Smart Polymers Guide

Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF THE SMART POLYMERS
CAN THO UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
THE REPORT OF SEMINAR


Smart Polymers and Their Applications
GROUP 1 - CLASS: TN17V6F1
INSTRUCTOR: Van Pham Dan Thuy.Ph.D

STUDENTS: Pham Quoc Phu _B1703290
Nguyen Hong Ngoc_B1710101
Preface
Smart polymers are becoming increasingly more popular as scientists learn about the
chemistry and stimuli that increate changes in polymer structures and devise ways to
take advantage of and control them. Smart polymers have a lot of special characteristics
like pH sensitive, thermo-responsive, light sensitive and magnetic sensitive. New
polymeric materials are being chemically formulated that sense specific environmental
changes in drug delivery, wastewater treatment, oil recovery, texitle, catalysis in the
reaction and some biotechnology. Then this report will present and discuss for the
synthesis and applications of smart polymers.
Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 1

Contents
Chapter I: OVERVIEW OF THE SMART POLYMERS ................................................................ 3
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3
2. Classification .................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1. pH sensitive smart polymers ...........................................................................4
2.1.1 Polymers with functional acid groups..........................................................4
2.1.2 Polymers with functional basic groups ........................................................5
2.2 Thermo-responsive polymers ..........................................................................5
2.3 Light sensitive smart polymers .......................................................................6
2.4 Magnetic sensitive smart polymers .................................................................6
3. Synthesis of smart polymers ......................................................................................................... 7

3.1. Synthesis of chitosan .................................................................................................................. 7
a. Coacervation/Precipitation ................................................................................8
b. Emulsion-droplet coalescence ............................................................................9
c. Ionic gelation .....................................................................................................10
3.2. Synthesis of Polyacrylamide .................................................................................................... 11

a. Free radical mechanism methods .......................................................................................... 11
a. The diffuse polymarization ..................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Synthesis of poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) ZnO nanocomposite. ........................................ 13
a. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles ................................................................................................. 14
b. Synthesis of by ZnO-PNIPAAm emulsion polymerization ..................................................... 15
c. Synthesis of by ZnO-PNIPAAm in situ precipitation. ............................................................. 16
d. Synthesis of ZnO-PNIPAAm by physical addition. ................................................................. 17
Chapter II: APPLICATION OF SMART POLYMERS ................................................................. 19
1. Application of smart polymers in pH-sensitive ........................................................................ 19
2. Application of smart polymers in thermo- responsive . .......................................................... 20
3. Application of Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide) Zno Nanocomposites for Textile ................... 22
References ............................................................................................................................................ 23

Chapter I: OVERVIEW OF THE SMART POLYMERS

1. Introduction
The term “smart polymers” show a lot of different compounds for polymers with
potential for various applications. All properties of smart polymers respond to very
slight and changes in the surrounding environment and their structure are able to recover
their initial state [1]. Moreover, smart polymers are biocompatible, flexible and easy to
sharpen. Smart polymers are a new material in polymer science and becoming
increasingly more prevalent as scientist research about the chemical and physical
properties as conformational changes in polymer structures and devise ways to take
advantage and control them.Their physical and chemical properties also exchange a
consequence of small environment variations such as temperature [3-8], pH shift
[3,9,10], electric [11] or magnetic fields [12], light intensity [13-14] and biological
molecules. Therefore, smart polymers can be applied in science including drug delivery
[2], wastewater treatment and biotechnology.
2. Classification
According to their physical shape, smart polymers can be classified as free linear chain
solution, reversible gels and polymer chain grafted on a surface. Table I presents some
types common of smart polymers according to the stimuli.
Table 1: Stimuli - Responsive Smart Polymeric Materials
Types of Stimulus Responsive Polymer Material References

pH *dendrimers [16-19]
*poly(L-lysine) ester [21]
*poly(hydroxyproline) [22]
*Lactose-PEG grafted poly(L-lysine) nanoparticle [22]
*poly(L-lysine)-g-poly(histidine) [23]
*poly(propyl acrylic acid) [23]
*polysilamine [24]
*Eudragit S-100 [25]
*Eudragit L-100 [26]
[27]
*Chitosan [28]
*PMAA-PEG copolymer

Light *poly (axit acrylic) [29]

