NERVOUS TISSUE o Axon collaterals – branches of axon; at right angles

- Multipolar cells (many processes: dendrites & axon) o Terminal buttons – bulblike structures at the branching ends of
- Basophilic (including cytoplasm: nissl bodies [basophilic blocks]) axons; contains vesicles w/ neurotransmitters
- Fish-eye nucleus ● Dendrites – afferent
- Has nerve processes o Shorter; more abundant
- Excitatory membrane o Presence of gemmules (dendritic spines; structural
modifications that increase the SA of dendrites)
NEURONS o Has primary, secondary, and tertiary branching
Function
- Receive info from environment/other nerve cells ORGANELLES AND INCLUSIONS
- Process information ● Neurofilaments – intermediate filaments
- Send information to other neurons/effector tissues ● Mitochondria – abundant in synaptic junction
- Manipulate information ● Centriole – useless in neurons  permanent cells
Characteristics ● Golgi complex
- Permanent cells – no cell division (Labile cells – cell division) ● Nissl bodies – basophilic
- Abundant in euchromatin (light & active); heterochromatin, o Known as the rough ER
nucleolus - dark o Absent in axon
- 1.5 – 2 yrs old – neurons undergo apoptosis ● Lipofuscin – wear-and-tear pigment; more abundant than melanin
- Neuronal plasticity – neurons adjust ● Melanin – small number
 Infants > adults
 Some recover, some don’t AXONAL TRANSPORT BY MICROTUBULES (24 nm)
- > 40 yrs = neuron death accelerated  abuse ● Anterograde/orthograde transport – fast (proteins) or slow
Nerve Processes (microfilaments) based on protein kinesin
Dendrite Axon o Cell body → terminal
Extensions of cell body Lacks Nissl body, from Axon Hillock
●Retrograde transport – driven by protein dynein
Shorter Longer
o Nerve → cell body
More abundant Fewer
o Passageway of viruses into the system (rabies virus,
More branching, near cell body Few branches, axon collaterals
Clostridium tetani)
Presence of gemmules No gemmules
- reach CNS  multiply
Cellulipetal (towards neurons) Cellulifugal (extending away)
o Inject nerve growth factor
PARTS NEURON TYPE ACC. TO # OF PROCESSES
● Cell body (perikaryon) – processing site 1. Multipolar – most common; gray matter of spinal cord
● Axon hillock – clearing of nissl bodies - 1 axon, multiple dendrites
● Axon – cannot synthesize its own protein because of absence of 2. Bipolar – 1 axon, 1 dendrite
nissl bodies  completely dependent on nerve cell body (only 1); - Special sensory organs
send information

PAGE Abustan, Advincula, Apollo, Atendido & Baculo

 3. Pseudounipolar – 1 process is
both the axon and dendrite → dendraxon

JELLY ROLL
HYPOTHESIS

NEURON TYPE ACC. TO LENGTH OF

PROCESSES
1. Golgi cell type I – long process;
limbs (purkinje cell) [SC: gray m. to
SKM, brain]
2. Golgi cell type II – short
process; interneurons (granule - Myelin
cell) formation → concentrically
wrapped (schwann cell – PNS)
GANGLION CELLS (PNS) - axon will indent on the
DORSAL ROOT GANGLION AUTONOMIC GANGLION
schwann cell,
Sensory then the schwann Long
Cross-
Pseudounipolar Multipolar section
Section
cell will envelop
Fine nissl bodies uniformly Intermediate size of nissl bodies
the axon
dispersed in cytoplasm - Myelin (insulator)
Presence of amphicytes (satellite Few satellite cells  Black →
cells) contains lipids
Myelinated (fast) Unmyelinated (slow)
which absorb

osmium
tetroxide
 Source:
schwann
cells (1
schwann
cell: 1
internode); Saltatory
conductor

PAGE Abustan, Advincula, Apollo, Atendido & Baculo

 ● Node of ranvier (axolemma) – NERVE ENDINGS/RECEPTORS
area between myelin (transduction; stimulus  nerve impulse)
● Myelin – bubbly, open ● Proprioceptors
appearance ○ information on orientation,
● Axolemma - covering of axon skeletal position, muscle
tension, and movement
● Endoneurium – outermost
○ neuromuscular spindle and
covering of axon; connective
Golgi tendon organs
tissue
● Exteroceptors
● Perineurium – connective tissue
○ Epithelium
surrounding the fascicles
■ Free nerve endings
● Epineurium – covers 1 nerve
(versatile; most for
fiber
pain, touch, thermal
sense, pressure)
■ Slowly adapting
(discriminatory touch
& pressure receptor)
○
○
SYNAPSE (20-30 nm in diameter; ○
Unidirectional)
○
- Axo-dendritic – most common
○
(axon-dendrite)
○
- Axosomatic – axon-cell body
junction; muscles ○
(neuromuscular junction) ○
- Axo-axonic – rare (axon-axon) ○
*post-synaptic web – dark (stain) ○
○
○
● Secondary synaptic cleft –
○
neuromuscular junction
○
o Invaginations in the
○
postsynaptic membrane
o Increases surface area ○
(more ACh binding) ○
● Myasthenia gravis – autoimmune ○
disease ○
of no receptors in postsynaptic ○
membrane ○
o form antibodies against Connective Tissue
receptors ■ Merkel cells
o block receptor ACh not
■ Meissner’s
bind
corpuscle

PAGE Abustan, Advincula, Apollo, Atendido & Baculo

 ■ Vater Pacinian o Flower spray – contractile area,
Merkel cells - slowly adapting; Meissner’s corpuscle - fast on the end of
for discriminatory touch and adapting; discriminatory the fiber
pressure receptors. touch and vibration (stretch
through
hammer)
Vater Pacinian corpuscle - fast Ruffini’s end organ - found in
*test: muscle spindle,
adapting for rapid vibration; deep skin and soles; detects
extrafusal, dorsal root,
onion-like tension
ventral root, efferent
End bulb of Krause - encapsulated receptor in oropharynx and nerves
conjunctiva

SPINAL CORD
Gray matter Whit
inner, basophilic) outer, n
Contains nerve cell bodies and My
proximal processes
Fibrous a
Protoplasmic astrocytes
oligo

Corpuscle
■ Ruffini’s end organ
■ End bulb of Krause
● Nociceptors
○ Pain
○ 2 Types of Pain Carriers
■ A delta fibers – fast
pain (myelinated)
■ C fibers – slow pain
(unmyelinated)

● Neuromuscular spindle – regulate

muscle tone
o extrafusal fibers
o “intrafusal fibers” -nuclear bag
(dilated portion) & nuclear chain;
for reflex actions
o Anulospiral – center of the
intrafusal fiber (stretch through
hammer)

PAGE Abustan, Advincula, Apollo, Atendido & Baculo