THE ROLE OF THE FORESTRY PROFESSION IN MAINTAINING A GREEN

ECONOMY IN A CLIMATE CHANGE ERA: DIVERSE EMPLOYMENT

OPPORTUNITIES FOR NIGERIAN YOUTHS

By:

Edem A. Eniang

Dept. of Forestry and Natural Environmental Management

Faculty of Agriculture,

University of Uyo, P.M. B 1017,

Uyo, Akwa Ibom State

Introduction

Forestry is the science, arts and careful crafts of identifying suitable

landscapes, creating, managing, using, conserving, and repairing forests and
associated resources to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human
benefit. Forestry as a science focuses specialized attention to Forest soils,
Crops, Rangeland, Watersheds, Wildlife and Recreational lands which may be
managed or practiced in plantations and natural stands. The dimension or
focus of management is entirely based on the object or goal of management at
that point in time and includes harvesting, marketing and utilization of all
forest products and services.

Types of Forests

National Commission of Agriculture (1976) proposed that forests could be

classified into:

A. Protection Forests:

The practices of managing the forests for their protection function are called
Protection forestry. In protection forestry, the object is to protect the site due
to instability of terrain, nature of soil, geological formations, etc. Such areas
where manipulation of the forest cover is not desirable may be classed as

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protection forests. The forests located on higher hill slopes, national parks and
sanctuaries, preservation plots, biosphere or nature reserves and wilderness
areas may be included under protection forests. The practice of forestry with a
view to conserving flora, fauna, soil and water, increasing water yields,
reducing floods and droughts, amelioration of climatic conditions, etc. is called
Protection Forestry. These forms the bases for maintaining a Green Economy in
this era of climate change.

B. Production Forests:

The practice of forestry with object of producing maximum quantity of timber,

fuel wood and other forest produce is called Production Forestry. The
production forestry can be further classified into:

(i) Commercial Forestry: Commercial forestry aims to get maximum

production of timber, fuel wood and other forest products as a business
enterprise.

(ii) Industrial Forestry: Industrial forestry aims at producing raw material

required for industry. In Production forestry, there is a greater concern for the
production and economic returns.

(iii) Mixed Quality Forests

(iv) Valuable Forests
(v) Inaccessible Forests

C. Social Forests: Social Forestry is the practice of forestry which aims at

meeting the requirement of rural and urban population. The object of social
forestry is to meet the basic needs of community aiming at bettering the
conditions of living through:
(i) Meeting the fuel wood, fodder and small timber requirements
(ii) Protection of agricultural fields against wind
(iii) Meeting recreational needs and
(iv) Maximizing production and increasing farm returns

Various forms of Social forestry are:

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a) Community Forestry: The practice of forestry on lands outside the
conventional forest area for the benefit of local population has been called
Community forestry. Community forestry seeks the involvement of community
in the creation and management of such forests.

b) Farm Forestry: Farm Forestry is defined as the practice of forestry in all its
aspect on farms of village lands generally integrated with other farm
operations.

c)Extension Forestry: Extension forestry which includes the activity of raising

trees on farm lands, villages wastelands and community forest areas and on
lands along the sides of roads, canal banks and railway lines (Anon., 1976).
More recently, there has been emphasis on dynamic land use planning and
efforts are made to maximize production on farmlands under agroforestry.

d) Agro-Forestry: Agro-forestry has been defined as a sustainable land

management system which increases the yield of the land, combines the
production of crops and forest plants and/or animals simultaneously or
sequentially on the same unit of land and applies management practices that
are compatible with the cultural practices of the local population.

e) Recreational Forestry: More recently, there has been considerable demand

for Recreational forestry, which is defined as the practice of forestry with the
object of developing and maintaining forests of high scenic value. Recreational
forests are being developed near towns and cities. The areas are being planted
with flowering trees, shrubs and creepers to provide forest atmosphere near
towns and cities for enjoyment of the populace.

WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?

Climate is usually defined as the "average weather" in a place. It includes

patterns of temperature, precipitation (rain or snow), humidity, wind and
seasons. Climate patterns play a fundamental role in shaping natural
ecosystems, and the human economies and cultures that depend on them. But
the climate we’ve come to expect is not what it used to be, because the past is
no longer a reliable predictor of the future. Our climate is rapidly changing with
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disruptive impacts, and that change is progressing faster than any seen in the
last 2,000 years.

