When the output of an amplifier is monitored and the information fed back to the input, the
process is referred to as feedback. Amplifier using some method of information feedback are known as
feedback amplifier or closed-loop amplifiers. If the signal feedback is in phase with the input signal, it is
referred to as positive feedback or regenerative feedback. If the feedback signal is in antiphase to the
input signal it is known as negative feedback or degenerative feedback. Series feedback is applied when
the output or a part of it is connected in series with input signal.

Signal feedback is proportional to the output voltage of the amplifier. When the signal feedback
is proportional to the output current, current feedback is applied. The operational amplifier to be used
in this series of experiments is the linear integrated circuit operational type 741.

In an inverting amplifier circuit, the operational amplifier inverting input receives feedback from
the output of the amplifier. Assuming the op-amp is ideal and applying the concept of virtual short at
the input terminals of op-amp, the voltage at the inverting terminal is equal to non-inverting terminal.
The non-inverting input of the operational amplifier is connected to ground. As the gain of the op amp
itself is very high and the output from the amplifier is a matter of only a few volts, this means that the
difference between the two input terminals is exceedingly small and can be ignored. As the non-
inverting input of the operational amplifier is held at ground potential this means that the inverting
input must be virtually at earth potential.

The non-inverting amplifier is one in which the output is in phase with respect to the input. The
feedback is applied at the inverting input. However, the input is now applied at the non-inverting input.
The output is a non-Inverted (in terms of phase) amplified version of input. The gain of the non-inverting
amplifier circuit for the operational amplifier is easy to determine. The calculation hinges around the
fact that the voltage at both inputs is the same. This arises from the fact that the gain of the amplifier is
exceedingly high. If the output of the circuit remains within the supply rails of the amplifier, then the
output voltage divided by the gain means that there is virtually no difference between the two inputs.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

PART A: INVERTING AC AMPLIFIER

1. The circuit is connected as shown in figure above.

2. The gain of the amplifier as a function of frequency for a range of frequencies AC 50 Hz to 50k
Hz is measured.
3. The gain vs frequency graph is plotted.
4. The input and output impedances of the amplifier at 1k Hz is measured.
5. The point P is at virtual ground potential is verified.

PART B: NON-INVERTING AC AMPLIFIER

1. The circuit is connected as shown in figure above.

2. 𝐴𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝑅𝑓 /𝑅𝑖 at low frequencies are verified.
3. The frequency response of the amplifier is plotted and measured.
4. The input and output impedance at 1k Hz is measured.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

PART A: INVERTING AC AMPLIFIER

Frequency (Hz) Gain (V) Vin Vout

50 0.3147 15.00 4.72
100 0.3147 15.00 4.72
500 0.3147 15.00 4.72
1000 0.3147 15.00 4.72
10000 0.3147 15.00 4.72
50000 0.3118 13.60 4.24
100000 0.3019 10.60 3.20
500000 0.1634 3.28 0.54

Graph of gain (V) against frequency (Hz)

0.35

0.3

0.25
Gain (V)

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000
Frequency (Hz)
PART B: NON-INVERTING AC AMPLIFIER

t(s)

Input impedance

t(s)

Output impedance
DISCUSSION

The value of 𝐴𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 of inverting amplifier circuit is -0.01. The negative sign in the equation indicates an
inversion of the output signal with respect to the input as it is 180 degrees out of phase. This is due to
the feedback being negative in values.

From the gain versus frequency graph, the gain drops rapidly after 10k as the frequency
decreases so does the gain. This reduction in gain is due to the negative feedback. As the frequency of
the input signal increases, the gain of the amplifier reduces.

Derivation of gain of amplifier:

𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐶=
𝑅𝑖𝑛 − 𝑅𝑓

Therefore,
𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉2 𝑉2 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑖= =
𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑖= − = −
𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓

So,

𝑉𝑖𝑛 1 1 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
= 𝑉2 [ + ]−
𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 0 0 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑖= =
𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑓
𝐴𝑣 = =−
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖𝑛

The inverting amp is a useful circuit, allowing us to scale a signal to any voltage range we wish by
adjusting the gain accordingly. However, there are two drawbacks to it. First, the signal gets inverted,
which can be slightly annoying -- although we can always invert it back with another op-amp. But the
real drawback to the inverting amplifier is the amplifier's input impedance, which is equal to R1.

The solution to our impedance worries lie in the non-inverting amplifier, also made with an op-
amp and negative feedback:
 Here, the signal in goes directly into the non-inverting input, which has a nearly infinite input
impedance -- perfect for coupling with any previous stage. Also, the output impedance of the op-amp is
nearly zero, which is ideal for connecting with whatever comes next in the circuit.

CONCLUSION

The operational amplifier can configure the inverting amplifier and non-inverting amplifier through input
and output waveform. The non-inverting amplifier is a better amplifier since it has a nearly infinite input
impedance which makes the output impedance close to zero (ideal in circuit).