Manipal University

Department of Chemical Engineering

CE 1531- TRANSPORT PHENOMENA LABORATORY- 1

III YEAR, 5th SEMESTER, 2019

EXPERIMENT #3

Pitot tube

INSTRUCTOR:

Dr. Anees Ahmed Khan

GROUP #3

MEMBER: Sukhmani Singh

Experiment carried on: August 29, 2019

Report submitted on: September 11, 2019

PRELAB (10) _______

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (10) _______

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES/SCOPE/PROCEDURE (30) _______

RESULTS & DISCUSSION (30) _______

CONCLUSIONS (5) _______

REFERENCES (5) _______

APPENDIX

a) Original data, sample calculations, other information (5) _______

GENERAL COMPLETENESS

a) Conciseness and neatness (5) _______

TOTAL (100) ______

Table of Contents
Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Objective ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Scope:............................................................................................................................................................ 7
Apparatus required: ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Schematic diagram:....................................................................................................................................... 8
Description of the pitot tube: ....................................................................................................................... 8
Procedure:..................................................................................................................................................... 9
Results and discussions: .............................................................................................................................. 11
Conclusion: .................................................................................................................................................. 14
Recommendations: ..................................................................................................................................... 15
Appendix: .................................................................................................................................................... 15
References .................................................................................................................................................. 22
Executive Summary
The aim of the experiment was to find the point velocity at the center of the tube for different
flow rates of water and to calibrate the pitot tube. A pitot tube is a flow measurement device
that is used to measure fluid flow velocity. It was invented in the early 18 th century by Henry
pitot, a French Engineer, and was later modified by Henry Darcy in the mid-19th century. The
pitot tube works on the Bernoulli’s principle.
The pitot tube is a slender tube that has 2 holes in it. The front hole measures the stagnation
pressure and the second hole measures the static pressure. By measuring the difference
between these pressures, you get the dynamic pressure which is used to calculate the velocity
of the fluid. In this experiment, using the pitot tube setup and a stop watch and CCl4 as the
liquid in the manometer.
We calculated the discharge rates as well as the differential pressure head using the
manometer. We also repeated the same experiment for different positions of the pitot tube
and calculated the point velocity for the same flow rate, the differential pressure head was
used to calculate the velocity. The discharge rate ranges from 17.4 to 454 cm3/s. the differentia
pressure head varied from 0.36666 to8.4 cm.
graph1 shows the relationship between the two. It was inferenced that the relationship
observed was positive linear relationship whereas ideally it was hypnotized to be parabolic. This
deviation was caused due to the errors which have been discussed. The error mainly being in
the nature of the flow rate which turned out to be turbulent.
Similarly, the graph2 showed the relationship between the point velocity and the positions of
the pitot tube. ideally they should have been an inverted parabola, but we a huge deviation in
the results which should a negative correlation. This was also due to the same error that
occurred before. The velocity ranged from 153 to 120.4 cm/s for positions -10 to 10mm. the
velocity should have been highest at x=0 position and lowest at the -10 and 10 position. But we
observed otherwise, due to the flow being turbulent.
The major errors in this experiment being the wrong calibration of the pitot tube, bubble
formation and the flow being turbulent in nature lead to such a vast deviation from the correct
values. All of the above have been discussed in detail.
Introduction
The pitot tube was invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in the early 18th century and
was modified to its modern form in the mid-19th century by French scientist Henry Darcy. It is
widely used to determine the airspeed of an aircraft, water speed of a boat, and to measure
liquid, air and gas flow velocities in certain industrial applications. A pitot tube is a flow
measurement device that is used to measure fluid flow velocity. [1]