According to the Washington Department of Environment, rising levels of

carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere have warmed
the Earth and are causing wide-ranging impacts, including rising sea levels;
melting snow and ice; more extreme heat events, fires and drought; and more
extreme storms, rainfall and floods. Scientists project that these trends will
continue and in some cases accelerate, posing significant risks to human
health, our forests, agriculture, freshwater supplies, coastlines, and other
natural resources that are vital to Washington state’s economy, environment,
and our quality of life.

Because so many systems are tied to climate, a change in climate can affect
many related aspects of where and how people, plants and animals live, such
as food production, availability and use of water, and health risks. For
example, a change in the usual timing of rains or temperatures can affect when
plants bloom and set fruit, when insects hatch or when streams are their
fullest. This can affect historically synchronized pollination of crops, food for
migrating birds, spawning of fish, water supplies for drinking and irrigation,
forest health, and more.

Some short-term climate variation is normal, but longer-term trends now

indicate a changing climate.

Our state and societies around the globe need to reduce human-caused
greenhouse gas emissions to avoid worsening climate impacts and reduce the
risk of creating changes beyond our ability to respond and adapt. Washington
state is addressing this challenge and has adopted policies to reduce energy
use, limit greenhouse gas emissions, and build a clean energy economy. Some
changes in climate and impacts on our state are unavoidable, even if we reduce

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greenhouse gas emissions today. But we can take more actions to reduce
progressively worsening impacts.

Roles of forests in climate change

According to FAO, (2012), Climate change is emerging as perhaps the greatest

environmental challenge of the twenty-first century. What is more, a virtual
Pandora's box of major global threats, such as hunger, poverty, population
growth, armed conflict, displacement, air pollution, soil degradation,
desertification and deforestation are intricately intertwined with and all
contribute to climate change, necessitating a comprehensive approach to a
solution. Rising to this challenge will entail unprecedented cooperation among
the world's nations and strong support from international organizations
concerned. FAO is particularly implicated, as its domain encompasses major
sources of greenhouse gases, major potential victims of climate change, and
major mitigation potentials though carbon pools and "sinks".

They went on to affirm that Natural Forest will play significant roles in
combating climate change. They went further to show that Forests have four
major roles in climate change: they currently contribute about one-sixth of
global carbon emissions when cleared, overused or degraded; they react
sensitively to a changing climate; when managed sustainably, they produce
woodfuels as a benign alternative to fossil fuels; and finally, they have the
potential to absorb about one-tenth of global carbon emissions projected for
the first half of this century into their biomass, soils and products and store
them - in principle in perpetuity.

THE CONCEPT OF GREEN ECONOMY

The Environmental Program of the United Nations (UNEP) defines green

economy as “one that results in improved human well-being and social equity,
while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities.”
Thus green economies are not based on the demand for sacrifice, but on the
idea of qualitative growth, where low-carbon and environmentally friendly
technologies, as well as international cooperation in this area play a key role.
While the emergence of worldwide markets of green technology and products
are seen by some as an opportunity, others fear a new, green protectionism
and that the Green New Deal will cement the North-South dependency given
highly different economic performance and innovation.

THE DIVERSE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE NIGERIAN YOUTH

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Based on the foregoing, Modern forest management employs many “forestry
professionals”, who are engaged in forest operations management. These
natural resource professionals are equipped with both education and
experience necessary to guide the decision-making and policy-making
surrounding forest land management. These managerial forestry tasks are
considered “professional,” because they depend on education-based knowledge
combined with operational experience in their specific field-of-study. The forest
professional is adept at their specialty to: problem-solve, technical science,
prescription, interpret, assessment, judgment, compute, plan, monitor,
optimize, negotiate, manage, supervise, and written / verbal communication.
This underscores the five year academic profile whereby the students are
expected to spend their 4th year within the industry to gain practical experience
and hands on exposure on the rudiments of the discipline.

