Heart Attack

Heart Attack, which in the medical language is called Myocardial Infarction (MI), is
damage and even death of the heart muscle (myocardium) caused by the sudden cessation of
the supply of blood (as the Oxygen carrier) as a result of several factors. For example, when
one of the coronary arteries is blocked for a few moments, either due to spasm (tightening of
the coronary arteries), due to thrombus (blood clotting) or due to narrowing and blockage by
accumulation of fat (cholesterol, triglyceride) substances that are getting longer more and
more accumulates beneath the innermost layer (endothelium) of the inner vessel wall. A heart
attack caused by the presence of spasm that creates a coronary artery blockade will disappear
completely, either pain or other complaints when the coronary artery relaxes and functions as
normal. This condition is called crescendo angina or coronary insufficiency. If this happens
in the range of 20 to 40 minutes, it can cause the heart muscle to experience death (infarction)
due to the effects of oxygen that it does not have because blood supply stops. The main cause
of a heart attack is due to the presence of coronary heart disease, which is a blockage of the
main blood vessels (coronary vessels) that supply blood to the heart. This blockage is caused
by cholesterol deposits in the form of plaques attached to the walls of blood vessels. Plaque
cracks will result in blood clots, so that eventually the blood clots will inhibit the flow of
blood and oxygen to the heart through blood vessels.