Pitot Tube works on a basic principal of fluid Mechanics and that is, if a fluid stops flowing, all
its kinetic energy gets converted into pressure energy. It helps us in measuring that pressure
energy of stopped fluid. A pitot tube consists of a small cylinder positioned in the pathway of
the fluid. One side of the cylinder is open in order to allow the fluid to enter into the tube. Once
the fluid enters into the tube, it cannot flow further, because the cylinder doesn’t have an
outlet. There is a diaphragm inside the tube, which enables it to measure static pressure and
stagnation pressure separately. Static pressure is measured when the fluid enters into the tube,
while stagnation pressure or total pressure is measured when the fluid comes to rest. Finally,
fluid flow velocity is determined considering the difference between static pressure and
stagnation pressure. [3]

The basic pitot tube consists of a tube pointing directly into the fluid flow. As this tube contains
fluid, a pressure can be measured; the moving fluid is brought to rest (stagnates) as there is no
outlet to allow flow to continue. This pressure is the stagnation pressure of the fluid, also
known as the total pressure or (particularly in aviation) the pitot pressure.
Static pressure is what is commonly called simply the pressure of the fluid. It’s a measure of the
amount that fluid pressure exceeds local atmospheric pressure. It is measured through a flat
opening that is parallel with the fluid flow. Static pressure measurement is illustrated with the
first U-tube manometer in the diagram at the left.

Stagnation pressure is also a measure of the amount that fluid pressure exceeds local
atmospheric pressure, but it includes the effect of the fluid velocity converted to pressure. It is
measured through a flat opening that is perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow and facing
into the fluid flow. Stagnation pressure (also called total pressure) measurement is illustrated
with the second U-tube manometer in the diagram at the left.
Dynamic pressure (also called velocity pressure) is a measure of the amount that the stagnation
pressure exceeds static pressure at a point in a fluid. It can also be interpreted as the pressure
created by reducing the kinetic energy to zero. Its measurement is illustrated with the third U-
tube in the diagram at the left.[2]
The pitot tube is used to measure the local flow velocity at a given point in the flow stream and
not the average flow velocity in the pipe or conduit. The mechanism works by converting the
kinetic energy of the flow into potential energy. It is used to determine the difference between
static, dynamic, and total pressure of a fluid at the same time. Initially, it was used to measure
the velocity of a river.

Derivation of the pitot tube: [4]

the measured stagnation pressure cannot itself be used to determine the fluid flow velocity
(airspeed in aviation). However, Bernoulli's equation states:

Stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure

Which can also be written

Pt = Ps + ( ρu2/ 2 )
Solving that for flow velocity gives
𝟐(𝑷𝒕−𝑷 𝒔 )
u=√ 𝝆

where

 u is the flow velocity;

 pt is the stagnation or total pressure;
 ps is the static pressure;
 and ρ is the fluid density.
The above equation applies to only to incompressible fluids. Liquids are treated as
incompressible in most conditions. The values for the pressure drop p2 – p1 or ∆P due to ∆h,
the rising on the manometer:

ΔP = ρlg Δh

where,

ΔP = pressure difference

g = acceleration due to gravity

ρl = density of the liquid in the manometer

Δh = is the height difference of the columns

The pitot tube equation is given as follows:

𝟐𝒈𝜟𝒉𝝆𝒍
V=K√ 𝝆𝒘

where k is the pitot tube coefficient that needs to be determined by calibration.

The coefficient can more simply be calculated by the following formula:

𝑸
K = 𝒂+√𝟐𝒈𝒉

Applications of pitot tube [5]

1. In industry, the flow velocities being measured are often those flowing in ducts and
tubing where measurements by an anemometer would be difficult to obtain. In these
kinds of measurements, the most practical instrument to use is the pitot tube. The pitot
tube can be inserted through a small hole in the duct with the pitot connected to a U-
tube water gauge or some other differential pressure gauge for determining the flow
velocity inside the ducted wind tunnel. One use of this technique is to determine the
volume of air that is being delivered to a conditioned space.