These positions encompass a wide range of specialties that demand

professional jobs engaged in forest management and the projects needed to
implement forest landowner objectives. Hundreds of forestry professionals work
daily to plan, assess, decide, designate, administer, manage and monitor
projects. These professionals coordinate with many—landowners, purchasers,
managers, technicians, contractors, and other professionals—to implement
projects important to manage the forest for renewable commodities and natural
resource values.

Forestry professionals often are employed to advise and inform the

management of valued forestland assets. At other times, these professionals
are the managers or decision-makers who direct operations and programs.
These jobs perform a unique combination of intellectually-demanding work
that’s often located outdoors in the forest. Work may be alone independently,
or in small groups. The professional spends much time engaged in assessment,
analyzing, and computing, reporting, and written verbal communication. Some
of the professional’s week is spent visiting ever-changing outdoor locations,
walking over forested, rough terrain, and traveling to/from remote forest
jobsites (forest rambling). Professionals often drive to forest jobsites using
employer-provided vehicles (pickup truck or other high-clearance or speed
boats and inflatable Dingy, Monoplanes, Helicopters, Hot Air Balloons and

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Power chutes), and the professional is typically responsible for their basic
service and refueling.

These highly-sought jobs usually require a degree, job-tailored or specialized

training, as well as ample job experience and a determination to work and
spend lengthy time in the forest. Occasionally, extensive job experience and
demonstrated performance may substitute for a degree. Becoming a proficient
professional takes a tremendous amount of education, experience and
dedication—often acquired by beginning at entry-level technician, crew, or
supervisor jobs to learn the trade from experienced managers or professionals.
A successful career in these jobs depends on combining experience, education
and progressively more responsibility as well as a passion.

Forest Archeology

The forest archeologist is a forestland managing professional who provides

sound knowledge and administration skills to the management of cultural,
historic and pre-historic resources, and historic preservation on forestland
properties. Forest archeologist is dedicated to sound anthropology and cultural
science, and should be credentialed by a bachelor’s degree in archeology,
anthropology, or cultural resources, and related experience. Other
certifications are possible. The historian, sociologist, economist estate
managers, engineers and architects all have a role to play in the forestry
profession.

BIOLOGIST - WILDLIFE / FISHERIES

The forest biologist is a forestland managing professional who provides sound
knowledge and administration skills to the management of plants, animals,
birds, fish, reptiles including snakes, other biota, and their terrestrial &
aquatic habitats on forestland properties. Duties may include ecology
resources. The biologist position may be specialized to address either terrestrial
wildlife, or aquatic fisheries. Conversely, the biologist position may be a
generalist who deals with wildlife, fish, special plant species, and forest
ecology. Forest biologist is dedicated to sound biologic science and species
management.

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ECOLOGIST
The forest ecologist is a forestland managing professional who provides sound
knowledge and administration skills to the management of abiotic and biotic
ecosystems, invasive species, and species terrestrial & aquatic habitats on
forestland properties. Duties may include biology resources. Forest ecologist is
dedicated to sound ecologic science and ecosystems management, and may
need a bachelor’s degree in ecology or biology, and related field experience.

FOREST ECONOMIST / ACCOUNTANT

The forest economist is a forestland managing professional who provides sound
knowledge and administration skills to the micro- and macro-economic
implications of forest management activities conducted on forestland
properties. Forest economist is dedicated to sound economic principles,
financial & cost accounting, generally accepted accounting principles, and may
hold a bachelor’s degree in economics, accounting, or forest management, and
related experience.

FOREST ENGINEER
The forest engineer is a forestland managing professional who provides sound
knowledge and administration skills to the design, construction, operation and
maintenance concerning forest infrastructure—such as roads, logging-
transportation systems, bridges, structures, drainage, facilities and trails—
located on forestland properties. Forest engineers are dedicated to sound
engineering principles and infrastructure effectiveness, and are credentialed by
a bachelor’s degree in forest engineering and related field experience.

FOREST ENTOMOLOGIST / PATHOLOGIST

The Forest Entomologist/Pathologist is a forestland managing professional who
provides sound knowledge and administration skills to healthy forestland
property management of one or both specialized fields: “entomology”—the
management of forest insect pests; or “pathology”—the management of forest
diseases. Forest entomologist, or pathologist, is dedicated to forest health,
sound science, and ecosystems management. He needs to have a degree in
forest entomology, forest pathology, or forest health, and related experience.