*polyimide [29]
*polyamide [30]
*poly (ethyl acrylate) [30]
*poly ( N - (2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) [31]
*poly ( N -isopropylacrylamide) –PNIPAM [31]
*poly (2-dimetylaminoetyl metacrylat) - [31]
PDMAEMA
Temperature PNIPAAm [32]
Magnetic field PNIPAAm hydrogel containing ferromagnetic [33-34]
material PNIPAAm-co-acrylamide
2.1. pH sensitive smart polymers

The pH sensitive polymers can accept or release protons with pH changes. Some
polymers contain the acidic groups (carbonxylic and surfonic) or the basic groups
(amino salts) [35] in their structure. All these groups are able to capable of accepting or
realeasing proton with pH changes in surrounding environment lead to polymers are
polyelectrolytes. Polyelectrolytes are classified into two types: weak polyacids and weak
polybases.
A B
Figure 1: Structure and states depending on the ionization of the ionic chain
groups of pH - responsive polyelectrolytes (A) poly(acrylic acid) and (B)
poly (N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate)
2.1.1 Polymers with functional acid groups

The polyacids or polyanion are pH sensitive polymers in their structure contain the
acidic groups. The acidic groups accept protons at low pH values and release protons at
high pH values [36]. The pH increases the polymers lead to the structure of polymer
reduce for negatively charged in acidic group. At low pH, smart polymers are able to
create a chemical connection with the heavy metal ions in wastewater. For example,
Weak polyacids accept protons at low pH and release protons at neutral and high pH.
Poly acrylic acids (PAAc) and poly methacrylic acids (PMAAc) are commonly used
pH-responsive polyacids. As the environmental pH changes, the acidic group undergoes
ionisation at specific pH called as pKa. Therefore, polyanion can apply in wastewater
treatment such as adsorption.
2.1.2 Polymers with functional basic groups

Polybases or polycation contain the positively charged in the basic groups (like amino
and heterocylic). That group can be capable of removing a part of anion (like SO42-,
PO43- and NO3-) in wastewater. Some polymers like as Poly
dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate and Poly n-diethylaminoethylmethacrylate are
commonly used ph-responsive polybases. The amino group is protonated at high ph and
positively neutralised and ionised at low pH.
2.2 Thermo-responsive polymers
Temperature-sensitive polymers undergo abrupt change about their solubility in
response to a small change in temperature. Thermo-responsive polymers explain in their
structure a very sensitive balance between the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic groups
and smart polymers can create new adjustments [37] and change a critical solution
temperature (CST) make the chain collapse or extend, respoding to adjustments of the
Figure 2: The flowchart of UCST and LCST temperature

hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between the polymer chains and the aqueous Commented [A1]: file:///C:/Users/ADMIN/Downloads/Re
sponsive_Polymers_in_Controlled_Drug_Delivery.pdf
medium. Temperature-sensitive polymers include low critical solution temperature
(LCST) and upper critical solution temperature (UCST). The polymers that become Commented [pp2R1]:
insoluble above a critical temperature called the lower critical solution temperature Commented [pp3R1]:
(LCST) and the polymers that precipitate and undergo phase change below a critical Commented [pp4R1]:
temperature called as the upper critical solution temperature (UCST). The first class of
polymers, when polymers exhibiting LCST are dissolved in an aqueous system, they are
completely dissolve at normal temperature, but they become insoluble when we increase
in temperature to above a critical value and then they show phase separation. The most
common of these is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). PNIPAAm has a lower
critical solution temperature, LCST of around 32°C, a very useful temperature for
biomedical applications since it is close to the body temperature (37°C). The second
class of polymers are UCST, the temperature above which these polymers remainsoluble
in solution and as temperature of the solution falls below critical value, phase separation
occurs, for example, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polyacrylamide (PAAm), and
poly(acrylamide-co-butyl methacrylate).
2.3 Light sensitive smart polymers
Photosensitive polymers is a polymer that changes its properties when exposed to light.
The molecular change by light is expressed in a change of material properties such as
shape, humidity, solubility, optical properties, conductivity, adhesion, etc. Light-control
has a lot advantages that allows remote control without physical contact or a mechanical
apparatus. Light is a external stimulus for drug delivery systems because it is
inexpensive and easily controlled.
2.4 Magnetic sensitive smart polymers
Some polymers can associate with nano or microsized solid materials and apply for the
new technology. In recent years, many scientists have studied for the application of
magnetic field-responsive smart polymer composites especially drug delivery. The
properties of magnetic sensitive smart polymer usually apply in drug delivery. Some
metals like cobalt, ferrite and carbonyl iron are magnetic. Therefore, these metals are
usually used to create the magnetic drug carries and they are biocompatible, non-toxic
and non-immunogenic [38]. Moreover, the popular polymers like as Poly(3,4-
ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its derivatives PEDOT poly(styrene sulfate)
(PEDOT:PSS), PEDOT:biopolyme and poly(3,4-Propylenedioxythiophene) (ProDOT)
and which are most successful in bioelectronics and have been used as electrode for
electro-physiolgy, organic chemical transistors (OECTS), organic electronic ion-pump
(OEIP), electronic textiles and electronic skin.