2. A pitot-static system is a system of pressure-sensitive instruments that is most often

used in aviation to determine an aircraft's airspeed, Mach number, altitude, and altitude
trend. A pitot-static system generally consists of a pitot tube, a static port, and the pitot-
 static instruments. Errors in pitot-static system readings can be extremely dangerous as
the information obtained from the pitot static system, such as airspeed, is potentially
safety-critical.

3. It is used where very high accuracy is not required and It is used to measure flow profile
in a duct or channel.

Objective
To find the point velocity at the center of the tube for different flow rates of water and
calibrate the pitot tube. Also, to determine the point velocity at different locations (heights) in
the tube conduit.

Scope:
to obtain the differential pressure head along the manometer tubes due to fluid flow. To
obtain different pressure heads at different flow rates. We also seek to observe the relationship
between the discharge rate and differential pressure head. Also to determine the point velocity
at different positions of the pitot tube conduit. To validate the discharge of the water tube
collected in the collecting tank.

Apparatus required:
Pitot tube set up, Stop watch, Pencil and paper, pump, calculator
Schematic diagram:

Description of the pitot tube:

At its head the Pitot tube features a modified ellipsoidal nose with a single forward facing hole
for sensing Total Pressure, and a ring of side holes for sensing Static Pressure. These inlets are
individually connected by concentric tubes leading to the outlet at the tail of the tube. The
entire tube is round to facilitate its entry through the pipe’s wall. A tail fitting with a direction
pointer is provided, so that the Pitot tube can be accurately aligned inside the pipe.
It is made entirely of stainless steel with welded joints; the tube can be safely exposed to
temperatures up to 680ºC or up to 800ºC for short periods. The basic instrument is the Pitot
tube, drawn in below figure. It has holes in the walls to measure the static pressure and a hole
in the front to measure the pool or impact pressure, since there the current decelerate until
null velocity
The main disadvantage is that the tube should be perfectly aligned with the current whose
direction cannot be known; this produces errors in the measures of Ps and P0, as it is shown in
below figure. For example, with an angle of 10º, the static pressure is 2 % bigger that its value
with respect to the dynamic pressure and that of the pool is 3 % smaller, so there is a 5% of
total error in the difference P0-Ps .
Procedure:

Part 1
1. Fill the sump tank with water from the reservoir. Make sure that tube is in the sump tank
before the water is switched on, otherwise, water will start spraying out and make the set-up
region wet.
2. Once the sump tank is filled, turn on the power switch and the control panel to start the
experiment. Turn the bypass valve, to make the water flow through the equipment.
3. Fill the manometer tubes with CCl4 carefully.
4. Check the manometer tubes for air bubbles, very carefully. If there are bubbles, turn the
manometer valve very slowly in order to let the air bubbles out. Make sure that the CCl4 is not
drained out during this process; hence turn the manometer valve very slowly and carefully.
5. Once the air bubbles are out, start the experiment. Fill the measuring tank with a small
amount of dead weight water initially (4-5 cm), consider this to be the datum for water height
measurement in the measuring tank.
6. Turn the control valve all the way to the right, for the maximum flow rate of water till steady
flow is achieved. This will be the first flow rate for the experiment performance.
7. Turn the diverter into the measurement tank so that the water flows into the measurement
tank. Note the initial height of water before turning the diverter. Start the stopwatch as soon as
the diverter is turned. Turn the diverter back into the divergent channel after 15 seconds. Note
down the final reading of the height of water in the measuring tank.
8. Note down the pressure head readings on both the limbs of the manometer.
9. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for the same flow rate three times. Note down all the three readings. If
the measuring tank is filled up, open the drain valve to let the water back into the sump tank.
10. Once all the three readings have been taken, turn the control valve a little to the left, to
decrease the flow rate. The flow rate can be controlled like this using the control valve. Repeat
steps 4-8 for 7 different flow rates and note down the reading.
11. Once the experiment is complete, open the drain valve of the sump tank to let the water
back out into the reservoir. Make sure the work place is clean before leaving.
Part 2:
1. Turn the control valve all the way to the right, for the maximum flow rate of water till steady
flow is achieved. This will be the first flow rate for the experiment performance.
2. Turn the diverter into the measurement tank so that the water flows into the measurement
tank. Note the initial height of water before turning the diverter. Start the stopwatch as soon as
the diverter is turned. Turn the diverter back into the divergent channel after 15 seconds. Note
down the final reading of the height of water in the measuring tank.
3. Adjust the pitot tube so that it is on the 0 mm setting. Measure the pressure difference on
the manometer at this setting and note down the readings.
4. Change the pitot tube setting to 5 mm Measure the pressure difference on the manometer
at this setting and note down the readings.
5. Repeat step 4 for 10 mm, -5 mm, and -10 mm.
6. Change the control valve setting to a different flow rate and repeat steps 2-5 for different
flow rates
Results and discussions:

