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Tetrahedron: Asymmetry
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tetasy
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: A chemoenzymatic methodology for the synthesis of highly enantiomerically enriched (S)- and (R)-1-het-
Received 16 July 2008 eroarylethanols by enantioselective bioreduction with baker’s yeast of the corresponding 1-heteroaryl-
Accepted 21 August 2008 ethanones followed by three racemization free chemical steps including a Mitsunobu reaction was
developed.
Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0957-4166/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.08.023
M. I. Tosßa et al. / Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 19 (2008) 2068–2071 2069
OH O OH OH III. O
I. II.
R H R a
R R R R
rac-2a,b 1c,d rac-2c,d 2a-d rac-3a-d
b O c
N NH2
O OH O O OH
IV. V. O VI. VII.
R R R R R
3a-d (S)-2a-d (R)-4a-d (R)-5a-d (R)-2a-d
N
R=
S S S O
a b c d
Scheme 1. (a) Synthesis of the racemic 1-heteroarylethanols and prochiral ethanones; (b) baker’s yeast-mediated bioreduction and (c) chemical reactions for the total
inversion of (S)-1-heteroarylethanols. Reagents and conditions: (I) (1) BuLi, 78 °C, 1 h; (2) acetaldehyde, 10 °C, 2 h; (II) CH3I, Mg/EtOEt; (III). PCC/CH2Cl2; (IV) S. cerevisiae;
(V). DIAD, Ph3P, N-hydroxyphtalimide/THF, 40 °C; (VI) NH2NH2H2O, rt; (VII) H2, Pd/C/MeOH, rt.
the desired products.2 The prochiral 1-heteroarylethanones 3a–d tion products was more than 90%, and ee values were the same as
were synthesized by the mild oxidation of rac-2a–d with pyridini- those found for small scale reactions (Table 2).
um chlorochromate (PCC) in dichloromethane at room tempera-
ture (Scheme 1a). Table 2
To measure the enantiopurity of both (R)- and (S)-1-heteroaryl- Preparative scale synthesis of (S)-2a–d
ethanols obtained by the procedures described below, the
Entry Product ee (%) Yield (%) ½a20 1
D (10 mg mL )
chromatographic enantiomeric separation of rac-2a–d was first
1 (S)-2a 98 92 18.15, CH3Cl
established. For all racemates, the base-line separation of the
2 (S)-2b >99 92 21.2, CH3Cl
enantiomers was found using a GC Astec B-DM column working 3 (S)-2c >99 94 27.1, CH3Cl
in isotherm manner at temperatures described in Section 4.1. 4 (S)-2d >99 93 18.95, CH3Cl
To investigate the baker’s yeast-mediated reduction of ketones
3a–d, the analytical scale reactions were first performed under fer-
menting and non-fermenting conditions (Scheme 1b). Samples Furthermore, we tried to transform the previously obtained (S)-
were taken every 12 h over 6 days and analyzed by GC. It was 2a–d into the corresponding (R)-heteroarylethanols, (R)-2a–d with
found that the enantiomeric composition of the optically active the Mitsunobu reaction, using acetic acid as a nucleophile. The
1-(heteroaryl)ethanols remained constant during the reaction racemic 1-acetoxy-1-heteroarylethanes were first synthesized by
time. In accordance with the majority of the earlier reported re- the chemical acylation of rac-2a–d. The racemic acetates were used
sults, the selectivity of the reactions was higher when non-fer- as a chromatographic reference for the detection of the enantio-
menting baker’s yeast was used as the biocatalyst (Table 1). Due meric composition for the products of the Mitsunobu reaction.
to the high ee values for the isolated (S)-1-heteroarylethanols (ee The acetylation of (S)-2a–d was performed in several organic sol-
>98%), further optimization of the bioreduction was not investi- vents, varying the nucleophile–substrate ratio between 1 and 2.
gated; however, it is known that various additives can significantly In each case, the reactions were started at 40 °C, then the reaction
influence the selectivity of the bioreduction with baker’s yeast. mixture was warmed up to room temperature over 8 h. The unsat-
isfactory yields of the reactions (20–78%) and the low ee values for
the acylated products (46–81%) led us to check the conversion of
Table 1 the reaction and the enantiopurity of the acylated products using
Baker’s yeast-mediated reduction of ketones 3a–d under fermenting and non- other nucleophiles, such as propanoic, butyric, chloroacetic and
fermenting conditions benzoic acid. Unfortunately, no significant enhancement in the
Entry Substrate Product Enantiomeric excess (%) yield or ee was observed.