3. Synthesis of smart polymers

Many research have studied in the synthesis of smart polymers to apply a lot of science
as materials, medicine and the new technology. In this report will present some types of
smart polymer including chitosan, polyacrylamide and poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide)
ZnO nanocomposite.
3.1. Synthesis of chitosan
Chitosan was a derivative of chitin. Chitosan called poly -2- amino-2-deoxy-b-D-glucan
(abbreviated D-glucosamine). It formed from units of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-
glucosamine were associated through (1,4 - )-linked. The molecular weight of a
chitosan was about 1526.5 g.mol-1. The structural formula of a molecular Chitosan
presented as Figure II
The
Figure 3: The structural formula of Chitosan by Chemdraw
structure of a molecular chitosan had a lot of special properties of amino group (-NH)
and hydroxyl (-OH). We were capable of bonding with many metals to create the
compound called chelate. Amino groups in Chitosan were the higher free energy.
Therefore, chitosan can dissolve in the organic acid and some inorganic acid. Moreover,
chitosan can be hydrolyzed because the molecule contained many glucoside bonds and
peptide bonds. Chitosan were strongly in base solution but we can be hydrolyzed in acid
solution. When Chitosan were completely hydrolyzed in acid solution, we transformed
from monosaccharide-D-glucosamine or oligosaccharide. Chitosan was synthesized
from many raw materials as crust, crab shells, cuttlefish and some types of crustacean
shells. Chitosan has the characterization of smart polymer by properties of pH
sensitive.Thus, Chitosan is applied for drug delivery.
There are mainly three methods to synthesis of nanochitosan in drug delivery:
- Coacervation/Precipitation
- Emulsion-droplet coalescence
- Ionic gelation

a. Coacervation/Precipitation
The Spraying Equipment
The Chitosan solution
Figure 4: The flowchart of coacervation/precipitation [39]

This method use the properties ofBase solution
chitosan is insoluble in the base solution. Thus,
chitosan will perform the precipitate when the chitosan drops contact with the base
solution. The base solution can be a sodium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide – methanol
or ethanediamine [39].

b. Emulsion-droplet coalescence
The emulsion in chitosan The emulsion in NaOH

(Water/oil) (Water/oil)
The high speed of stirring
Nano particle
Centrifugation and washing
Extraction particle
Figure 5: The flowchart of emulsion-droplet coalescence [39]

This method use two methods including cross-linking emulsion and precipitate. The
precipitate will be performed from chitosan solution in the paraffin aqueuos. Moreover,
the different emulsion system also can contain chitosan solution in sodium hydroxide
solution. This two system mix together and stirr with high speed. Finally, all the particles
will be randomly impacted to perform the nano-precipitate.

c. Ionic gelation
Valve
Polyanion solution The impeller
Chitosan solution
Nano – Chitosan particles
Figure 6: The flowchart of ionic gelation method [39]

The mechanism of method bases on the electrostatic interaction force between cation
chitosan at low pH and polyanion such as tripolyphosphate. The advantages of method
simply prepare and conduct in water. Firstly, Chitosan dissolve in acetic acid. Then,
Chitosan will be mixed with polyanion to create the nanoparticle and continuosly
stirred at the room temperature. The size and surface can control by using the ratio of
different chitosan and polyanion.