Q (mean) V/S delP

600

500 454.44

391.8467
400
333.667
Q (mean) cm^3/s

300 270.3433
Q (cm^3/s)
215.6
pressure ( delP) (cm)
200 159.13333
Linear (Q (cm^3/s))

100
17.11
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10

-100
delP (cm)

Graph.1 Pressure difference v/s flowrates

velocity (cm/s)
180
V/s the position of the pitot tube

160
153.0581498
145.5873403
140 137.7118373
129.3577465
120 120.4255082
velocity (cm/s)

100
velocity
80
position of the pitot tube
60 Linear (velocity)

40

20

0
-10 -5 0 5 10
position of the pitot tube

Graph.2 velocity v/s pitot tube position graph

We obtained two graphs to analyze the results and discussions of this experiment.
Graph.1 depicts the relationship between the differential pressure (ΔP) and the flow rate (Q)
obtained that was measured during the experiment. On the X-axis (horizontal axis) are the
pressure difference values that were measured which was measured in cm. the values range
from 0.366 to 8.4 cm.
The Y-axis (vertical axis) are the flow rates that were measured using the pitot tube setup. They
were measured in cm^3 per second. They range between – 17.4 to 454.4 cm3/s.
Graph.2 shows the relationship between the velocity vs the pitot tube position. The velocity
was obtained by calculating the pitot tube coefficient K which was calculated from the
differential pressure head was obtained while we changed the position of the pitot tube. On
the X-axis (horizontal axis) the pitot position is measured in mm. It ranges from -10mm to
10mm
On the Y-axis(vertical axis) the pitot tube velocity was calculated from the differential pressure
the values were measured in m. the velocity ranges from 153.0 to 120.4 cm/s.

Discussions:
In Graph.1 depicting the relationship between the flow rate and the differential pressure head
should have been parabolic in nature while in our experiment, the results show a linear co-
relationship. There was a vast deviation present in the graph from the expected results. All the
points did not follow the relationship that a pitot tube should have provided to us. This is due to
the error present in the results and the experimental procedure and the calibration error which
may or may not have been registered.
A pitot tube follows the Bernoulli’s principle. The pitot tube is placed with its open end in a
stream of fluid and the rest part of the fluid which obtrudes on it and thus there is loss of
kinetic energy which means that the velocity decreases which in turn is converted into an
increase in pressure inside the tube.
The dynamic pressure (velocity pressure) as well as the static pressure of the free stream is
measured. The differential pressure head that is then observed is used to measure the point
velocity through a pitot tube.
The aim of Graph.1 was to calibrate the pitot tube setup but due to the human error as well as
the error present in the experimental setup, the values deviated vastly. We also calculated the
pitot coefficient K using the formula given in the introduction. The calibration factor K is
determined for each pair of differential pressure readings, and the average K is determined as
the calibration factor for the Pitot under test. The range of the pitot tube configuration was
observed from to. The K values increases as the flow rate increases.
Bernoulli’s equation only applies under steady state conditions. Therefore, the Pitot tube
should be left in the stack long enough for thermal equilibrium to occur between the ‘hot’ stack
end of the Pitot and the ‘cold’ pressure measurement end. If a non-stable temperature gradient
is set up then the measurement of dynamic pressure will potentially be in error. If temperature
differences occur between the two pressure tubes in the Pitot, then the gas in these will have
different densities, which may lead to further errors
It is also a consequence of the requirement for flow lines that the flow be non-turbulent, a
requirement which is often not the case in typical industrial stacks. The required conditions on
the stack flow, in terms of the Reynolds number, may well be met theoretically, based on stack
diameter and average flow. However, actual conditions in the stack, such as obstructions,
complex flow conditions, pulsed flow from fans, and the sample probe itself, may well cause
the flow to become highly unstable and non-laminar. [6]
In Graph.2, we observe the relationship between the pitot tube position and the velocity that
we obtained by calculating the pitot tube coefficient K. The graph depicts a negative correlation
the velocity was observed to be highest at x=-10mm position and the lowest at x=10mm
position. However, the highest velocity should have been at x= 0mm and the lowest should
have been at x=-10mm and x=10mm positions. The graph should have been an inverted
parabola. But again, our results deviated and we found the results shown in the graph. This was
again due to human error and calibration error. The error was due to not calculating the
Reynold’s number to verify that it was a laminar flow. As we have discussed above, the pitot
tube only works under a given set of conditions that only work under laminar flow.
Reynold’s number can be calculated as follows –
4𝑄
Re = 𝜋𝐷𝜗