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ENVIRONMENTAL / LEGAL COORDINATOR
The forest environmental coordinator is a land managing professional who
provides sound knowledge and administration skills to regulatory compliance
with environmental laws during forest management operations. Coordinator
assures legal requirements are accomplished for environmental protection,
contracting, project design, liability, insurance, litigation, legal defense,
environmental documentation & records, forest planning, and land use law.
Environmental coordinator is dedicated to sound legal and business practices,
and may have a bachelor’s degree in business, environmental science, or
forestry and related experience.

EXTENSION / FOREST INTERPRETATION /EDUCATOR

Extension/Forest Interpretation/Educator The forest educator is a forestland
professional who provides sound knowledge and administration skills to the
education of people about forest science, management, public uses, and
benefits of forests and forestland properties. Forest educator is dedicated to
sound educational principles, extension of knowledge about forests,
interpretation and visitor administration, natural resource management, and is
credentialed by a bachelor’s degree in education, interpretation, outdoor
recreation or natural resources, and related experience.

FIRE MANAGEMENT OFFICER

The forest fire management officer is a forestland managing professional who
provides sound knowledge and administration skills to the managed use of
prescribed fire, the prevention of unwanted fires, as well as firefighting wildfires
on forestland properties. Forest fire management officer is dedicated to sound
fire science, climatology, air quality and fire management, and should hold a
bachelor’s degree in forest fire science, forestry, or forest health, and related
experience.

FOREST OPERATIONS BUSINESS MANAGER

The forest operations manager is a land managing professional who provides
sound knowledge and administration skills to the business functions of a
private forest management firm, such as accounting, personnel, asset
management, financial & budgeting, forestry operations, harvest planning,
stand management, contracting, logistics, legal matters, and so forth. Forest

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business manager is dedicated to sound business practices and applicable
laws. He needs a bachelor’s degree in forest operations, business or
management, and related experience. Other certifications are possible.

THE REAL FORESTER

The forester is a forestland managing professional who provides sound
knowledge and administration skills to the forest growing, harvesting,
protection, accessibility, productivity, and sustainability on forestland
properties. Foresters are dedicated to sound forest science, management and
conservation, and must have a bachelor’s degree in forestry and related
experience.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS SPECIALIST - CARTOGRAPHER

The forest cartographer is a land managing professional who provides sound
knowledge and administration skills to the electronic mapping, spatial data
computing, remote sensing, and imagery interpretation applicable to the
management of forestland properties. Forest cartographer is dedicated to
sound geographic information management, and is credentialed by a bachelor’s
degree in GIS systems or cartography, and related experience.

GEOLOGIST / GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER

The forest geologist is a forestland managing professional who provides sound
knowledge and administration skills to the management of forest geotechnical
engineering, geology resources, land movement, quarry and excavation on
forestland properties. Forest geologist is dedicated to sound geologic science,
and must have a bachelor’s degree in geology or soil science, and related
experience.

GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS / POLICY - LOBBYIST

The forest policy lobbyist is a forestland managing professional who provides
sound knowledge and administration skills to the policymaking, lawmaking,
forest planning and communication, surrounding government policies that
govern forestland property management. Forest policy lobbyist is often
dedicated to sound representation of effective forest management policies and
practices, ethical lobbying, accurate communication, business principles and

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balanced public policy. They are expected to hold a bachelor’s degree in
political science, forest management or public policy, and related experience.

HYDROLOGIST
The forest hydrologist is a forestland managing professional who provides
sound knowledge and administration skills to the operations management of
forest water resources—such as streams, wetlands, lakes, bogs, springs or
watersheds—and aquatic habitat on forestland properties. Forest hydrologist is
dedicated to sound hydrologic science and water quality management, and is
credentialed by a bachelor’s degree in hydrology or forest watersheds, and
related experience.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) SPECIALIST

The forest information technology (IT) specialist is a land managing
professional who provides sound knowledge and administration skills to the
electronic information storage, computing, database management, field data
recording, software applications, internet services, optimization programs,
mapping, and spatial data applicable to the management of forestland
properties. Forest IT specialist is dedicated to sound electronic information
management, and is expected to have a bachelor’s degree in information
technology, computer systems, or other related curriculum, and related
experience.

