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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................... 2
PART 1 - GRAMMAR
1. The English Verb ........................................................................4
2. Habit ...........................................................................................8
3. The Present Perfect ..................................................................12
4. Future Forms ............................................................................16
5. Narrative Tenses .......................................................................21
6. Multi-Word Verbs .....................................................................26
7. Articles .....................................................................................30
8. Modals (I) - Obligation ............................................................33
9. Modals (II) - Degrees of Certainty ...........................................37
10. Special Tense Use .....................................................................41
11. Reported Speech.......................................................................46
12. The Passive...............................................................................50
PART 2 - VOCABULARY
13. Work .........................................................................................55
14. The Car & Transport ................................................................60
15. The Media ................................................................................66
16. Holidays & Travel ....................................................................69
17. Crime & Punishment ................................................................73
18. Relationships & The Family ....................................................77
19. Weather & Climate ...................................................................81
20. Education .................................................................................84
21. Cinema, Theatre & Music ........................................................88
22. Money ......................................................................................93
23. Current Affairs..........................................................................97
24. Health .................................................................................... 100
1
Upper Intermediate Workbook
Introduction
This Upper Intermediate Workbook has been written in order to help you with your studies for the
First Certificate in English exam.
The workbook will be useful to you in two principal ways. Firstly, you should do the exercises as
your teacher directs - he or she will make it clear what areas you are expected to know for specific
modules and grades. Secondly, it will be useful as a source of reference when you are having
difficulty with particular grammar points or areas of vocabulary.
The workbook is different from the textbooks and grammar books which you can buy in bookshops
because it has been written exclusively with students studying at Lacunza in mind. It focuses
particularly on the areas of English which cause problems for people here.
The workbook contains wordlists and examples in English and Spanish, as well as translation
exercises. We feel that the contrast between the two languages can often make it easier for you to
understand how English grammar works. However, please remember than in class you should use
English at all times, and that if you want to become a fluent speaker, it is a question of practising
as much as possible.
The wordlists in the vocabulary units of the workbook have been placed in columns. This is so
that if you want to test yourself, you can cover just the English, and see if you can remember each
word for its Spanish equivalent, and vice versa. At this level, it is vital to acquire a good range of
vocabulary.
We hope that you enjoy your lessons in Lacunza, and take full advantage of the opportunity to
practise speaking English. However, to learn a language well is no easy task, and your time in class
is limited. Inevitably this means that you will have to spend some time and effort studying on your
own. We hope that this workbook will make this task easier for you.
2
Part 1
Grammar
3
Upper Intermediate Workbook
In English, unlike in Spanish, the verb can only take one of 5 different forms.
Some of these verb forms can have more than one use.
If no auxiliary is used, a verb can only be in the simple present tense - I work, or the past tense - I worked. To
form the other tenses we use the auxiliary verbs have and be - I have worked, I am working, I have been
working, etc.
A Complete the tense charts below using the verb play for the active and made for the passive.
Past
Future
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
4
The English Verb Grammar Unit 1
Past
Future
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
B Read the passage below. Name the tense or form of the verbs in italics.
Janet Smith (a) was born in 1960 in Chester, in the North West of England. She (b) went to school at Chester
Girls High School. While she (c) was studying there she passed 10 GCSEs and 4 A-levels. When she left
school she went to Durham University (d) to study English Literature. When she (e) had finished her course
she got a temporary job as a secretary. She (f) had been working for 6 months when she decided to leave
and spend some time abroad. She (g) took a course in teaching English as a foreign language, and then got
her first job, (h) teaching English in Bologna, Italy. Since then, she (i) has also taught English in France
and Germany, and (j) is now working here in the Basque Country. She (k) has lived here for eight years now
and is married to a Basque, and they have a small son, Ander, who is 6 months old. Next January she (l)
will have been teaching English for 12 years. Although she still enjoys (m) giving classes she would like
to try something different. She (n) has been studying Basque for a year and (o) is being taught by a teacher
in the village where she (p) lives. She wants to do an intensive residential course in a Barnetegi but she (q)
will find it difficult to organise because of her work and family commitments. Hopefully, in a couple of years
time she (r) will be speaking fluent Basque.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
Verbs can express actions or states: There are four main groups of state verbs. These verbs
ACTIONS are not usually used in the continuous, because they
express the idea of permanency or completeness.
I went to the cinema.
Fui al cine.
• Verbs of mind or thinking: believe, think,
He’s writing a letter. understand, expect, know, remember, etc.
Está escribiendo una carta.
They’ve bought a new car. • Verbs of emotion: like, love, hate, hope, prefer,
Han comprado un coche.
want, wish, etc
STATES • Verbs of having and being: have, own, belong,
John needs a haircut. contain, seem, appear, need, depend, cost, etc.
Jon necesita un corte de pelo.
I like chocolate. • Verbs of sense: see, hear, smell, taste.
Me gusta el chocolate.
You don’t understand. Some state verbs can be used in the continuous to express
No lo entiendes.
an activity, not a state. However, the meaning changes.
Action verbs express activity, something happening or
changing. e.g. do, go, make, take, say, etc. We use ACTIONS STATES
action verbs with the continuous to express: I’m seeing Jane later. I see what you mean.
• activity in progress He quedado con Entiendo lo que quieres
Please don’t interrupt when I’m speaking. Jane luego. decir.
Por favor, no me interrumpas cuando estoy hablando.
I was leaving home when the phone rang. I’m thinking of going. I think you’re right.
Salía de casa cuando sonó el telefono. Estoy pensando si ir o no. Creo que tienes razon.
This time tomorrow he’ll be flying home.
Mañana a esta hora estará volando de vuelta a casa.
He’s tasting the soup. The soups tastes awful.
Esta probando la sopa. Sabe horrible.
6
The English Verb Grammar Unit 1
C Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense. Is it simple or continuous?
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
2. Habit
2.1 HABIT IN THE PRESENT
A Write sentences, using either the Present Simple, or the Present Continuous (+ always), to illustrate
the following characteristics.
8
Habit Grammar Unit 2
NB. Used to can be translated into Spanish using NB. Don’t confuse used to + infinitive and be/
the verb ‘soler’. However, used to only refers to get used to + gerund/noun. The meaning is
the past. To translate ‘soler’ in the present we use completely different.
the Present Simple (+ usually).
Peter smokes. (NOT Peter uses to smoke.)
Peter fuma.
He usually smokes a cigar after dinner.
(NOT He uses to smoke a cigar after
dinner.)
Suele fumar un puro despues de la cena.
e.g. When we were younger, my brother could be very c) When I was younger, I loved sports.
difficult to live with. ...............................................................................
He used to shout at me. ...............................................................................
He used to take my things. d) My father was never at home when I was a child.
a) My grandfather was a very clever man. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... e) I only started doing regular exercise last year.
b) I had one very bad teacher at school. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
C Where possible, re-write the sentences with used to. If it is not possible put an X.
a) In 1983 I went to work in Italy. f) I went to a pizzeria two or three times a week.
X ...............................................................................
b) I had two teaching jobs . g) I made friends with the waiters and cooks.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
c) In the morning I went to a factory to teach h) They prepared special pizzas for me.
English. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... i) People were very friendly and often invited me to
d) In the afternoon, I worked in a school. parties.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
e) I spoke quite good Italian then but now I’ve j) I spent two years in Italy, and it was a very happy
forgotten it all. period of my life.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
D Using the verb in brackets, complete the sentences using used to + infinitive, be used to + gerund,
or get used to + gerund.
E Rewrite the sentences using used to (do) or a form of be/get used to (doing).
a) I don’t mind getting up early in the morning. I’ve e) We had lots of friends when we lived in the
always done it. country.
I’m used to getting up early in the morning. ...............................................................................
b) I gave up smoking over ten years ago. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... f) Peter was very difficult when he was a child.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
c) Before I got married I went to the cinema a lot. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... g) When you buy a new car, you need some time to
............................................................................... practise driving it.
d) I hated living here when I arrived but now I don’t ...............................................................................
mind it so much. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... h) I’d never be happy living in a cold climate.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
10
Habit Grammar Unit 2
i) Although the job was difficult at first, she soon j) Unemployment doesn’t bother him. He’s never
became familiar with what she had to do. had a job!
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
A Use the word prompts in brackets to write an appropriate sentence. (Use the Present Perfect
Simple or Continuous.)
a) John is exhausted. (He / work / hard.) f) Where’s Martin? (I / not / see / him / long time.)
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
b) Simon’s hand is bleeding. (He / cut / himself.) g) Mary’s car was dirty. Now it’s clean. (She / wash
............................................................................... / it.)
c) Peter has a sore throat. (He / shout / a lot.) ...............................................................................
............................................................................... h) Jane’s wrist is in plaster. (She / break / it.)
d) John is red and hot. (He / run / 10 kms.) ...............................................................................
............................................................................... i) Your eyes are red (you / cry?)
e) Dave is very red. (He / sunbathe / Concha.) ...............................................................................
............................................................................... j) You look thinner. (you / lose / weight?)
...............................................................................
12
The Present Perfect Grammar Unit 3
B Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense - Past Simple, Present Perfect Simple, or Present
Perfect Continuous.
a) We ....................................... (eat) a lot yesterday, f) “Don’t forget to phone Tom.” “Don’t worry. I
but we .................................................. (not/have) ........................................... (already/phone) him.”
anything to eat today. g) “Would you like a cup of coffee?” “No thanks, I
b) I ............................. (work) hard this afternoon but ................................................... (just/have) one.”
I ................................ (not/do) much this morning. h) I ............................................ (not/speak) to James
c) Last season Real Madrid ............................ (won) since I ............................... (see) him last summer.
the league but this season they .............................. i) ............................................. (you/read) any good
(not/play) very well so far. books recently?
d) “Is it a good film?” “Yes, it’s one of the best films j) After years of thinking about it, now we
I .......................................................... (ever / see). .................................................... (finally/decide).
e) “When was the last time it ....................... (rain)?”
“I don’t know, but it ............................... (not/rain)
for ages.”
a) I’ve been having a lot of headaches g) “You’re very dirty. What have you done?”
recently. ....... “I’ve mended the car. I’ll finish it this afternoon.”
.......
b) Mary’s written several times this month. ....... h) Half my sandwiches are missing. Who’s
been eating my lunch? .......
c) This is the second time I am here. .......
i) I’ve read that book you lent me. I’ll give
d) Henry isn’t here at the moment. He’s been it back to you when I’ve finished. .......
to the bank. .......
j) Look! Somebody has broken that window. .......
e) I’ve gone to the supermarket and done all
the shopping. .......
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
D Study the life history of a teacher working in Lacunza. Use the prompts to form questions in the
appropriate tense. Answer the questions. Write full sentences. Use the Present Perfect
Continuous where possible.
1992 - Went to Italy to work. Got first job teaching 1998 - First child was born.
English in an academy in Bologna. Changed car - a Seat 124.
1994 - Returned to London. Unemployed. 1999 - Took up mountain biking.
1995 - Came to San Sebastian. Started work in 2000 - Moved to Zizurkil to live.
Lacunza. Bought present car - a Peugeot.
1996 - Bought first car. An old Seat 127. 2003 - Second child was born.
1996 - Got married. 2004 - Bought a flat.
E Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first sentence.
e.g. He started teaching 12 years ago. f) She met John when they were at school together.
He has been teaching for 12 years. They ................................................. since school.
a) How long have you been working for them? g) The last time I saw her was months ago.
When ..................................................................... I ................................................................ months.
b) Their first child was born in January. h) We haven’t been out for a meal since January.
They ....................................................................... The last time ..........................................................
c) She took up jogging when she was 30. i) It started raining on Monday and continued until
................................................. since she was 30. Friday.
d) He has changed car 3 times. .................................................................. 5 days.
This is the fourth car .............................................. j) You’re late again. You’ve already been late once
e) We lived in Germany from 1997 to 2000. this week.
................................................................. 3 years. It’s the second ........................................................
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The Present Perfect Grammar Unit 3
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
4. Future Forms
4.1 INTRODUCTION
We can normally be quite certain about the past and the The differences between the different forms are quite
present, but the future is a more “subjective” area. For hard to analyse. You may even find that different
this reason our ATTITUDE is important when discussing grammar books and teachers don’t agree! To begin with,
the future. In fact, there is NO future tense in English - it is best to consider two different types of idea about the
we have several different ways of expressing future time. future - PREDICTIONS and DECISIONS.
1. With the auxiliary “will”.
2. With “going to”.
3. The Present Continuous.
4. The Present Simple.
5. The Future Continuous.
6. The Future Perfect.
4.2 PREDICTIONS
For a lot of predictions you can use either going to or She’s going to have a baby. (You can see that
will. she is pregnant. NOT She’ll have a baby.)
Va a tener un niño.
Tomorrow it will / is going to rain
Va a llover/lloverá mañana. Will tends to be used for more subjective predictions or
I think that Manchester United is going to / will guesses, often with words like think, expect, know,
win the league. suppose, be afraid, be sure.