Where Q = Flow rate of water = 333.67 cm3/s

D = diameter of pipe = 6.16 cm
Π = 3.14
ϑ = dynamic viscosity at room temp. = 0.01004 cm2/s
Calculating the Reynold’s number
4(333.67)
Re = = 3.14∗6.16∗0.01004 = 6872.79

When the Reynold’s number is greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent. Therefore, we proved
that because of the flow of the fluid was in the turbulent region, the desired results could not
be obtained. The other plausible reasons for the error in our experiments could have been the
formation of bubbles in the manometer tube which causes inaccurate readings.
We did not open the bypass valve and kept it closed the whole time, therefore, the laminar
flow could not be obtained as it is an important step for obtaining the laminar flow values. We
also observed constant fluctuation in CCl4 level in the manometer tube which might have been
the reason of human error in noting down the readings correctly. Any further contamination
which might have been present in the manometer tube can also be reason of such deviation
from the expected values.
Pitot tubes have the potential to provide measurements of the flow of industrial stack
emissions at a suitable level of uncertainty, in a cost effective manner. However, despite their
widespread use in the industrial emissions monitoring industry, knowledge of their potential
failings and the assumptions implicit in their use is incomplete. [7]
Some other error which may have encountered but may have been failed to get the notice can
be the Misalignment of the tube axis and the velocity vector, exposing the static taps to some
component of the velocity, Influence of the hole-tip spacing, Wall effect

Conclusion:
We studied that the volumetric flow rate at the pitot static tube is directly proportional to the
load applied. When velocity is not uniform, a probe of finite size intercepts streamlines of
different velocities and the stagnation pressure measured corresponds to an average velocity.
Measurement of stagnation pressure and temperature, and nozzle pressure drop allows
calculation of velocity. Pressure difference in the venturi meter occurs due to the increase in
velocity as the fluid enters the constricted throat. However, further down the tube the velocity
returns to its original value. Because of friction losses, some of the pressure difference is not
fully recovered downstream to the original pressure before contraction.
However, the results that we obtained differed greatly from the hypothised value graph.1
showed the relationship between the viscosity and the differential pressure head. It showed a
linear correlation between these two but it should have showed a parabolic relationship. It was
due to the multitudes of errors that occurred during the experiment. The errors have been
discussed in the discussion section.
The second graph showed the relationship between velocity and the position of the pitot tube.
It showed a negative correlation which should also have been an inverted parabola but due to
the errors observed and discussed in the discussion section, our results did not match the
theory.
We observed that the velocity was maximum at x=-10mm and lowest at x=10mm whereas it
should have been maximum at x=0mm and lowest at x=10mm and x=-10mm. We also
calculated the Reynold’s number which proved that our fluid flow was in the turbulent region
and not laminar and the pitot tube only works for laminar flow. This has also been discussed
above.