3.2. Synthesis of Polyacrylamide

Polyacrylamide was a polymer. It called poly (2-propenamide) and formed units of 2-
propenamide in the polymerization. The unit of poly (2-propenamide) was about 71.08
g.mol-1. The structure of a polyacrylamide was presented as Figure VI.
Figure 7: The structure of a polyacryamide by Chemdraw

In the polyacrylamide molecule, the conversion of some of the amide groups on the
molecule to carboxylate groups provides greater viscosity and increases the capacity of
oil recovery. Therefore, polyacrylamide is applied in the oil recovery.
There are mainly two methods to synthesis of polyacrylamide.
- The free radical mechanism method.
- The diffuse polymerization method.
a. Free radical mechanism methods
Figure 8: The flowchart of polyacryamide by the free radical mechanism [40]

The prepration of acrylamide bases on the free radical mechanism and usually use some
chemistry like the radicals are soluble as ammonium, potassium, sodium persulfate and
N,N,N,N-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine. There are three steps in the free radical
present as

Step 1: Initiation
Step 2: Propagation
Step 3: Tetramination
Combination of radical species
Figure 9: The polymetric mechanism of acrylamide by Chemistry Libretexts

a. The diffuse polymarization

The diffuse polymerization use the synthesis of polyacrylamide to create the size of
particle and the distribution of size particle. The polymetric synthesis of acrylamide
coduct in consecutive as Tert-butanol, 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (initiator) and poly(N-
vinylpryrrolidone) is emulsifier.
Figure 10: The diffuse polymerization of acrylamide [40] Commented [P5]: Wuxiangmei et al, Studies on the
absorption of Amino Metylene phosphonic
acid resin for Homium (III), Journal of rare earth, 2003,
21(6), 613
3.3 Synthesis of poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) ZnO nanocomposite.

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) forms a three-dimensional hydrogel that

undergoes a reversible lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition from
a swollen hydrated state to a collapsed and shrunken dehydrated state when heated in
water above 32 °C [6]. Capping of the magnetic nanoparticles with a PNIPAAm layer
provides colloidal stability in water and allows the surface functionality linking with
other molecules, such as drugs, proteins or enzymes [41].
The process of free radical polymerization of a single type of monomer, in this case, N-
isopropylacrylamide, to form the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). The catalyst is
azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) is commonly used in radical polymerizations.
Figure 11: The flowchart of Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) by the free radical

mechanism
The most common methods used for synthesis of ZnO-PNIPAAm nanocomposites are
physical addition, in situ precipitation and emulsion polymerisation. Physical addition
is the simplest method, requires the physical mixing of previously synthesised magnetic
nanoparticles and PNIPAAm particles. The second method is in situ precipitation,
involves precipitation of magnetic nanoparticles in the presence of the PNIPAAm
nanopolymer. The third is most common way, emulsion polymerisation, requires
polymerisation of the (N-isopropylacrylamide) monomer in the presence of magnetic
nanoparticles. There are three method to synthesis ZnO-PNIPAAm will present the
following
a. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles

Zn(NO3)2
NaOH
Neutralizing to pH values of
12
Mixing and heating to 70 °C
on magnetic stirrer
Separating the solids by
centrifugation
Washing the solids with

deionized water and ethanol
Drying
Powder
Figure 12 :The flowchart of synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared from zinc nitrate solutions after neutralizing
with sodium hydroxide to pH values of 12. Then the solution were heated to 70 °C on
magnetic stirrer . When the reactions were completed, the solid and solution phases were
separated by centrifugation and the solids were washed by deionized water 3 time and
ethanol two time. Then the ZnO nanoparticles were dried in a rotary evaporator (25 mbar
at 40 °C) until a fine powder was created [41].
b. Synthesis of by ZnO-PNIPAAm emulsion polymerization

NiPAM, ZnO
nanoparticles, BIS, SDS
and deionised water
Mixing and Heating to 70 °C
Dissolving and adding APS

in the reaction vessel
Washing the prepared

nanocomposite with
deionized water
Separating the ZnO-

PNIPAAm by centrifugation
Drying
Powder
Figure 13: The flowchart of ZnO-PNIPAAm emulsion polymerization

NiPAM, ZnO nanoparticles were prepared, BIS and SDS were dissolved in deionised
water and heated to 70 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. APS was then dissolved in
deionised water and added to the reaction vessel to start the reaction. After 4 h, the
reaction was stopped and the prepared nanocomposite washed with deionised water.
Finally, ZnO-PNIPAAm was separated out by centrifugation (12,000 rpm for 30 min)
and then dried using a rotary evaporator (25 mbar at 40 °C). The powdered material was
stored in the dark at room temperature [42].
c. Synthesis of by ZnO-PNIPAAm in situ precipitation.