Creo que el Manchester United va a ganar/ganará la
liga.
I expect she’ll get the job.
Supongo que va a conseguir/consiguirá el trabajo.
Don’t worry. I’m sure they’ll arrive on time.
However, if there is some definite present evidence for a No te preocupes. Estoy seguro de que van a llegar/
future event, you can only use going to. llegarán a tiempo.
I think I’m going to be sick. (NOT I’ll be sick .)
Creo que voy a vomitar.
Will is more frequent than going to when talking about
predictions.
A Complete the following sentences using going to or will and any other words which are necessary.
Sometimes both going to and will are possible.
a) Look at those clouds! I think it ............................. e) Have you seen these figures? A lot of companies
rain. ............................. close if the economic situation
b) “What’s the weather forecast for tomorrow?” doesn’t improve.
“They say it ........................... be cold and wet but f) He looks very drunk. I think he ............................
it ................................... improve in the afternoon. fall over.
c) The government has predicted that inflation and g) I’m sure we .............................................. be there
unemployment ....................................................... by midnight.
fall by the end of the year. h) Be careful! The glass .................................... fall.
d) He’s really worried because he hasn’t studied and i) He ...................................... be eighty on Tuesday.
he doesn’t think he .................................. pass the
exam.
16
Future Forms Grammar Unit 4
4.3 DECISIONS
There are 3 different basic types of decision we make We tend to use the Present Continuous with verbs like
about the future. come, go, leave, see, and meet. We usually avoid saying
• INTENTIONS or decisions made BEFORE the I’m going to go ...
moment of speaking. We express this with going to. I’m going to Greece this summer. (NOT I’m
I’m saving up because I’m going to buy a car. going to go to Greece ....... ).
Estoy ahorrando porque me voy a comprar un coche. Voy a ir a Grecia este verano.
I’m going to make a cup of coffee. Do you • SPONTANEOUS DECISIONS made at the moment
want one? of speaking. We express this with will.
Voy a hacer café. ¿Quieres uno?
You look tired. I’ll make the dinner tonight.
• PLANS OR ARRANGEMENTS which involve other (NOT I’m going to make .... )
people. We express this idea using the PRESENT Pareces cansado. Haré yo la cena esta noche.
CONTINUOUS. Unless it is clear from the context, That suitcase looks heavy. I’ll help you.
it is necessary to state the time. (NOT I’m going to help you.)
She’s meeting her boyfriend after the class. La maleta parece pesada. Te voy a ayudar.
Ha quedado con su novio después de la clase.
Will is also used for other types of decision which involve
We’re having a party next Friday. Would you WILLINGNESS (buena voluntad o disposición).
like to come?
Damos una fiesta para el viernes que viene. ¿Quieres • REQUESTS Will you help me?
venir? ¿Me ayudarás?/¿Me ayudas?
Going to and the Present Continuous are often • OFFERS I’ll give you a lift home if you like.
interchangeable, but compare the following sentences: Te llevaré/Te llevo a casa si quieres.
I’m going to speak to John tonight. (I intend to • PROMISES I’ll phone you as soon as I arrive.
speak to him.He may or may not know about it.) Te llamaré en cuanto llegue.
Voy a hablar con John esta noche.
I’m speaking to John tonight. (An arrangement.
He knows about it.)
He quedado para hablar con John esta noche.
! The choice of will or going to has NOTHING to
do with HOW SOON the action is anticipated.
B Complete the gaps using the verbs in brackets in the most APPROPRIATE form - will, going to or
Present Continuous.
a) Starting tomorrow, I ............................................... f) If you like, he ............................................. (help)
(get up) at 7 o’clock every day. you with your homework.
b) Where ............................................................ (go) g) Mr Evans ................................................... (fly) to
on holiday this year? Munich on Friday for a meeting in the afternoon.
c) A: The phone is ringing. h) I really like the car. I .................................. (give)
B: I ...................................................... (answer) it. you £5000 for it.
d) If you do that again, I ............................................ i) He ............................................. (meet) Jane at the
(get) angry. cinema tonight at 10 o’clock.
e) A: I’m going out for a drink, j) They ........................................... (move) house on
B: Wait a minute. I ..................................... (come) the 13th.
with you.
The Future Continuous is used: This use is very similar to the use of the Present
• to express the idea of an activity that will be in Continuous for the future, but compare these
PROGRESS at a specific time in the future. sentences.
This time tomorrow I’ll be doing an English I think I’ll have lunch in the canteen today.
exam. (Decision.)
Mañana a esta hora estaré haciendo un examen de Creo que hoy voy a comer/comeré en la cantina.
inglés. I’m having lunch with Alex. (Arrangement.)
No, don’t phone at 9.00. I’ll be watching the Voy a comer con Alex.
football match. I’ll be having lunch in the canteen as usual.
No, no llames a las 9.00. Estaré viendo el partido de (Routine.)
fútbol. Comeré en la cantina como siempre.
• to express things that will happen naturally as part of • for polite enquiries about other people’s plans.
a routine or arrangement already made. Where will you be going on holiday this year?
I’ll be seeing John on Thursday. (As usual.) ¿Dónde vas de vacaciones este año?
Veré a John el jueves.
Will you be coming back for lunch today?
As you know, we won’t be having a class next ¿Vas a volver para comer hoy?
Wednesday. (Because there is a public holiday.) Again, this is very similar to the use of “going to”
Como sabeis, no tenemos clase el miercoles que viene.
and the Present Continuous.
The Future Perfect is used to express an action that will By this time next week I will have finished all
be finished BEFORE A DEFINITE TIME in the future. my exams.
We do not know exactly WHEN the action will happen, Dentro de una semana habré terminado todos mis
we only know it will happen BEFORE a certain time. examenes.
He will have written the report by Friday.
Habrá terminado el informe para el viernes.
C Two businessmen are trying to organise a meeting. Read the dialogue and underline the most
appropriate form in each case.
A: Hello John, this is Peter here. When (a) will we B: Really, what (f) are you doing / will you do there?
meet / are we going to meet to discuss the N-25 A: Oh, I (g) will be visiting / will visit customers and
project? (h) talking / talk to our distributor there.
B: Well, it (b) isn’t / won’t be easy. I’m very busy at B: When do you get back?
the moment. When (c) are you / are you going to A: The flight (i) is getting / gets in on Thursday
be free? afternoon.
A: How about Monday afternoon? B: Well, Friday morning (j) will probably /
B: No, I’m afraid I can’t. I’m (d) going to play / is probably going to be alright. I can’t confirm it
playing golf with the boss. Could you make now though.
Tuesday morning? A: Okay, I (k) am giving / will give you a ring when I
A: No, that’s no good. I’m (e) going / going to go to (l) arrive / will arrive back.
Italy for three days.
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Future Forms Grammar Unit 4
D Complete the following sentences using the word prompts and appropriate future forms.
e.g. A: What are you doing tonight? √ d) This time next week we’ll sunbathe on a tropical
B: Nothing. I stay at home. beach in the Bahamas.
I’m staying ...............................................................................
a) They are showing the match on TV tonight. e) A: What are you doing this week-end?
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
b) What do they do when they will have sold the B: I’ll go to the cinema with some friends.
house? ...............................................................................
............................................................................... f) If I have time I’m going to paint the house this
c) Don’t worry. I’ll help you if you won’t be able to summer.
do it. ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
i) Mañana hará calor, y luego las temperaturas m) Espero que para cuando tenga 30 años habré
bajarán a la tarde. ganado mi primer millón de dolares.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
j) ¿Crees que lloverá esta tarde? n) ¿Cuándo te vas de vacaciones?
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
k) Me enfadaré si lo vuelves a hacer. o) Dicen que para el año 2050 la temperatura media
............................................................................... del planeta habrá subido dos o tres grados.
l) ¿Este verano irás a Londres como siempre? ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... p) ¿Vas a venir a clase la semana que viene?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
20
Narrative Tenses Grammar Unit 5
5. Narrative Tenses
The following tenses are used to tell a story or report In general, these different tenses are used in the same
past events and situations: way as the equivalent structures in Spanish to indicate
Past simple the sequence and duration of different actions and
Past continuous situations in a narrative.
Past perfect simple
Past perfect continuous
The past simple is used in narratives: • to describe an action or situation that was in progress
• to describe a sequence of completed actions. when something else happened.
I got up, had breakfast, and left for work at He was working in Italy when he met his wife.
Estaba trabajando en Italia cuando conoció a su mujer.
8.00.
Me levanté, desayuné, y salí para el trabajo a las 8.00. When we arrived, they were serving lunch.
Cuando llegamos, estaban serviendo la comida.
The past continuous is used in narratives: • express the ‘future in the past’.
• to ‘set the scene’ by describing an activity or He was worried about the traffic. They were
situation. In Spanish this use is normally expressed catching the nine o’clock flight to Paris and he
using ‘el imperfecto simple’. was afraid they wouldn’t get to the airport on
Max was carrying a brown leather suitcase and time.
Estaba preocupado por el tráfico. Iban a coger el vuelo
was wearing a dark green overcoat. It was de las nueve a Paris y temía que no llegarían a tiempo al
raining hard and the traffic was crawling along aeropuerto.
the street.
Max llevaba una maleta de cuero marrón y vestía un
abrigo verde oscuro. Llovía con fuerza y el tráfico
avanzaba lentamente por la calle.
A Past simple or continuous? Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.
a) It was 8.00 in the morning. The people were e) It ............................ (rain) every single day of the
standing (stand) at the bus stop, waiting holidays.
to go to work. f) It ............................ (rain) so I decided not to take
b) The soldiers .............................. (stand) in the sun my bicycle to work that day.
without moving for over two hours. g) I asked him what he ................................... (think)
c) I .................................... (study) law at University. about.
d) He ............................... (study) for his final exams h) He asked me what I ............................... (thought)
when he had the car accident. of the political situation.
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
• in reported speech and thoughts in the past. When she finally arrived, he had been waiting
I told him how much I’d enjoyed the party. for two hours.
Le dije lo bien que lo había pasado en la fiesta. Cuando por fin ella llegó, él llevaba esperando dos
He thought he’d left his wallet on the table. horas.
Pensaba que había dejado su cartera en la mesa. • to emphasise repeated activity rather than
I realised I’d behaved like a fool. completed actions. Compare:
Me dí cuenta que me había comportado como un tonto. I was tired. I had been writing letters all
morning. (repeated activity)
The past perfect continuous is used: Estaba cansado. Llevaba toda la mañana escribiendo
cartas.
• to describe a continuous action that had started I had written 10 letters. (completed action)
before a particular time or event in the past, and Había escrito diez cartas.
was still in progress. In Spanish ‘el pretérito
imperfecto’ is often used to express the same idea.
The past perfect is more common with when than other When I had read the paper, I threw it away.
time conjunctions because when as a conjunction is (NOT When I read the paper ........)
ambiguous, and it is the choice of tense which makes Cuando acabé el periódico, lo tiré.
the sequence of actions clear. • Other conjunctions such as as soon as, until,
• We use when with the past simple if one action before, and after make the sequence of actions clear
occurs immediately after another, and is the result so the past perfect is not necessary in these cases,
of the first. although it can be used.
When they heard the shot, everyone threw After he (had) finished his exams, he went on
themselves on the floor. holiday.
Cuando oyeron el disparo, todo el mundo se tiró al suelo. Después de terminar sus exámenes, se fue de
When I wrote to her, she came at once. vacaciones.
Cuando le escribé, vino en seguida. As soon as I (had) put down the phone, it rang
again.
• We use when with the past perfect if it is important En cuanto colgé el teféfono, sonó otra vez.
to show that the first action was completed before
He didn’t leave the office until he (had) finished
the second one began.
the report.
When Miranda had written the letter, she went No salió de la oficina hasta que terminó el informe.
out to post it.
(NOT When Miranda wrote the letter ........)
Cuando Miranda terminó de escribir la carta, salió para
echarla al correo.
a) He had separated / had been separating from his f) She called the police because someone had stolen
wife and was feeling very upset. / been stealing her handbag.
b) We had cleaned / had been cleaning the house all g) She was very upset because her husband had
morning and were feeling exhausted. forgotten / had been forgetting their wedding
c) John was still quite fresh even though he had run / anniversary.
been running over 10 kms. h) I knew all about the case because I had read / had
d) I had read / had been reading the report and been reading the report.
wanted to finish it. i) My hands were dirty because I had repaired / had
e) I went to the doctor for a check-up because I had been repairing the bicycle.
felt / been feeling very tired.
22
Narrative Tenses Grammar Unit 5
C Past simple or past perfect? Underline the correct form. If either is possible, underline both forms.
a) After they finished / had finished their work, they e) I wrote to the shop to ask why my books didn’t
went out for a drink. arrive / hadn’t arrived yet.
b) I didn’t recognise my old teacher because we f) He refused to admit the accident was / had been
didn’t see / hadn’t seen each other for 15 years. his fault.
c) The children ate / had eaten all the cakes before I g) They arrived home from their holiday to find that
got home. someone broke / had broken into the house.
d) When she died / had died in 1603, Elizabeth I was h) When I arrived home she went / had gone out so
/ had been queen for over 40 years. we didn’t have much time to talk.