Recommendations:
All the errors that were found in our experiment could have been prevented by following the
solutions given below –

1. Always perform the calibration first hand.

2. The equipment must be tested and cleaned before the experiment is performed
3. Open the bypass valve to allow a laminar flow to be set in.
4. Bubble formation should be avoided and one person should be constantly monitoring
the manometer tube so that at any instance if there is a bubble formation, it can be
pushed out.
5. Time should be calculated without any error
6. Reynold’s number should be calculated to check the nature of the fluid flow.

Appendix:
1. Parameters:
Mean temperature of water (T) = 25℃
Fluid in manometer = CCl4
Density of CCl4 (ρl) = 1.59 x 103 kg/m3 = 1.59 g/cm3
Area of tank (A tank) = 0.077 m2= 770 cm3
Area of cross section area of test section/pipe = 0.000616m2= 6.16 cm2
Height of water collected in tank = h tank (cm)
Height of CCl4 in manometer = h manometer (cm)
Time interval = (t) 15s
Density of water = 103 kg/m3= 1gm/cm3
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.81 m2/s= 980 cm2/s
2. Raw data: (a) discharge rates and differential pressure head for different flow rates
 s.no discharge Time Manometer Q
Initial Final Difference (s) h1 h2(cm) Δh(cm) (cm3/s)
reading reading (cm) (cm)
of the of the
tank tank
(cm) (cm)
1 9.5 15.5 6 15 9.5 3.4 6.1 308
15.5 22 6.5 9.4 3.5 5.9 333.67
22 29 7 9.4 3.5 5.9 359.33

2 6 9.4 3.4 15 7.2 5.5 1.5 174.53

9.4 12.3 2.9 7.1 5.6 1.8 148.87
12.3 15.3 3 7.3 5.5 1.3 154

3 15 15.3 0.2 15 6.5 6.2 0.3 15.4

15.3 15.7 0.4 6.5 6.1 0.4 20.53
15.7 16 0.3 6.4 6 0.4 15.4

4 13.3 21.3 8.2 15 10.5 2.1 8.4 490.67

21.0 29.3 8.3 10.5 2.2 8.3 436.33
5 13.3 8.3 10.4 2.1 8.5 436.33

5 5 10.5 5.5 15 8.3 4.4 3.9 282.33

10.9 15.7 4.8 8.3 4.3 4 246.4
15.7 21.8 5.4 8.3 4.3 4 282.30

6 5 9.5 4.5 15 7.3 4.3 3 231

9.5 13.6 4.1 7.2 4.3 2.9 210.47
9.5 13.5 4 7.1 4.3 3 205.33

7 9.8 16.9 7.1 15 9.1 1.9 7.2 364.47

16.9 25 8.1 9 2 7 415.8
5 12.7 7.7 9.1 2.2 7.1 395.27

(b) differential pressure heads for different positions of the pitot tube.

Position Manometer reading

h1 h2 Δh
1. X= -10 7.4 5.3 2.1
 X= -5 7.3 5.4 1.9
X= 0 7.2 5.5 1.7
X= 5 7.1 5.6 1.5
X= 10 7 5.7 1.3