LAND SURVEYOR
The forest land surveyor is a land managing professional who provides sound
knowledge and techniques of surveying measurement, relevant law, adequate
evidence, which are requisite to surveying of real property. Land surveyors are
dedicated to sound surveying practices, and are chattered by a Licensed
Professional Land Surveyor.

LANDSCAPE ACRHITECT
The landscape architect is a forestland managing professional who provides
sound knowledge and administration skills to the management of aesthetic and
visual resources on forestland properties. Forest landscape architect is
dedicated to sound visual management science, and is credentialed by a

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bachelor’s degree in landscape architecture or natural resources, and related
experience.

LOGISTICS / TRANSPORTATION / FOREST PLANNER

The forest logistics planner is a forestland managing professional who provides
sound knowledge and administration skills to the allocation, scheduling,
transportation and movement of forest products, workers, equipment,
resources or materials—surrounding the management of forest projects and
forestlands. Forest logistics planners are dedicated to sound transportation,
logistics principles and planning effectiveness, and may requires a bachelor’s
degree in operations management, logistics, transportation or engineering, and
related experience.

OUTDOOR RECREATION DIRECTOR

The forest recreation director is a forestland managing professional who
provides sound knowledge and administration skills to the public uses of
forests for enjoyment, lifestyle, aesthetics, cultural values, user access, or
recreational opportunities on forestland properties. Forest recreation director is
dedicated to sound outdoor recreational science, natural resource
management, interpretation and visitor administration, and is is required to
have a bachelor’s degree in outdoor recreation or natural resources, and
related experience.

PUBLIC FOREST ADMINISTRATOR

The forest public administrator is a forestland managing professional who
provides sound knowledge and administration skills to the management of a
government agency engaged in forestlands. Public administrator is dedicated to
sound forest science, management, conservation and public policy, and should
have a bachelor’s degree in public administration, planning or forestry, and
related experience.

PUBLIC RELATIONS / COMMUNICATIONS MANAGER

The forest public relations manager is a forestland managing professional who
provides sound knowledge and administration skills to the external and
internal communications of a forest organization. Public relations manager is
dedicated to sound journalism principles, technical writing, environmental

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documentation, presentations, information technology, and communication
about forest management, and should have a bachelor’s degree in journalism,
public relations, political science or forest management, and related
experience.

RANGE CONSERVATIONIST
The forest range conservationist is a forestland managing professional who
provides sound knowledge and administration skills to the grazing
management of forage resources located on forestland properties. The
Conservationist is responsible for natural resource protection, forage
utilization, grazing allotment planning, wildlife habitat, and wise use of forage
for livestock and other ungulates. Range conservationist is dedicated to sound
range science, and be a holder of a bachelor’s degree in range conservation or
Management or forest range resources or range ecology, and related
experience.

REALTY / FOREST APPRAISAL SPECIALIST

The forest realty specialist is a land managing professional who provides sound
knowledge and administration skills to forestland management of real property,
such as land sale transactions, land exchanges, easements, share-cost
agreements, special use permitting, land appraisals, relevant title law, and land
use law. Forest realty specialist is dedicated to sound business practices and
real estate law, and should hold a bachelor’s degree in business or real estate,
and related experience. Other certifications are possible (licensed real estate
agent or appraiser).

SECURITY OFFICER
The forest security officer is a forestland managing professional who provides
sound knowledge and administration skills to the crime prevention, property
security, legal enforcement, detection & investigation, and natural resource
protection on forestland properties. Forest security officer is dedicated to sound
crime prevention practices and criminology science, and should have extensive
security training and employment or a degree in criminology, and related
experience. Other law enforcement certifications are possible.