1. Symptoms of Heart Attack Disease

Heart conditions can be divided into 4 categories:
1) First, health can work hard and light.
2) Secondly, it can work hard and if it is tired it does not need to stop doing activities,
but enough to reduce the intensity / weight of the work and if you feel fit in one two
minutes the work intensity can be increased again, and so on.
3) Third, can not work hard, but can do light work everyday, if fatigue must
immediately stop the activity and rest one two minutes, which is good by lying
down, but if it is walking, then rest can be done by standing still.
4) Fourth, it has been severe, just to walk a few meters already exhausted, sometimes it
needs to be carried out.
There are 2 blockage conditions that cause the difficulty of early detection of heart
problems by observing clinical symptoms:
1) Coronary blockage, coronary artery (large ) is temporarily blocked and usually
causes severe pain, although it may only be brief.
2) Blockage of Small Blood Vessels (Iskemi), caused by Cholesterol and also Diabetes
where the latter disease causes the stiffness of blood vessels, so that it cannot drain
blood optimally, the small blood vessels that are disturbed are numerous and occur
throughout the body.
If it is already severe, then Heart Disorders can be identified by its Clinical
Symptoms, but if it is still mild and new tends to experience heart problems, then the
Treadmill Test that can be done in certain Clinical Laboratories under the supervision of
a Cardiologist is one way to detect it where accuracy reaches 85 percent, while the
ECG/EKG (Electrical Cardiogram) is only 15 percent accurate, because the test without
loading and the electrode is also less than the Treadmill Test, so it cannot detect heart
problems that are still mild. Treadmill Test with loading will be able to detect new
blockages a little, because the graph results of each electrode will be compared and if it
is not uniform there will be a disturbance in that place. In addition to detecting Ischemia
Treadmill Test, it also detects Heart Rhythm Disorders (Arrhythmias) and also knows the
level of our Body Fitness, for example, frequent exercise or not, and any exercise that
can still be done and for how long. Unfortunately the Treadmill Test is five times more
expensive than the EKG, but there is no other more accurate way than the Treadmil Test,
because it is recommended for those who are 50 years old, even without any complaints
and checks can be done on younger people, if there is a history of illness heart in his
family, high cholesterol, diabetes and hypertension.
On the other hand, a heart attack may present the worst pain ever experienced -
extraordinary tightness or a feeling of being stuck in the chest, throat or stomach. Can
also pour hot or cold sweat, the leg hurts a lot and the fear that death is approaching. It
may also feel more comfortable when sitting than if lying down and maybe breathing so
tight that you can't relax. Nausea and dizziness even to vomiting, even worse, when it
collapses and faints.
Everyone who has a heart attack will feel a complaint that is certainly different, but
generally someone will feel some specific things like:
1) Chest pain, where the muscle lacks blood supply (called an ischemic condition)
which results in reduced oxygen demand. As a result, excessive metabolism causes
cramps or spasms. Pain is felt in the middle of the chest, can spread to the back of
the chest, to the left base of the neck and shoulders to the upper arm of the left hand.
Some patients may experience pain in the upper part of the stomach (base of the
middle rib and even the stomach), where the pain is greater and does not disappear
even if rested or given medication for heart pain (Nitroglycerin). This is what is
called Angina, the patient feels anxious with tightness in the chest and feels like the
chest is squeezing. The pain of each person is different, even some people who
experience supplying heart blood are reduced and don't feel anything.
2) Shortness of breath, usually felt by people who experience heart failure. Shortness is
the result of the entry of fluid into the air cavity in the lungs (pulmonary congestion
or pulmonary edema).
3) Fatigue or fatigue, The presence of a heart abnormality can cause pumping of the
heart that is not optimal. As a result, supplying blood to the body muscles while
doing activities will decrease, this causes the sufferer to feel weak and tired.
Symptoms like this are mild, sufferers only try to reduce their activity and assume
that it is just an aging process.
4) The feeling of palpitations.
5) Dizziness and fainting, this can be an early symptom of a person with a heart attack.
Where a decrease in blood flow due to abnormal pulses or heart rhythm or because
of poor pumping ability, can cause dizziness and fainting.
6) Bluish on the lips, fingers and feet as a sign of inadequate blood flow throughout the
body.
7) Sudden cold sweats, and others like nausea and anxiety.
2. Factors Causing Heart Attack Disease
The outline of the factors that cause a person to suffer from heart disease include:
congenital heart abnormalities, a nod to the work function of the heart valve and the
functioning of coronary vessels that function to drain blood throughout the body. Of the
three things, heart disease that is generally feared is coronary heart disease because it
attacks at a productive age and can cause a heart attack until sudden death. The above
factors are closely related to the consumption patterns and life in question, including:
1) Smoking too much for years
2) Frequently consume high-fat foods
3) Suffered from high blood pressure
4) Suffering from diabetes (Diabetes)
3. Diagnosis of Heart Attack Disease
Based on the clinical symptoms felt by the patient or seen by a doctor, a doctor can
make a reasonable estimate of whether the symptoms suggest a heart attack or not. His
suspicion may be strengthened by the patient's appearance, blood pressure level and
heartbeat sound. The doctor may send him to an ECG examination and blood test, but if
he still feels pain, the doctor will probably give an injection of painkillers before the
examination. This is because frightening pain can lead to deeper gaps, which can cause
heart symptoms. Pain can also have a long-term psychological impact. The first ECG
may not show signs of a heart attack and it may have to be repeated. Sometimes the
second test still shows no change, and during this time, the diagnosis will depend on
blood tests. Unfortunately, the Treadmil Test cannot be done when the patient is sick,
therefore Treadmill Test should be done before any heart problems, but it can be done for
those who are in good health, even though they have heart problems and there is no risk
of doing Treadmill Test , because loading is carried out little by little, monitored by a
Cardiologist, the Treadmill Machine can give an alarm, if there is something unusual and
can die on its own, if there are critical parameters that are exceeded. The heart, like all
other cells in the body, contains special chemicals called enzymes. When heart cells are
damaged, released enzymes circulate along the bloodstream. After a heart attack, the
levels of some of these enzymes go up immediately, but then the enzymes break down
quickly and are therefore undetectable after a day or two; there is an enzyme that has just
been released a few hours or a few days later remains in the blood for several days or
even weeks. Heart muscle damage and at the same time knowing whether you have had
heart problems can be done at the Clinical Laboratory, but can not find out the location
of the damage, although they can know the amount of damage. Therefore it is necessary
to do an Echo Examination (USG by a Cardiologist-SpJP) to find out the location of
damage to the heart muscle which becomes scar tissue and is no longer functioning.
4. Handling Heart Attack Disease
Half the number of deaths from a heart attack is occurring in the first 3 to 4 hours
after the onset of symptoms begins. So the handling action on the initial symptoms of a
heart attack is the most important thing for the medical team. Giving chewable drugs
such as aspirin tablets can help if blood clots occur in the coronary arteries, whereas
beta-blocker tablets are given to slow down the work of the heart so it doesn't work too
hard and reduces the possibility of heart muscle damage. Furthermore, the main one is
 giving Oxygen, which helps reduce damage to muscle tissue. Patients who have a heart
attack (heart disease) will certainly be hospitalized, especially in an intensive room for
heart disease, because it requires intensive monitoring and monitoring. In addition to
administering medicines at the hospital, what might be done by a medical (medical) team
is angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery (surgery / cutting of the problematic
artery part).
5. Prevention of Heart Attack Disease
Among other things, the interception can be done in doing is:
1) Healthy lifestyles such as: getting up early, sleeping not too late at night, avoiding
cigarettes and alcoholic beverages.
2) Healthy food patterns (multiply eating fibrous and winged foods, and not eating too
much fatty and high cholesterol foods).
3) Regular and not excessive exercise.
4) To really reduce the risk of heart disease, one must actually stop smoking.
5) Consumption of vitamin C supplements can reduce the risk of heart disease.
6) Research shows that reducing salt consumption can reduce the risk of heart disease.
Salt consumption can increase blood pressure. In a trial a low-salt diet showed a risk
of heart disease up to 25% and the risk of heart attack by 20%.
7) Exercise or exercise can reduce the risk of getting heart disease. Because exercise
causes more blood vessels to open. Even if we exercise for a long time, additional
blood vessels can form inside the heart. Coronary blood vessels will develop in size,
and around the place where the blockage occurs will grow new vessels to drain blood.
The new blood flow still gets oxygen until the color remains pink.

Source:

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_jantung

https://pease-treatment.blogspot.com/2008/05/penyakit-serangan-jantung.html