D Link the two sentences to make one sentence that means the same. Only use the past perfect if it
is essential.
a) The train left. I got to the station. e) I opened the door. The cat ran out.
By the time I got to the station the train had left. When .....................................................................
b) I did my homework. Then I went out. f) I did the shopping. Then I went home.
When ..................................................................... Before ....................................................................
c) I saw the accident. I immediately rang for an g) I wrote a letter. I made a cup of coffee.
ambulance. When .....................................................................
When ..................................................................... h) I arrived at the party. Everyone had gone home.
d) We finished the meal. I asked for the bill. By the time ............................................................
As soon as .............................................................. ...............................................................................
E Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense - past simple or continuous, past perfect simple or
continuous.
Last week northern Spain was struck by a blizzard which a)........................................ (leave) la Concha in San
Sebastian covered with a thick layer of snow. All this b)................................ (remind) me of my arrival in the
Basque Country 11 years ago.
My plane c) ................................... (land) at Loiu and Sr. Lacunza, the owner of the language school
where I was going to work, d)............................... (come) to pick me up. It e)................................... (snow)
hard and was very cold, and the journey back to San Sebastian on the motorway was a nightmare.
A week before, I f).................................................... (work) at International House in Piccadilly, London,
when they g)............................................... (announce) that a teacher was needed in San Sebastian for a 3-
month contract. I h)............................................................. (teach) English for around 2 years and previously
i)................................................ (work) in Italy and the U.K. I j)............................................... (apply) for the
job with the idea of spending some time in “sunny” Spain.
Despite my ideas about a warm climate, the day following my arrival, they k)...................................
(be) able to organise a cross-country ski race on la Concha. In fact, the cold and the wet (l).........................
(seem) to continue for months.
Nevertheless, eleven years later I am still here, so I must have got used to the weather, and the fact that
San Sebastian is not la Costa del Sol.
23
Upper Intermediate Workbook
Words expressing reason and result - so, that’s why, because, as.
When one action is the result of another, the same idea • as, since, and because express reason. as and since
can be expressed in different ways: come at the beginning of a sentence and because in
It was very cold so we didn’t go swimming. the middle.
Hacía mucho frio, así que no fuimos a nadar. As/since no one asked me, I didn’t say anything.
As/Since it was very cold, we didn’t go Como nadie me preguntó, no dije nada.
swimming. I didn’t say anything because nobody asked me.
Como hacía mucho frio no fuimos a nadar. No dije nada porque nadie me preguntó.
We didn’t go swimming because it was very • So and such can also be used to express reason in
cold. the following way.
No fuimos a nadar porque hacía mucho frio.
It was so cold (that) we didn’t go swimming.
• so expresses result. That’s why or as a result Hacía tanto frio que no fuimos a nadar.
express the same idea. It was such a cold day (that) we didn’t go
He had been drinking and as a result he had the swimming.
accident. Hacía un día tan frio que no fuimos a nadar.
Había bebido y por eso tuvo el accidente.
I was tired. That’s why I made the mistake.
Estaba cansado. Por eso cometí el error.
F Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.
a) I was tired, but I went to the party. f) He’s good at football. However, I don’t think
Although I was tired, I went to the party. he’ll ever become a professional.
b) Although he felt ill, he went to work. Even though ...........................................................
Despite ................................................................... ...............................................................................
c) He got bad exam results because he didn’t study. g) It was such a heavy box that I couldn’t lift it.
As .......................................................................... The box ..................................................................
d) It was such a nice day that we went for a walk. h) He couldn’t sleep because he was so excited.
The day .................................................................. He was ...................................................................
e) He speaks French, and he also knows some i) Since he was going in the same direction he
German. offered me a lift.
.................................................................. as well. He was going .........................................................
...............................................................................
G Join the following pairs of sentences using the link word in brackets.
a) She opened her wallet. She paid the attendant. e) Although we arrived at the restaurant early, there
She opened her wallet and paid the attendant. were no tables left. (BUT)
(AND) ...............................................................................
b) The exam was very difficult. She got low marks. ...............................................................................
(SO) f) The children were making a lot of noise. I couldn’t
............................................................................... hear the television. (SUCH)
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
c) They didn’t have much money. They had a good ...............................................................................
time. (ALTHOUGH) g) The restaurant was very expensive. That’s why we
............................................................................... didn’t go to eat there. (BECAUSE)
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
d) There wasn’t enough snow. We couldn’t go ...............................................................................
skiing. (AS)
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
25
Upper Intermediate Workbook
6. Multi-Word Verbs
6.1 PHRASAL VERBS
It is often possible in English to express the same idea in heavily influenced by Latin, so phrasal verbs often have
two very different ways. For example: an equivalent one-word verb, (sometimes similar to the
word in Spanish), as in sentences 1 and 3.
1.They postponed the meeting. In practice this means that as a learner of English
2.They put the meeting off. you can often survive without phrasal verbs when you
3.The police are investigating the crime. are speaking or writing. On the other hand, you will
4.The police are looking into the crime. need to recognise phrasal verbs if you want to be able to
express yourself well in English and understand native
Sentences 2 and 4 contain a verb and a particle (an adverb speakers.
in sentence 2, and a preposition in sentence 4). These Apart from the problem of the meaning of phrasal
multi-word verbs are often called ‘phrasal verbs’ and verbs, you will also need to learn whether the
consist of a verb, plus one or two particles. They come combination is transitive or intransitive, (can take an
from the Anglo-Saxon roots of English, and cause object or not), and whether the verb and particle can be
problems for learners because it is often difficult to separated or not. There are basically 4 types of phrasal
predict their meaning from the individual meanings of verb.
the verb and particle. However, English has also been
With type 2 verbs, if the direct object is a noun, separating Verbs which are combined with the following particles
the verb and particle is optional: which function only as adverbs are always type 2/
Peter gave away his computer. separable: back, away, out.
Peter gave his computer away. Verbs which are combined with the following
Peter regaló su ordenador. particles which function only as prepositions are always
However, if the object is a pronoun, you MUST separate type 3/not separable: into, with, of, for, at, from.
the verb and particle. However, unfortunately there are some particles that
Peter gave it away. can be either adverbs or prepositions and can be used in
NOT Peter gave away it. either type 2 or type 3 verbs: along, about, down, up, in,
on, over, round, through.
Types 1 and 4 cause fewer problems because they are Although the above grammar may help, the best way
easy to recognise; type 1 because it is clear from the to learn phrasal verbs is to consider them as items of
context, and type 4 because there are two particles. It is vocabulary and to memorise them in the context of an
more difficult to decide if a phrasal verb is type 2 or type example.
3.
26
Multi-Word Verbs Grammar Unit 6
A Re-write the following sentences, replacing the verb in italics with a phrasal verb, combining a verb
from Box A with a particle from Box B.
a) Scientists are trying to discover the reason why. e) You must maintain your monthly mortgage
Scientists are trying to find out the reason why. payments.
b) We must arrange a meeting. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... f) You’ve omitted two names from the class register.
c) The problem won’t just disappear. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... g) They’ve postponed the match until next week.
d) The accident delayed the traffic for an hour. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... h) They established the new company 2 years ago.
...............................................................................
B Re-write the following sentences, replacing the direct object with a pronoun. (You will have to
decide if the phrasal verb is separable or not.)
a) She brought up her children alone. e) When I was looking for my passport I came
She brought them up alone. across these old photographs.
b) The thieves broke into her car while she was ...............................................................................
shopping. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... f) Iberdrola have cut off our electricity supply.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
c) The firemen had to break down the door. g) He got away with cheating in the exam.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
d) The doctor told her to carry on with the treatment. h) The athletes were able to keep up a fast pace until
............................................................................... the end of the race.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
C Re-write the following sentences replacing the phrasal verbs with the synonyms below. Make sure
you put them in the correct tense. The exercise continues on the next page.
27
Upper Intermediate Workbook
i) His hobby is doing up old racing cars. n) Why do you always have that hat on?
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
j) How do you get by on so little money? o) We were in class when the bomb went off.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
k) We’ve put off the meeting until next week. p) Unfortunately for him, his plan didn’t come off.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
l) He always manages to pick out the best players. q) I’ll call on you next time I’m in San Sebastian.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
m) Leave out question 1 and start with number 2.
...............................................................................
Multiword verbs are also used in English to describe Here are some more examples:
movement in a way which is very different to Spanish.
For example, I drove back home.
Entró en el cuarto bailando. Volví a casa en coche.
could be translated as: We jogged around the park.
Dimos la vuelta del parque haciendo footing.
1. She entered the room dancing. We cycled across the country.
Cruzamos todo el pais en bici.
2. She came into the room dancing.
3. She danced into the room. We drove past the shop.
Pasamos por delante de la tienda en coche.
In English, 3 is the most common. We use a verb which We walked along the beach.
Caminamos por la playa.
makes the nature of the movement clear - walk, run, cycle,
drive, fly, swim, crawl, etc., and 1 or 2 particles to describe They rushed out of the office.
Salieron de la oficina pitando.
the direction of the movement - into, out of, away from,
towards, around, across, past, over, under, through, etc.
D Re-write the two sentences as one sentence, using a multiword verb as in the example.
a) I returned home. I was driving. e) She is going to Berlin. She’s going by plane.
I drove back home. ...............................................................................
b) I went to San Sebastian. I was on a bicycle. f) You descended the stairs. You ran.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
c) They passed the shop. They were on foot. g) He climbed the hill. He was stumbling.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
d) He went to the island. He was swimming. h) They entered the room. They were in a hurry.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
28
Multi-Word Verbs Grammar Unit 6
E Translate the following sentences into English. Where possible use an appropriate multi-word verb.
29
Upper Intermediate Workbook
7. Articles
The correct use of the definite article the and the many different rules, to simplify things here we will focus
indefinite article a/an is one of the most difficult aspects on the differences between English and Spanish.
of English grammar. As most grammar books provide
In general the use of the indefinite article in similar in • after as with single countable nouns.
Spanish and English. However, here are some important As a rule they won’t return your money.
exceptions. Por regla general no devuelven el dinero.
• talking about jobs or professions. My first job as a teacher was in Italy.
Mi primer trabajo como profesor fue en Italia.
He’s a lawyer.
El es abogado. • in certain idiomatic expressions, for example:
• expressing frequency or rates. to be in a hurry
tener prisa
Three times a day.
Tres veces al dia. to be in a bad mood
estar de mal humor
Potatoes are £1.50 a kilo.
Las patatas están a £1.50 el kilo. to have a headache
tener dolor de cabeza
• exclamations beginning with what followed by a
singular countable noun.
What a lovely dress.
¡Qué vestido tan bonito!
In general the definite article is used less in English than • Before meals seen as routine daily events.
in Spanish. Here are some cases where the definite article Lunch is at one o’clock.
is NOT used in English. El almuerzo es a la una.
• Before countable plural nouns and uncountable nouns • Before school, church, hospital, university, and prison
where they refer to things in a ‘general’ sense. when we are referring to the purpose of the ‘institution’.
Butter makes you fat. My children still go to school. (as pupils)
La mantequilla engorda. Mi hijos todavía van a la escuela.
I like books Her father is in hospital. (as a patient)
Me gustan los libros. Su padre está en el hospital.
Life is hard. N.B. When we refer to the actual building we use the
La vida es dura.
article.
Exceptions to this are words related to the environment I’m going to the school to speak to my son’s
or natural phenomena: town, country, sea, seaside, teacher.
mountains, rain, wind, sun(shine). Voy a la escuela para hablar con el profesor de mi hijo.
I love the mountains. There is a bus which goes to the hospital.
Me encanta la montaña. Hay un bus que va hasta el hospital.
I like the sound of the wind. • Before bed, town, and work when referred to in a
Me gusta el sonido del viento. ‘familiar’ way.
N.B. When we refer to things in a ‘specific’ sense we I’m going to bed.
use the article: Voy a la cama.
The books I read were very interesting. He left town this morning.
Los libros que leí fueron muy interesantes. Salió de la ciudad (la nuestra) esta mañana.
The life of a shepherd is very hard. He’s at work at the moment.
La vida de un pastor es muy dura. Está en el trabajo ahora.