The ZnO nanoparticles and deionised water were mixed well and added to PNIPAAm.
NH4OH was then quickly added to the solution, which immediately produced a
precipitate. The suspension was then stirred for 30 min at 70 °C. Then the ZnO-
PNIPAAm was separated out by centrifugation (12,000 rpm for 30 min) and washed
with deionised water. The ZnO-PNIPAAm dried using a rotary evaporator (25 mbar at
40 °C). The resultant powder was stored in the dark at room temperature [42].
ZnO nanoparticles,
deionised water and
PNIPAAm
Mixing, Adding NH4OH and

Stirring for 30 min at 70 °C
Separating the ZnO-

Washing and Drying
Powder
Figure 14: The flowchart of synthesis of ZnO-PNIPAAm in precipitation
d. Synthesis of ZnO-PNIPAAm by physical addition.

ZnO nanoparticles,
deionised water and
PNIPAAm
Mixing and Stirring for 30

min at 70 °C
Separating the ZnO-

Washing and Drying
Powder
Figure 15: The flow chart of synthesis of ZnO-PNIPAAm by physical addtion

Freshly prepared PNIPAAm, freshly prepared ZnO nanoparticles and deionised water
were mixed well, and the resultant suspension stirred for 30 min at 70 °C. Then the ZnO-
PNIPAAm was separated out by centrifugation (12,000 rpm for 30 min) and washed
with deionised water. The ZnO-PNIPAAm dried using a rotary evaporator (25 mbar at
40 °C). The powdered material was stored in the dark at room temperature [42].

Chapter II: APPLICATION OF SMART POLYMERS

1. Application of smart polymers in pH-sensitive
pH-sensitive of smart polymers apply for drug delivery. The development of
population increasely extend in the world, which lead to have a lot of dangerous diseases
suddenly appear to endanger from health. Apart from the identification of new medicine,
some diseases are difficult to treat them because a lot of common medicine do not
destroy all the bacteria and virus have in the pathogens. There are a lot of types of smart
polymers can apply such as polymetric drugs, polymer – drug conjugates, polymer-
protein conjugate and polymeric micelles (with the drug covalently link with the
polymetric carrier). In this report will disscusion for the application of nano chitosan
nanoparticles like as smart polymers in drug delivery thanks to the scpecial
characteristics. Chitosan nanoparticles have applied for the drug delivery carries because
their stability, low toxicity, simple prepration method and controlled as the
administration [43-45]. In chitosan molecule can contain a lot of deacetyl groups. Thus,
chitosan interact with proteins and genes at low pH (in molecule bring the positive
charge) [43, 44]. For example, Doxorubicin is a types of medicine usually destroy the
negative cells among some cancer such as acute leukemia, malignant lymphoma and
breast cancer. In Figure 15, doxorubicin is presented as
Figure 16: The molecule of Doxorubicin by Chemdraw

In human melanoma A375 cells, DOX is located of different particle and controll
formulations in melanoma. Moreover, the oral drug delivery is a important process
because pH (high acidic stomach), the presence of enzymes impact to the oral drug
delivery, chitosan nanoparticle have a lot of benefit such as small particle size, large
surface and potentially a modifiable surface. According to particle size is the precent of
dissolution rate of drugs increasingly. Thus, chitosan nanoparticle can increase the
stability of acid labile drugs than other delivey system such as liposomes and lipid.
Figure 16 shows the adsorption of chitosan NP is better than other drug delivery system
in stomach.
2. Application of smart polymers in thermo- responsive .
Figure 17: The flowchart shows in the adsorption drug by using chitosan NP
Thermo- responsive and mechanic of smart polymers apply for oil recovery. Crude oil
is an important fuel in the industry to use for many different purposes. Biofuels like as
ethanol and biodiesel are aslo used as petroleum products, mainly in mixture with
gasoline and diesel fuel. However, crube oil is a non-renewable fuel.Thus, the amounts
of crude oil has gradually decreased by the exploited excess to serve for many different
purposes. Therefore, oil recovery is very necessary to maintain the sources of crude oil
in the world. With the development of science, smart polymers are applied in oil
recovery by them have a lot of sensitve such as polymer addition increase the viscosity
of aqueous phase and modifies the ratio of water to oil [44] and increase amount of oil

recovery [45]. There are a lot of way to improve the efficiency of oil crube by changing
their chemical structure. The common polymer like as polyacryamide usually apply in
oil recovery. However, polyacrylamide has some limitations, such as high surface
absorption, undersiable plugging, polymer concentration limitation, thermal,
mechanical and bacterial degradation. Therefore, polyacryamide mix with other
polymers to increase viscocity of aqueous phase. Some smart polymers of polymers like
as Acrylamide- Styrene Copolymer presented as Figure 17
Figure 18: A molecule polymer of PMST by Chemdraw
When water is injected into a reservoir, it seeks the path of least resistance (usually the
layers of highest permeability) to the lower pressure region of the reservoir. If the oil in
place has a higher viscosity than the injected water, the water will finger through this oil
and result in a low sweep efficiency. Addition of polymer into reservoir increases the
viscosity of water and reduces relative permeability of water in the reservoir then
increases oil recovery due to increase of fractional flow. If the mobility ratio is one or
slightly less, the displacement of the oil by the water will be efficient. If the mobility
ratio is greater than one, the more mobile water will finger through the oil and leave
behind regions of unswept oil.