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SILVICULTURIST
The silviculturist is a forestland managing professional who provides sound
knowledge and administration skills to the forest growing, harvesting,
protection, accessibility, productivity, and sustainability on forestland
properties. The Silviculturist is a specialized type of ‘forester’, who is focused
on diagnosis, prescription, forest health, and reforestation. He controls
establishment, growth, health and harvest of forests to meet the needs and
values of forest landowners on a sustainable basis. Silviculturists are dedicated
to sound forest science, engineering, management and conservation, and
should have a bachelor’s degree in forestry, extensive related forest
management experience.

SCIENTIST - FOREST
The forest scientist is a forestland managing professional who provides sound
knowledge and administration skills to the scientific study of forest
management operations on forestland properties. A forest scientist position
typically has education and experience in one of the other natural resource
professions—such as biology, hydrology, engineering or forestry. The scientist
coordinates activities surrounding monitoring, effectiveness studies,
compliance reviews, quality control, which occur to observe forest operations
and/or to support applied forest research. Forest scientist is dedicated to
sound scientific method, research principles, and natural resource
management, and should hold a bachelors or masters degree in engineering,
biology or another forest discipline, and related experience. Other certifications
are possible.

SCIENTIST - SOIL
The forest soil scientist is a forestland managing professional who provides
sound knowledge and administration skills to the management of forest soil &
rock resources, site productivity, excavation, and soil behavior during
operations on forestland properties. Forest soil scientist is dedicated to sound
soil and geologic science, and holds a bachelor’s degree in soil science, geology
or agronomy, and related experience.

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Some Possible Employment Opportunities

Personnel or graduates who are as qualified as presented above would find

employment in the following broad areas;

A. Federal/ State/Local Governments and Associated Departments or Units

i. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources
ii. Ministry of Environment/Forestry
iii. Ministry of Land and Housing
iv. Ministry of Work and Transport
v. Ministry of Defense
vi. Ministry of Federal Capital
vii. Ministry of the Niger Delta
viii. Ministry of Foreign Affairs for all global environmental issues
ix. The Armed Forces
x. Ministry of internal Affairs especially in Customs, Quarantine and
Immigration Departments
xi. The Presidency (Ecological Funds Office)/ National Assembly
xii. Ministry of Trade and Industry
xiii. Ministry of Tourism/Culture
xiv. Nigeria Police Force and all other Paramilitary organizations
xv. Petroleum companies and Oil Services organizations wherever
environment and safety is recognized
xvi. Ministry of Education as Teachers, Researchers, Lecturers and
Technologists
xvii. All Tertiary Institutions as Teachers, Researchers, Lecturers and
Technologists
xviii. All industries dealing with wood, wildlife and other forest based raw
materials
xix. Zoos, Botanical Gardens, Aquaria, Grazing Reserves, Migration
Corridors, Parks and Recreational Centers
xx. FRIN and all Research institutes working on Water, Crops. Livestock
and Wildlife
xxi. All Ex-Situ Wildlife facilities including Bird gardens, Laboratories,
Captive breeding projects eg Drill Ranch and Cercopan

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 B. International/ National NGOs
i. USAID
ii. DFID
iii. Global Environmental Facility
iv. United Nations Organization
v. UNDP
vi. Conservation International
vii. World Wildlife Fund
viii. Food and Agriculture Organization
ix. UNEP
x. IUFRO
xi. ITTO
xii. IITA
xiii. CITES
xiv. UNIDO
xv. Wildlife Conservation Society
xvi. World Conservation Union (IUCN) and its associated Commissions
xvii. African Union Commission
xviii. ECOWAS Commission
xix. Nigeria Conservation Foundation, Biodiversity Preservation Center
(BPC), Nigeria and all other organizations working on environment,
biodiversity conservation and livelihoods.

CONCLUSION

Employment opportunities available to a Forestry and wildlife professional are

as diverse as the biodiversity inherent in a typical natural forest tract. The
youths of Nigeria should embrace the profession with passion because even the
climate change is largely in favour of Forestry and Forestry professionals as
tree planting and maintenance remain the most sustainable strategy for
combating global climate change and greening the economy.