30
Articles Grammar Unit 7
A Complete the sentences with the, a, or an, or leave the space blank if no article is needed.
a) I’ve been playing ................. saxophone for years. j) Acid rain is caused by .......... industrial pollution.
b) Children go to .......... school from five to eighteen k) We always have ................... lamb for ..................
years old. lunch on Sunday.
c) Why are you always in ..................... good mood? l) He’s gone to .................. bank to get some money.
d) We often have ............................ breakfast in bed. m) We went out for ............ meal last night at ...........
e) A lot of people worry about ..................... ecology Indian restaurant. I don’t really like .....................
these days. spicy food but ................. fried rice was delicious.
f) I like ............................ old black and white films. n) My brother joined .............. navy because he likes
g) Hippies believe in ........... love and ............ peace. playing with ................ boats.
h) The UN are in the country to keep ............. peace. o) ................... government without ............... strong
i) I left .............. school at 18, and went to .............. leader will not produce .................. good policies.
university, where I got .......... degree in ............... p) He has been in ............... prison for over 20 years.
Sociology. q) Where did you say ............................ school was?
31
Upper Intermediate Workbook
a) I don’t usually enjoy poetry / the poetry but here’s e) In most Basque restaurants the service / service is
the poem / a poem that I like. as good as the food.
b) “Would you like beer / a beer?” f) Do you like an ice / ice with your patxaran?
“No thanks. I don’t like beer / a beer.” g) Satellite photos show how fast ice / the ice at the
c) I went to a talk / talk on paintings / the paintings North and South Pole is melting.
of Goya last night. h) I’m afraid I’ve spilt wine / a wine on your carpet.
d) There has been a talk / talk of re-building the Have you got cloth / a cloth?
football stadium in Anoeta.
a) I like to spend time in open air. f) What is the government going to do about the
b) I’m very interested in the history, especially the unemployment?
history of South America. g) Did you remember to buy a bread this morning?
c) What a lovely day! We are having a good weather h) I was late for the work yesterday.
this summer. i) I lost the control of the car and crashed into a
d) I’m going to do shopping. Do you want anything wall.
from the supermarket? j) You should make effort to get on with your
e) People who live above us make lot of noise at the classmates.
night. k) English are very arrogant, especially the rich.
a) En este país los libros son caros. i) Me gustaría aprender a tocar la guitarra.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
b) El queso es un producto derivado de la leche. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... j) Mi hermana es médico.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
c) Prefiero la montaña al mar. k) El aeropuerto de Birmingham es muy moderno.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
d) Me gustan los gatos grandes y peludos. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... l) Una moto es mejor que un coche para viajar en la
e) La velocidad de la luz es 300,000 km por segundo. cuidad.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
f) ¿Preferirías vivir en el campo o en la cuidad? m) Es hora de ir a la cama.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... n) Está licenciada por la universidad de Oxford.
g) Me gusta tumbarme al sol. ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
h) Fui a la universidad en Bilbao.
...............................................................................
32
Modals (I) Grammar Unit 8
* FUTURE FORMS - will/won’t have to/need to. The others modals have no future forms.
33
Upper Intermediate Workbook
a) It isn’t necessary for you to do this exercise. e) There is no obligation to leave a tip, but you can if
............................................................................... you want to.
b) Skateboarding is prohibited in the park. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... f) Don’t tell anybody else.
c) You aren’t allowed to eat in class. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... g) Don’t wait for me if you want to leave.
d) Talking is not permitted during the exam. ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
B Fill the gaps with an appropriate modal verb - must, have to, mustn’t, don’t have to, needn’t, should,
shouldn’t.
a) This plant ................... be left in direct sunlight or g) I don’t think you ....................... wear those jeans.
it will die. It’s quite a formal party, you know!
b) It’s a terrible job because I often ........................... h) Sorry, I can’t come out tonight. I ..........................
work at the weekend. go to a meeting with our residents’ association.
c) You .............................. drive over the speed limit i) In my opinion, Stephen ............................... be so
but you .............................. go too slow either. sensitive about what people say.
d) In Britain, you .................. park on double yellow j) If it starts raining, you ....................... come inside
lines. immediately. Understand?
e) You .............................. have a visa to travel from k) I’m sorry sir, but you ................................... be a
Spain to the USA. member to enter the club.
f) You ....................... ask my permission every time l) Jimmy, come here! You ................................. run
you want to use the phone - just help yourself. around making so much noise. This is a hospital.
a) Debes tener más cuidado en el futuro. f) Debemos salir ahora si tenemos que estar allí
............................................................................... antes de las ocho.
b) Creo que no debes tomar una decisión tan impor- ...............................................................................
tante con prisas. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... g) Tengo que irme ahora mismo.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
c) Tenemos que irnos a casa, porque nos espera la h) No tienes por qué venir mañana si no quieres.
canguro. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... i) La gente debería conducir con más prudencia.
d) ¿Te exigen llevar corbata en el trabajo? ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... j) No debes abrir este paquete antes de Navidad.
e) No hace falta que trabaje tanto. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
34
Modals (I) Grammar Unit 8
Study the table below. • Didn’t have/need to and needn’t have express different
ideas. If something wasn’t done because it wasn’t
PRESENT PAST necessary we use didn’t have to.
must/have to had to It started raining so I didn’t have to water the
flowers.
don’t have to didn’t have to Empezó a llover, así que no tuve qué regar las flores.
can could/was allowed to Needn’t have expresses the idea of something
mustn’t wasn’t allowed to which was done, but which wasn’t necessary.
I needn’t have watered the flowers. Just after I
should/ought to should/ought to have finished, it started raining.
don’t have to/needn’t didn’t have to/needn’t have No tenía por qué haber regado las flores. En cuanto
terminé, empezó a llover.
Notice the following: • Should(n’t) have and ought (not) to have express
criticism or regret about a past action.
• Must and mustn’t have no past forms because they You should/ought to have told me you were
are used to give orders and orders cannot be expressed coming.
in the past. Past obligations and prohibitions can only Me deberías haber dicho que ibas a venir.
be reported. Compare these examples: I shouldn’t/ought not to have been so rude to
I must go to the doctor. him.
Tengo que ir al médico. No debería haber sido tan grosero con él.
Yesterday I had to go to the doctor.
Ayer tuve que ir al médico.
You mustn’t watch so much television.
No debes ver tanta tele.
When I was a child I wasn’t allowed to watch
television.
Cuando yo era niño no me dejaban ver la tele.
D Complete the sentences using had to, didn’t have to, needn’t have, should have, shouldn’t have, etc.
and the verb in brackets in the appropriate form.
35
Upper Intermediate Workbook
a) Esta mañana tuve que empujar el coche para f) (Yo) debería haber telefoneado a Jim esta mañana,
ponerlo en marcha. pero se me olvidó.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
b) No tenías por qué haberme despertado; hoy no g) No deberías haberle hablado al jefe así.
tengo que ir a trabajar. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... h) Cuando tenía ocho años tenía que ir a la cama
c) No teníamos por qué reservar asientos; siempre hay antes de las diez.
mucho sitio en el tren. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... i) Cuando nosotros éramos niños, no nos dejaban
d) Él no tuvo que explicármelo; yo comprendía la salir a jugar hasta que hubiésemos hecho los
situación perfectamente. deberes.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
e) (Ella) no necesitaba haber preparado tanta comida. j) Antes no estaba permitido aparcar aquí.
Nadie tenía hambre. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
36
Modals (II) Grammar Unit 9
To express possibility we use may, might, and could. This To express possibility in the past we use may/might/could
idea is expressed in Spanish with ‘puede que sea’, ‘podría have + past participle in the affirmative ......
ser’, or ‘puede ser’. However, note that in English, can Sally is very late. She may/might/could have
is not used in this sense. missed her train.
Be careful. It may/might/could be a trap! Sally tarda mucho. Puede que haya perdido el tren.
(NOT It can be a trap.) ... and may/might not have + past participle in the negative.
Cuidado. Puede que sea/Podría ser/Puede ser una
trampa. John may not/might not have had time to phone
It’s one o’clock so they may/might/could be us. (NOT John couldn’t have had time .....)
having lunch. (NOT They can be having ...) Puede que John no haya tenido tiempo para llamar.
Es la una, así que es posible que estén comiendo. Could have has another meaning - it was possible for
In the negative we use may not and might not. Couldn’t something to happen, but it didn’t.
has a different meaning. Compare:
You were lucky. You could have broken your
Don’t worry. It may/might not ever happen. leg.
No te preocupes. Puede que nunca ocurra. Has tenido suerte. Podías haber roto una pierna.
Don’t worry. It couldn’t ever happen.
No te preocupes. No podría ocurrir nunca.
37
Upper Intermediate Workbook
9.4 PROBABILITY
We can use should or ought to to say something is You shouldn’t/ought not to find the test difficult.
probable because it is logical or normal. El test no debería resultarte difícil.
Why don’t you phone Peter. He should/ought
to be at home . He leaves work at six.
¿Por qué no llamas a Peter? Debería estar en casa.
Sale del trabajo a las seis.
A Put in the most appropriate modal verb of deduction - must (have), can’t (have), may/might/could
(have) and put the verb in brackets in the correct form.
a) Sue’s yawning a lot. She............................... (be) f) They’re over an hour late now. They ....................
tired. ................................................................. (forget )
b) That ......................................... (be) John. He’s in completely about the meeting.
New York until next Friday. g) He always leaves the TV on at night so that
c) I’m not certain but that girl .................................... ..................................................... (cause) the fire.
(be) Jane’s sister. I know she works somewhere h) You were at home when the burglary took place
around here. so you ........................................ (hear) when they
d) It .......................................... (be) my mother who broke the window.
phoned. She usually does on Sunday evening. i) I wouldn’t eat those mushrooms if I were you,
e) “Do you think it’s a dog?” they ................................................................ (be)
“No, it ............................... (be). It’s far too big.” poisonous.
38
Modals (II) Grammar Unit 9
NEEDN’T No obligation
You needn’t study tonight.
MUSTN’T Prohibition
You mustn’t park here.
MIGHT Possibility
The plan might go wrong.
C Complete the sentences with an appropriate modal verb and where there is a verb in brackets, put it
in the correct form.
a) I don’t think you ............................................ (go) e) The train ......................................... (come) at any
swimming straight after eating. It’s bad for you. moment, but you never know.
b) “Do you think I should take an umbrella?” f) Excuse me, but ...................................... I ask you
“It looks fine to me but it ............................. (rain) a personal question?
later on I suppose. g) Excuse me, but ................................ you take this
c) You ..................................................... (phone) me to the post office for me, please?
at work yesterday. You know my boss doesn’t h) Don’t you think you ..............................................
like it. (visit) your grandmother in hospital?
d) John .................................................. (stay) out all i) I find that some people .................................. (be)
night because he sounded very tired this morning. very hard to work with.
39
Upper Intermediate Workbook
j) I can’t be sure, but I ....................................... (be) l) Listen! You really ...................................... (give)
late this evening. this to Mary! It’s very important.
k) If this timetable is correct, the coach tour to
Fuenterrabia ................................................ (leave)
in 10 minutes.
40
Special Tense Use Grammar Unit 10
If can be used in conditional structures in two different ways: i) with “ordinary tenses”, and ii) with “special” tenses
to express “unreal” situations. When a situation is normal and quite possible, we use If with ordinary tenses. i.e.
present tenses to refer to the present, and past tenses to refer to the past.
CONDITION CONSEQUENCE
a) Present condition Present conseqence
If/When the weather is good, we go to the beach.
Si/Cuando hace buen tiempo, vamos a la playa.
b) Past condition Past consequence
If/When she decided she wanted something, she always managed to get it.
Si/Cuando se empeñó en conseguir algo, siempre lo conseguía.
c) Future condition Future consequence
If he loses his job, he’ll have problems paying the mortgage.
Si pierde su trabajo, tendrá problemas para pagar la hipoteca.
Examples (a) and (b) are sometimes called “zero” conditionals. If can be replaced by when in these sentences with
no change in meaning. Example (c) is a “first conditional” type sentence. In the If clause, the present tense is used
to talk about a future situation, as in Spanish.
We use “special” tenses with If when we are talking about UNREAL situations - events that will probably not
happen, situations that are hypothetical or imaginary. In these cases, to express this “subjunctive mood”, we go
backwards in time. If we are talking about the present or future, we use the past in the If clause.
(*) It is very common to use were instead of was in this type of sentence, as in example (f), although was is also
acceptable.
These sentences are known as the “second conditional”. Note that the difference between If he loses in example
(c), and If he lost is (d) is NOT a difference of time, but of probability. In (c), the speaker thinks this is a REAL
possibility, and in (d), a very remote possibility.
41
Upper Intermediate Workbook
A Complete the sentences with a verb from the box in the correct tense. Use each verb ONCE only.
B Write a conditional sentence for each situation. The first one has been done for you.
a) I’m very busy so I don’t do any sport. e) We can’t go skiing this weekend because there
If I weren’t so busy, I’d do some sport. isn’t any snow.
b) I study all day because I have a lot of exams. We ..........................................................................
If I .......................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... f) I’m not going out tonight because I don’t have
c) He hasn’t got any qualifications so he can’t find a any money.
job. I ..............................................................................
He could ................................................................ ...............................................................................
............................................................................... g) There is nothing good on so I’m not going to
d) He goes running every day so he doesn’t get fat. watch TV.