3. Application of Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide) Zno Nanocomposites for Textile

Poly (N–isopropylacryl amide) PNIPAM is a well-known thermo responsive polymer
which at lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at around 32ºC [43]. This character
is particularly useful in textile applications because this falls between body temperature
and room temperature [43]. A thermo responsive polymer nanocomposite can be
prepared by the combination of inorganic oxide nanoparticles with PNIPAM to form
PNIPAM nanocomposites. We can choose AgO has been used to impart antibacterial
properties of TiO2 is used for UV blocking and self-cleaning properties. But in this
report, we choose ZnO because it have two special character such as antibacterial and
UV blocking properties. Inorganic UV blockers are preferable to organic UV blockers
because inorganic absorbers are non toxic and chemically stable under exposure to both
high temperature and UV radiations. Nanoparticles have large absorber surface area to
volume ratio. the process of the coating of the cotton fabric with PNIPAM ZnO
nanocomposite in the following
The cotton fabric was cut in samples of 70 g each, approximately.
Then the samples were introduced in the solutions of ZnO – PNIPAM.
The fabric solutions were homogenized for 30 min in the ultrasound apparel.
When taking the samples of solution they were passed in foulard with pressure of 4,1
bar and velocity of 2,54 m/min.
Finally, the samples are air dried.
Figure 19: A structure polymer of Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide by Chemdraw

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Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF THE SMART POLYMERS

CAN THO UNIVERSITY

THE REPORT OF SEMINAR

INSTRUCTOR: Van Pham Dan Thuy.Ph.D

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 1

2.1. pH sensitive smart polymers ...........................................................................4

2.1.1 Polymers with functional acid groups..........................................................4

2.1.2 Polymers with functional basic groups ........................................................5

2.2 Thermo-responsive polymers ..........................................................................5

2.3 Light sensitive smart polymers .......................................................................6

2.4 Magnetic sensitive smart polymers .................................................................6

3. Synthesis of smart polymers ......................................................................................................... 7

b. Emulsion-droplet coalescence ............................................................................9

c. Ionic gelation .....................................................................................................10

3.2. Synthesis of Polyacrylamide .................................................................................................... 11

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 2

Chapter I: OVERVIEW OF THE SMART POLYMERS

Types of Stimulus Responsive Polymer Material References

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 3

Light *poly (axit acrylic) [29]

2.1. pH sensitive smart polymers

2.1.1 Polymers with functional acid groups

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 4

2.1.2 Polymers with functional basic groups

Figure 2: The flowchart of UCST and LCST temperature

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 5

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 6

3. Synthesis of smart polymers

Figure 3: The structural formula of Chitosan by Chemdraw

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 7

The Spraying Equipment

The Chitosan solution

Figure 4: The flowchart of coacervation/precipitation [39]

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 8

The emulsion in chitosan The emulsion in NaOH

The high speed of stirring

Centrifugation and washing

Figure 5: The flowchart of emulsion-droplet coalescence [39]

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 9

Polyanion solution The impeller

Figure 6: The flowchart of ionic gelation method [39]

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 10

3.2. Synthesis of Polyacrylamide

Figure 7: The structure of a polyacryamide by Chemdraw

Figure 8: The flowchart of polyacryamide by the free radical mechanism [40]

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 11

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 12

a. The diffuse polymarization

3.3 Synthesis of poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) ZnO nanocomposite.

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 13

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) forms a three-dimensional hydrogel that

Figure 11: The flowchart of Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) by the free radical

a. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 14

Washing the solids with

Figure 12 :The flowchart of synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles

b. Synthesis of by ZnO-PNIPAAm emulsion polymerization

Students: Quoc Phu and Hong Ngoc 15

Mixing and Heating to 70 °C

Dissolving and adding APS

Washing the prepared

Separating the ZnO-

Figure 13: The flowchart of ZnO-PNIPAAm emulsion polymerization