RECOMMENDATIONS

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a. Government of Nigeria should review and update all extant
environmental policies to suit contemporary challenges of climate change
and biodiversity conservation to move in line with the world outside.
b. Universities offering Forestry and Wildlife degree programmes should
upgrade their programmes by turning such Departments into Institutes
of Natural Environmental Management which should house various
disciplines as listed and prescribed in this write up. That way our nation
will have the needed opportunities to produce world class Foresters,
Taxonomists, Mammalogists, Herpetologists, Ornithologists, etc.
c. Government should establish without delay, a Wildlife Research Institute
of Nigeria for the purpose of advancing the science Wildlife Resource
Conservation
d. The Nigeria government as a matter of urgency should sign into law and
approve the Forestry and its allied branches as a specialized and critical
profession where graduates must be chattered and remunerated at
Grade Level Nine (9)from day one under the Civil Service. This is the
easiest way to attract more youths into the profession and better our
economy.
e. Students of Forestry in all institutions of higher learning must join the
International Forestry Students Association and other global bodies
working on Biodiversity governance eg Society for Conservation Biology

FURTHER READING

Eniang, Edem A., Luiselli L. (2001): Snakes as environmental indicators in

the rainforest of Southeastern Nigeria. E. S. Udo (ED) Forestry and
Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the Forestry Association of Nigeria
Workshop, 10-12 April 2001, Uyo, Pp. 88-94.

Eniang, Edem A., Luiselli L. (2002): Ikpan Wetland Rainforest: – An area of

high biodiversity importance in Southeastern Nigerian. Rev. Ecol. (Terre et
Vie) France. Vol. 57:19-28.

Eniang Edem A. & Clement O. Ebin (2002). Utilization of confiscated

animals by the Cross River National Park (CRNP) to promote In-Situ
biodiversity conservation in the rainforest of south eastern Nigeria.
Proceedings of the Pan African Association of Zoological Gardens, Aquaria
and Botanic Gardens (PAAZAB) Annual Conference, 28-31 May 2002,
Johannesburg, South Africa. Pp. 26 – 35.

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Emmanuel Obot, Augustine U. Ezealor, Richard King. Anthony Bassey and
Edem A. Eniang (2003). A new Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) Roost at Itu
Wetlands Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Roan. Vol. I, Nos 1 & 2. Pp 103 – 118.

Egwali E. C., King, R. P., Eniang Edem A., Obot E. A. (2005). Discovery
of a new population of the Sclater’s guenon, Cercopithecus sclateri in the
Niger Delta wetlands, Nigeria. Liv. Sys. Sus. Dev., 2 (4): 1-7.

Edem A. Eniang, Amleset Haile and Teshale Yihdegho (2007). Impacts of

Landmines on the Environment and Biodiversity. Environmental Policy
and Law.37/6.IOS Press. The Netherlands. Pp. 501-504.

Edem A. Eniang, Clement E. Akpan and Mfon-Obong E. Eniang (2008).

A survey of African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus ) trade and
trafficking in Ekonganaku Area of Ikpan Forest Block, Nigeria. Ethiopian
J. of Environmental Studies and Management (EJESM). Vol. 1, No.2

Edem A. Eniang (2008). Emerging trends and threats of Climate change.

Implications and amelioration strategies for sustainable Protected Areas
(PAs) management in eastern Africa (Climate change, energy change and
Conservation). Policy Matters. 16: 190-201.

Edem, A. Eniang (2009) Climate Change: Nigeria National Parks to the

Rescue. Nigeria Parks. Magazine of the National Park Service. Vol. 3, No.
1.

Edem A. Eniang (2010). The Hotspot between Nigeria and Cameroon.

International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Tropical Forests
Update. Vol. 20 No. 7. Journal of ITTO, Tokyo, Japan

Eniang, E.A. and Ijeomah H.M. (2011). Diversity of Ophidian species in

Oban Division of Cross River National Park, Nigeria.PAT June Vol. 7(1):
188-201 ISSN: 0794-5213.

FAO (2012), Climate Change and the Global Strategies towards Food
Security in Africa. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations.

Mulubrhan Balehegn, Edem A. Eniang and Abubeker Hassen

(2012).Estimation of browse biomass of Ficus thonningii, an indigenous

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 multipurpose fodder tree in northern Ethiopia. African Journal of Range
and Forage Science: 29 (1).

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