If ............................................................................ If ............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
When we are talking about past situations that did not happen, we use the Past Perfect in the If clause.
Example (g) is a “third conditional”. Example (h) is a “mixed conditional”. In Spanish, there is more flexibility
permitted in the use of conditional structures, whilst in English, the choice of tense is fixed. e.g. “Si lo sé, no
vengo” in English is If I had known, I wouldn’t have come. (NOT If I know, I don’t come.)
42
Special Tense Use Grammar Unit 10
C Complete the sentences with a verb from the box in the correct tense. Use each verb ONCE only.
D Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first sentence.
a) Polly gave up smoking and got rid of her cough. e) The building wasn’t completely destroyed because
If Polly hadn’t given up smoking, she wouldn’t they called the fire brigade straight away.
have got rid of her cough. If they ....................................................................
b) We missed the start of the film because the bus ...............................................................................
was late. f) Justin is badly sunburnt because he didn’t put on
We wouldn’t .......................................................... any suntan lotion.
............................................................................... Justin wouldn’t ......................................................
c) The Titanic sank because it hit an iceberg. ...............................................................................
If ............................................................................
............................................................................... g) I didn’t understand what the teacher was saying so I
d) The car broke down last week so we won’t be able won’t be able to do the exercise.
to go away this weekend. If I ..........................................................................
If the car................................................................. ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
E Put the verb in brackets in the correct form. Decide if the situations are real or hypothetical.
a) If you ............................................ (go) away, you g) If you ..................... (do) your homework tonight,
..................................... (write) to me, won’t you? you ......................... (find) the test tomorrow easy.
b) Unless you ...................... (water) plants regularly, h) If the students ............................ (speak) Spanish,
they ........................................ (die) quite quickly. our new teacher ......................... (get) very angry.
c) If my neighbours ......................... (be) as noisy as i) This is delicious! If I ...................... (can) cook as
yours are, I ........................................... (go) crazy. well as you, I ......................... (open) a restaurant.
d) If you ............................... (be) late for class again j) We ..................... (have) salmonella like the others
tomorrow, I ........................ (phone) your parents. if we ..................... (eat) the mayonnaise last night.
e) If you .................. (have) a cat, those mice in your k) If Philip ............................................. (not see) the
kitchen ......................... (disappear ) immediately. car, it ...................................................... (hit) him.
f) If we ................................. (go) on holiday where I l) When I was a child, if my father ................... (be)
suggested, it ............................... (be) a lot cheaper in a bad mood, he ..................................... (shout)
and we............................... (have) more money in at us.
the bank now! m) I ........................................ (not go) to see the film
43
Upper Intermediate Workbook
if I ................................... (know) how bad it was. train, we ........................................ (be) there now.
n) If we ........................................... (take) the express
I wish and If only express regret that things are not Both I wish + past and I wish ..... would structures may
different, and again refer to situations that are unreal, have the same translation in Spanish. However, in
impossible, or unlikely. (These are ideas that can be English there is a slight difference in meaning.
expressed by “ojalá” in Spanish, but note that “ojalá” I wish you wouldn’t smoke. (Because it annoys
does not always correspond to I wish/If only.) If only is me.)
more emphatic. As with if in conditional clauses, I wish I wish you didn’t smoke. (Because it’s bad for
and If only are followed by the past tense when referring your health.)
to the present .... Ojalá no fumaras.
I wish/If only I was/were better looking. I wish ....... would is NOT used for:
¡Ojalá fuera más guapo!
• Wishes about things that seem possible or likely in
I wish/If only I spoke German.
¡Ojalá hablara alemán!
the future. We often use hope in this sense.
I hope you pass your exam.
and Past Perfect when referring to the past .... (NOT I wish you would pass your exam.)
I wish/If only she hadn’t told the Police. *Ojalá/Espero que apruebes el examen.
¡Ojalá no se lo hubiera dicho a la policía. • Wishes about ourselves.
I wish/If only I hadn’t been so rude to the boss. I wish I could give up smoking.
¡Ojalá yo no hubiera sido tan grosero con el jefe. (NOT I wish I would give up smoking.)
Ojalá pudiera dejar de fumar.
To express a desire for a change in the future, especially I hope we get there soon.
when something is annoying us, and we think the action (NOT I wish we would get there soon.)
probably won’t happen, we use I wish/If only .......... *Ojalá/Espero que lleguemos pronto.
would.
(*) When referring to the future, “ojalá + presente del
I wish/If only it would stop raining.
Ojalá/Me gustaría que dejara de llover.
subjuntivo” is translated by I hope......, while “ojalá +
imperfecto de subjuntivo” is translated by I wish ...... .
I wish/If only the postman would come.
Ojalá/Me gustaría que viniera el cartero.
44
Special Tense Use Grammar Unit 10
G Write a sentence using I wish ...... for each of the following situations.
a) Ojalá mi hermano me llamara más a menudo. e) Ojalá tengamos dinero para las vacaciones.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
b) Ojalá me llamaran sobre el trabajo. f) Ojalá pudiera cantar.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
c) Ojalá Peter me llame pronto porque tengo que g) Ojalá vinieras a verme todos los fines de semana.
salir. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... h) Ojalá vengas a verme este fin de semana.
d) Ojalá me ayudaras con las tareas de casa. ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
45
Upper Intermediate Workbook
When we change sentences from direct to reported speech, the pronouns, tense, and adverbs of time and place may
all change. Most of these basic changes are natural and logical, and are similar in English and Spanish.
a) “I’m not going to the concert because I want Pete said he wasn’t going to the concert
to see the football match tonight.” because he wanted to see the football match that night.
No voy al concierto porque quiero ver el partido Pete dijo que no iba al concierto porque quería ver el
esta noche. partido aquella noche.
b) “I’ll finish the report tomorrow.” Jane said she would finish the report the next day.
Terminaré el informe mañana. Jane dijo que terminaría el informe el día siguiente.
c) “We’ve been on holiday.” They said they’d been on holiday.
Hemos estado de vacaciones. Dijeron que habían estado de vacaciones.
d) “I may be late.” He told me he might be late.
Puede que llegue tarde. Me dijo que quizas llegaría tarde.
e) “I can’t go to the meeting.” She said she couldn’t go to the meeting.
No puedo ir a la reunión. Dijo que no podía ir a la reunión.
f) “I bought a shirt yesterday.” He said he had bought/bought a shirt the day before.
Compré una camisa ayer. Dijo que había comprado/compró una camisa el
día anterior.
g) “I felt ill but now I’m better.” Stephen said he had felt ill but was better.
Me sentía mal pero ahora estoy mejor. Dijo que se había sentido mal pero estaba mejor.
h) “Everything began with the big bang.” The scientist said that everything began
Todo empezó con el big bang. with the big bang. (NOT ... everything had begun ... )
El científico dijo que todo empezó con el
big bang.
Note the changes to the modals can and may in (d) and (e). We do not need to change the Past to the Past Perfect
unless we want the emphasise that one thing happened before another. In (f), either tense can be used. In (g), the
Past Perfect is necessary to make the sequence of events clear. In (h), the Past Perfect is not used because it refers
to a historical event.
There is NO CHANGE:
• To the modals would, could, should, might and must*.
i) “We could come next weekend.” They said they could come the following weekend.
Podríamos venir el fin de semana que viene. Dijeron que podrían venir el fin de semana siguiente
j) “You should be careful.” He said I should be careful.
Debería tener más cuidado. Dijo que debería tener más cuidado.
k) “There must be some mistake.” Dave said that there must be some mistake.
Debe de haber algún error. Dave dijo que debía de haber algún error.
l) “I must go now.” Sarah said she had to/must go.
Tengo que ir. Sarah dijo que tenía que ir.
* If must expresses CERTAINTY there is no change as in (k). If it expresses NECESSITY then it can change
to had to, as in (l).
46
Reported Speech Grammar Unit 11
• When reporting PRESENT and FUTURE tenses, if the situation has not changed at the time of speaking, it is
not logical to change tenses or adverbs of time and place.
m) “Bill lives in Italy now.” John told me that Bill lives in Italy now.
Bill vive en Italia ahora. John me dijo que Bill vive en Italia ahora.
n) “Tomorrow will be hot here in the south.” They said that tomorrow will be hot here in the south.
Mañana hará calor aquí en el sur. Dijeron que mañana hará calor aquí en el sur.
• If a past tense refers to an UNREAL situation.
o) “I wish I had a dog.” Mary said she wished she had a dog.
Ojalá tuviera un perro. Mary dijo que desearía tener un perro.
p) “If I knew I would tell you.” Ann said if she knew she would tell us.
Si lo supiera os lo diría. Ann dijo que si supiera nos lo diría.
• If the verb is already in the Past Perfect.
q) “Paul had been there before.” James said that Paul had been there before.
Paul había estado allí antes. James dijo que Paul había estado allí antes.
The verbs ask (pedir) and tell are used to report requests and commands. The structure is ask/tell + indirect object
+ (not) to + infinitive. The infinitive with to corresponds to the use of the subjunctive in Spanish.
He told me to wait for him. She asked me to open the window.
Me dijo que le esperase. Me pidió que abriera la ventana.
When we report a Yes/No type question, the reporting verb is followed by if or whether (more formal).
“Are you happy?” They asked me if/whether I was happy.
¿Eres feliz? Me preguntaron si era feliz.
N.B. Remember that ask can mean ‘pedir’ or ‘preguntar’.
She asked him to lend her his car. She asked him if he would lend her his car.
Le pidió que prestara el coche. Le preguntó si le prestaba el coche.
When we report Wh- questions the question word is followed by the affirmative word order. (i.e. the subject
before the verb.)
“Where are you going?” He asked me where I was going.
¿Dónde vas? (NOT ...where was I going.)
Me preguntó adónde iba.
47
Upper Intermediate Workbook
A Report the following sentences using ask if, ask to, or tell to.
a) “Please sit down.” f) “Could I leave work early tomorrow?” Justin said
He asked me to sit down. to his boss.
b) “Can I go now?” Bill said to the teacher. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... g) “Please help me with my homework,” Mark said
c) “Make sure you signal before you turn,” the to his brother.
driving instructor said to me. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... h) “Shut up and do it yourself,” Mark’s brother
d) “Please don’t tell anyone the news - it’s a secret,” replied.
Jane said to her sister. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... i) “Could I use the phone to call my parents?” Dave
e) “Don’t shout at me,” said the man to his wife. said to the landlady.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
a) A single clause
“I’m sorry.” The man apologised.
“Thanks for the lift.” I thanked the driver.
e) apologise FOR, complain ABOUT, confess TO, insist ON, object TO - DOING SOMETHING
“I’m afraid I’ve damaged your car.” He confessed to damaging the car.
g) agree, complain, confess, explain, object, promise, suggest, threaten, warn THAT .......
“The bathroom is dirty.” They complained that the bathroom was dirty.
48
Reported Speech Grammar Unit 11
B Choose a suitable reporting verb from the box and put the following sentences into reported
speech. Use each verb only once.
remind warn complain advise suggest explain invite promise say confess apologise
a) “I’ll see you next week.” g) “Mum, don’t take the car. It’s really icy.”
Jane told us she would see us the following week. Sally .......................................................................
b) “I’d seen the film before so I didn’t go.” ...............................................................................
Alex ....................................................................... h) “Frank, would you like to come round for lunch
............................................................................... on Sunday?”
c) “I wish I didn’t have to study so hard.” Derek .....................................................................
Iñaki ....................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... i) “That test wasn’t fair.”
d) “Yes, it was me who broke the window.” The students ...........................................................
James ..................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... j) “If I were you, I wouldn’t drink the tap water.”
e) “Why don’t we go in my car?” The tour guide .......................................................
Stephen .................................................................. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... k) “We’re sorry we’re late.”
f) “Don’t worry, I won’t tell anyone about it.” They .......................................................................
Lorna ..................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... l) “Remember to take your keys, Pete.”
Jane ........................................................................
...............................................................................
a) Te dije que estaría aquí a las tres. h) Nos invitaron a comer el domingo siguiente.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
b) No, tu dijiste que llegarías para las dos. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... i) Todavía no se ha disculpado por rayar el coche.
c) Me aconsejaron que fuera a ver un médico. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
d) ¿Le has dicho que me llamara cuanto antes? j) Le acusaron de mentir.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... k) Le di la enhorabuena por ganar el primer premio.
e) Tu madre quería saber si vas a cenar en casa. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... l) Jon se ofreció a llevarle a Martin al aeropuerto.
f) Me avisaron que la carretera estaba cortada. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... m) Me preguntaron cuánto ganaba al año en mi
g) Dijo que no había comprado la casa porque estaba último trabajo.
al lado de una fábrica. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
49
Upper Intermediate Workbook
(For basic information on the form of The Passive in • a verb in the active.
English look at Unit 1.) It was delivered by DHL.*
Lo trajo el mensajero.