2. X= -10 10.3 2.4 7.9

X= -5 10.5 2.2 8.1
X=0 10.6 2.1 8.5
X= 5 10.7 2 8.7
X= 10 10.8 1.8 9.1

3. Processed data
(a) Differential pressure heads and the discharge rates

s.no del h mean Q del P standard error% k velocity

deviation
of Q
1 0.275 17.11 0.366667 2.9618 17.31039 0.582441 17.0508
2 3.1 159.1333 1.5333 13.57837 8.5327 1.891996 185.9635
3 4.2 215.6 2.966667 13.58215 6.2997 2.225195 254.5771
4 5.233 270.3433 3.96667 20.73554 7.67 2.516337 321.3444
5 6.375 333.667 5.9666 25.665 7.6918 2.8291 398.7631
6 7.6333 391.8467 7.1 25.83567 6.59331 3.049954 470.4095
7 8.2666 454.44 8.4 31.37321 6.9036 3.405341 546.5762
 Q (mean) V/S delP
600

500 454.44
391.8467
400
333.667
Q (mean) cm^3/s

300 270.3433
Q (cm^3/s)
215.6
pressure ( delP) (cm)
200 159.13333
Linear (Q (cm^3/s))
100
1 17.11
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-100
delP (cm)

Graph 3

(b)point velocities at Q = 159.1333 cm3/s for different position of the pitot tube.

Position Manometer Q k velocity standard %error

reading (cm3/s) deviatio
h1 h2 Δh n of
velocity

1. X 7. 5. 2. 159.133 1.89199 153.058 12.8935 8.42393

= -10 4 3 1 3 6 1 2 2
X= -5 7. 5. 1. 159.133 1.89199 145.587
3 4 9 3 6 3
X= 0 7. 5. 1. 159.133 1.89199 137.711
2 5 7 3 6 8
X= 5 7. 5. 1. 159.133 1.89199 129.357
1 6 5 3 6 7
X= 10 7 5. 1. 159.133 1.89199 120.425
7 3 3 6 5
 velocity (cm^2/s) V/s the position of the pitot tube
180

160
153.0581498
145.5873403
140 137.7118373
129.3577465
120 120.4255082
velocity (cm^3/s)

100
velocity
80
position of the pitot tube

60 Linear (velocity)

40

20

0
-10 -5 0 5 10
position of the pitot tube

Graph4
(c)point velocities at Q = 454.44 cm3/s for different position of the pitot tube.

Position Manometer Q K velocity Standard %error

reading (cm^3/s) deviation
of
velocity

H1 H2 Δh

2. X= 10.8 1.8 9 454.44 3.4053 570.2998 12.41974 2.177757

-10
X= -5 10.7 2 8.7 454.44 3.4053 560.7143

X=0 10.6 2.1 8.5 454.44 3.4053 554.2318

X= 5 10.5 2.2 8.3 454.44 3.4053 547.6726

X= 10 10.4 2.4 8 454.44 3.4053 537.6838

velocity (cm^3/s) V/S position of pitot tube

700

570.2998153
600 560.7142618
554.2317981
547.6726109
537.6838223

500
velocity (cm^3/s)

400 velocity

300 position of pitot

tube
200

100
1
0
-10 -5 position of0pitot tube 5 10

Graph 5
4. Sample calculations

𝐴∗ 𝛥ℎ 770∗6
Discharge rate (Q) = = = 308 cm3/s
𝑡 15

308+333.67+359.33
Mean discharge rate ( Q) = = 333.67 cm3/s
3

6.1+5.9+5.9
Mean differential pressure head = = 5.9666 cm
3

Differential pressure = ΔP = ρlg Δh = 1* 980* 5.9666 = 5847.28

𝑄
Pitot coefficient = K = 𝑎+√2𝑔ℎ = 2.8291

2𝑔𝛥ℎ𝜌𝑙
Velocity = V = K √ = 398.7631 cm2/s
𝜌𝑤
References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_tube [ access time and date 10.09.19, 17:40]

[2] https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hydraulics-civil-engineering/58382-how-to-
measure-fluid-velocity-with-a-pitot-tube/ [access time and date, 10.09.19]
[3] https://triflotech.com/industrial-pitot-tubes.html[ access
[4][5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_tube
[6] 1. Project website at www.npl.co.uk\environment\research
[7] file:///C:/Users/hp/Downloads/7_1_robi.pdf