Recently, phthalimide and N-hydroxyphthalimide were used
Fermenting Non-fermenting
successfully in several types of Mitsunobu reactions.16 Since N-
1 3a (S)-2a 76 98 hydroxyphthalimide is a bulkier and stronger nucleophile than
2 3b (S)-2b 47 >99.5
3 3c (S)-2c >99.5 >99.5
the above-mentioned carboxylic acids, in our further experiments
4 3d (S)-2d 98 >99.5 we used this compound in order to obtain higher yields and
selectivity.
First the synthesis of the racemic 2-(1-(heteroaryl)-ethoxy)iso-
With these results in our hand, the preparative scale synthesis indoline-1,3-diones rac-4a–d was performed in several organic sol-
of (S)-2a–d was attempted. The dilutions and substrate-biocatalyst vents. Using 1.1 equiv of N-hydroxyphthalimide was sufficient for
ratio were the same as in the case of the analytical scale reactions. the complete conversion of rac-2a–d in tetrahydrofuran (checked
The reactions were stopped when the entire quantity of the sub- by TLC). Because the aim of the experiments was the synthesis of
strate was consumed. The yield for the isolated and purified reac- (R)-heteroarylethanols, (R)-2a–d from (S)-2a–d, two extra chemi-
2070 M. I. Tosßa et al. / Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 19 (2008) 2068–2071
cal steps had to be inserted for the transformation of 2-(1-(hetero- parative chromatographic separations were performed using col-
aryl)-ethoxy)isoindoline-1,3-diones into 1-(heteroaryl)ethanols. umn chromatography on Merck Kieselgel 60 (63–200 lm).
The complete hydrasinolysis of rac-4a–d yielded the Melting points were determined by hot plate method, and are
corresponding racemic aminoxy derivatives rac-5a–d. By the uncorrected.
reduction with H2 gas (1atm) in the presence of Pd on charcoal
in methanol at room temperature, the latter compounds were 4.2. Reagents and solvents
totally converted into rac-2a–d. Since the global yield for the
three-step transformation of rac-2a–d into itself was around 85%, Commercial chemicals and solvents were purchased from Al-
this method was further used successfully for the conversion, with drich or Fluka. All solvents were purified and dried by standard
the total inversion of the configuration, of (S)-2a–d into (R)-2a–d methods. Racemic 1-heteroarylethanols were prepared from the
with good yields (Table 3). corresponding 2-formylheteroaryl derivatives 1c,d with a Grignard
reaction 2c,d or by reaction of the corresponding heteroaryl-2-yl-
Table 3 lithium derivatives with acetaldehyde, in the case of 1a,b. Hetero-
Synthesis of (R)-heteroarylethanols by Mitsunobu reaction aryl-ethanones 3a–b as prochiral substrates were prepared by
oxidation of racemic ethanols 2a–d with pyridinium chlorochro-
Entry Substrate Product ee (%) Yield (%) ½a20 1
D (10 mg mL )
mate (PCC).
5 (S)-2a (R)-2a 98 84 +18.15, CH3Cl
6 (S)-2b (R)-2b >99 87 +21.2, CH3Cl
7 (S)-2c (R)-2c >99 80 +27.1, CH3Cl
4.3. Synthesis of 1-heteroarylethanones 3a–d
8 (S)-2d (R)-2d >99 82 +18.95, CH3Cl
The mixture of one of the rac-1-heteroarylethanols rac-2a–d
(30 mmol) and pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) (6.5 g) in CH2Cl2
In addition to the high yields and ee, the absolute configurations (50 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 10 h. The suspension
of the isolated 1-heteroarylethanols were also confirmed by mea- formed was filtered and the precipitate was washed with CH2Cl2
suring their optical rotations, which were consistent with the liter- (3 10 mL). The solvent was removed by distillation in vacuo
ature values.2 and the crude solid product was purified by preparative vacuum-
chromatography using dichloromethane as eluent, yielding the 1-
3. Conclusions heteroarylethanones 3a–d as white solids.
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