Look at these sentences in Spanish:
The roof is being repaired by a friend of ours.*
Ayer me robaron el coche. Un amigo está reparando el tejado.
Se construyó el puente en 1876.
Le multaron por exceso de velocidad. • a verb “en forma impersonal”.
It has been sold.
In each sentence, the person who did the action - the Lo han vendido.
AGENT - is not stated because it is unknown, He was seen in London last week.
unimportant, or obvious. In English, we use the Le vieron en Londres la semana pasado.
PASSIVE to express this idea.
• a verb “en pasiva refleja”.
Yesterday my car was stolen. The results of the poll will be published
The bridge was built in 1876. tomorrow.
He was fined for speeding. Se publicarán los resultados de la encuesta mañana.
The Passive sounds more formal and impersonal and is English is spoken in many countries.
more common in academic, scientific, and journalistic El inglés se habla en muchos paises.
language than everyday speech. It is used far more
frequently than the corresponding form in Spanish, where (*) If we want to mention the agent, we use a phrase
the same ideas are expressed with: beginning with by.
When there are two objects in the active sentence, However, it is more usual for the person to be the subject,
either can be the subject of a passive sentence. as in (b). Other verbs like this are: give, show, tell, send,
ACTIVE: They sent him a letter. offer, promise, etc.
They sent a letter to him. He was offered a job in Canada.
Le ofrecieron un trabajo en Canadá.
PASSIVE: a) A letter was sent to him.
Una carta le fue enviado. I was told to buy it.
Me dijeron que lo comprara.
b) He was sent a letter.
Le enviaron una carta. We were shown our room.
Nos mostraron la habitación.
50
The Passive Grammar Unit 12
A In the following sentences the agent is either not important or too obvious to be necessary. Change
each sentence into a more natural passive form.
a) Someone told her the news yesterday. h) They have advised him to see a lawyer.
She was told the news yesterday. ...............................................................................
b) They have discovered oil off the coast of Mexico. i) People have told me a lot about you.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... j) They say that he has committed a number of
c) They didn’t invite me to the party. crimes.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
d) Thieves have stolen a painting from a gallery in ...............................................................................
Madrid. k) They have promised him a new bicycle for his
............................................................................... birthday.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
e) I don’t know why they chose him. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... l) They are building a new bridge across the river.
f) Doctors have given him six months to live. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
............................................................................... m) They sent her some lovely flowers.
g) Someone will tell you what to do when you ...............................................................................
arrive. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... n) Have they told him the truth?
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
a) good weather / forecast / tomorrow. e) 450,000 new cars / sell / so far this year.
Good weather has been forecast for tomorrow. ...............................................................................
b) This weekend / 48 people / kill / traffic accidents. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... f) Tour de France / win / Armstrong / seven times.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
c) Everything / finish / by next week. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... g) The office / decorate / at the moment.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
d) Room 45 / use / meeting / 10.15 this morning. ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
51
Upper Intermediate Workbook
C Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense. Decide if it is active or passive.
And now here are the news headlines. A bomb (a)...................................... (explode) in Lahor, Pakistan
this morning. Three people (b)............................................................... (kill) and many more
(c)......................................... (injure). The police (d)........................................... (receive) several calls
claiming responsibility for the attack, but Al Quaeda (e)........................................... (think) to be behind the
bombing.
The prisoner who (f)...................................................... (escape) from Dartmoor Prison last week
(g)...................................... (capture) . He (h)...................................... (see) walking across the moor by a
local resident who (i)......................................... (telephone) the police. He (j)...................................... (be)
tired and hungry, and (k).............................................................. (offer) no resistance. When he
(l).......................................... (examine) by a doctor he (m)..................................... (return) to jail.
Finally, the Government (n).............................................. (expect) to announce new measures tomorrow,
in the fight against unemployment. The number of unemployed (o)................................ (rise) dramatically
in the last few months and the minister for trade and industry (p)........................................ (want) to make
it easier for firms to contract and fire employees. Protests and demonstrations (q).................................
(plan) by the unions, who (r)................................. (oppose) these new measures.
The “causative” use of have or get in have/get something I must have/get my shoes repaired.
done expresses the idea that we “cause” someone else to Tengo que llevar a arreglar los zapatos.
perform a service for us. Jane had her eyes tested yesterday.
Jane se hizo revisar la vista ayer.
a) Your hair looks nice. Where (did / you / it / do)? e) I wouldn’t try to mend the brakes yourself; if I
Where did you have it done? were you ( I / repair / mechanic).
b) That’s a nice photo of you. Where (did / you / it / ...............................................................................
take)? ...............................................................................
............................................................................... f) (you / car / paint)? It looks as good as new.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
c) You car is making a strange noise. When was the ...............................................................................
last time (you / it / service)? g) “Diane looks different.” “Yes, (she / hair / cut )
............................................................................... last week.”
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
d) The house will be worth more because (we / new ...............................................................................
kitchen / install). h) He couldn’t eat properly because (he / two teeth /
............................................................................... take out).
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
52
The Passive Grammar Unit 12
a) The newsagent’s deliver The Times every morning. e) Somebody is going to look after the cat for them.
I have The Times delivered every morning. ...............................................................................
b) Some decorators are going to paint the house for ...............................................................................
them. f) He arranged for them to send on his letters to the
............................................................................... new address.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
c) Has anyone ever tested your hearing? ...............................................................................
............................................................................... g) A carpenter made the cupboard for us last year.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
d) Where did she take her car for the repairs? ...............................................................................
............................................................................... h) A shop installed the programs for me.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
F Translate the sentences into English using the Passive, need + infinitive/gerund, or have something
done.
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
54
Work Vocabulary Unit 13
Part 2
Vocabulary
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
13. Work
A Test yourself. What are the following jobs in English? (Check your answers in the word list section.)
C Complete the gap with the words below. Use each word only ONCE.
When you see a job (a)................................. advertised, you send off for an (b) ................................. . You
fill it in and send it off and hope they invite you for an (c).............................................. where they will ask
you about your educational (d).............................. and your work (e)................................. . Then, if they
are interested they will usually ask you for a (f).................................................. from a previous employer
or teacher. You should take the opportunity to ask about the (g)............................... and the salary you will
(h)............................................. . In jobs where you are selling something, you may be paid
(i)....................................., and some jobs offer (j)............................................ like a free car or a company
(k)............................... scheme. This means that you will get extra money when you (l)......................... .
Another thing to take into consideration is what (m)..................................................... prospects the
(n)......................................... offers for future (o) ......................................... to a better job with more
responsibility and money.
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Work Vocabulary Unit 13
D For each job, mark the two most appropriate adjectives with an X.
supermarket cashier
fashion model
civil servant
stockbroker
accountant
electrician
bus driver
sales rep
plumber
surgeon
soldier
miner
nurse
stressful
demanding
well paid
boring
worthwhile
challenging
secure
dangerous
rewarding
manual
work shifts get a pay rise be a skilled worker make someone redundant work flexitime be out of work
do overtime work in sales get a low salary apply for a job have a 9 to 5 job do a training course
become unemployed work for an electronics company have job satisfaction be a highly qualified employee
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
WORDLISTS
Work
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Work Vocabulary Unit 13
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
A Complete the labels below with the name of each car part.
a) ....................... e) .......................
f) .......................
g) .......................
h) .......................
j) .......................
i) .......................
B Read the text and complete the gaps with the words and phrases below.
glove compartment windscreen wipers handbrake get into ignition switch steering wheel
speedometer insurance certificate clutch brake turn on accelerator gear stick
“Right, open the door and a)...................................... the car. In this country the driver’s seat is on the left,
but in Britain it is on the right. Okay, in front of you there is a b).................................................... . Behind
that, you can see the c)................................................ for starting the car, and two levers. The one on the left
is to d)..................................... the indicators when you turn, and the headlights at night. The right-hand one
is to control the e)....................................... when it rains. On your right, there is a f).....................................
for changing gear, and just behind that, the g)......................................, which you put on when parking. (You
also need it when you have to start on an upward slope.) On the floor by your feet there are three pedals. The
one on the right is the h)...................................... . Next to that is the i)...................................., and on the left
there is the j)...................................... . Opposite you, there is a control panel with various indicators. The
most important of these is the k).......................................... which tells you how fast you are going. Facing
the passenger seat there is a l)............................................. where you keep things like maps, and the car’s
documents such as the log book and m) ........................ .”
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The Car & Transport Vocabulary Unit 14
D Fill the gaps with one of the verbs below in the correct form.
a) The lorry was going very slowly, but she waited i) He was responsible for causing the accident
until it was safe to .............................................. it. because he didn’t ...................................... to a car
b) It really annoys me how people are so impatient coming from the right at the junction.
and are always ..................................... their horn. j) He couldn’t stop and ....................................... into
c) The accident happened because he ........................ the back of the car in front.
on a patch of ice. k) If you go too fast the police will ............................
d) Before you turn, you should look behind in the you for speeding.
mirror and then ...................................................... l) Usually, in a car there five or six ‘forward’ gears
left or right. and one gear to ..................................................... .
e) We stopped to have a coffee and to ....................... m) He didn’t stop at the pedestrian crossing and
with petrol. ............................................. a poor little old lady.
f) The opposite of slow down is to .......................... . n) That junction is dangerous because you have to
g) Before a long journey you should ......................... ................................................. into heavy traffic.
the oil and the type pressures.
h) At night, when you meet a car coming from the
other direction, you should ....................................
your headlights.
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
F How do you say the following in English. G What are the following forms of road
transport?
a) Ceder el paso.
............................................................................... a) RAT C R O T
b) Sentido único. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... b) P O R S T S R A C
c) No aparcar. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... c) P E J E
d) Parking. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... d) M U B L A C N E A
e) Rotonda, glorieta. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... e) K I B E
f) Límite de velocidad. ...............................................................................
............................................................................... f) P E D O M
g) Area de reposo. ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
H Decide which adjectives in the vertical axis can be used with the nouns in the horizontal axis, and
mark an X in the appropriate spaces as in the example.
balloon
wagon
station
tanker
barge
truck
lorry
train
rank
van
car
hot-air x
intercity
delivery
freight
articulated
pick-up
local
oil
buffet
taxi
bus
canal
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The Car & Transport Vocabulary Unit 14
I Which verbs can be used with each form of transport? Mark an X in the appropriate space, as in the
example.
motorbike
bicycle
plane
horse
lorry
train
ship
taxi
van
bus
car
get into / out of X X X X
get on / off
drive
ride
fly
send smthg. by
take
miss
catch
change
load /unload
board
hire
WORD LISTS
The Road
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
The Car
Rail Transport
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The Car & Transport Vocabulary Unit 14
Air Transport
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
Television, radio, newspapers, and magazines, are often referred to as the a)..................................
because they provide large numbers of people with both information and entertainment. How much are we
influenced by these different forms of communication?
In Spain people can switch to a number of different TV b)........................................ . All, except TVE
have c).......................................... for different products. However, it’s not only advertising which makes us
want to buy things. A d)................................................., going on week after week, telling the story of one
family or a group of people, may make us want to copy the life style which we see on the
e)................................... . Also, f)............................................. which give people large prizes for answering
simple questions encourage very materialistic values. Such programmes are seen by millions of
g)......................................... .
Newspapers also influence what people think. In Britain, a popular paper like “The Sun” may have a
h)................................. of over 5 million readers. These papers are known as i).................................. because
of their smaller size. They have big j)................................................... above the news stories, sensational
photos, and amusing k)................................... to look at. The l)..................................... are full of stories
about the private lives of famous people, and there are many pages dedicated entirely to m).................................
coverage. Although these papers are mainly read for entertainment, they usually have a strong political
n)..................................... . In Spain o)....................................... such as Hola, or Diez Minutos play a similar
role.
On the other hand, in a free country where there is no p)............................................................., serious
papers are read principally for their news, sent to them by q)....................................................... round the
world, and by the big r)............................................... . While its reports attempt to be objective, the
opinion of a newspaper about important events is expressed in its s)...................................., and these may
have a specific political outlook. People also read these papers for their t).................................. of new
books, films, records, and plays, as well as u)........................................................ by well known commentators
on culture, politics and the economy.
a) Actors doing or saying funny things. c) The animal life of the Antarctica.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
b) People discussing politics. d) Guns, murder, and the police.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
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The Media Vocabulary Unit 15
e) A long interview with a famous person. g) Someone talking about a new soap powder.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
f) Characters played by moving drawings. h) Someone telling you what happened today.
............................................................................... ...............................................................................
C Put the words below in the appropriate column, according to stress, as in the examples.
quiz newspaper financial soap opera editorial presenter video reporter listener
chat show broadcast headline advertise journalist comedy educational
network newsreader screen tabloid channel programme viewer
D First underline the 16 words that can be used as verbs in the list below. Combine the verbs with
other words to make collocations related to the Media. (You will need to add articles and
prepositions, etc.) Use each verb only once.
• ............................................................................... • ...............................................................................
• ............................................................................... • ...............................................................................
• ............................................................................... • ...............................................................................
• ............................................................................... • ...............................................................................
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
68
Holidays & Travel Vocabulary Unit 16
What is a good holiday? This depends on many different factors, although probably age and the amount of
money you have are the most important. When I was a student, I didn’t mind a)........................................
and staying in b).......................................... . These days I can afford to sleep in hotels, but I prefer to go
c)................................................... . The advantage of campsites is that if you have children, they are free to
go where they want, and they leave you in peace. I’ve never particularly enjoyed visiting museums or
d)................................................ . I just want to be able to e)........................................... in the open air, and
f)........................................... walking and cycling.
Nowadays more and more people travel g)..................................... . Many h)................................... offer
cut-price deals for flights to all parts of the world. In the summer, airports are crowded with tourists taking
i)...................................... flights to popular j)........................................... . Most of them are on
k)................................................... where the price you pay includes transport, food and accommodation.
This kind of traveller is attracted by the idea of l)............................................... in the sun, and having
everything done for them.
People who want to see more of a country may prefer to go on a m)................................................ . where
you spend one or two days in different places along a route. For those who have more money and like the
sea, one option is to go on a n)....................................... . Others prefer to make their own
o)....................................... arrangements. This way they can avoid crowded, well-known places, and get to
less famous areas which are p).............................................. . Also, they can take their holiday in an
q)............................................. period when there are less people and it’s cheaper.
B Read the definitions and choose the corresponding word from the list below.
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
C Imagine you are flying from Madrid to New York. Put the following events in a logical order.
a) 1 Check in at the airline desk in the departures h) ...... Buy a present in the Duty Free shop in the
terminal. departure lounge.
b) ...... Get off the plane. i) ...... Wait for your flight to be announced.
c) ...... Go through passport control. j) ...... Take off from Barajas.
d) ...... Show your boarding pass and get on the k) ...... Go through USA immigration control.
plane. l) ...... Land at JFK airport.
e) ...... Fasten your seat belt. m) ...... Go through customs.
f) ...... Pick up your suitcase in baggage reclaim. n) ...... Go through the metal detector.
g) ...... Take a taxi to your hotel.
D Underline the words that can by used as verbs in the list below. Then combine the verbs with other
words to make collocations related to holidays and travel.
customs day make fill in book seat business flight have duty free stay buy
good go through trip suitcase cigarettes enjoy go on time pack form change
registration check in luggage change holiday money bed & breakfast excursion
suitcase declaration air hostess take off (verb) take off (noun) arrivals departures youth hostel
holiday sunbathe relax customs passport sightseeing registration passenger luggage declare
• O O • • O • O • • • • O •
hotel porter reception register reservation
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Holidays & Travel Vocabulary Unit 16
WORD LISTS
Travel Accommodation
bed & breakfast pensión make a hotel reservation hacer una reserva
book a hotel room reservar una overbook sobrecontratar
habitación porter portero
campsite camping reception recepción
caravan caravana reception desk mostrador de
chambermaid camarera recepción
check in registrar receptionist recepcionista
check out dejar el hotel register registrar
double bed cama de matrimonio registration form ficha de registro
double room habitación doble room with a balcony habitación con balcon
full board pensión completa room with a view habitación con vistas
go camping ir de camping single room habitación individual
guest house pensión stay in a hotel dormir en un hotel
half board media pensión tent tienda de campaña
hotel hotel twin beds camas gemelas
hotel bill factura de hotel youth hostel albergue de juventud
Holidays
at the seaside en la costa lie on a beach tumbarse en una playa
brochure folleto off-peak period fuera de temporada
enjoy a holiday disfrutar unas off the beaten track fuera de los lugares
vacaciones trillados
go abroad ir al extranjero package holiday/tour viaje organizado
go on a coach tour ir en un viaje pack the suitcase hacer la maleta
organizado pay in advance pagar por anticipado
/ excursión en autocar peak period plena temporada
go on holiday ir de vacaciones safari safari
go sightseeing hacer turismo seaside resort centro turístico
guide book guía costero
guide / courier guía turística ski resort estación de esquí
have a good time pasarlo bien souvenir recuerdo
have a holiday tener vacaciones spa resort balneario
have a rest descansar sunbathe tomar el sol
in the country en el campo travel agent’s / agency agencia de viajes
in the mountains en la montaña visit a museum visitar un museo
leave a deposit dejar una señal
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
Travelling in General
Air Travel
72
Crime & Punishment Vocabulary Unit 17
investigate arrested cell stolen fined found sentence charged evidence court fingerprints
An 18-year-old youth was given a 3-month prison a).................................................. for theft, and was
also b)........................................... £500 at Chester Magistrates Court yesterday.
On 16th March at 8.00 pm the police were called to the Redcliffe Hotel to c)................................... the
disappearance of some property. When they arrived, the hotel staff had caught a young man in one of the
rooms with a camera and some cash. The police officers d)............................................. the suspect, who was
then taken to Lancaster Road Police Station for questioning, and to have his e)..................................... taken.
He was later f)............................................... with the theft of the camera and money, and appeared in
g)....................................... the next morning, having been held in a police h)......................................... overnight.
The owner of the i)................................................... property and a member of the hotel staff gave
j)................................., and although the accused denied the charges, the magistrate k)...............................
him guilty.
B Unscramble the words below and match each one to the definitions of different crimes.
D Fill the gaps with the correct preposition and then put the events in a logical order.
a) ----- Gives legal advice and represents the g) ----- Steals wallets in crowded places.
different parties in court. h) ----- Looks after prisoners in prison.
b) ----- Deliberately causes damage to property. i) ----- Fines people for parking illegally.
c) ----- Attacks people and robs them, usually in j) ----- Sets fire to property.
the street. k) ----- Tries people for minor offences or
d) ----- Steals things. decides they should be tried by a higher
e) ----- Decides if someone is guilty or innocent. court.
f) ----- Investigates serious crimes. l) ----- Decides the punishment when someone
has been found guilty.
F Find 10 words associated with crime in this soup.
P A B C J D E F
R O B G U N G H
I S L I R J K L
S E A I Y M N O
O N C P C E L L
N T K L A E T S
Q E M A R S R T
U N A W V W I X
Y C I Y Z A A B
C E L E D E L F
G H I R A P E J
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Crime & Punishment Vocabulary Unit 17
WORDLISTS
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
76
Relationships & The Family Vocabulary Unit 18
Just a few generations ago the average a)....................................... met and started going out when
they were in their late teens. When the young man decided he was ready, he would buy a diamond ring and
b)........................................ to his girlfriend. Their c).......................................... usually lasted for about
six months to a year while the girl’s family organised the d)..........................................., to which they
would invite e)................................................... and close friends. Most people got married in the
f).................................................... with the g)........................................ wearing a white dress and the
h)......................................... in a new suit. By the time they were in their mid-twenties most couples had
one or two children. They i)............................................... their children together and looked forward to
looking after their j).............................................. in the future.
Nowadays things have changed. In Britain one in four marriages ends in k)....................................
and there are thousands of children whose parents live in separate houses. The lucky children end up having
two loving families if their parents marry again. They may have l)............................................. and sisters,
from the new partner’s first marriage or half siblings, if their own parents have more children with the new
partner.
More and more couples chose civil weddings in m).................................. or even decide not to
bother with an official document. In the UK gay couples can also enjoy married status and can
n)..................................... children to start their own families.
B Fill the gaps by matching a verb in Box A with a preposition/particle in Box B. Make sure the verb
is in the correct form.
Box A Box B
fall go split grow bring in out up
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
C The following sentences have been mixed up so there are words or phrases that are out of place.
First read all the sentences and underline the words or phrases which do not fit, and then decide
in which sentence they belong. Re-write the correct sentences in the spaces provided.
eg. He got engaged last week. His bride is an old friend of the family.
The groom was very nervous and had problems getting the ring on the fiancée’s finger.
He got engaged last week. His fiancée is an old friend of the family.
The groom was very nervous and had problems getting the ring on the bride’s finger.
• He fancied her and decided to break off the • He told her he was unhappy and wanted to chat
engagement. her up.
• They decided to fall in love in a registry office. • She’s upset because she grew close to her
• They broke up with each other over the years. boyfriend last week.
• I have a distant mother who lives in South • People often get married on holiday.
America. • In a single parent family a relative usually brings
up her children alone.
D Organise the following items according to the categories given. Some words can go in more than
one category.
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Relationships & The Family Vocabulary Unit 18
WORD LISTS
The Family
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
Marriage
Relationships
80
Weather & Climate Vocabulary Unit 19
Tonight will continue cold in most areas, with temperatures (a)...................................... to 1 degree
Centigrade in the South and Midlands, and to zero or below (b).................................................. point in the
North and Scotland. We can expect some (c)...................................... to fall on high ground in Wales, and
there will be widespread (d)........................................................... overnight, with the risk of early morning
fog (e)................................................., and (f).................................................... in the coastal areas.
The (g)................................... for tomorrow is similar for the eastern half of the country, in general fine
and (h)......................................, but there will be some snow, turning to (i)........................................ as
temperatures rise during the day. In the West the general tendency will be (j)...................................... and
some light rain, but take an umbrella because some outbreaks of (k)................................................ rain are
likely, and there could even be some isolated (l)................................................... .
Looking forward to Tuesday, the warmer (m).................................................. will spread eastward across
.
the country, with some (n)................................................................. showers, but also some sunny
(o)....................................... .
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
C Which of these events would you associate with the six areas of the world below?
E There are ten words that describe the weather hidden in this square. The words may be written
forwards, backwards, diagonally, up or down. Can you find them?
F O G H L K A M K
R R A I G W O N S
O T L P E N J D U
S L E Q L O Z U N
T Y X L Z W J O S
X A I C Z D U L H
E A G B I H I C I
H F S I R A I N N
F W I N D O V J E
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Weather & Climate Vocabulary Unit 19
WORDLISTS
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
20. Education
A Study the chart and complete the spaces with the words given below.
3-5 c)...........................
18 + g)...................................
B In Britain, in their last two years at school before university, students specialise in three subjects.
What 2 subjects do you think you would study if you wanted to be the following?
C Fill the blank spaces with the best option out of the four words given.
a) There are 25 members of .................................... in our school.
teaching education staff schooling
b) He had to teach everything on the .................................... before the end of the year.
exam test syllabus course
c) You get a diploma if you ................................... the classes regularly.
assist pass take attend
d) You can ............................. for these courses next week.
register join enrol subscribe
e) On the ................................... it says he teaches a Grade 6 class at 4.30 on Tuesdays and Thursdays.
programme timetable schedule plan
f) In British Universities, for each subject there is only one .................................... .
professor teacher lecturer tutor
g) Other teachers in a university are called .................................... .
masters instructors readers lecturers
h) At the end of June, we ..................................... for the summer holidays.
stop finish break up enrol
i) I’m .................................. into environmental problems.
doing a study doing an enquiry doing a research doing research
j) She’s doing a university .................................... in English Literature.
course career programme studies
k) As she failed the maths exam at school, she’s having ............................... lessons.
personal particular private paying
l) ..................................... punishment is now illegal in British schools.
Corporal Capital Hitting Beating
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Education Vocabulary Unit 20
D Fill the spaces in the text. Choose from the words below. Use each word ONCE.
detention essay tutor tests primary entrance subjects lectures strict uniform terms loan
undergraduate vacations by heart compulsory playschool marks course degree homework
On the whole I think I had a good education. At five I started at a a)............................................. school.
It was quite different to the b)............................................................... I had attended previously. We now
had regular c)................................................ to see how much we remembered, we were given
d).............................................., and the discipline was quite e).................................................... . Then, when
I changed to a secondary school at 11, we had to wear a f)..............................................................., and
instead of studying just arithmetic, reading and writing, we had 45 minute periods of various
g)................................................ . We had h)........................................... every night and often had to learn
things i) .................................... . If we behaved badly, we were put on j)........................................, which
meant staying on at school after classes had finished.
Although k)............................................... education finishes at 16, I chose to continue at school and
prepare for ‘A’ levels, which are the exams you sit for university l)................................................. . I wasn’t
a brilliant student, but I got good enough results to go to university. This meant I had to get a student
m).............................................. in order to pay for my studies.
At university the classes were called n)........................................................., and attendance was optional.
However, every week we had to write an o)....................................................... to present to the lecturer who
was in charge of our studies, who was known as a p)................................................. . Life as an
q).......................................................... was relaxing and enjoyable on the whole. The university
r)........................................... were short and we had long summer s)............................................. when we
had time to work and travel. My university t)............................................. lasted three years, and finally I
graduated and got my u)........................................... .
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
F Match the words in list A with the words in list B to form collocations.
LIST A LIST B
a) comprehensive 5 1) progress
b) fail ------ 2) for a test
c) summer ------ 3) course
d) revise ------ 4) register
e) do ------ 5) school
f) lecture ------ 6) homework
g) playing ------ 7) term
h) pay ------ 8) an exam
i) make ------ 9) hall
j) business ------ 10) fields
k) training ------ 11) absent
l) extra ------ 12) attention
m) be ------ 13) work
n) attendance ------ 14) studies
O • • O O • • • O •
homework degree uniform vacations
WORD LISTS
Academic Subjects
accountancy contabilidad law derecho
architecture arquitectura literature literatura
Basque Euskera maths matemáticas
business studies empresariales medicine medicina
IT informática physics física
chemistry química psychology psicología
ecology ecología science ciencia
engineering ingeniería secretarial studies estudios de
geography geografía secretariado
history historia Spanish filología española
Latin Latín technical drawing delineación
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Education Vocabulary Unit 20
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
A Fill the gaps with an appropriate word chosen from those below.
scene conductor audience theatre screenplay cast musician stage actor playwright
B Match the jobs on the left with the definitions on the right.
C Match the verbs in Box A with the phrases in Box B to make as many combinations as possible.
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Cinema, Theatre, and Music Vocabulary Unit 21
D Fill the gaps with the most appropriate of the words given.
21.2 MUSIC
E Match the names with the type of music they are associated with.
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
H Fill the blanks using the words below. Use each word only once.
I recently saw The Specialist. It a)........................................... Sylvester Stallone and Sharon Stone,
with James Wood b)...................................... a psychopathic villain. The film is c)...................................
in Miami and was made d)............................................. . The e)..............................................., Sharon
Stone, wants revenge against some gangsters who murdered her parents, so she hires an expert in
explosives to kill them. This is the f)...................................... played by Sylvester Stallone. In fact, the
g)...................................... is quite ridiculous, and is merely an excuse for all the spectacular explosions
and h)..................................... in the film.
Although I normally prefer to see films in the original version with i)................................................., in
this case the j)................................................. is irrelevant, and I didn’t mind the fact that it was
k)........................................ .
I can’t remember who the film is l)....................................... by, but it is reasonably well made and the
m)......................................... is good. As far as the n).............................................. is concerned, James
Wood is excellent, and Sharon Stone also gives a good o)........................................ . The film is certainly
not a p)................................................, but it is quite good q)..................................................., so if you
have nothing better to do, I would recommend seeing it.
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Cinema, Theatre, and Music Vocabulary Unit 21
WORDLISTS
Cinema
act (in a film) actuar go to the cinema ir al cine
acting interpretación hero héroe
actor actor heroine heroína
actress actriz horror film película de terror
adventure film película de acción love story película de romance
afternoon performance sesión de tarde masterpiece obra maestra
attend a première asistir a un estreno musical comedia musical
be awarded an oscar ser premiado con un part papel
oscar performance (of an actor) interpretación
be dubbed estar doblado photography fotografía
be in a film trabajar en una play a part interpretar un papel
película plot argumento
be set estar ambientado producer productor
box office taquilla review crítica de prensa
cartoon película de dibujos role papel
animados science fiction film película de ciencia
cast reparto ficción
cinema cine screen pantalla
comedy comedia screenplay guión
detective film película policiáca scriptwriter guionista
directed by dirigido por see a film ver una película
director director special effects efectos especiales
dubbing doblaje star in a film ser el protagonista de
film película una película
film director director de peliculas subtitles subtitulos
film on location in rodar los exteriores en thriller película de suspense
Miami Miami villain el malo
Music
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
Theatre
92
Money Vocabulary Unit 22
22. Money
A Here is a story about some problems a customer had with the bank. Put them in the correct order.
B Match the words on the right with the definitions on the left.
C Fill each blank space with the best choice of the words given.
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
j) The meals in the factory canteen are very cheap because they are ........................ by the company.
reduced refunded deducted subsidised
k) Her company pays all her travelling ................................... .
costs expenses diets subsidies
l) We’ve got a small car so it’s very ............................... to run because it doesn’t consume much petrol.
economic economical economising economised
m) In the shop they said they would change the shirt but they couldn’t give me a ........................ .
reduction deduction refund discount
D Use a verb from Box A with a preposition from Box B to complete the sentences. Put the verb in the
correct tense.
a) The cost of living has ..................... ......................... by 3.5% over the last year.
b) She went out shopping and ......................... all the money she had saved ............................ new clothes.
c) The mechanic didn’t ........................... me .......................... repairing the car.
d) Before going abroad he .......................... all his money ........................ of the bank.
e) He is ................................... .................................... to buy a new car.
f) The stolen painting was ........................... ............................... £1,000,000.
g) Is it all right if I .......................... .......................... cheque?
E Fill the blanks in the text using the words below. Use each word only once.
Most people would like to a).................................... their own home, but it is usually very difficult to
b)..................................... enough money, as often we c)...................................... as much money as we
d).................................... each month. However, you can usually get a bank to e)..................................... you
the money to buy a house. This type of loan is known as a f)................................................, and if you can
g)................................ it, it’s a good idea, because a house is a very good h).............................. . A few years
after you buy it, a house is usually i).................................... much more than it originally j)....................................
you, so you can k).................................... it for a big l)............................. .
The only problem is that, apart from m)...................................... the capital you have borrowed, you also
have to pay a lot of n)........................................ . Sometimes you don’t know how much this will be because
interest o).................................... can vary from year to year. Another problem is that if for some reason you
can’t keep up the monthly p)......................................... , the bank may take the house from you and sell it, so
you lose your home and your money.
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Money Vocabulary Unit 22
F Match the words on the right with the words on the left to form collocations.
a) deposit 9 1. expenses
b) credit ------ 2. statement
c) interest ------ 3. rate
d) income ------ 4. fare
e) travelling ------ 5. book
f) bank ------ 6. tax
g) train ------ 7. number
h) lawyer’s ------ 8. card
i) cheque ------ 9. account
j) account ------ 10. fees
• O O • • O • • • O O • •
account transfer (noun) investment overdrawn subsidise
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
WORD LISTS
Money
account number número de cuenta insure sthg. for .... asegurar algo por ....
afford smthg. permitirse algo interest interés
bank statement extracto de cuenta investment inversión
bank transfer transferencia lend so. money prestar dinero a
bancaria alguien
bargain ganga losses pérdidas
be short of money andar escaso de make a loss tener pérdidas
dinero make a profit tener beneficios
be worth smthg. tener valor make money ganar dinero
bill factura mortgage hipoteca
borrow money from so. pedir prestado dinero open an account abrir una cuenta
a alguien own sthg. poseer algo
buy comprar pay a bill pagar una factura
buy smthg. on credit compar algo a crédito pay a deposit (in a shop) dejar un señal
cash metálico pay a deposit (on a flat) pagar una fianza
cash a cheque cobrar un cheque pay back a loan pagar un préstamo
change cambio pay for sth. pagar por algo
change money cambiar dinero pay for sthg. by cheque pagar por algo con
charge so. for sthg. cobrar alguien por un talón
algo pay in cash pagar al contado
cheque book talonario de cheques pay off a mortgage pagar una hipoteca
close an account cerrar una cuenta pay so. back devolver dinero a
come to (a bill) 1000 pts. ascender a 1000 pts. alguien
cost costar pay the rent pagar el alquiler
cost coste pound libra esterlina
count the change contar los cambios profit beneficios
credit card tarjeta de crédito rate of exchange tipo de cambio
current account cuenta corriente rate of interest tipo de interés
currency divisa receipt recibo
cut down on costs reducir gastos refund devolución
deduct money descontar dinero registration fee matrícula
deposit account cuenta de ahorros rise in value incrementar en valor
discount descuento save money ahorrar dinero
dollar dólar spend money gastar dinero
economic económico (de subsidise subvencionar
economía) take money out of an retirar dinero de una
economical económico (costar account cuenta
poco) tax impuesto
economise on sthg. economizar transfer money to an transferir dinero a
fees honorarios account una cuenta
get money for something ganar dinero travelling expenses gastos de
give a refund devolver dinero desplazamiento
have a mortgage tener una hipoteca value valor
have an overdraft tener un descubierto wages sueldo
income tax impuesto sobre la waste money derrochar dinero
renta waste of money derroche de dinero
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Current Affairs Vocabulary Unit 23
A Match the words on the right with the definitions on the left.
B Fill the blanks in the text using the words below. Use each word only once.
If you want to be the leader of a country, usually first you have to become a a)..............................., and
then the head of the most popular b)............................................. . In most countries where the people
c)..................................... the government, the voters normally d)..................................... for a person, or list
of people, that represents one of the main political parties in their local region. In Britain, the
e)...................................... who receives the most votes takes a f)........................................ (or place) in
g).................................... Other countries have a system of proportional representation.
The party with the most seats usually forms the h)................................................... . The head of that
political party then becomes the i)................................................ in countries like Britain or Japan, but in
countries like Spain is called the j)............................................................. . This person then chooses a
k)................................................. consisting of the principal ministers.
Sometimes no single party wins enough seats to form an overall l)............................................., and two
or more parties must join together in a m)....................................... .
C Place the words below in the appropriate column according to word stress.
• O • O • • • O • • • • O •
republic president political democratic
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
D Match the words on the right with the definitions on the left.
WORD LISTS
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Current Affairs Vocabulary Unit 23
The Economy
economic boom boom económico imports importaciones
economic crisis crisis económica industry indústria
economic recovery recuperación económica shares acciones
economy economía slump depresión económica
employment empleo stock exchange bolsa de valores
exports exportaciones trade comercio
goods productos unemployment desempleo / paro
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Upper Intermediate Workbook
24. Health
A Put the following events in a logical order.
B Match the symptoms on the right with the diagnosis on the left.
a) You have a cough, your nose runs, and you sneeze. 5 1. pneumonia
b) You feel faint or dizzy, with shivering, a temperature, and a headache. ----- 2. the flu
c) Your stomach hurts, and you suffer from vomiting and diarrhoea. ----- 3. migraine
d) You have a sore throat and it hurts when you talk or swallow. ----- 4. food poisoning
e) You come out in spots all over your body. ----- 5. a cold
f) You have a bad headache, and suffer from double vision. ----- 6. tonsillitis
g) You have a high temperature or fever. ----- 7. measles
C Fill the spaces in the texts with the words below. Use each word only once.
1 “You’ll have to take him to hospital for an a)............................................., and he’ll probably have to have it in
b)...................................................... for a month or so. He can go to school, but of course he’ll need
c)......................................... to walk.
2 “Don’t worry, I’ll give you an d)............................................................ so it won’t hurt. It’s not a very big
e)......................................, but it may f).................................................. afterwards. If it does, just take an
g)........................................... .
3 “No, the skin’s hardly broken. It’s only a h)............................................... really, but you must have bumped
your head on the windscreen, because you’ve got an enormous i).................................................. . I’ll give
you a j)......................................... for some painkillers because it will probably hurt later, but be careful not to
exceed the k)............................................. , not more than three every twenty four hours.
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Health Vocabulary Unit 24
4 “I’ll take your l).........................................., and then I’ll give you a general m)........................................... . I
don’t think it’s anything serious, it’s probably this n)............................................... that’s going around at the
moment.
6 “We’re happy to say that the r)....................................... has been a complete success, and that the patient is now
out of danger. She won’t be fully conscious until the effects of the s)............................................. wear off so
you can’t see her yet. If you can just wait a while I can tell you what t)............................................... she’ll be
in, and details of visiting hours.
7 “That’s a nasty cut. I’m going to clean the u)...................................................... with antiseptic, so it may
v).................................................... a bit. Then we’ll put a w)...................................... over it to keep the air
and dirt out.”
a) A friend of a patient has gone to the e) There has been a serious accident and
information desk for information. 6 they are waiting for the patient in the
b) A doctor is speaking to someone who casualty department of the hospital. ------
has been injured in a car crash. ------ f) A nurse in the casualty department is
c) A dentist is speaking to a patient. ------ talking to a cyclist who has had an
d) A patient has gone to see the doctor accident and cut his forehead. ------
because she has a headache, and feels g) A doctor is speaking to a mother about
tired and dizzy. ------ her son who has broken his leg. ------
E Combine words from Box A with words/phrases from Box B to complete the blanks in the
sentences. Use of word/phrase only once.
a) If you don’t wear a coat you will .......................... f) Unless you warm up properly before hard
........................ . exercise you can easily ........................................ .
b) Is it all right if I go home? I’m afraid I................. g) My mother-in-law has to avoid food with salt in it
........................ . because she has .................................................... .
c) Tuberculosis is an ................................................ . h) My girlfriend’s brother was ...................................
d) If it hurts when you talk or swallow you have a ............................ in a motorbike accident.
............................................................................. . i) If you have an ........................................................
e) If you don’t stop smoking and drinking so much, it usually hurts, goes red, and produces pus.
and take some exercise, you’re going to have a j) He has to see a psychiatrist because he’s suffering
.............................................................................. . from a .................................................................. .
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WORDLISTS
Health
102
Health Vocabulary Unit 24
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